Genetics of Personality Disorders

Psychiatric Clinics of North America

Volumn 31, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 421-440

  Reichborn Kjennerud, Ted ^a,b,c  

^a NORWEGIAN INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (Norway)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OSLO   (Norway)

^c Och Spine at New York Presbyterian Hospitals   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMINE OXIDASE (FLAVIN CONTAINING) ISOENZYME A; CATECHOL METHYLTRANSFERASE; DEXTRO AMINO ACID OXIDASE; DOPAMINE 2 RECEPTOR; DOPAMINE 3 RECEPTOR; DOPAMINE RECEPTOR; DYSBINDIN; SEROTONIN 2A RECEPTOR; SEROTONIN TRANSPORTER; TRYPTOPHAN HYDROXYLASE 2;

ANXIETY DISORDER; AVOIDANT PERSONALITY DISORDER; BORDERLINE STATE; DEPENDENT PERSONALITY DISORDER; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; GENE IDENTIFICATION; GENE INTERACTION; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; HEREDITY; HISTRIONIC PERSONALITY DISORDER; HUMAN; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MAJOR DEPRESSION; NARCISSISM; OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER; PARANOID PERSONALITY DISORDER; PATHOGENESIS; PERSONALITY DISORDER; PHENOTYPE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOPATHY; QUANTITATIVE GENETICS; QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCUS; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SCHIZOTYPAL PERSONALITY DISORDER; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM; SUBSTANCE ABUSE;

ADOPTION; CHARACTER; COMORBIDITY; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; DISEASES IN TWINS; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; HUMANS; MENTAL DISORDERS; PERSONALITY DISORDERS; PHENOTYPE; QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI; RISK FACTORS; SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT; TWIN STUDIES AS TOPIC;

EID: 47049088077     PISSN: 0193953X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2008.03.012     Document Type: Review

References (125)

1. McGuffin P., Moffitt T., and Thapar A. Personality disorders. In: McGuffin P., Owen M.J., and Gottesman I.I. (Eds). Psychiatric genetics & genomics (2002), Oxford University Press, Oxford (England) 183-210
2. Kendler K.S. Psychiatric genetics: a methodologic critique. Am J Psychiatry 162 1 (2005) 3-11
3. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th edition (1994), American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC
4. Oldham J.M., and Skodol A.E. Charting the future of axis II. J Personal Disord 14 1 (2000) 17-29
5. Widiger T.A., and Samuel D.B. Diagnostic categories or dimensions? A question for the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders-fifth edition. J Abnorm Psychol 114 4 (2005) 494-504
6. Widiger T.A., and Trull T.J. Plate tectonics in the classification of personality disorder-shifting to a dimensional model. Am Psychol 62 2 (2007) 71-83
7. Krueger R.F., Skodol A.E., Livesley W.J., et al. Synthesizing dimensional and categorical approaches to personality disorders: refining the research agenda for DSM-V Axis II. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 16 (2007) S65-S73
8. Skodol A.E., Oldham J.M., Bender D.S., et al. Dimensional representations of DSM-IV personality disorders: relationships to functional impairment. Am J Psychiatry 162 10 (2005) 1919-1925
9. Morey L.C., Hopwood C.J., Gunderson J.G., et al. Comparison of alternative models for personality disorders. Psychol Med 37 7 (2007) 983-994
10. Gottesman I.I., and Gould T.D. The endophenotype concept in psychiatry: etymology and strategic intentions. Am J Psychiatry 160 4 (2003) 636-645
11. Fanous A.H., and Kendler K.S. Genetic heterogeneity, modifier genes, and quantitative phenotypes in psychiatric illness: searching for a framework. Mol Psychiatry 10 1 (2005) 6-13
12. Braff D.L., Freedman R., Schork N.J., et al. Deconstructing schizophrenia: an overview of the use of endophenotypes in order to understand a complex disorder. Schizophr Bull 33 1 (2007) 21-32
13. Plomin R., DeFries J.C., McClearn G.E., et al. Behavior genetics (2001), Worth Publishers, New York
14. Falconer D.S. The inheritance of liability to certain diseases, estimated from the incidence among relatives. Ann Hum Genet 29 (1965) 51-76
15. Neale M.C., Eaves L.J., and Kendler K.S. The power of the classical twin study to resolve variation in threshold traits. Behav Genet 24 3 (1994) 239-258
16. Kendler K.S. Twin studies of psychiatric illness: an update. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58 11 (2001) 1005-1014
17. Kendler K.S., and Prescott C.A. Genes, environment, and psychopathology (2006), The Guilford Press, New York
18. Rutter M., Moffitt T.E., and Caspi A. Gene-environment interplay and psychopathology: multiple varieties but real effects. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 47 3-4 (2006) 226-261
19. Purcell S., and Sham P. Variance components models for gene-environment interaction in quantitative trait locus linkage analysis. Twin Res 5 6 (2002) 572-576
20. Bouchard T.J., and Loehlin J.C. Genes, evolution, and personality. Behav Genet 31 3 (2001) 243-273
21. Ando J., Suzuki A., Yamagata S., et al. Genetic and environmental structure of Cloninger's temperament and character dimensions. J Personal Disord 18 4 (2004) 379-393
22. Jang K.L., Livesley W.J., Vernon P.A., et al. Heritability of personality disorder traits: a twin study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 94 6 (1996) 438-444
23. Livesley W.J., Jang K.L., and Vernon P.A. Phenotypic and genetic structure of traits delineating personality disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 55 10 (1998) 941-948
24. Trull T.J. Dimensional models of personality disorder: coverage and cutoffs. J Personal Disord 19 3 (2005) 262-282
25. Dyce J.A., and O'Connor B.P. Personality disorders and the five-factor model: a test of facet-level predictions. J Personal Disord 12 1 (1998) 31-45
26. Morey L.C., Gunderson J.G., Quigley B.D., et al. The representation of borderline, avoidant, obsessive-compulsive, and schizotypal personality disorders by the five-factor model. J Personal Disord 16 3 (2002) 215-234
27. Torgersen S., Lygren S., Oien P.A., et al. A twin study of personality disorders. Compr Psychiatry 41 6 (2000) 416-425
28. Kendler K.S., Czajkowski N., Tambs K., et al. Dimensional representations of DSM-IV Cluster A personality disorders in a population-based sample of Norwegian twins: a multivariate study. Psychol Med 36 11 (2006) 1583-1591
29. Reichborn-Kjennerud T., Czajkowski N., Neale M.C., et al. Genetic and environmental influences on dimensional representations of DSM-IV cluster C personality disorders: a population-based multivariate twin study. Psychol Med 37 5 (2007) 645-653
30. Parnas J., Licht D., and Bovet P. Cluster A personality disorders: a review. In: Maj M., Akiskal H., and Mezzich J.E. (Eds). Personality disorders (2005), John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester (England) 1-74
31. Kendler K.S., Heath A., and Martin N.G. A genetic epidemiologic study of self-report suspiciousness. Compr Psychiatry 28 3 (1987) 187-196
32. Claridge G., and Hewitt J.K. A biometrical study of schizotypy in a normal population. Pers Individ Dif 8 (1987) 303-312
33. Kendler K.S., and Hewitt J.K. The structure of self-report schizotypy in twins. J Personal Disord 6 (1992) 1-17
34. Linney Y.M., Murray R.M., Peters E.R., et al. A quantitative genetic analysis of schizotypal personality traits. Psychol Med 33 5 (2003) 803-816
35. Jang K.L., Woodward T.S., Lang D., et al. The genetic and environmental basis of the relationship between schizotypy and personality-a twin study. J Nerv Ment Dis 193 3 (2005) 153-159
36. McGlashan T.H., Grilo C.M., Sanislow C.A., et al. Two-year prevalence and stability of individual DSM-IV criteria for schizotypal, borderline, avoidant, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders: toward a hybrid model of axis II disorders. Am J Psychiatry 162 5 (2005) 883-889
37. Kendler K.S., Myers J., Torgersen S., et al. The heritability of cluster A personality disorders assessed by both personal interview and questionnaire. Psychol Med 37 5 (2007) 655-665
38. Rhee S.H., and Waldman I.D. Genetic and environmental influences on antisocial behavior: a meta-analysis of twin and adoption studies. Psychol Bull 128 3 (2002) 490-529
39. Torgersen S., Czajkowski N., Jacobson K., et al. Dimensional representations of DSM-IV cluster B personality disorders in a population-based sample of Norwegian twins: a multivariate study. Psychol Med (2008 Feb 14) 1-9 [E-pub ahead of print]
40. Ørstavik R.E., Kendler K.S., Czajkowski N., et al. Genetic and environmental contributions to depressive personality disorder in a population-based sample of Norwegian Twins. J Affect Disord 99 1-3 (2007) 181-189
41. Kendler K.S., Gatz M., Gardner C.O., et al. A Swedish national twin study of lifetime major depression. Am J Psychiatry 163 1 (2006) 109-114
42. Czajkowski N., Kendler K.S., Jacobson K.C., et al. Passive-aggressive (negativistic) personality disorder: a population-based twin study. J Personal Disord 22 1 (2008) 109-122
43. Tyrer P., Gunderson J., Lyons M., et al. Extent of comorbidity between mental state and personality disorders. J Personal Disord 11 3 (1997) 242-259
44. Dolan-Sewell R.T., Krueger R.F., and Shea M.T. Co-occurrence with syndrome disorders. In: Livesley W.J. (Ed). Handbook of personality disorders: theory, research and treatment (2001), The Guilford Press, New York 84-104
45. Siever L.J., and Davis K.L. A psychobiological perspective on the personality disorders. Am J Psychiatry 148 12 (1991) 1647-1658
46. Widiger T.A. Personality disorder and axis I psychopathology: the problematic boundary of axis I and axis II. J Personal Disord 17 2 (2003) 90-108
47. Krueger R.F. Continuity of axes I and II: toward a unified model of personality, personality disorders, and clinical disorders. J Personal Disord 19 3 (2005) 233-261
48. Parnas J., Cannon T.D., Jacobsen B., et al. Lifetime DSM-III-R diagnostic outcomes in the offspring of schizophrenic mothers. Results from the Copenhagen high-risk study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 50 9 (1993) 707-714
49. Kendler K.S., McGuire M., Gruenberg A.M., et al. The Roscommon family study. III. Schizophrenia-related personality disorders in relatives. Arch Gen Psychiatry 50 10 (1993) 781-788
50. Kety S.S., Wender P.H., Jacobsen B., et al. Mental illness in the biological and adoptive relatives of schizophrenic adoptees. Replication of the Copenhagen study in the rest of Denmark. Arch Gen Psychiatry 51 6 (1994) 442-455
51. Onstad S., Skre I., Edvardsen J., et al. Mental disorders in first-degree relatives of schizophrenics. Acta Psychiatr Scand 83 6 (1991) 463-467
52. Asarnow R.F., Nuechterlein K.H., Fogelson D., et al. Schizophrenia and schizophrenia-spectrum personality disorders in the first-degree relatives of children with schizophrenia: the UCLA family study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58 6 (2001) 581-588
53. Tienari P., Wynne L.C., Laksy K., et al. Genetic boundaries of the schizophrenia spectrum: evidence from the Finnish adoptive family study of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 160 9 (2003) 1587-1594
54. Torgersen S., Onstad S., Skre I., et al. Schizotypal personality disorder: a study of co-twins and relatives of schizophrenic probands. Am J Psychiatry 150 11 (1993) 1661-1667
55. Baron M., Gruen R., Rainer J.D., et al. A family study of schizophrenic and normal control probands: implications for the spectrum concept of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 142 4 (1985) 447-455
56. Siever L., and Davis K.L. The pathopysiology of schizophrenia disorders: perspectives from the spectrum. Am J Psychiatry 161 (2004) 398-413
57. Fogelson D.L., Nuechterlein K.H., Asarnow R.A., et al. Avoidant personality disorder is a separable schizophrenia-spectrum personality disorder even when controlling for the presence of paranoid and schizotypal personality disorders-The UCLA family study. Schizophr Res 91 1-3 (2007) 192-199
58. Krueger R.F., Hicks B.M., Patrick C.J., et al. Etiologic connections among substance dependence, antisocial behavior, and personality: modeling the externalizing spectrum. J Abnorm Psychol 111 3 (2002) 411-424
59. Kendler K.S., Prescott C.A., Myers J., et al. The structure of genetic and environmental risk factors for common psychiatric and substance use disorders in men and women. Arch Gen Psychiatry 60 9 (2003) 929-937
60. Hicks B.M., Krueger R.F., Iacono W.G., et al. Family transmission and heritability of externalizing disorders-a twin-family study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 61 9 (2004) 922-928
61. Hicks B.M., Bernat E., Malone S.M., et al. Genes mediate the association between P3 amplitude and externalizing disorders. Psychophysiology 44 1 (2007) 98-105
62. Kendler K.S., Gatz M., Gardner C.O., et al. Personality and major depression-a Swedish longitudinal, population-based twin study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 63 10 (2006) 1113-1120
63. McDermut W., Zimmerman M., and Chelminski I. The construct validity of depressive personality disorder. J Abnorm Psychol 112 1 (2003) 49-60
64. Ørstavik R.E., Kendler K.S., Czajkowski N., et al. The relationship between depressive personality disorder and major depressive disorder: a population-based twin study. Am J Psychiatry 164 (2007) 1866-1872
65. Riso L.P., Klein D.N., Anderson R.L., et al. A family study of outpatients with borderline personality disorder and no history of mood disorder. J Personal Disord 14 3 (2000) 208-217
66. Reichborn-Kjennerud T., Czajkowski N., Torgersen S., et al. The relationship between avoidant persinality disorder and social phobia: a population-based twin study. Am J Psychiatry 164 (2007) 1722-1728
67. Bienvenu O.J., Hettema J.M., Neale M.C., et al. Low extraversion and high neuroticism as indices of genetic and environmental risk for social phobia, agoraphobia, and animal phobia. Am J Psychiatry 164 (2007) 1714-1721
68. Kendler K.S., and Baker J.H. Genetic influences on measures of the environment: a systematic review. Psychol Med 37 5 (2007) 615-626
69. Jaffee S.R., and Price T.S. Gene-environment correlations: a review of the evidence and implications for prevention of mental illness. Mol Psychiatry 12 5 (2007) 432-442
70. Saudino K.J., Pedersen N.L., Lichtenstein P., et al. Can personality explain genetic influences on life events?. J Pers Soc Psychol 72 1 (1997) 196-206
71. Kendler K.S., Gardner C.O., and Prescott C.A. Personality and the experience of environmental adversity. Psychol Med 33 7 (2003) 1193-1202
72. Jockin V., Mcgue M., and Lykken D.T. Personality and divorce: a genetic analysis. J Pers Soc Psychol 71 2 (1996) 288-299
73. Johnson W., Mcgue M., Krueger R.F., et al. Marriage and personality: a genetic analysis. J Pers Soc Psychol 86 2 (2004) 285-294
74. Spotts E.L., Lichtenstein P., Pedersen N., et al. Personality and marital satisfaction: a behavioural genetic analysis. European Journal of Personality 19 3 (2005) 205-227
75. Tsuang M.T., Bar J.L., Stone W.S., et al. Gene-environment interactions in mental disorders. World Psychiatry 3 (2004) 73-83
76. Crowe R.R. An adoption study of antisocial personality. Arch Gen Psychiatry 31 (1974) 785-791
77. Cadoret R.J., Cain C.A., and Crowe R.R. Evidence for gene-environment interaction in the development of adolescent antisocial behavior. Behav Genet 13 (1983) 301-310
78. Cadoret R.J., Yates W.R., Troughton E., et al. Genetic-environmental interaction in the genesis of aggressivity and conduct disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 52 11 (1995) 916-924
79. Jaffee S.R., Caspi A., Moffitt T.E., et al. Nature X nurture: genetic vulnerabilities interact with physical maltreatment to promote conduct problems. Dev Psychopathol 17 1 (2005) 67-84
80. Tuvblad C., Grann M., and Lichtenstein P. Heritability for adolescent antisocial behavior differs with socioeconomic status: gene-environment interaction. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 47 7 (2006) 734-743
81. Feinberg M.E., Button T.M.M., Neiderhiser J.M., et al. Parenting and adolescent antisocial behavior and depression-evidence of genotype x parenting environment interaction. Arch Gen Psychiatry 64 4 (2007) 457-465
82. Tienari P., Wynne L.C., Sorri A., et al. Genotype-environment interaction in schizophrenia-spectrum disorder-long-term follow-up study of Finnish adoptees. Br J Psychiatry 184 (2004) 216-222
83. Lyons M.J., True W.R., Eisen S.A., et al. Differential heritability of adult and juvenile antisocial traits. Arch Gen Psychiatry 52 11 (1995) 906-915
84. Silberg J.L., Rutter M., Tracy K., et al. Etiological heterogeneity in the development of antisocial behavior: the Virginia twin study of adolescent behavioral development and the young adult follow-up. Psychol Med 37 8 (2007) 1193-1202
85. Hicks B.M., Blonigen D.M., Kramer M.D., et al. Gender differences and developmental change in externalizing disorders from late adolescence to early adulthood: a longitudinal twin study. J Abnorm Psychol 116 3 (2007) 433-447
86. Flint J., and Munafo M.R. The endophenotype concept in psychiatric genetics. Psychol Med 37 2 (2007) 163-180
87. Sham P., and McGuffin P. Linkage and association. In: McGuffin P., Owen M.J., and Gottesman I.I. (Eds). Psychiatric genetics & genomics (2002), Oxford University Press, Oxford, England 55-73
88. Zondervan K.T., and Cardon L.R. Designing candidate gene and genome-wide case-control association studies. Nat Protoc 2 (2007) 2492-2501
89. Ioannidis J.P.A., Trikalinos T.A., and Khoury M.J. Implications of small effect sizes of individual genetic variants on the design and interpretation of genetic association studies of complex diseases. Am J Epidemiol 164 7 (2006) 609-614
90. The international HapMap Consortium 2. A second generation human haplotype map of over 3.1 million SNPs. Nature 449 (2007) 851-862
91. Munafo M.R., and Flint J. Meta-analysis of genetic association studies. Trends Genet 20 9 (2004) 439-444
92. Ioannidis J.P.A., Ntzani E.E., Trikalinos T.A., et al. Replication validity of genetic association studies. Nat Genet 29 3 (2001) 306-309
93. Hirschhorn J.N., Lohmueller K., Byrne E., et al. A comprehensive review of genetic association studies. Genet Med 4 2 (2002) 45-61
94. NCI-NHGRI Working Group on Replication in Association Studies. Replicating genotype-phenotype associations. Nature 447 (2007) 655-660
95. Kuo P.H., Neale M.C., Riley B.P., et al. A genome-wide linkage analysis for the personality trait neuroticism in the Irish affected sib-pair study of alcohol dependence. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 144 4 (2007) 463-468
96. Siever L.J. Endophenotypes in the personality disorders. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 7 (2005) 139-151
97. Yang Q.H., Khoury M.J., Friedman J.M., et al. How many genes underlie the occurrence of common complex diseases in the population?. Int J Epidemiol 34 5 (2005) 1129-1137
98. Marchini J., Donnelly P., and Cardon L.R. Genome-wide strategies for detecting multiple loci that influence complex diseases. Nat Genet 37 (2005) 413-417
99. Moffitt T.E., Caspi A., and Rutter M. Strategy for investigating interactions between measured genes and measured environments. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62 5 (2005) 473-481
100. Rosmond R., Rankinen T., Chagnon M., et al. Polymorphism in exon 6 of the dopamine D-2 receptor gene (DRD2) is associated with elevated blood pressure and personality disorders in men. J Hum Hypertens 15 8 (2001) 553-558
101. Stefanis N.C., Trikalinos T.A., Avramopoulos D., et al. Impact of schizophrenia candidate genes on schizotypy and cognitive endophenotypes at the population level. Biol Psychiatry 62 7 (2007) 784-792
102. Fanous A.H., Neale M.C., Gardner C.O., et al. Significant correlation in linkage signals from genome-wide scans of schizophrenia and schizotypy. Mol Psychiatry 12 10 (2007) 958-965
103. Avramopoulos D., Stefanis N.C., Hantoumi I., et al. Higher scores of self reported schizotypy in healthy young males carrying the COMT high activity allele. Mol Psychiatry 7 7 (2002) 706-711
104. Stefanis N.C., van Os J., Avramopoulos D., et al. Variation in catechol-O-methyltransferase val(158) met genotype associated with schizotypy but not cognition: a population study in 543 young men. Biol Psychiatry 56 7 (2004) 510-515
105. Schurhoff F., Szoke A., Chevalier F., et al. Schizotypal dimensions: an intermediate phenotype associated with the COMT high activity allele. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 144 1 (2007) 64-68
106. Jacob C.P., Muller J., Schmidt M., et al. Cluster B personality disorders are associated with allelic variation of monoamine oxidase A activity. Neuropsychopharmacology 30 9 (2005) 1711-1718
107. Ni X.Q., Sicard T., Bulgin N., et al. Monoamine oxidase A gene is associated with borderline personality disorder. Psychiatr Genet 17 3 (2007) 153-157
108. Ni X.Q., Bismil R., Chan K., et al. Serotonin 2A receptor gene is associated with personality traits, but not to disorder, in patients with borderline personality disorder. Neurosci Lett 408 3 (2006) 214-219
109. Ni X.Q., Chan K., Bulgin N., et al. Association between serotonin transporter gene and borderline personality disorder. J Psychiatr Res 40 5 (2006) 448-453
110. Steiger H., Richardson J., Joober R., et al. The 5HTTLPR polymorphism, prior maltreatment and dramatic-erratic personality manifestations in women with bulimic syndromes. J Psychiatry Neurosci 32 5 (2007) 354-362
111. Joyce P.R., Mchugh P.C., McKenzie J.M., et al. A dopamine transporter polymorphism is a risk factor for borderline personality disorder in depressed patients. Psychol Med 36 6 (2006) 807-813
112. Gutknecht L., Jacob C., Strobel A., et al. Tryptophan hydroxylase-2 gene variation influences personality traits and disorders related to emotional dysregulation. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 10 3 (2007) 309-320
113. Jacob C.P., Strobel A., Hohenberger K., et al. Association between allelic variation of serotonin transporter function and neuroticism in anxious cluster C personality disorders. Am J Psychiatry 161 3 (2004) 569-572
114. Lesch K.P., Bengel D., Heils A., et al. Association of anxiety-related traits with a polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene regulatory region. Science 274 5292 (1996) 1527-1531
115. Munafo M.R., Clark T., and Flint J. Does measurement instrument moderate the association between the serotonin transporter gene and anxiety-related personality traits? A meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry 10 4 (2005) 415-419
116. Joyce P.R., Rogers G.R., Miller A.L., et al. Polymorphisms of DRD4 and DRD3 and risk of avoidant and obsessive personality traits and disorders. Psychiatry Res 119 1-2 (2003) 1-10
117. Light K.J., Joyce P.R., Luty S.E., et al. Preliminary evidence for an association between a dopamine D3 receptor gene variant and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder in patients with major depression. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 141 4 (2006) 409-413
118. Dick D.M., Agrawal A., Shuckit M.A., et al. Marital status, alcohol dependence, and GRBRA2: evidence for gene-environment correlation and interaction. J Stud Alcohol 67 (2006) 185-194
119. Lucht M., Barnow S., Schroeder W., et al. Negative perceived paternal parenting is associated with dopamine D-2 receptor exon 8 and GABA(A) alpha 6 receptor variants: An explorative study. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 141 2 (2006) 167-172
120. Caspi A., McClay J., Moffitt T.E., et al. Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children. Science 297 5582 (2002) 851-854
121. Foley D.L., Eaves L.J., Wormley B., et al. Childhood adversity, monoamine A geneotype, and risk for conduct disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 61 (2004) 738-744
122. Huizinga D., Haberstick B.C., Smolen A., et al. Childhood maltreatment, subsequent antisocial behavior, and the role of monoamine oxidase A genotype. Biol Psychiatry 60 7 (2006) 677-683
123. Kim-Cohen J., Caspi A., Taylor A., et al. MAOA, maltreatment, and gene-environment interaction predicting children's mental health: new evidence and a meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry 11 10 (2006) 903-913
124. Livesley W.J. Behavioral and molecular genetic contributions to a dimensional classification of personality disorder. J Personal Disord 19 2 (2005) 131-155
125. Kendler K.S. Reflections on the relationship between psychiatric genetics and psychiatric nosology. Am J Psychiatry 163 7 (2006) 1138-1146