Molecular structure and expression of anthropic, ovine, and murine forms of complement receptor type 2

Clinical and Vaccine Immunology

Volumn 15, Issue 6, 2008, Pages 901-910

  Liu, Dong ^a,b   Zhu, Jian Ying ^b   Niu, Zhong Xiang ^a  

^a SHANDONG AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY   (China)

^b Office of Ji Nan Animal Husbandry   (China)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CD19 ANTIGEN; CD81 ANTIGEN; COMPLEMENT COMPONENT C3; COMPLEMENT COMPONENT C3B RECEPTOR; COMPLEMENT COMPONENT C3D RECEPTOR; COMPLEMENT RECEPTOR; LEUCINE;

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; B LYMPHOCYTE; CELL SURFACE; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; CONSENSUS SEQUENCE; EPITHELIUM CELL; EXTRACELLULAR SPACE; FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELL; GENE EXPRESSION; HUMAN; INNATE IMMUNITY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN DOMAIN; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; RNA SPLICING; SHEEP; SHORT SURVEY; SHORT TANDEM REPEAT; SPECIES DIFFERENCE; T LYMPHOCYTE;

ANIMALS; B-LYMPHOCYTES; COMPLEMENT SYSTEM PROTEINS; CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, X-RAY; HUMANS; IMMUNITY, ACTIVE; IMMUNITY, NATURAL; MICE; MOLECULAR STRUCTURE; PROTEIN CONFORMATION; PROTEIN STRUCTURE, TERTIARY; RECEPTORS, COMPLEMENT 3D; SHEEP, DOMESTIC;

EID: 47049098901     PISSN: 15566811     EISSN: 1556679X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/CVI.00465-07     Document Type: Short Survey

References (121)

1. Ahearn, J. M., and D. T. Fearon. 1989. Structure and function of the complement receptors, CR1 (CD35) and CR2 (CD21). Adv. Immunol. 46:183-219.
2. Ahearn, J. M., M. B. Fischer, D. A. Croix, S. Georg, M. Ma, J. Xia, X. Zhou, R. G. Howard, T. L. Rothstein, and M. C. Carroll. 1996. Disruption of the Cr2 locus results in a reduction in B-1a cells and in an impaired B cell response to T-dependent antigen. Immunity 4:251-262.
3. Armstrong, P. B., M. T. Armstrong, and J. P. Quigley. 1993. Involvement of alpha 2-macroglobulin and C-reactive protein in a complement-like hemolytic system in the arthropod, Limulus polyphemus. Mol. Immunol. 30:929-934.
4. Aubry, J. P., S. Pochon, J. F. Gauchat, A. Nueda-Marin, M. Holers, P. Graber, C. Siegfried, and J. Y. Bonnefoy. 1994. CD23 interacts with a new functional extracytoplasmic domain involving N-linked oligosaccharides on CD21. J. Immunol. 152:5806-5812.
5. Aubry, J. P., S. Pochon, P. Graber, K. U. Jansen, and J. Y. Bonnefoy. 1992. CD21 is a ligand for CD23 and regulates IgE production. Nature 358:505-507.
6. Axcrona, K., D. Gray, and T. Leanderson. 1996. Regulation of B cell growth and differentiation via CD21 and CD40. Eur. J. Immunol. 26:2203-2207.
7. Baiu, D. C., J. Prechl, A. Tchorbanov, H. D. Molina, A. Erdei, A. Sulica, P. J. Capel, and W. L. Hazenbos. 1999. Modulation of the humoral immune response by antibody-mediated antigen targeting to complement receptors and Fc receptors. J. Immunol. 162:3125-3130.
8. Bharadwaj, D., M. P. Stein, M. Volzer, C. Mold, and T. W. Du Clos. 1999. The major receptor for C-reactive protein on leukocytes is fcgamma receptor II. J. Exp. Med. 190:585-590.
9. Boackle, S. A. 2003. Complement and autoimmunity. Biomed. Pharmacother. 57:269-273.
10. Brodeur, S. R., F. Angelini, L. B. Bacharier, A. M. Blom, E. Mizoguchi, H. Fujiwara, A. Plebani, L. D. Notarangelo, B. Dahlback, E. Tsitsikov, and R. S. Geha. 2003. C4b-binding protein (C4BP) activates B cells through the CD40 receptor. Immunity 18:837-848.
11. Calender, A., M. Billaud, J. P. Aubry, J. Banchereau, M. Vuillaume, and G. M. Lenoir. 1987. Epstein-Barr virus EBV induces expression of B-cell activation markers on in vitro infection of EBV-negative B-lymphoma cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:8060-8064.
12. Carroll, M. C. 1998. The role of complement and complement receptors in the induction and regulation of immunity. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 16:545-568.
13. Carroll, M. C. 2000. The role of complement in B cell activation and tolerance. Adv. Immunol. 74:61-88.
14. Carroll, M. C., and V. M. Holers. 2005. Innate autoimmunity. Adv. Immunol. 86:137-157.
15. Chevallier, N., M. Berthelemy, V. Laine, D. Le Rhun, F. Femenia, B. Polack, J. Naessens, D. Levy, and I. Schwartz-Cornil. 1998. B1-like cells exist in sheep. Characterization of their phenotype and behaviour. Immunology 95:178-184.
16. Cordier, M., A. Calender, M. Billaud, U. Zimber, G. Rousselet, O. Pavlish, J. Banchereau, T. Tursz, G. Bornkamm, and G. M. Lenoir. 1990. Stable transfection of Epstein-Barr virus EBV nuclear antigen 2 in lymphoma cells containing the EBV P3HR1 genome induces expression of B-cell activation molecules CD21 and CD23. J. Virol. 64:1002-1013.
17. Dahl, M. R., S. Thiel, M. Matsushita, T. Fujita, A. C. Willis, T. Christensen, T. Vorup-Jensen, and J. C. Jensenius. 2001. MASP-3 and its association with distinct complexes of the mannan-binding lectin complement activation pathway. Immunity 15:127-135.
18. Delcayre, A. X., F. Salas, S. Mathur, K. Kovats, M. Lotz, and W. Lernhardt. 1991. Epstein Barr virus/complement C3d receptor is an interferon alpha receptor. EMBO J. 10:919-926.
19. Delespesse, G., U. Suter, D. Mossalayi, B. Bettler, M. Sarfati, H. Hofstetter, E. Kilcherr, P. Debre, and A. Dalloul. 1991. Expression, structure, and function of the CD23 antigen. Adv. Immunol. 49:149-191.
20. Dempsey, P. W., M. E. Allison, S. Akkaraju, C. C. Goodnow, and D. T. Fearon. 1996. C3d of complement as a molecular adjuvant: bridging innate and acquired immunity. Science 271:348-350.
21. Dykman, T. R., J. L. Cole, K. Iida, and J. P. Atkinson. 1983. Polymorphism of human erythrocyte C3b/C4b receptor, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:1698-1702.
22. Dykman, T. R., J. A. Hatch, M. S. Aqua, and J. P. Atkinson. 1985. Polymorphism of the C3b/C4b (CR1) receptor: characterization of a fourth allele. J. Immunol. 134:1787.
23. Dykman, T. R., J. A. Hatch, and J. P. Atkinson. 1984. Polymorphism of the human C3b/C4b receptor. Identification of a third allele and analysis of receptor phenotypes in families and patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, J. Exp. Med. 159:691-703.
24. Erdei, A., J. Prechl, A. Isaak, and E. Molnar. 2003. Regulation of B-cell activation by complement receptors CD21 and CD35. Curr. Pharm. Des. 9:1849-1860.
25. Erdei, A., E. Spaeth, J. Alsenz, E. Rude, T. Schulz, J. Gergely, and M. P. Dierich. 1984. Role of C3b receptors in the enhancement of interleukin-2-dependent T-cell proliferation. Mol. Immunol. 21:1215-1221.
26. Fairweather, D., S. Frisancho-Kiss, D. B. Njoku, J. F. Nyland, Z. Kaya, S. A. Yusung, S. E. Davis, J. A. Frisancho, M. A. Barrett, and N. R. Rose. 2006. Complement receptor 1 and 2 deficiency increases coxsackievirus B3-induced myocarditis, dilated cardiomyopathy, and heart failure by increasing macrophages, IL-1beta, and immune complex deposition in the heart. J. Immunol. 176:3516-3524.
27. Fang, Y., C. Xu, X.-Y. Fu, V. M. Holers, and H. Molina. 1998. Expression of complement receptors 1 and 2 on follicular dendritic cells is necessary for the generation of a strong antigen-specific IgG response. J. Immunol. 160:5273-5279.
28. Farries, T. C., P. J. Lachmann, and R. A. Harrison. 1988. Analysis of the interactions between properdin, the third component of complement (C3), and its physiological activation products. Biochem. J. 252:47-54.
29. Fearon, D. T. 1998. The complement system and adaptive immunity. Semin. Immunol. 10:355-361.
30. Fearon, D. T., and J. M. Ahearn. 1990. Complement receptor type 1 (C3b/C4b receptor; Cd35) and complement receptor type 2 (C3d/Epstein-Barr virus receptor; CD21). Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 153:83-98.
31. Fearon, D. T., and W. W. Wong. 1983. Complement ligand-receptor interactions that mediate biological responses. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 1:243-271.
32. Feuerstein, N., F. Chen, M. Madaio, and R. A. Eisenberg. 1999. Induction of autoimmunity in a transgenic model of B cell receptor peripheral tolerance: changes in coreceptors and B cell receptor-induced tyrosine-phosphoproteins. J. Immunol. 163:5287-5297.
33. Fingeroth, J. D., M. L. Clabby, and J. D. Strominger. 1988. Characterization of a T-lymphocyte Epstein-Barr virus rC3d receptor CD21. J. Virol. 62:1442-1447.
34. Fingeroth, J. D., M. A. Benedict, D. N. Levy, and J. L. Strominger. 1989. Identification of murine complement receptor type 2. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:242-246.
35. Fingeroth, J. D., J. J. Weis, T. F. Tedder, J. L. Strominger, P. A. Biro, and D. T. Fearon. 1984. Epstein-Barr virus receptor of human B lymphocytes is the C3d receptor CR2. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:4510-4514.
36. Fischer, E., C. Delibrias, and M. D. Kazatchkine. 1991. Expression of CR2 the C3dgrEBV receptor CD21 on normal human peripheral blood human T lymphocytes. J. Immunol. 146:865-869.
37. Fleming, S. D., T. Shea-Donohue, J. M. Guthridge, L. Kulik, T. J. Waldschmidt, M. G. Gipson, G. C. Tsokos, and V. M. Holers. 2002. Mice deficient in complement receptors 1 and 2 lack a tissue injury-inducing subset of the natural antibody repertoire. J. Immunol. 169:2126-2133.
38. Fujita, T., M. Matsushita, and Y. Endo. 2004. The lectin-complement pathway - its role in innate immunity and evolution. Immunol. Rev. 198:185-202.
39. Funkhouser, T., and D. P. Vik. 2000. Promoter activity of the 5′ flanking region of the complement receptor type 1 (CR1) gene: basal and induced transcription. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1490:99-105.
40. Gasque, P. 2004. Complement: a unique innate immune sensor for danger signals. Mol. Immunol. 41:1089-1098.
41. Gewurz, H., S. C. Ying, H. Jiang, and T. F. Lint. 1993. Nonimmune activation of the classical complement pathway. Behring Inst. Mitt. 93:138-147.
42. Gilbert, H. E., J. Hannan, V. M. Holers, and S. J. Perkins. 2004. Synchroton X-ray scattering and ultracentrifugation of unbound CR2 SCR1-2 shows that SCR-1 and SCR-2 form a family of extended V-shapes in solution. Mol. Immunol. 41:235.
43. Gupta, V. K., I. McConnell, R. G. Dalziel, and J. Hopkins. 1998. Two B cell subpopulations have distinct recirculation characteristics. Eur. J. Immunol. 28:1597-1603.
44. Gustavsson, S., T. Kinoshita, and B. Heyman. 1995. Antibodies to murine complement receptor 1 and 2 can inhibit the antibody response in vivo without inhibiting T helper cell induction. J. Immunol. 154:6524-6528.
45. Guthridge, J. M., J. K. Rakstang, K. A. Young, J. Hinshelwood, M. Aslam, A. Robertson, et al. 2001. Structural studies in solution of the recombinant N-terminal pair of short consensus/complement repeat domains of complement receptor type 2 (CR2/CD21) and interactions with its ligand C3dg. Biochemistry 40:5931-5941.
46. Haas, K. M., F. R. Toapanta, J. A. Oliver, J. C. Poe, J. H. Weis, D. R. Karp, J. F. Bower, T. M. Ross, and T. F. Tedder. 2004. C3d functions as a molecular adjuvant in the absence of CD21/35 expression. J. Immunol. 172:5833-5837.
47. Haas, K. M., M. Hasegawa, D. A. Steeber, J. C. Poe, M. D. Zabel, C. B. Bock, D. R. Karp, D. E. Briles, J. H. Weis, and T. F. Tedder. 2002. Complement receptors CD21/35 link innate and protective immunity during Streptococcus phenumoniae infection by regulating IgG3 antibody responses. Immunity 17:713-723.
48. Hannan, J. P., K. A. Young, J. M. Guthridge, R. Asokan, G. Szakonyi, X. S. Chen, and V. M. Holers. 2005. Mutational analysis of the complement receptor type 2 (CR2/CD21)-C3d interaction reveals a putative charged SCR1 binding site for C3d. J. Mol. Biol. 346:845-858.
49. Hein, W. R., L. Dudler, W. L. Marston, T. Landsverk, A. J. Young, and D. Avila. 1998. Ubiquitination and dimerization of complement receptor type 2 on sheep B cells. J. Immunol. 161:458-466.
50. Helmy, K. Y., K. J. Katschke, N. N. Gorgani, N. M. Klvajin, J. M. Elliott, L. Diehl, S. J. Scales, N. Ghilardi, and M. van Lookerin Campagne. 2006. CRIg: a macrophage complement receptor required for phagocytosis and circulating pathogens. Cell 124:915-927.
51. Heyman, B. 2000. Regulation of antibody responses via antibodies, complement, and Fc receptors. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 18:709-737.
52. Holers, V. M., and L. Kulik. 2007. Complement receptor 2, natural antibodies and innate immunity: inter-relationships in B cell selection and activation. Mol. Immunol. 44:64-72.
53. Holers, V. M. 1998. Complement receptor type 2 (CR2/CD21) as a central link between innate and acquired immunity. Clin. Immunol. Newsl. 18:7-10.
54. Holers, V. M. 2003. The complement system as a therapeutic target in autoimmunity. Clin. Immunol. 107:140-151.
55. Holers, V. M. 2005. Complement receptors and the shaping of the natural antibody repertoire. Springer Semin. Immunopathol. 26:405-423.
56. Hu, H., B. K. Martin, J. J. Weis, and J. H. Weis. 1997. Expression of the murine CD21 gene is regulated by promoter and intronic sequences. J. Immunol. 158:4758-4768.
57. Iida, K., L. Nadler, and V. Nussenzweig. 1983. Identification of the membrane receptor for the complement fragment C3d by means of a monoclonal antibody. J. Exp. Med. 158:1021-1033.
58. Illges, H., M. Braun, H. H. Peter, and I. Melchers. 1997. Analysis of the human CD21 transcription unit reveals differential splicing of exon 11 in mature transcripts and excludes alternative splicing as the mechanism causing solubilization of CD21. Mol. Immunol. 34:683-693.
59. Jack, D. L., N. J. Klein, and M. W. Turner. 2001. Mannose-binding lectin: targeting the microbial world for complement attack and opsonophagocytosis. Immunol. Rev. 180:86-99.
60. Kaya, Z., M. Afanasyeva, Y. Wang, K. M. Dohmen, J. Schlichting, T. Tretter, D. Fairweather, V. M. Holers, and N. Rose. 2001. Contribution of the innate immune system to autoimmune myocarditis: a role for complement. Nat. Immunol. 2:739-745.
61. Kerekes, K., J. Prechl, Z. Bajtay, M. Jozsi, and A. Erdei. 1998. A futher link between innate and adaptive immunity: C3 deposition on antigen presenting cells enhances the proliferation of antigen-specific T cells. Int. Immunol. 10:1923-1930.
62. Kilpatrick, J. M., and J. E. Volanakis. 1991. Molecular genetics, structure, and function of C-reactive protein. Immunol. Res. 10:43-53.
63. Kinoshita, T., T. Fujita, and R. Tsunoda. 1991. Expression of complement receptors Cr1 and Cr2 on murine follicular dendritic cells and B lymphocytes, p. 271. In Y. Imai, J. G. Tew, and E. C. M. Hoefsmit (ed.), Dendritic cells in lymphoid tissues. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
64. Kinoshita, T., J. Takeda, K. Hong, H. Kozono, H. Sakai, and K. Inoue. 1988. Monoclonal antibodies to murine complement receptor type 1 (CRl). J. Immunol. 140:3066-3072.
65. Kinoshita, T., G. Thyphronitis, G. C. Tsokos, F. D. Finkelman, K. Hong, H. Sakai, and K. Inoue. 1990. Characterization of murine complement receptor type 2 and its immunological cross-reactivity with type I receptor. Int. Immunol. 2:65 l-659.
66. Kurtz, C. B., E. O'Toole, S. M. Christensen, and J. H. Weis. 1990. The murine complement receptor gene family(IV). Alternative splicing of Cr2 gene transcripts predicts two distinct products that share homologous domains with both human CR2 and CRl. J. Immunol. 144:3581-3592.
67. Lemmon, M. A., H. R. Treutlein, P. D. Adams, A. T. Brunger, and D. M. Engelman. 1994. A dimerization motif for transmembrane α-helices. Nat. Struct. Biol. 1:157-160.
68. Liu, Y. J., J. Xu, O. de Bouteiller, C. L. Parham, G. Grouard, O. Djossou, et al. 1997. Follicular dendritic cells specifically express the long CR2/CD21 isoform. J. Exp. Med. 185:165-170.
69. Liu, T. Y., C. A. Minetti, C. L. Fortes-Dias, T. Liu, L. Lin, and Y. Lin. 1994. C-reactive proteins, limunectin, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, and coagulin, Molecules with lectin and agglutinin activities from Limulus polyphemus. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 712:146-154.
70. MacKenzie, K. R., J. H. Prestegard, and D. M. Engelman. 1997. A transmembrane helix dimer: structure and implications. Science 276:131-133.
71. Makar, K. W., D. Ulgiati, J. Hagman, and V. M. Holers. 2001. A site in the complement receptor 2 (CR2/CD21) silencer is necessary for lineage specific transcriptional regulation. Int. Immunol. 13:657-664.
72. Makar, K. W., C. T. N. Pham, M. H. Dehoff, S. M. O'Connor, S. M. Jacobi, and V. M. Holers. 1998. An intronic silencer regulates B lymphocyte cell- and stage-specific expression of human complement receptor type 2 CR2, CD21 gene. J. Immunol. 160:1268-1278.
73. Malhotra, R., M. R. Wormald, P. M. Rudd, P. B. Fischer, R. A. Dwek, and R. B. Sim. 1995. Glycosylatoin changes of IgG associated with rheumatoid arthritis can activate complement via the mannose-binding protein. Nat. Med. 1:237-243.
74. Martin, B. K., and J. H. Weis. 1993. Murine macrophages lack expression of the Cr2-145 (CR2) and Cr2-190 (CR1) gene products. Eur. J. Immunol. 23:3037-3042.
75. Matsushita, M., Y. Endo, and T. Fujita. 2000. Complement- activating complex of ficolin and mannose-binding lectin-associated serine protease. J. Immunol. 164:2281-2284.
76. McNearney, T. A., C. F. Ebenbichler, M. Totsch, and M. P. Dierich. 1993. Expression of complement receptor 2 CR2 on HTLV-1 infected lymphocytes and transformed cell lines. Eur. J. Immunol. 23:1266-1270.
77. Molina, H., V. M. Holers, B. Li, Y.-F. Fang, S. Mariathasan, F. Goellner, J. Strauss-Schoenberger, R. W. Karr, and D. D. Chaplin. 1996. Markedly impaired humoral immune response in mice deficient in complement receptors 1 and 2. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:3357-3361.
78. Molina, H., T. Kinoshita, K. Inoue, J. C. Carel, and V. M. Holers. 1990. A molecular and immunochemical characterization of mouse CR2. J. Immunol. 145:2974-2983.
79. Molina, H., T. Kinoshita, C. B. Webster, and V. M. Holers. 1994. Analysis of C3b/C3d binding sites and factor I cofactor regions within mouse complement receptors 1 and 2. J. Immunol. 153:789-795.
80. Moore, M. D., R. G. DiScipio, R. N. Cooper, and G. R. Nemerow. 1989. Hydrodynamic, electron microscopic and ligand-binding analysis of the Epstein-Barr virus/C3dg receptor (CR2). J. Biol. Chem. 264:20576-20582.
81. Nagar, B., R. G. Jones, R. J. Diefenbach, D. E. Isenman, and J. M. Rini. 1998. X-ray crystal structure of C3d: a C3 fragment and ligand for complement receptor 2. Science 280:1277-1281.
82. Nariuchi, H., T. Kakiuchi, and J. Ueno. 1985. Effect of priming with antigen on the expression of C3 receptors on murine B cells and the responses to TI-2 antigens. J. Immunol. 134:748-753.
83. Pepys, M. B. 1974. Role of complement in induction of antibody production in vivo. Effect of cobra factor and other C3-reactive agents on thymus-dependent and thymus-independent antibody responses. J. Exp. Med. 140:126-145.
84. Petersen, S. V., S. Thiel, and J. C. Jensenius. 2001. The mannan-binding lectin pathway of complement activation: biology and disease association. Mol. Immunol. 38:133-149.
85. Petty, H. R., R. G. Worth, and R. R. Todd. 2002. Interactions of integrins with their partner proteins in leukocyte membranes. Immunol. Res. 25:75-95.
86. Pochon, S., P. Graber, M. Yeager, K. Jansen, A. R. Bernard, J. P. Aubry, and J. Y. Bonnefoy. 1992. Demonstration of a second ligand for the low affinity receptor for immunoglobulin E (CD23) using recombinant CD23 reconstituted into fluorescent liposomes. J. Exp. Med. 176:389-397.
87. Pramoonjago, P., J. Takeda, Y. U. Kim, K. Inoue, and T. Kinoshita. 1993. Ligand specificities of mouse complement receptor type 1 (CR11) and 2 (CR21) purified from spleen cells. Int. Immunol. 5:337.
88. Pratt, J. R., K. Abe, M. Miyazaki, W. Zhou, and S. H. Sacks. 2000. In situ localization of C3 synthesis in experimental acute renal allograft rejection. Am. J. Pathol. 157:825-831.
89. Prechl, J., A. Tchorbanov, A. Horvath, D. C. Baiu, W. Hazenbos, I. Kurucz, E. Rajnavolgyi, P. J. A. Capel, and A. Erdei. 1999. Targeting of influenza epitopes to murine CR1/2 single chain antibodies. Immunopharmacology 42:159-165.
90. Prechl, J., and A. Erdei. 2000. Immunomodulatory functions of murine CR1 /2. Immunopharmacology 49:117-124.
91. Prota, A. E., D. R. Sage, T. Stehle, and J. D. Fingeroth. 2002. The crystal structure of human CD21: implications for Epstein-Barr virus and C3d binding. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:10641-10646.
92. Qin, D., J. Wu, M. C. Carroll, G. F. Burton, A. K. Szakal, and J. G. Tew. 1998. Evidence for an important interaction between a complement-derived CD21 ligand on follicular dendritic cells and CD21 on B cells in the initiation of IgG responses. J. Immunol. 161:4549-4554.
93. Rayhel, E. J., M. H. Dehoff, and V. M. Holers. 1991. Characterization of the human complement receptor 2 (CR2, CD21) promoter reveals sequences shared with regulatory regions of other developmentally restricted B cell proteins. J. Immunol. 146:2021-2026.
94. Reid, K. B. M., and M. W. Turner. 1994. Mammalian lectins in activation and clearance mechanisms involving the complement system. Springer Semin. Immunopathol. 15:307-325.
95. Reid, R. R., S. Woodstock, A. Shimabukuro-Vornhagen, W. G. Austen, Jr., L. Kobzik, M. Zhang, H. B. Hechtman, F. D. Moore, Jr., and M. C. Carroll. 2002. Functional activity of natural antibody is altered in Cr2-deficient mice. J. Immunol. 169:5433-5440.
96. Reynes, M., J. P. Aubert, J. H. Cohen, J. Audouin, V. Tricottet, J. Diebold, et al. 1985. Human follicular dendritic cells express CR1, CR2, and CR3 complement receptor antigens. J. Immunol. 135:2687-2694.
97. Rickert, R. C. 2005. Regulation of B lymphocyte activation by complement C3 and the B cell coreceptor complex. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 17:237-243.
98. Ross, T. M., Y. Xu, R. A. Bright, and H. L. Robinson. 2000. C3d enhancement of antibodies to hemagglutinin accelerates protection against influenza virus challenge. Nat. Immunol. 1:127-131.
99. Rossi, V., S. Cseh, I. Bally, N. M. Thielens, J. C. Jensenius, and G. J. Arlaud. 2001. Substrate specificities of recombinant mannan-binding lectin-associated serine proteases-1 and -2. J. Biol. Chem. 276:40880- 40887.
100. Selander, B., U. Martensson, A. Weintraub, E. Holmstrom, M. Matsushita, S. Thiel, J. C. Jensenius, L. Truedsson, and A. G. Sjoholm. 2006. Mannan binding lectin activates C3 and the alternative complement pathway without involvement of C2. J. Clin. Investig. 116:1423-1434.
101. Stover, C., Y. Endo, M. Takahashi, N. J. Lynch, C. Constantinescu, T. Vorup-Jensen, S. Thiel, H. Friedl, T. Hankeln, R. Hall, S. Gregory, T. Fujita, and W. Schwaeble. 2001. The human gene for mannan binding lectin-associated serine protease-2 (MASP-2), the effector component of the lectin route of complement activation, is part of a tightly linked gene cluster on chromosome 1p36.2-3. Genes Immun. 2:119-127.
102. Szakonyi, G., J. M. Guthridge, D. W. Li, K. Young, V. M. Holers, and X. S. Chen. 2001. Structure of complement receptor 2 in complex with its C3d ligand. Science 292:1725-1728.
103. Takahashi, K., Y. Kozono, T. J. Waldschmidt, D. Berthiaume, R. J. Quigg, A. Baron, and V. M. Holers. 1997. Mouse complement receptors type 1 (CRl;CD35) and type 2 (CR2; CD21). Expression on normal B ccl subpopulations and decreased levels during the development of autoimmunity in MRL/lpr mice. J. Immunol. 159:1557-1569.
104. Tedder, T. F., L. J. Zhou, and P. Engel. 1994. The CD19/CD21 signal transduction complex of B lymphocytes. Immunol. Today 15:437-442.
105. Tharia, H. A., A. K. Shrive, J. D. Mills, C. Arme, G. T. Williams, and T. J. Greenhough. 2002. Complete cDNA sequence of SAP-like pentraxin from Limulus polyphemus: implications for pentraxin evolution. J. Mol. Biol. 316:583-597.
106. Thurman, J. M., and V. M. Holers. 2006. The central role of the alternative complement pathway in human disease. J. Immunol. 176:1305-1310.
107. Thyphronitis, G., T. Kinoshita, K. Inoue, J. Schweinle, G. C. Tsokos, E. S. Metcalf, F. D. Finkelman, and J. E. Balow. 1991. Modulation of mouse complement receptors 1 and 2 suppresses antibody responses in vivo. J. Immunol. 147:224-230.
108. Tsokos, G. C., T. Kinosgita, G. Thyphronitis, A. D. Patel, H. B. Dickler, and F. D. Finkelman. 1990. Interactions between murine B lymphocyte surface membrane molecules. Loaded but not free receptors for complement and the Fc portion of IgG co-cap independently with cross-linked surface Ig. J. Immunol. 144:239-243.
109. Tsoukas, C. D., and J. D. Lambris. 1988. Expression of CR2/EBV receptor on human thymocytes detected by monoclonal antibodies. Eur. J. Immunol. 18:1299-1302.
110. Tuveson, D. A., J. M. Ahearn, A. K. Matsumoto, and D. T. Fearon. 1991. Molecular interactions of complement receptors on B lymphocytes: a CR1/CR2 complex distinct from the CR2/CD19 complex. J. Exp. Med. 173:1083-1089.
111. Venkataraman, C., P.-J. Lu, A. M. Buhl, and C.-S. Chen, J. C. Cambier, and S. Bondada. 1998. CD72-mediated B cell activation involves recruitment of CD19 and activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Eur. J. Immunol. 28:3003-3016.
112. Vereshchagina, L. A., M. Tolnay, and G. C. Tsokos. 2001. Multiple transcriptional factors regulate the inducible expression of the human complement receptor 2 promoter. J. Immunol. 166:6156-6163.
113. Weis, J. J., T. F. Tedder, and D. T. Fearon. 1984. Identification of a 145 000 Mr membrane protein as the C3d receptor CR2 of human B lymphocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:881-885.
114. Wong, W. W., J. G. Wilson, and D. T. Fearon. 1983. Genetic regulation of a structural polymorphism of human C3b receptor. J. Clin. Investig. 72:685-693.
115. Yang, L., M. Behrens, and J. J. Weis. 1991. Identification of 5′-regions affecting the expression of the human CR2 gene. J. Immunol. 147:2404-2410.
116. Young, A. J., L. Dudler, K. Yamaguchi, W. Marston, and W. R. Hein. 1999. Structure and expression of ovine complement receptor type 2. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 72:67-72.
117. Young, A. J., W. L. Marston, M. Dessing, L. Dudler, and W. R. Hein. 1997. Distinct recirculating and nonrecirculating B-lymphocyte pools in the peripheral blood are defined by coordinated expression of CD21 and Lselectin. Blood 90:4865-4875.
118. Zabel, M. D., J. J. Weis, and J. H. Weis. 1999. Lymphoid transcription of the murine CD21 gene is positively regulated by histone acetylation. J. Immunol. 163:2697-2703.
119. Zabel, M. D., and J. H. Weis. 2001. Cell-specific regulation of the CD21 gene. Int. Immunopharmacol. 1:483-493.
120. Zhang, M., E. M. Alicot, I. Chiu, J. Li, N. Verna, T. Vorup-Jensen, B. Kessler, M. Shimaoko, R. Chan, D. Friend, U. Mahmood, R. Weissleder, F. D. Moore, Jr., and M. C. Carroll. 2006. Identification of the target self antigens in reperfusion injury. J. Exp. Med. 203:141-152.
121. Zhang, M., W. G. Austen, Jr., I. Chiu, E. M. Alicot, R. Hung, M. Ma, N. Verna, M. Xu, H. B. Hechtman, F. D. Moore, Jr., and M. C. Carroll. 2004. Identification of a specific self-reactive IgM antibody that initiates intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101:3886-3891.