Preclinical evidence for neuroprotection with monoamine oxidase-B inhibitors in Parkinson's disease

Neurology

Volumn 63, Issue 7 SUPPL. 2, 2004, Pages

  Jenner, Peter ^a  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; ACETYLCHOLINE; AMINE; AMPHETAMINE; ANTIOXIDANT; ANTIPARKINSON AGENT; CGP 3466B; CYTOCHROME P450; DOPAMINE; DOPAMINE RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; GLUTAMIC ACID; GLYCERALDEHYDE 3 PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE; LEVODOPA; METHAMPHETAMINE; MONOAMINE OXIDASE B INHIBITOR; NEUROPEPTIDE; NORADRENALIN; NORSELEGILINE; RASAGILINE; SELEGILINE; SEROTONIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

APOPTOSIS; BRAIN STEM; CELL DEATH; DOPAMINERGIC NERVE CELL; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; FOREBRAIN; HUMAN; LOCUS CERULEUS; NEUROPROTECTION; NIGRONEOSTRIATAL SYSTEM; NONHUMAN; OLIVARY NUCLEUS; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PARKINSON DISEASE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUTAMEN; RAPHE NUCLEUS; REVIEW; SUBSTANTIA NIGRA;

EID: 5144228935     PISSN: 00283878     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1212/wnl.63.7_suppl_2.s13     Document Type: Review

References (154)

1. Ehringer H, Hornykiewcz O. [Distribution of noradrenaline and dopamine (3-hydroxytyramine) in the human brain and their behavior in diseases of the extrapyramidal system]. Klin Wochenschr 1960;38:1236-1239.
2. Jellinger K. The pathology of parkinsonism. In: Marsden CD, Fahn S, eds. Movement disorders 2. London: Butterworths, 1987:124-165.
3. Agid Y, Javoy-Agid P, Ruberg M. Biochemistry of neurotransmitters in Parkinson's disease. In: Marsden CD, Fahn S, eds. Movement disorders 2. London: Butterworths, 1987:166-230.
4. Braak H, Del Tredici K, Rub U, et al. Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2003;24:197-211.
5. Doty RL, Golbe LI, McKeown DA, et al. Olfactory testing differentiates between progressive supranuclear palsy and idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1993;43:962-965.
6. Leentjens AF, Van den AM, Metsemakers JF, Lousberg R, Verhey FR. Higher incidence of depression preceding the onset of Parkinson's disease: a register study. Mov Disord 2003;18:414-418.
7. Bernheimer H, Birkmayer W, Hornykiewicz O, Jellinger K, Seitelberger F. Brain dopamine and the syndromes of Parkinson and Huntington. Clinical, morphological and neurochemical correlations. J Neurol Sci 1973;20:415-455.
8. Zigmond MJ, Abercrombie ED, Berger TW, Grace AA, Stricker EM. Compensations after lesions of central dopaminergic neurons: some clinical and basic implications. Trends Neurosci 1990;13:290-296.
9. Bezard E, Gross CE, Brotchie JM. Presymptomatic compensation in Parkinson's disease is not dopamine-mediated. Trends Neurosci 2003;26:215-221.
10. Jankovic J, Marsden D. Therapeutic strategies in Parkinson's disease. In: Jankovic J, Tolosa E, eds. Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1998:191-220.
11. Rascol O, Payoux P, Ory F, et al. Limitations of current Parkinson's disease therapy. Ann Neurol 2003;53(suppl 3):S3-12.
12. Stocchi F, Olanow CW. Neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease: clinical trials. Ann Neurol 2003;53(suppl 3):S87-97.
13. Knoll J, Magyar K. Some puzzling pharmacological effects of monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Adv Biochem Psychopharmacol 1972;5:393-408.
14. Knoll J. Deprenyl (selegiline): the history of its development and pharmacological action. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl 1983;95:57-80.
15. Larsen JP, Boas J. The effects of early selegiline therapy on long-term levodopa treatment and parkinsonian disability: an interim analysis of a Norwegian-Danish 5-year study. Norwegian-Danish Study Group. Mov Disord 1997;12:175-182.
16. Larsen JP, Boas J, Erdal JE. Does selegiline modify the progression of early Parkinson's disease? Results from a five-year study. The Norwegian-Danish Study Group. Eur J Neurol 1999;6:539-547.
17. Olanow CW, Hauser RA, Gauger L, et al. The effect of deprenyl and levodopa on the progression of Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 1995;38:771-777.
18. Przuntek T, Conrad B, Dichgans J, et al. SELEDO: a 5-year long-term trial on the efect of selegiline in early parkinsonian patients treated with levodopa. Eur J Neurol 1999;6:141-150.
19. The Parkinson Study Group. Effect of deprenyl (selegiline) on the natural history of Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med 1989;321:1364-1371.
20. The Parkinson Study Group. Effects of tocopherol and deprenyl on the progression of disability in early Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med 1993;328:176-183.
21. The Parkinson Study Group. The impact of extended deprenyl and tocopherol treatment in Parkinson's disease patients not requiring levodopa. Ann Neurol 1996;39:37-45.
22. The Parkinson Study Group. The impact of extended deprenyl on the progression of disability in early Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 1996;39:29-36.
23. Shoulson I, Oakes D, Fahn S, et al. Impact of sustained deprenyl (selegiline) in levodopa-treated Parkinson's disease: a randomized placebo-controlled extension of the deprenyl and tocopherol antioxidative therapy of parkinsonism trial. Ann Neurol 2002;51:604-612.
24. Riederer P, Lachenmayer L. Selegiline's neuroprotective capacity revisited. J Neural Transm 2003;110:1273-1278.
25. Warner TT, Schapira AH. Genetic and environmental factors in the cause of Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 2003;53(suppl 3):S16-23.
26. Jenner P, Olanow CW. Understanding cell death in Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 1998;44(suppl 1):S72-84.
27. Jenner P. Oxidative stress in Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 2003;53(suppl 3:S26-36.
28. McNaught KS, Olanow CW. Proteolytic stress: a unifying concept for the etiopathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 2003;53(suppl 3):S73-84.
29. Schapira AH, Gu M, Taanman JW, et al. Mitochondria in the etiology and pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 1998;44(suppl 1):S89-98.
30. Halliwell B, Gutteridge J. Oxygen radicals and the nervous system. Trends Neurosci 1985;8:22-29.
31. Cohen G, Heikkila RE. The generation of hydrogen peroxide, superoxide radical, and hydroxyl radical by 6-hydroxydopamine, dialuric acid, and related cytotoxic agents. J Biol Chem 1974;249:2447-2452.
32. Beal MF. Bioenergetic approaches for neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 2003;53(suppl 3):S39-47.
33. Nicklas WJ, Vyas I, Heikkila RE. Inhibition of NADH-linked oxidation in brain mitochondria by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridine, a metabolite of the neurotoxin, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine. Life Sci 1985;36:2503-2508.
34. Betarbet R, Sherer TB, MacKenzie G, Garcia-Osuna M, et al. Chronic systemic pesticide exposure reproduces features of Parkinson's disease. Nature Neurosci 2000;3:1301-1306.
35. Schapira AH, Cooper JM, Dexter D, et al. Mitochondrial complex I deficiency in Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 1990;54:823-827.
36. Saggu H, Cooksey J, Dexter D, et al. A selective increase in particulate superoxide dismutase activity in parkinsonian substantia nigra. J Neurochem 1989;53:692-697.
37. Przedborski S, Kostic V, Jackson-Lewis V, et al. Transgenic mice with increased Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase activity are resistant to N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced neurotoxicity. J Neurosci 1992;12:1658-1667.
38. Lotharius J, O'Malley KL. The parkinsonism-inducing drug 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium triggers intracellular dopamine oxidation. A novel mechanism of toxicity. J Biol Chem 2000;275:38581-38588.
39. Beckman JS, Beckman TW, Chen J, Marshall PA, Freeman BA. Apparent hydroxyl radical production by peroxynitrite: implications for endothelial injury from nitric oxide and superoxide. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990;87:1620-1624.
40. Ferrante RJ, Hantraye P, Brouillet E, Beal MF. Increased nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity in substantia nigra neurons in MPTP treated baboons is blocked by inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Brain Res 1999;823:177-182.
41. Good PF, Hsu A, Werner P, Perl DP, Olanow CW. Protein nitration in Parkinson's disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1998;57:338-342.
42. Pennathur S, Jackson-Lewis V, Przedborski S, Heinecke JW. Mass spectrometric quantification of 3-nitrotyrosine, ortho-tyrosine, and o,o′-dityrosine in brain tissue of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3, 6-tetrahydropyridine-treated mice, a model of oxidative stress in Parkinson's disease. J Biol Chem 1999;274:34621-34628.
43. Alam ZI, Daniel SE, Lees AJ, et al. A generalised increase in protein carbonyls in the brain in Parkinson's but not incidental Lewy body disease. J Neurochem 1997;69:1326-1329.
44. Alam ZI, Jenner A, Daniel SE, et al. Oxidative DNA damage in the parkinsonian brain: an apparent selective increase in 8-hydroxyguanine levels in substantia nigra. J Neurochem 1997;69:1196-1203.
45. Dexter DT, Carter CJ, Wells FR, et al. Basal lipid peroxidation in substantia nigra is increased in Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 1989;52:381-389.
46. Dexter DT, Holley AE, Flitter WD, et al. Increased levels of lipid hydroperoxides in the parkinsonian substantia nigra: an HPLC and ESR study. Mov Disord 1994;9:92-97.
47. Hunot S, Hirsch EC. Neuroinflammatory processes in Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 2003;53(suppl 3):S49-58.
48. Hyun DH, Lee M, Halliwell B, Jenner P. Proteasomal inhibition causes the formation of protein aggregates containing a wide range of proteins, including nitrated proteins. J Neurochem 2003;86:363-373.
49. Anglade P, Michel PP, Marquez J. Apoptotic degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease. Abst Soc Neurosci 1995 21:1250. Abstract.
50. Anglade P, Vyas S, Javoy-Agid F, et al. Apoptotic degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1996;46-2:A467. Abstract.
51. Anglade P, Vyas S, Javoy-Agid F, et al. Apoptosis and autophagy in nigral neurons of patients with Parkinson's disease. Histol Histopathol 1997;12:25-31.
52. Anglade P, Vyas S, Hirsch EC, Agid Y. Apotosis in dopaminergic neurons of the human substantia nigra during normal aging. Histol Histopathol 1997;12:603-610.
53. Hirsch EC, Hunot S, Faucheux ED, et al. Dopaminergic neurons degenerate by apoptosis in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 1999;14:383-385.
54. Jellinger KA. Cell death mechanisms in Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm 2000;107:1-29.
55. Kingsbury AE, Mardsen CD, Foster OJ. DNA fragmentation in human substantia nigra: apoptosis or perimortem effect? Mov Disord 1998;13:877-884.
56. Migheli A, Cavalla P, Marino S, Schiffer D. A study of apoptosis in normal and pathologic nervous tissue after in situ end-labeling of DNA strand breaks. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1994;53:606-616.
57. Mochizuki H, Nakamura N, Nishi K, Mizuno Y. Apoptosis is induced by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion MPP+ in ventral mesencephalic-striatal co-culture in rat. Neurosci Lett 1994;170:191-194.
58. Mochizuki H, Mori H, Mizuno Y. Apoptosis in neurodegenerative disorders. J Neural Transm Suppl 1997;50:125-140.
59. Olanow CW, Jenner P, Tatton N, Tatton WG. Neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease. In: Jankovic J, Tolosa E, eds. Parkinson's disease and movement disorders. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1998:67-103.
60. Ruberg M, Brugg B, Prigent A, et al. Differential regulation of mitochondrial transcripts in Parkinson's disease related to apoptosis? J Neurochem 1997;68:2098-2110.
61. Tatton NA, Maclean-Fraser A, Tatton WG, Perl DP, Olanow CW. A fluorescent double-labeling method to detect and confirm apoptotic nuclei in Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 1998;44(suppl 1):S142-148.
62. Tatton WG, Olanow CW. Apoptosis in neurodegenerative diseases: the role of mitochondria. Biochim Biophys Acta 1999;1410:195-213.
63. Tompkins MM, Basgall EJ, Zamrini E, Hill WD. Apoptotic-like changes in Lewy-body-associated disorders and normal aging in substantia nigral neurons. Am J Pathol 1997;150:119-131.
64. Charriaut-Mariangue C. A cautionary note on the use of the TUNEL stain to determine apoptosis. Neuroreport 1995;7:61-64.
65. Petito CK, Roberts B. Effect of postmortem interval on in situ end-labeling of DNA oligonucleosomes. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1995;54:761-765.
66. Tatton NA, Rideout HJ. Confocal microscopy as a tool to examine DNA fragmentation, chromatin condensation and other apoptotic changes in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 1999;5:179-186.
67. Dipasquale B, Marini AM, Youle RJ. Apoptosis and DNA degradation induced by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium in neurons. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991;181:1442-1448.
68. Walkinshaw G, Waters CM. Induction of apoptosis in catecholaminergic PC12 cells by L-DOPA. Implications for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. J Clin Invest 1995;95:2458-2464.
69. Tatton WG, Chalmers-Redman R, Brown D, Tatton N. Apoptosis in Parkinson's disease: signals for neuronal degradation. Ann Neurol 2003;53(suppl 3):S61-70.
70. Hartmann A, Hunot S, Michel PP, et al. Caspase-3: a vulnerability factor and final effector in apoptotic death of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000;97:2875-2880.
71. Marshall KA, Daniel SE, Cairns N, Jenner P, Halliwell B. Upregulation of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 may be an early event in neurodegeneration: studies on Parkinson's and incidental Lewy body disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997;240:84-87.
72. Tatton NA. Increased caspase 3 and Bax immunoreactivity accompany nuclear GAPDH translocation and neuronal apoptosis in Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol 2000;166:29-43.
73. Tatton WG, Chalmers-Redman RM, Elstner M, et al. Glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate dehydrogenase in neurodegeneration and apoptosis signaling. J Neural Transm Suppl 2000;60:77-100.
74. Ferrer I, Blanco R, Cutillas B, Ambrosio S. Fas and Fas-L expression in Huntington's disease and Parkinson's disease. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2000;26:424-433.
75. Hartmann A, Troadec JD, Hunot S, et al. Caspase-8 is an effector in apoptotic death of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease, but pathway inhibition results in neuronal necrosis. J Neurosci 2001;21:2247-2255.
76. Hartmann A, Mouatt-Prigent A, Faucheux BA, Agid Y, Hirsch EC. FADD: a ink between TNF family receptors and caspases in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 2002;58:308-310.
77. Mogi M, Harada M, Kondo T, et al. The soluble form of Fas molecule is elevated in parkinsonian brain tissues. Neurosci Lett 1996;220:195-198.
78. Tatton W, Chen D, Chalmers-Redman R, et al. Hypothesis for a common basis for neuroprotection in glaucoma and Alzheimer's disease: anti-apoptosis by alpha-2-adrenergic receptor activation. Surv Ophthalmol 2003;48(suppl 1):S25-37.
79. Tatton WG, Chalmers-Redman RM. Modulation of gene expression rather than monoamine oxidase inhibition: (-)-deprenyl-related compounds in controlling neurodegeneration. Neurology 1996;47(suppl 3):S171-183.
80. Tatton W, Ju W, Wadia J. (-)-Deprenyl reduces neuronal apoptosis by maintaining bcl-2 synthesis and mitochondrial membrane potential. Mov Dis 1994;9:4. Abstract.
81. Chiba K, Trevor A, Castagnoli N Jr. Metabolism of the neurotoxic tertiary amine, MPTP, by brain monoamine oxidase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1984;120:574-578.
82. Heikkila RE, Manzino L, Cabbat FS, Duvoisin RC. Protection against the dopaminergic neurotoxicity of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine by monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Nature 1984;311:467-469.
83. Kupsch A, Sautter J, Gotz M, et al. Monoamine oxidase-inhibition and MPTP-induced neurotoxicity in the non-human primate: comparison of rasagiline (TVP 1012) with selegiline. J Neural Transm 2001;108:985-1009.
84. Langston JW, Irwin I, Langston EB, Forno LS. Pargyline prevents MPTP-induced parkinsonism in primates. Science 1984;225:1480-1482.
85. Cohen G. Oxygen radicals and Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1988;38:130-135.
86. Koutsilieri E, Chen TS, Rausch WD, Riederer P. Selegiline is neuroprotective in primary brain cultures treated with 1-methyl-4- phenylpyridinium. Eur J Pharmacol 1996;306:181-186.
87. Mytilineou C, Cohen G. Deprenyl protects dopamine neurons from the neurotoxic effect of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion. J Neurochem 1985;45:1951-1953.
88. Mytilineou C, Radcliffe P, Leonardi EK, Werner P, Olanow CW. L-deprenyl protects mesencephalic dopamine neurons from glutamate receptor-mediated toxicity in vitro. J Neurochem 1997;68:33-39.
89. Maruyama W, Naoi M, Kasamatsu T, et al. An endogenous dopaminergic neurotoxin, N-methyl-(R)-salsolinol, induces DNA damage in human dopaminergic neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. J Neurochem 1997;69:322-329.
90. Mytilineou C, Leonardi EK, Radcliffe P, et al. Deprenyl and desmethylselegiline protect mesencephalic neurons from toxicity induced by glutathione depletion. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1998;284:700-706.
91. Chiueh CC, Huang SJ, Murphy DL. Suppression of hydroxyl radical formation by MAO inhibitors: a novel possible neuroprotective mechanism in dopaminergic neurotoxicity. J Neural Transm Suppl 1994;41:189-196.
92. Maruyama W, Takahashi T, Naoi M. (-)-Deprenyl protects human dopaminergic neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells from apoptosis induced by peroxynitrite and nitric oxide. J Neurochem 1998;70:2510-2515.
93. Naoi M, Maruyama W, Akao Y, Yi H. Mitochondria determine the survival and death in apoptosis by an endogenous neurotoxin, N-methyl(R)salsolinol, and neuroprotection by propargylamines. J Neural Transm 2002;109:607-621.
94. Salonen T, Haapalinna A, Heinonen E, Suhonen J, Hervonen A. Monoamine oxidase B inhibitor selegiline protects young and aged rat peripheral sympathetic neurons against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neurotoxicity. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1996;91:466-474.
95. Chiueh CC, Wu RM, Mohander, et al. In vivo generation of hydroxyl radicals and MPTP-induced dopaminergic toxicity in the basal ganglia. Ann NY Acad Sci 1994;738:25-36.
96. Freisleben HJ, Lehr F, Fuchs J. Lifespan of immunosuppressed NMRI-mice is increased by deprenyl. J Neural Transm Suppl 1994;41:231-236.
97. Kitani K, Kanai S, Carrillo MC, Ivy GO. (-)Deprenyl increases the life span as well as activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase but not of glutathione peroxidase in selective brain regions in Fischer rats. Ann NY Acad Sci 1994;717:60-71.
98. Knoll J, Yen TT, Miklya I. Sexually low performing male rats die earlier than their high performing peers and (-)deprenyl treatment eliminates this difference. Life Sci 1994;54:1047-1057.
99. Milgram NW, Racine RJ, Nellis P, Mendonca A, Ivy GO. Maintenance on L-deprenyl prolongs life in aged male rats. Life Sci 1990;47:415-420.
100. Wu RM, Chiueh CC, Pert A, Murphy DL. Apparent antioxidant effect of 1-deprenyl on hydroxyl radical formation and nigral injury elicited by MPP+ in vivo. Eur J Pharmacol 1993;243:241-247.
101. Matsubara K, Senda T, Uezono T, et al. L-Deprenyl prevents the cell hypoxia induced by dopaminergic neurotoxins, MPP(+) and beta-carbolinium: a microdialysis study in rats. Neurosci Lett 2001;302:65-68.
102. Bronzetti E, Felici L, Ferrante F, Valsecchi B. Effect of ethylcholine mustard aziridinium (AF64A) and of the monoamine oxidase-B-inhibitor L-deprenyl on the morphology of the rat hippocampus. Int J Tissue React 1992;14:175-181.
103. Buys YM, Trope GE, Tatton WG. (-)-Deprenyl increases the survival of rat retinal ganglion cells after optic nerve crush. Curr Eye Res 1995;14:119-126.
104. Finnegan KT, Skratt JJ, Irwin I, DeLanney LE, Langston JW. Protection against DSP-4-induced neurotoxicity by deprenyl is not related to its inhibition of MAO B. Eur J Pharmacol 1990;184:119-126.
105. Knoll J. The possible mechanisms of action of (-)deprenyl in Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm 1978;43:177-198.
106. Ansari KS, Zhang F, Holland DH, Yu PH, Tatton WG. R(-)-Deprenyl, not its major metabolites, rescue axotomized immature facial motor-neurons. Soc Neurosci Abstr 1993;19. Abstract.
107. Knollema S, Aukema W, Hom H, Korf J, ter Horst GJ. L-deprenyl reduces brain damage in rats exposed to transient hypoxia-ischemia. Stroke 1995;26:1883-1887.
108. Salo PT, Tatton WG. Deprenyl reduces the death of motoneurons caused by axotomy. J Neurosci Res 1992;31:394-400.
109. Sivenius J, Kuhmonen J, Miettinen R, Haapalinna A, Riekkinen P. Effect of selegline on the hippocampal CA1 layer following transient ischemia in gerbil. Soc Neurocsi Abstr 1994;83:5. Abstract.
110. Felner AE, Waldmeier PC. Cumulative effects of irreversible MAO inhibitors in vivo. Biochem Pharmacol 1979;28:995-1002.
111. Lamensdorf I, Youdim MB, Finberg JP. Effect of long-term treatment with selective monoamine oxidase A and B inhibitors on dopamine release from rat striatum in vivo. J Neurochem 1996;67:1532-1539.
112. Riederer P, Youdim MB. Monoamine oxidase activity and monoamine metabolism in brains of parkinsonian patients treated with 1-deprenyl. J Neurochem 1986;46:1359-1365.
113. Zsilla G, Foldi P, Held G, Szekely AM, Knoll J. The effect of repeated doses of (-)deprenyl on the dynamics of monoaminergic transmission. Comparison with clorgyline. Pol J Pharmacol Pharm 1986;38:57-67.
114. Carrillo MC, Kitani K, Kanai S, et al. Effect of a long term (6 months) treatment with (-)-deprenyl on antioxidant enzyme activities in selective brain regions in old female Fischer 344 rats. Biochem Pharmacol 1994;47:1333-1338.
115. Carrillo MC, Kitani K, Kanai K, et al. (-)-Deprenyl increases activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase in certain brain regions in old male mice. Life Sci 1994;54:975-981.
116. Carrillo MC, Ivy GO, Milgram NW, et al. Deprenyl increases activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in striatum of dog brain. Life Sci 1994;54:1483-1489.
117. Kitani K, Kanai S, Carrillo MC, Ivy GO. (-)-Deprenyl increases the life span as well as activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase but not of glutathione peroxidase in selective brain regions in Fischer rats. Ann NY Acad Sci 1994;717:60-71.
118. Kunikowska G, Jenner P. 6-Hydroxydopamine-lesioning of the nigro-striatal pathway in rats alters basal ganglia mRNA for copper, zinc- and manganese-superoxide dismutase, but not glutathione peroxidase. Brain Res 2001;922:51-64.
119. Lai CT, Zuo DM, Yu PH. Is brain superoxide dismutase activity increased following chronic treatment with 1-deprenyl? J Neural Transm Suppl 1994;41:221-229.
120. Thiffault C, Aumont N, Quirion R, Poirier J. Effect of MPTP and L-deprenyl on antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation levels in mouse brain. J Neurochem 1995;65:2725-2733.
121. Biagini G, Zoli M, Fuxe K, Agnati LF. L-deprenyl increases GFAP immunoreactivity selectively in activated astrocytes in rat brain. Neuroreport 1993;4:955-958.
122. Ju WY, Holland DP, Tatton WG. (-)-Deprenyl alters the time course of death of axotomized facial motoneurons and the hypertrophy of neighboring astrocytes in immature rats. Exp Neurol 1994;126:233-246.
123. Li XM, Juorio AV, Paterson IA, Zhu MY, Boulton AA. Specific irreversible monoamine oxidase B inhibitors stimulate gene expression of aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase in PC12 cells. J Neurochem 1992;59:2324-2327.
124. Li XM, Qi J, Juorio AV, Boulton AA. Reduction in glial fibrillary acidic protein mRNA abundance induced by (-)-deprenyl and other monoamine oxidase B inhibitors in C6 glioma cells. J Neurochem 1993;61:1573-1576.
125. Zhang F, Richardson PM, Holland DP, Guo Q, Tatton WG. CNTF or (-)-deprenyl in immature rats: survival of axotomized facial motoneurons and weight loss. J Neurosci Res 1995;40:564-570.
126. Biagini G, Frasoldati A, Fuxe K, Agnati LF. The concept of astrocyte-kinetic drug in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases: evidence for L-deprenyl-induced activation of reactive astrocytes. Neurochem Int 1994;25:17-22.
127. Ekblom J, Jossan SS, Ebendal T, et al. Expression of neurotrophins and members of the trk family in the rat brain after treatment with L-deprenyl. Acta Neurol Scand 1994;89:147-148.
128. Semkova I, Wolz P, Schilling M, Krieglstein J. Selegiline enhances NGF synthesis and protects central nervous system neurons from excitotoxic and ischemic damage. Eur J Pharmacol 1996;315:19-30.
129. Tatton WG, Greenwood CE. Rescue of dying neurons: a new action for deprenyl in MPTP parkinsonism. J Neurosci Res 1991;30:666-672.
130. Tatton WG, Seniuk NA, Ju WYH, Ansari KS. Reduction of nerve cell death by deprenyl without monoamine oxidase inhibition. In: Lieberman A, Olanow CW, Youdim M, Tipton K, eds. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors in neurological diseases. New York: Raven, 1993:217-248.
131. Tatton WG, Ju WY, Holland DP, Tai C, Kwan M. (-)-Deprenyl reduces PC12 cell apoptosis by inducing new protein synthesis. J Neurochem 1994;63:1572-1575.
132. Wadia JS, Chalmers-Redman RM, Ju WJ, et al. Mitochondrial membrane potential and nuclear changes in apoptosis caused by serum and nerve growth factor withdrawal: time course and modification by (-)-deprenyl. J Neurosci 1998;18:932-947.
133. Carlile GW, Chalmers-Redman RM, Tatton NA, et al. Reduced apoptosis after nerve growth factor and serum withdrawal: conversion of tetrameric glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase to a dimer. Mol Pharmacol 2000;57:2-12.
134. Kragten E, Lalande I, Zimmermann K, et al. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, the putative target of the antiapoptotic compounds CGP 3466 and R-(-)-deprenyl. J Biol Chem 1998;273:5821-5828.
135. Haberle D, Szoko E, Magyar K. The influence of metabolism on the MAO-B inhibitory potency of selegiline. Curr Med Chem 2002;9:47-51.
136. Mahmood I. Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of selegiline. An update. Clin Pharmacokinet 1997;33:91-102.
137. Pickar D, Cohen RM, Jimerson DC, Lake CR, Murphy DL. Tyramine infusions and selective monoamine oxidase inhibitor treatment. II. Interrelationships among pressor sensitivity changes, platelet MAO inhibition, and plasma MHPG reduction. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1981;74:8-12.
138. Churchyard A, Mathias CJ, Boonkongchuen P, Lees AJ. Autonomic effects of selegiline: possible cardiovascular toxicity in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1997;63:228-234.
139. Lees AJ. Comparison of therapeutic effects and mortality data of levodopa and levodopa combined with selegiline in patients with early, mild Parkinson's disease. Parkinson's Disease Research Group of the United Kingdom. BMJ 1995;311:1602-1607.
140. Clarke A, Brewer F, Johnson ES, et al. A new formulation of selegiline: improved bioavailability and selectivity for MAO-B inhibition. J Neural Transm 2003;110:1241-1255.
141. Clarke A, Johnson ES, Mallard N, et al. A new low-dose formulation of selegiline: clinical efficacy, patient preference and selectivity for MAO-B inhibition. J Neural Transm 2003;110:1257-1271.
142. Finberg JP, Tenne M, Youdim MB. Tyramine antagonistic properties of AGN 1135, an irreversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type B. Br J Pharmacol 1981;73:65-74.
143. Finberg JP, Lamensdorf I, Commissiong JW, Youdim MB. Pharmacology and neuroprotective properties of rasagiline. J Neural Transm Suppl 1996;48:95-101.
144. Kalir A, Sabbagh A, Youdim MB. Selective acetylenic 'suicide' and reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase types A and B. Br J Pharmacol 1981;73:55-64.
145. Maruyama W, Yamamoto T, Kitani K, et al. Mechanism underlying anti-apoptotic activity of a (-)deprenyl-related propargylamine, rasagiline. Mech Ageing Dev 2000;116:181-191.
146. Maruyama W, Akao Y, Youdim MB, Davis BA, Naoi M. Transfection-enforced Bcl-2 overexpression and an anti-Parkinson drug, rasagiline, prevent nuclear accumulation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase induced by an endogenous dopaminergic neurotoxin, N-methyl(R)salsolinol. J Neurochem 2001;78:727-735.
147. Finberg JP, Lamensdorf I, Weinstock M, Schwartz M, Youdim M. The pharmacology of rasagiline (N-propargyl-1R-aminoindan. Adv Neurol 1999;80:495-500.
148. Goggi J, Theofilopoulos S, Riaz SS, et al. The neuronal survival effects of rasagiline and deprenyl on fetal human and rat ventral mesencephalic neurones in culture. Neuroreport 2000;11:3937-3941.
149. Andringa G, van Oosten RV, Unger W, et al. Systemic administration of the propargylamine CGP 3466B prevents behavioural and morphological deficits in rats with 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesions in the substantia nigra. Eur J Neurosci 2000;12:3033-3043.
150. Finberg JP, Takeshima T, Johnston JM, Commissiong JW. Increased survival of dopaminergic neurons by rasagiline, a monoamine oxidase B inhibitor. Neuroreport 1998;9:703-707.
151. Huang W, Chen Y, Shohami E, Weinstock M. Neuroprotective effect of rasagiline, a selective monoamine oxidase-B inhibitor, against closed head injury in the mouse. Eur J Pharmacol 1999;366:127-135.
152. Waldmeier PC, Boulton AA, Cools AR, Kato AC, Tatton WG. Neurorescuing effects of the GAPDH ligand CGP 3466B. J Neural Transm Suppl 2000;60:197-214.
153. Waldmeier PC, Spooren WP, Hengerer B. CGP 3466 protects dopaminergic neurons in lesion models of Parkinson's disease. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2000;362:526-537.
154. Andringa G, Vermeulen RJ, Drukarch B, et al. The validity of the pretreated, unilaterally MPTP-treated monkeys as a model of Parkinson's disease: a detailed behavioural analysis of the therapeutic and undesired effects of the D2 agonist quinpirole and the D1 agonist SKF 81297. Behav Pharmacol 1999;10:163-173.