The poor contribution of chimpanzee experiments to biomedical progress

Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science

Volumn 10, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 281-308

  Knight, Andrew ^a  

^a Animal Consultants International   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BIOETHICS; CHIMPANZEE; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA; EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL WELFARE; EXPERIMENTATION; GENOMICS; HUMAN; IN VITRO STUDY; MEDICAL RESEARCH; METHODOLOGY; MOLECULAR DYNAMICS; NONHUMAN; PHYSICAL DISEASE; UNITED STATES;

ANIMALIA; PAN;

EID: 35348960885     PISSN: 10888705     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10888700701555501     Document Type: Article

References (97)

1. Agresti, A., & Coull, B. A. (1998). Approximate is better than "exact" for interval estimation of binomial proportions. The American Statistician, 52, 119-126.
2. Anonymous (1995). Resolution. In Poor model man: Experimenting on chimpanzees: Proceedings of the First PACE (People Against Chimpanzee Experiments) conference on the use of chimpanzees in biomedical research. Alternatives to Laboratory Animals, 23, 571.
3. Anonymous (2005). Pubmed overview. Retrieved August 11, 2005, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query/static/overview.html
4. Anonymous (n.d. a). CAB abstracts. Retrieved August 11, 2005, from http://www.cabi-publishing.org/pdf/CABAbstracts/CABAbs.pdf
5. Anonymous (n.d. b). Database coverage. Retrieved August 11, 2005, from http://www.cabi-publishing.org/AbstractDatabases.asp?SubjectArea= &Subject=&Section=dc&PID=125
6. Anonymous (n.d. c). About EMBASE: The Excerpta Medica database. Retrieved August 11, 2005, from http://info.embase.com/embase_site/ index.shtml
7. Armbruster, C., Stiegler, G. M., Vcelar, B. A., Jager, W., Koller, U., Jilch, R., et al. (2004). Passive immunization with the anti-HIV-1 human monoclonal antibody (hMAb) 4E10 and the hMAb combination 4EI0/2F5/2G12. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 54, 915-920.
8. Armbruster, C., Stiegler, G. M., Vcelar, B. A., Jager, W., Michael, N. L., & Katinger, H. W. (2002). A phase I trial with two human monoclonal antibodies (hMAb 2F5, 2G 12) against HIV-1. AIDS, 16, 227-233.
9. Bailey, J. (2005). Non-human primates in medical research and drug development: A critical review. Biogenic Amines, 19, 235-255.
10. Bailey, J., Knight, A., & Balcombe, J. (2005). The future of teratology research is in vitro. Biogenic Amines, 19, 97-146.
11. Balis, M. (1995). Chimpanzee medical experiments: Moral, legal, and scientific concerns. In Poor model man: Experimenting on chimpanzees: Proceedings of the first PACE (People Against Chimpanzee Experiments) conference on the use of chimpanzees in biomedical research. Alternatives to Laboratory Animals, 23, 607-614.
12. Bardsley-Elliot, A., & Penry, C. M. (2000), Nevimpine: A review of its use in the prevention and treatment of paediatric HIV infection. Paediatric Drugs, 2, 373-407.
13. Bertoni, R., Sette, A., Sidney, J., Guidotti, L. G., Shapiro, M., Purcell, R., et al. (1998). Human class I supertypes and CTL repertoires extend to chimpanzees. Journal of Immunology, 161, 4447-4455.
14. Bigger, C. B., Brasky, K. M., & Lanford, R. E. (2001). DNA microarray analysis of chimpanzee liver during acute resolving hepatitis C virus infection. Journal of Virology, 75, 7059-7066.
15. Brams P., Black, A., Padlan, E. A., Hariharan, K., Leonard, J., Chambers-Slater, K., et al. (2001). A humanized anti-human CD 154 monoclonal antibody blocks CD154-CD40 mediated human B cell activation, International Immunopharmacology, 1, 277-294.
16. Britten, R. J. (2002). Divergence between samples of chimpanzee and human DNA sequences is 5%, counting indels. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 99, 13633-13635.
17. Brown, P. (2005). Blood infectivity, processing and screening tests in transmissible spongiform encephalopathy. Vox Sanguinis, 89, 63-70.
18. Byrne, R. W. (1998). Primate cognition. In F. L. Dolins (Ed.), Attitudes toward animals: Views in animal welfare (pp. 114-125). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
19. Carlsson, H. E., Schapiro, S. J., Farah, I., & Hau, J. (2004). Use of primates in research: A global overview. American Journal of Primatology, 63, 225-237.
20. Cervenakova, L., Brown, P., Soukharev, S., Yakovleva, O., Diringer, H., Saenko, E. L., et al. (2003). Failure of immunocompetitive capillary electrophoresis assay to detect disease-specific prion protein in buffy coat from humans and chimpanzees with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Electrophoresis, 24, 853-859.
21. Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis Consortium. (2005). Initial sequence of the chimpanzee genome and comparison with the human genome. 437, 69-87.
22. Conlee, K. M., Hoffeld, E. H., & Stephens, M. L. (2004). A demographic analysis of primate research in the United States. Alternatives to Laboratory Animals, 32(Suppl. A), 315-322.
23. Conley, A. J., Kessler, J. A. II, Boots, L. J., McKenna, P. M., Schleif, W. A., Emini, E. A., et al. (1996). The consequence of passive administration of an anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 neutralizing monoclonal antibody before challenge of chimpanzees with a primary virus isolate. Journal of Virology, 70, 6751-6758.
24. Crowe, J. E., Jr., Randolph, V., & Murphy, B. R. (1999). The live attenuated subgroup B respiratory syncytial virus vaccine candidate RSV 2B33F is attenuated and immunogenic in chimpanzees, but exhibits partial loss of the ts phenotype following replication in vivo. Virus Research, 59, 13-22.
25. Cuny, S. H. (2003). Why have so many drugs with stellar results in laboratory stroke models failed in clinical trials? A theory based on allometric relationships. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 993, 69-74.
26. de Waal, F. (1982). Chimpanzee politics: Power and sex among apes. New York: Harper and Row.
27. de Waal, F. (1996). Good natured: The origins of right and wrong in humans and other animals. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
28. Evans, H.L. (1990). Nonhuman primates in behavioral toxicology: Issues of validity, ethics and public health. Neurotoxicology & Teratology, 12, 531-536.
29. Feld, J. J. & Hoofnagle, J. H. (2005). Mechanism of action of interferon and ribavirin in treatment of hepatitis C. Nature, 436, 967-972.
30. Fouts, R. (1995). Chimpanzee biomedical experiments: a question of efficacy. In Poor model man: Experimenting on chimpanzees: Proceedings of the first PACE (People Against Chimpanzee Experiments) conference on the use of chimpanzees in biomedical research. Alternatives to Laboratory Animals, 23, 584-591.
31. Gallo, R. C. (2002). Human retroviruses after 20 years: A perspective from the past and prospects for their future control. Immunological Reviews, 183, 188.
32. Gescuk, B. D., & Davis, J. C. (2002). Novel therapeutic agents for systemic lupus erythematosus. Current Opinion in Rheumatology, 14, 515-521.
33. Glazko, G.,Veeramachaneni, V., Nei, M., & Makalowski, W. (2005). Eighty percent of proteins are different between humans and chimpanzees. Gene, 346, 215-219.
34. Goh, W. C., Rogel, M. E., Kinsey, C. M., Michael, S. F., Fultz, P. N., Nowak, M. A., et al. (1998). HIV-1 Vpr increases vital expression by manipulation of the cell cycle: A mechanism for selection of Vpr in vivo. Nature Medicine, 4, 65-71.
35. Goodall, J. (1986). The chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of behavior. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.
36. Goodall, J. (1995). Why is it unethical to use chimpanzees in the laboratory? In Poor model man: Experimenting on chimpanzees: Proceedings of the first PACE (People Against Chimpanzee Experiments) conference on the use of chimpanzees in biomedical research. Alternatives to Laboratory Animals, 23, 615-620.
37. Goodall, J. & Bekoff, M. (2002). The ten trusts: What we must do to care for the animals we love. San Francisco: Harper SanFrancisco.
38. Green, J. (1982). Asymptotic sample size for given confidence interval length. Applied Statistics, 31, 298-300.
39. Grob, P. M., Cao, Y., Muchmore, E., Ho, D. D., Norris, S., Pav, J. W., et al. (1997). Prophylaxis against HIV-1 infection in chimpanzees by nevirapine, a nonnucleoside inhibitor of reverse transcriptase. Nature Medicine, 3, 665-670.
40. Guenther, W. C. (1973). A sample size formula for the hypergeometric. Journal of Quality Technology, 5, 167-170.
41. Hackam, D. G., & Redelmeier, D A. (2006). Translation of research evidence from animals to humans. Journal of the American Medical Association, 296, 1731-1732.
42. Hare, B., Call, J., Agnetta, B. & Tomasello, M. (2000). Chimpanzees know what conspecifics do and do not see. Animal Behaviour, 59, 771-785.
43. Hepburn, T. W., Totoritis, M. C., & Davis, C. B. (2003). Antibody-mediated stripping of CD4 from lymphocyte cell surface in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology, 42, 54-61.
44. Herodin, F., Thullier, P., Garin, D., & Drouet, M., (2005). Nonhuman primates are relevant models for research in hematology, immunology and virology. European Cytokine Network, 16, 104-116.
45. Hone, D. M., DeVico, A. L., Fouts, T. R., Onyabe, D. Y., Agwale, S. M., Wambebe, C. O., et al. (2002). Development of vaccination strategies that elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in both the mucosal and systemic immune compartments. Journal of Human Virology, 5, 17-23.
46. Horn, J., de Haan, R. J., Vermeulen, M., Luiten, P.G., & Limburg, M. (2001). Nimodipine in animal model experiments of focal cerebral ischemia: a systematic review. Stroke, 32, 2433-2438.
47. Huguenel, E. D., Cohn, D., Dockum, D. P., Greve, J. M., Fournel, M. A., Hammond, L., et al. (1997). Prevention of rhinovirus infection in chimpanzees by soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, 155, 1206-1210.
48. Hüssy, P., Faust, H., Wagner, J. C., Schmid, G., Mous, J., & Jacobsen, H., (1997). Evaluation of hepatitis C virus envelope proteins expressed in E. coli and insect cells for use as tools for antibody screening. Journal of Hepatology, 26, l 179-1186.
49. Jha, A. (2006, June 3). Questions raised over ban on research using great apes. The Guardian. Retrieved September 19, 2006, from http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/story/0,,1789616.00.html
50. Jonas, S., Aiyagari, V., Vieira, D., & Figueroa, M. (2001). The failure of neuronal protective agents versus the success of thrombolysis in the treatment of ischemic stroke: The predictive value of animal models. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 939, 257-267.
51. Karayiannis, P. (2003). Hepatitis B virus: Old, new and future approaches to antiviral treatment. Journal of Antimicrobial Therapy, 51, 761-785.
52. Khanna R., Moss D. J., & Burrows S. R. (1999). Vaccine strategies against Epstein-Barr virus-associated diseases: Lessons from studies on cytotoxic T-cell-mediated immune regulation, Immunological Reviews, 170, 49-64.
53. Kim J.W., & Wang X. W. (2003). Gene expression profiling of preneoplastic liver disease and liver cancer: A new era for improved early detection and treatment of these deadly diseases? Carcinogenesis, 24, 363-369.
54. Kneyber, M. C., & Kimpen, J. L. (2002). Current concepts on active immunization against respiratory syncytial virus for infants and young children. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 21, 6854596.
55. Knight, A. (2007). Systematic reviews of animal experiments demonstrate poor human clinical and toxicological utility. ATLA: Alternatives to Laboratory Animals. In press.
56. Knight, A., Bailey, J., & Balcombe, J. (2006a). Animal carcinogenicity studies: 1. poor human productivity. Alternatives to Laboratory Animals, 34, 19-27.
57. Knight, A., Bailey, J., & Balcombe, J. (2006b). Animal carcinogenicity studies: Implications for the REACH system. Alternatives to Laboratory Animals, 34(Suppl. 1), 139-147.
58. Koff, R. S. (2002). Hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and combination hepatitis vaccines for immunoprophylaxis: An update. Digestive Diseases and Science, 47, 1183-1194.
59. Langley, G. (2006). Next of kin: A report on the use of primates in experiments. London: British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection.
60. Lazzarini, L., Overgaard, K. A., Conti, E., & Shirtliff, M. E. (2006). Experimental osteomyelitis: What have we learned from animal studies about the systemic treatment of osteomyelitis? Journal of Chemotherapy, 18, 451-460.
61. Leimu, R., & Koricheva, J. (2005). What determines the citation frequency of ecological papers? Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 20, 28-32.
62. Lindl, T., Voelkel, M., & Kolar, R. (2005). Animal experiments in biomedical research. An evaluation of the clinical relevance of approved animal experimental projects. Alternatives to Animal Experimentation, 22, 143-151.
63. Lindl, T., Völkel, M., & Kolar, R. (2006). Animal experiments in biomedical research. An evaluation of the clinical relevance of approved animal experimental projects: No evident implementation in human medicine within more than 10 years. Alternatives to Animal Experimentation, 23, 111.
64. Mast, E. E., Alter, M. J., Holland, P. V., & Purcell, R. H. (1998). Evaluation of assays for antibody to hepatitis E virus by a serum panel. Hepatology, 27, 857-861.
65. Matthews, J. B., Ramos, E., & Bluestone, J. A. (2003). Clinical trials of transplant tolerance: Slow but steady progress. American Journal of Transplantation, 3, 794-803.
66. McMahon, B. J., Bruden, D. L., Petersen, K. M., Bulkow, L. R., Parkinson, A. J., Nainan, O., et al. (2005). Antibody levels and protection after hepatitis B vaccination: Results of a 15-year follow-up. Annals of Internal Medicine, 142, 333-341.
67. Moore, A. C., & Hill, A.V.S. (2004). Progress in DNA-based heterologous prime-boost immunization strategies for malaria. Immunological Reviews, 199, 126-143.
68. Morris, E. (n.d.). Sampling from small populations. Retrieved September 20, 2006, from http://uregina.ca/~morrisev/Sociology/ Sampling%20from%20small%20populations.htm
69. Nakano, I., Fukuda, Y., Katano, Y., Nakano, S., Kumada, T., & Hayakawa, T. (1999). Why is the interferon sensitivity-determining region (ISDR) system useful in Japan? Journal of Hepatology, 30, 1014-1022.
70. Newman, R., Hariharan, K., Reff, M., Anderson, D. R., Braslawsky, G., Santoro, D., et al. (2001). Modification of the Fc region of a primatized IgG antibody to human CD4 retains its ability to modulate CD4 receptors but does not deplete CD4(+) T cells in chimpanzees. Clinical Immunology, 98, 164-174.
71. Obriadina, A., Meng, J. H., Ulanova, T., Trinta, K., Burkov, A., Fields, H. A., et al. (2002). A new enzyme immunoassay for the detection of antibody to hepatitis E virus. Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 17(Suppl. 3), S360-S364.
72. O'Collins, V. E., Macleod, M. R., Donnan, G. A., Horky, L. L., van der Worp, B. H. & Howells, D. W. (2006). 1,026 experimental treatments in acute stroke. Annals of Neurology, 59, 467-477.
73. Ogata, N., Cote, P. J., Zanetti, A. R., Miller, R. H., Shapiro, M., Gerin, J., et al. (1999). Licensed recombinant hepatitis B vaccines protect chimpanzees against infection with the prototype surface gene mutant of hepatitis B virus. Hepatology, 30, 779-786.
74. Pancholi, P., Lee, D. H., Liu, Q., Tackney, C., Taylor, P., Perkus, M., et al. (2001). DNA prime/canarypox boost-based immunotherapy of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in a chimpanzee. Hepatology, 33, 448-454.
75. Patterson, J., L., & Cardon, R. (2005). Demand for nonhuman primate resources in the age of biodefense, Ilar Journal, 46, 15-22.
76. Perel, P., Roberts, I., Sena, E., Wheble, P., Briscoe, C., Sandercock, P., et al. (2007). Comparison of treatment effects between animal experiments and clinical trials: Systematic review. British Medical Journal, 334, 197.
77. Pound, P., Ebrahim, S., Sandercock, P., Bracken, M., & Roberts, I. (2004). Where is the evidence that animal research benefits humans? British Medical Journal, 328, 514-517.
78. Reger, A. & Schiff, E. R. (1999). Viral hepatitis. Current Opinion in Gastroenterology, 15, 234-239.
79. Ruvolo, M. (2004). Comparative primate genomics: The year of the chimpanzee. Current Opinion in Genetics & Development, 14, 650-656.
80. Sauer, U. G. (2000). Reasons for not using primates in research. Alternatives to Animal Experimentation, 17, 217-220.
81. Scharmann, W. (2000). The great ape project - human rights for the great anthropoid apes [German]. Alternatives to Animal Experimentation, 17, 221-224.
82. Seglen, P. O. (1989). Bruk av siteringsanalyse og andre bibliometriske metoder i evaluering av forskningskvalitet [Use of citation analysis and other bibliometric methods in evaluation of the quality of research]. Tidsskrifi for Den Norske Laegeforening, 109, 3224-3229.
83. Sleasman, J. W., & Goodenow, M. M. (2003). HIV-1 infection. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, 111(Suppl. 2), S582-S592.
84. Smith, J. A., & Boyd, K. M. (Eds.). (2002). The Boyd Group papers on the use of non-human primates in research and testing. Leicester, UK: The British Psychological Society.
85. Stephens, M. L. (1995). Chimpanzees in laboratories: Distribution and types of research. In Poor model man: Experimenting on chimpanzees, Proceedings of the first PACE (People Against Chimpanzee Experiments) conference on the use of chimpanzees in biomedical research. Alternatives to laboratory Animals, 23, 579-583.
86. Suzuki, T., Yanai, M., Yamaya, M., Satoh-Nakagawa, T., Sekizawa, K., Ishida, S., et al. (2001). Erythromycin and common cold in COPD. Chest, 120, 730-733.
87. Thew, M. (2002). Are results of primate research worth the suffering it causes? Nature, 418, 273.
88. Tomasello, M., Call, J., & Hare, B. (2003). Chimpanzees understand psychological states - the question is which ones and to what extent. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7, 153-156.
89. Tong, A W., & Stone, M. J. (2003). Prospects for CD40-directed experimental therapy of human cancer. Cancer Gene Therapy, 10, 1-13.
90. Turner, R. B., Wecker, M. T., Pohl, G., Witek, T. J., McNally, E., St George, R., et al. (1999). Efficacy of tremacamra, a soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1, for experimental rhinovirus infection: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 281, 1797-1804.
91. VandeBerg, J. L., Zola, S. M., Fritz, J., Lee, D., Rick, R., Thomas, J., et al. (2005). A unique biomedical resource at risk. Nature, 437, 30-32.
92. Varki, A., & Altheide, T. K. (2005). Comparing the human and chimpanzee genomes: Searching for needles in a haystack. Genome Research, 15, 1746-1758.
93. Wang, Y.F., Brotman, B., Andrus, L., & Prince, A. M. (1996). Immune response to epitopes of hepatitis C virus (HCV) structural proteins in HCV-infected humans and chimpanzees. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 173, 808-821.
94. Whiten, A., & Byrne, R. W. (1988). Tactical deception in primates. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 11, 233-273.
95. Wong, H., Grossman, S. J., Bai, S. A., Diamond, S., Wright, M. R., Grace, J. E., Jr., et al. (2004). The chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) as a pharmacokinetic model for selection of drug candidates: Model characterization and application. Drug Metabolism and Disposition, 32, 1359-1369.
96. Worm, H. C., & Wirnsberger, G. (2004). Hepatitis E vaccines: Progress and prospects. Drugs, 64, 1517-1531.
97. Yang, G., D'Souza, M. P., & Vyas, G. N. (1998). Neutralizing antibodies against HIV determined by amplification of viral long terminal repeat sequences from cells infected in vitro by nonneutralized virions. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes & Human Retrovirology, 17, 27-34.