Ethnomedicines and ethnomedicinal phytophores against herpesviruses

Biotechnology Annual Review

Volumn 14, Issue , 2008, Pages 297-348

  Chattopadhyay, Debprasad ^a   Khan, Mahmud Tareq Hassan ^b  

^a INDIAN COUNCIL OF MEDICAL RESEARCH   (India)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TROMSØ   (Norway)

Author keywords

herbal medicine; herpesvirus; latency associated transcripts; structure activity relationship

Indexed keywords

ACICLOVIR; ANNONA EXTRACT; ANTHRAQUINONE DERIVATIVE; ANTIVIRUS AGENT; BAY 57 1293; BEET EXTRACT; BEHENYL ALCOHOL; CAFFEIC ACID; CARDAMINE ANGULATA EXTRACT; EUPATORIUM ARTICULUM EXTRACT; FLAVONOID; GENISTEIN; GERANIUM SANGUINEUM EXTRACT; HOUTTUYNIA CORDATA EXTRACT; MELIA AZADIRACHTA EXTRACT; NARCISSUS EXTRACT; PHLOROGLUCINOL; PLANT EXTRACT; PLANTAGO MAJOR EXTRACT; POLYPHENOL DERIVATIVE; POLYPODIUM GLYCYRRHIZA EXTRACT; PONGAMIA PINNATA EXTRACT; PROANTHOCYANIDIN DERIVATIVE; RHEUM OFFICINALE EXTRACT; ROSMARINIC ACID; TERMINALIA CHEBULA EXTRACT; TRITERPENE DERIVATIVE; UNINDEXED DRUG; VERBASCUM EXTRACT; XANTHOHUMOL;

ANNONA; ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY; ANTIVIRAL RESISTANCE; APPLE JUICE; BEET; CARDAMINE; CARDAMINE ANGULATA; DRUG ACTIVITY; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG STRUCTURE; ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY; EUPATORIUM; EUPATORIUM ARTICULUM; FLOWER; GERANIUM; GERANIUM SANGUINEUM; GRAPE JUICE; HERBAL MEDICINE; HERPES LABIALIS; HERPES VIRUS; HERPES VIRUS INFECTION; HOUTTUYNIA CORDATA; HUMAN; HUMULUS LUPULUS; IN VITRO STUDY; IN VIVO STUDY; INFECTION CONTROL; LINGONBERRY; MEDICINAL PLANT; MELIA AZADIRACHTA; MELIACEAE; NARCISSUS; NONHUMAN; PLANT BULB; PLANT LEAF; PLANT ROOT; PLANT SEED; PLANTAGO; PLANTAGO MAJOR; POLYPODIUM; POLYPODIUM GLYCYRRHIZA; PONGAMIA PINNATA; REVIEW; RHUBARB; STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATION; TERMINALIA CHEBULA; TRADITIONAL MEDICINE; VERBASCUM; VIRUS INHIBITION; VIRUS REPLICATION;

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY; HERPESVIRIDAE; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HUMANS; MEDICINE, TRADITIONAL; PHYTOTHERAPY; PLANT EXTRACTS;

HERPESVIRIDAE; HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 2; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; SIMPLEXVIRUS;

EID: 46349088000     PISSN: 13872656     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S1387-2656(08)00012-4     Document Type: Review

References (186)

1. Chang H.M., and But P.P.H. Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica Vols. 1-2 (1986), World Scientific Inc., Singapore
2. Dev S. Ancient-modern concordance in ayurvedic plants: some examples. Environ Health Perspect 107 (1999) 783-789
3. Schultes R.E., and Raffauf R.F. The Healing Forest (1990), Dioscorides Press, Portland
4. Lewis W.H., and Elvin-Lewis M.P. Medicinal plants as sources of new therapeutics. Ann Mo Bot Gard 82 (1995) 16-24
5. In: Ryan K.J., and Ray C.G. (Eds). Sherris Medical Microbiology: An Introduction to Infectious Diseases. 4th edn, Chapter 38 (2004), McGraw-Hill, New York, USA 555-576 ISBN 0-8385-8529-9
6. In: Sandri-Goldin R.M. (Ed). Alpha Herpesviruses: Molecular and Cellular Biology (2006), Caister Academic Press, Norfolk, UK 65-83 ISBN 978-1-904455-09-7
7. Whitley R.J. Herpesviruses. In: Baron S. (Ed). Baron's Medical Microbiology. 4th edn (1996), Galveston, University of Texas Medical Branch ISBN 0-9631172-1-14
8. Saha G.C., Chattopadhyay D., and Chakravarty R. Viruses: role in sexually transmitted infections: chapter V human herpes viruses II. Indian Med J 99 6 (2002) 20-25
9. Roizman B., and Sears A.E. Herpes simplex virus and their replication. In: Fields B.N., Knipe D.M., and Howley P.M. (Eds). Fundamental Virology. 3rd edn (1996), Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia 2231-2295
10. Habif TP (ed). Warts, herpes simplex, and other viral infections. In: Clinical Dermatology: A Color Guide to Diagnosis and Therapy, 4th edn, Chapter 12, New York, Mosby, 2004, pp. 381-388.
11. Whitley R.J. Herpes simplex viruses. In: Fields B.N., and Knipe D.M. (Eds). In Fields Virology. 4th edn (2001), Raven Press, New York 2461-2509
12. Ostrove J.M., Leonard J., Weck K.E., Radson A.B., and Gendelman H.E. Activation of the human immunodeficiency virus by herpes simplex virus type 1. J Virol 61 (1987) 3726-3732
13. Felser J., Kichington P.R., Inchauspe G., Straus S.E., and Ostrove J.M. Cell line containing varicella-zoster virus open reading frame 62 and expressing the 'IE' 175 protein complement ICP4 mutants of herpes simplex virus type 1. J Virol 62 (1988) 2076-2082
14. Gius D., and Laimins L.A. Activation of human papillomavirus type 18 gene expression by herpes simplex virus type 1 viral transactivators and phorbol ester. J Virol 63 (1989) 555-563
15. Hook E.W.I., Cannon R.O., and Nahmias A.J. Herpes simplex virus infection as a risk factor for human immunodeficiency virus infection in heterosexuals. J Infect Dis 165 (1992) 251-255
16. Corey L., Wald A., Celum C.L., and Quinn T.C. The effects of herpes simplex virus-2 on HIV-1 acquisition and transmission: a review of two overlapping epidemics. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 35 (2004) 435-445
17. Lapucci A., Macchia M., and Parkin A. Antiherpes virus agents: a review. Farmaco 48 (1993) 871-895
18. Corey L., and Spear P.G. Infections with herpes simplex viruses (1). N Engl J Med 314 (1986) 686-691
19. Serkedjieva J., and Ivancheva S. Antiherpes virus activity of extracts from the medicinal plant Geranium sanguineum L. J Ethnopharmacol 64 1 (1999) 59-68 PMID: 10075123
20. Darby G. A history of antiherpes research. Antivir Chem Chemother 5 1 (1994) 3-9
21. Elion G.B., Furman P.A., Fyfe J.A., de Miranda P., Beauchamp L., and Schaeffer H.J. Selectivity of action of an antiherpetic agent, 9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl) guanine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 74 (1977) 5716-5720
22. Furman P.A., Clair M.H., St. Fyfe J.A., Rideout J.L., Keller P.M., and Elion G.B. Inhibition of herpes simplex virus-induced DNA polymerase activity and viral DNA replication by 9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl) guanine and its triphosphate. J Virol 32 (1979) 72-77
23. Kimberlin D.W., and Whitley R.J. Antiviral resistance: mechanisms, clinical significance, and future implications. J Antimicrob Chemother 37 (1996) 403-421
24. Chibo D., Druce J., Sasadeusz J., and Birch C. Molecular analysis of clinical isolates of acyclovir resistant herpes simplex virus. Antiviral Res 61 (2004) 83-91
25. Wagner E.K., and Hewlett M.J. Basic Virology (1999), Blackwell Science, Malden, MA
26. Chattopadhyay D., Chakraborty M.S., and Saha G.C. Viruses, the acellular parasites of cellular hosts: biology and pathology with special reference to HIV. Indian J STD & AIDS 20 2 (1999) 54-60
27. Kuo Y.C., Sun C.M., Ou J.C., and Tsai W.J. A tumor cell growth inhibitor from Polygonum hypoleucum Ohwi. Life Sci 61 (1997) 2335-2344
28. Kuo Y.C., Yang N.S., Chou C.J., Lin L.C., and Tsai W.J. Regulation of cell proliferation, gene expression, production of cytokines, and cell cycle progression in primary human T lymphocytes by piperlactam S isolated from Piper kadsura. Mol Pharmacol 58 (2000) 1057-1066
29. Farnsworth N.R. Ethnopharmacology and future drug development: the North American experience. J Ethnopharmacol 38 2-3 (1993) 145-152
30. Houghton P.J. The role of plants in traditional medicine and current therapy. J Altern Complement Med 1 (1995) 131-143
31. Arisawa M., Fujita A., Hayashi T., Hayashi K., Ochiai H., and Morita N. Cytotoxic and antiherpetic activity of phloroglucinol derivatives from Mallotus japonicus (Euphorbiaceae). Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 38 6 (1990) 1624-1626 PMID: 2170038
32. Sydiskis R.J., Owen D.G., Lohr J.L., Rosler K.H., and Blomster R.N. Inactivation of enveloped viruses by anthraquinones extracted from plants. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 35 (1991) 2463-2466
33. Marchetti M., Pisani S., Pietropaola V., Seganti L., Nicoletti R., Degener A., and Orsi N. Antiviral effect of a polysaccharide from Sclerotium glucanicum towards herpes simplex virus type 1 infection. Planta Med 62 (1996) 303-307
34. Simõnes C.M.O., Amoros M., and Girre L. Mechanism of antiviral activity of triterpenoid saponins. Phytother Res 21 (1999) 317-325
35. Ferrea G., Canessa A., Sampietro F., Cruciani M., Romussi G., and Bassetti D. In vitro activity of a Combretum micranthum extract against herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2. Antiviral Res 21 (1993) 317-325
36. Kuo Y.C., Lin L.C., Tsai W.J., Chou C.J., Kung S.H., and Ho Y.H. Samaragenin B identified from Limonium sinense suppressed herpes simplex virus type 1 replication in Vero cells by regulation of viral macromolecular synthesis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46 (2002) 2854-2864
37. Betz U.A.K., Fischer R., Kleymann G., Hendrix M., and Rübsamen-Waigmann H. Potent in vivo antiviral activity of the herpes simplex virus primase-helicase inhibitor BAY 57-1293. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46 (2002) 1766-1772
38. Kleymann G., Fischer R., Betz U.A.K., Hendrix M., Bender W., Schneider U., Handke G., Eckenberg P., Hewlett G., Pevzner V., Baumeister J., Weber O., Henninger K., Keldenich J., Jensen A., Kolb J., Bach I., Popp A., Mäben J., Frappa I., Haebich D., Lockhoff O., and Rübsamen-Waigmann H. New helicase-primase inhibitors as drug candidates for the treatment of herpes simplex disease. Nat Med 8 (2002) 392-398
39. Alrabiah F.A., and Sacks S.L. New antiherpes virus agents: their targets and therapeutic potential. Drugs 52 (1996) 17-32
40. Pope L.E., Marceletti J.F., Katz L.R., and Katz D.H. Anti-herpes simplex virus activity of n-docosanol correlates with intracellular metabolic conversion of the drug. J Lipid Res 37 (1996) 2167-2178
41. Sacks S.L., Thisted R.A., Jones T.M., Barbarash R.A., Mikolich D.J., Ruoff G.E., Jorizzo J.L., Gunnill L.B., Katz D.H., Khalil M.H., Morrow P.R., Yakatan G.J., Pope L.E., and Berg J.E. Clinical efficacy of topical docosanol 10% cream for herpes simplex labialis: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Am Acad Dermatol 45 (2001) 222-230
42. Vanden Berghe D.A., Vlietinck A.J., and Van Hoof L. Plant products as potential antiviral agents. Bull Inst Pasteur 84 (1986) 101-147
43. Boulware S.L., Bronstein J.C., Nordby E.C., and Weber P.C. Identification and characterization of a benzothiophene inhibitor of herpes simplex virus type 1 replication which acts at the immediate early stage of infection. Antiviral Res 51 (2001) 111-125
44. Hudson J.B. Antiviral Compounds from Plants (1990), CRC Press, Boca Raton pp. 119-131
45. Newman D.J., Cragg G.M., and Snader K.M. The influence of natural product upon drug discovery. Nat Prod Rep 17 (2000) 215-234
46. Jassim S.A., and Naji M.A. Novel antiviral agents: a medicinal plant perspective. J Appl Microbiol 95 (2003) 412-427
47. Yarnell E., and Abascal K. Herbs for treating herpes zoster infections. Alternat Complement Ther 11 3 (2005) 131-134
48. Chattopadhyay D. Role and scope of ethnomedicinal plants in the development of antivirals. Pharmacologyonline Newslett 3 (2006) 64-71
49. Chattopadhyay D., and Naik T.N. Antivirals of ethnomedicinal origin: structure-activity relationship and scope. Mini Rev Med Chem 7 3 (2007) 275-301 (Review)
50. Rao A.R., Kumar S.S.V., Paramasivam T.B., Kamalakshi S., Parashuraman A.R., and Shanta B. Study of antiviral activity of tender leaves of margosa tree (Melia azadirachta) on vaccinia and variola virus - a preliminary report. Indian J Med Res 57 3 (1969) 495-502
51. Vacik J.P., Davis W.B., Kelling C.S., Schermeister L.J., and Schipper I.A. Current status of studies on the antiviral activity of a water-soluble extract from narcissus bulb against herpes viruses. Adv Ophthalmol 38 (1979) 281-287 PMID: 230721
52. Zgorniak-Nowosielska I., Grzybek J., Manolova N., Serkedjieva J., and Zawilinska B. Antiviral activity of Flos verbasci infusion against influenza and herpes simplex viruses. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 39 1-2 (1991) 103-108 PMID: 1666504
53. McCutcheon A.R., Roberts T.E., Gibbons E., Ellis S.M., Babiuk L.A., Hancock R.E., and Towers G.H. Antiviral screening of British Columbian medicinal plants. J Ethnopharmacol 49 (1995) 101
54. Elanchezhiyan M., Rajarajan S., Rajendran P., Subramanian S., and Thyagarajan S.P. Antiviral properties of the seed extract of an Indian medicinal plant, Pongamia pinnata L inn. against herpes simplex viruses: in vitro studies on Vero cells. J Med Microbiol 38 4 (1993) 262-264
55. Kurokawa M., Ochiai H., Nagasaka K., Neki M., Xu H., Kadota S., Sutardjo S., Matsumoto T., Namba T., and Shiraki K. Antiviral traditional medicines against herpes simplex virus, polio virus and measles virus in vitro and their therapeutic efficacies for HSV-1 infection in mice. Antiviral Res 22 2-3 (1993) 175-188
56. Guo N.L., Lu D.P., Woods G.L., Reed E., Zhou G.Z., Zhang L.B., and Waldman R.H. Demonstration of the antiviral activity of garlic extract against human cytomegalovirus in vitro. Chin Med J 106 2 (1993) 93-96 PMID: 8389276
57. Hayashi K., Kamiya M., and Hayashi T. Virucidal effects of the steam distillate from Houttuynia cordata and its components on HSV-1, influenza virus, and HIV. Planta Med 61 3 (1995) 237-241 PMID: 7617766
58. Wang Z., Wang G., Xu H., and Wang P. Anti-herpesvirus action of ethanol extract from the root and rhizome of Rheum officinale baill. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 21 6 (1996) 364-366 384. PMID: 9388926
59. Meyer J.J., Afolayan A.J., Taylor M.B., and Engelbrecht L. Inhibition of herpes simplex virus type 1 by aqueous extracts from shoots of Helichrysum aureonitens (Asteraceae). J Ethnopharmacol 52 1 (1996) 41-43 PMIID: 8733118
60. Yukawa T.A., Kurokawa M., Sato H., Yoshida Y., Kageyama S., Hasegawa T., Namba T., Imakita M., Hozumi T., and Shiraki K. Prophylactic treatment of cytomegalovirus infection with traditional herbs. Antiviral Res 32 2 (1996) 63-70
61. Shiraki K., Yukawa T., Kurokawa M., and Kageyama S. Cytomegalovirus infection and its possible treatment with herbal medicines. Nippon Rinsho 56 1 (1998) 156-160
62. Betancur-Galvis L., Saez J., Granados H., Salazar A., and Ossa J. Antitumor and antiviral activity of Colombian medicinal plants extracts. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 94 4 (1999) 531-535
63. Kott V., Barbini L., Cruanes M., Munoz J.D., Vivot E., Cruanes J., Martini V., Ferraro G., Cavallaro L., and Campos R. Antiviral activity in Argentine medicinal plants. J Ethnopharmacol 64 1 (1999) 79-84
64. Abad M.J., Bermejo P., Sanchez Palomino S., Chiriboga X., and Carrasco L. Antiviral activity of some South American medicinal plants. Phytother Res 13 20 (1999) 142-146
65. Nawawi A., Nakamura N., Hattori M., Kurokawa M., and Shiraki K. Inhibitory effects of Indonesian medicinal plants on the infection of herpes simplex virus type 1. Phytother Res 13 1 (1999) 37-41 PMID: 10189948
66. Simoes C.M., Falkenberg M., Mentz L.A., Schenkel E.P., Amoros M., and Girre L. Antiviral activity of south Brazilian medicinal plants extracts. Phytomedicine 6 3 (1999) 205-214
67. Wang Z., Cheng Z., and Fang X. Antiviral action of combined use of rhizoma Polygoni cuspidati and radix Astragali on HSV-1 strain. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 24 3 (1999) 176-180 192
68. Yoosook C., Panpisutchai Y., Chaichana S., Santisuk T., and Reutrakul V. Evaluation of anti-HSV-2 activities of Barleria lupulina and Clinacanthus nutans. J Ethnopharmacol 67 2 (1999) 179-187 PMID: 10619382
69. Abad M.J., Guerra J.A., Bermejo P., Irurzun A., and Carrasco L. Search for antiviral activity in higher plant extracts. Phytother Res 14 8 (2000) 604-607 PMID: 11113996
70. Kido T., Mori K., Daikuhara H., Tsuchiya H., Ishige A., and Sasaki H. The protective effect of hochu-ekki-to (TJ-41), a Japanese herbal medicine against HSV-1 infection in mitomycin C-treated mice. Anticancer Res 20 6A (2000) 4109-4113
71. Salem M.L., and Hossain M.S. Protective effect of black seed oil from Nigella sativa against murine cytomegalovirus infection. Int J Immunopharmacol 22 9 (2000) 729-740 PMID: 10884593
72. del Barrio G., and Parra F. Evaluation of the antiviral activity of an aqueous extract from Phyllanthus orbicularis. J Ethnopharmacol 72 1-2 (2000) 317-322
73. Glatthaar-Saalmuller B., Sacher F., and Esperester A. Antiviral activity of an extract derived from roots of Eleutherococcus senticosus. Antiviral Res 50 (2001) 223-228
74. Baqui A.A., Kelley J.I., Jabra-Rizk M.A., Depaola L.G., Falkler W.A., and Meiller T.F. In vitro effect of oral antiseptics on human immunodeficiency virus-1 and herpes simplex virus type 1. J Clin Periodontol 28 7 (2001) 610-616
75. Lopez A., Hudson J.B., and Towers G.H. Antiviral and antimicrobial activities of Colombian medicinal plants. J Ethnopharmacol 77 2-3 (2001) 189-196
76. Rajbhandari M., Wegner U., Julich M., Schopke T., and Mentel R. Screening of Nepalese medicinal plants for antiviral activity. J Ethnopharmacol 74 3 (2001) 251-255
77. Hsiang C.Y., Hsieh C.L., Wu S.L., Lai I.L., and Ho T.Y. Inhibitory effect of anti-pyretic and anti-inflammatory herbs on herpes simplex virus replication. Am J Chin Med 29 3-4 (2001) 459-467
78. Fortin H., Vigor C., Lohezic-Le Devehat F., Robinm V., Le Bossem B., Boustiem J., and Amoros M. In vitro antiviral activity of thirty-six plants from La Reunion Island. Fitoterapia 73 4 (2002) 346
79. Chiang L.C., Cheng H.Y., Liu M.C., Chiang W., and Lin C.C. Antiviral activity of eight commonly used medicinal plants in Taiwan. Am J Chin Med 31 6 (2003) 897-905
80. Chiang L.C., Cheng H.Y., Liu M.C., Chiang W., and Lin C.C. In vitro anti-herpes simplex viruses and anti-adenoviruses activity of twelve traditionally used medicinal plants in Taiwan. Biol Pharm Bull 26 11 (2003) 1600-1604 PMID: 12729671
81. Chiang L.C., Chang J.S., Chen C.C., Ng L.T., and Lin C.C. Anti-herpes simplex virus activity of Bidens pilosa L. var. Minor (Blume) Sherff and Houttuynia cordata Thumb. Am J Chin Med 31 (2003) 355-362 PMID: 12943167
82. Lipipun V., Kurokawa M., Suttisri R., Taweechotipatr P., Pramyothin P., Hattori M., and Shiraki K. Efficacy of Thai medicinal plant extracts against herpes simplex virus type 1 infection in vitro and in vivo. Antiviral Res 60 3 (2003) 175-180
83. Chen T., Jai W.X., Yang F.L., Xie Y., Yang W.Q., Zeng W., Zhang Z.R., Li H., Jiang S.P., Yang Z., and Chen J.R. Experimental study on the antiviral mechanism of Ceratostigma willmattianum against herpes simplex virus type 1 in vitro. Zhonggou Zhong Yao Za Zhi 29 9 (2004) 882-886
84. Tshikalange T.E., Meyer J.J., and Hussein A.A. Antimicrobial activity, toxicity and the isolation of a bioactive compound from plants used to treat sexually transmitted diseases. J Ethnopharmacol 96 3 (2005) 515-519
85. Cheng H.Y., and LinChun C. The antiherpes simplex viruses activity of extracts and compounds of natural products. J Tradit Chin Med 22 Suppl. 1 (2005) 129-132
86. Ramzi A., Mothana A., Mentel R., Reiss C., and Lindequist U. Phytochemical screening and antiviral activity of some medicinal plants from the island Soqotra. Phytother Res 20 4 (2006) 298-302
87. Khan M.T., Ather A., Thompson K.D., and Gambari R. Extracts and molecules from medicinal plants against herpes simplex viruses. Antiviral Res 67 (2005) 107-119
88. King A., and Young G. Characteristics and occurrence of phenolic phytochemicals. J Am Diet Assoc 99 2 (1999) 213-218 (Review)
89. Serkedjieva J., and Manolova N. Plant polyphenolic complex inhibits the reproduction of influenza and herpes simplex viruses. Basic Life Sci 59 (1992) 705-715 PMID: 1329716
90. Martinez-Velverde I., Periago M.J., and Ros G. Nutritional importance of phenolic compounds in the diet. Arch Latinoam Nutr 50 1 (2000) 5-18
91. Zgorniak-Nowosielska I., Zawilinska B., Manolova N., and Serkedjieva J. A study on the antiviral action of a polyphenolic complex isolated from the medicinal plant Geranium sanguineum L. VIII. Inhibitory effect on the reproduction of herpes simplex virus type 1. Acta Microbiol Bulg 24 (1989) 3-8 PMID: 2560321
92. Huleihel M., and Isanu V. Anti-herpes simplex virus effect of an aqueous extract of propolis. IMAJ 4 (2002) 923-927
93. Chiang L.C., Chiang W., Chang M.Y., Ng L.T., and Lin C.C. Antiviral activity of Plantago major extracts and related compounds in vitro. Antiviral Res 55 (2002) 53-62 PMID: 12076751
94. Cheng H.Y., Lin T.C., Ishimaru K., Yang C.M., Wang K.C., and Lin C.C. In vitro antiviral activity of prodelphinidin B-2 3,3′-di-O-gallate from Myrica rubra. Planta Med 69 10 (2003) 953-956
95. Li Y., Ooi L.S., Wang H., But P.P., and Ooi V.E. Antiviral activities of medicinal herbs traditionally used in southern mainland China. Phytother Res 18 9 (2004) 718-722
96. Ishikawa T., Nishigaya K., Takami K., Uchikoshi H., Chen I.S., and Tsai I.L. Isolation of salicin derivatives from Homalium cochinchinensis and their antiviral activities. J Nat Prod 67 4 (2004) 659-663
97. Erdelmeier C.A., Cinatl Jr. J., Rabenau H., Doerr H.W., Biber A., and Koch E. Antiviral and antiphlogistic activities of Hemamelis virginiana bark. Planta Med 62 (1996) 241-245
98. Cheng H.Y., Lin T.C., Yang C.M., Shieh D.E., and Lin C.C. In vitro anti-HSV-2 activity and mechanism of action of proanthocyanidin A-1 from Vaccinium vitis-idaea. J Sci Food Agric 85 (2005) 10-15
99. Shahat A.A., Cos P., De Bruyne T., Apers S., Hammouda F.M., Ismail S.I., Azzam S., Claeys M., Goovaerts E., Pieters L., Vanden Berghe D., and Vlietinck A.J. Antiviral and antioxidant activity of flavonoids and proanthocyanidins from Crataegus sinaica. Planta Med 68 (2002) 539-541
100. Cos P., de Bruyne T., Hermans N., Apers S., Vanden Berghe D., and Vlietinck A.J. Proanthocyanidins in health care: current and new trends. Curr Med Chem 11 (2004) 1345-1359
101. Buckwold V.E., Wilson R.J., Nalca A., Beer B.B., Voss T.G., Turpin J.A., Buckheit R.W., Wei J., Wenzel-Mathers M., Walton E.M., Smith R.J., Pallansch M., Ward P., Wells J., Chuvala L., Sloane S., Paulman R., Russell J., Hartman T., and Ptak R. Antiviral activity of Hop constituents against a series of DNA and RNA viruses. Antiviral Res 61 1 (2004) 57-62 PMID: 14670594
102. Likhitwitayawuid K., Supudompol B., Sritularak B., Lipipun V., Rapp K., and Schinazi R.F. Phenolics with anti-HSV and anti-HIV activities from Artocarpus gomezianus, Mallotus pallidus, and Triphasia trifolia. Pharm Biol 43 8 (2005) 651-657. http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~contentt713721640~dball~tabissues list~branches43-v43 http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title∼content=t713721640∼db=all ∼tab=issueslist∼branches=43-v43
103. Sakagami H., Hashimoto K., Suzuki F., Ogiwara T., Satoh K., Ito H., Hatano T., Takashi Y., and Fujisawa S. Molecular requirements of lignin-carbohydrate complexes for expression of unique biological activities. Phytochemistry 66 17 (2005) 2108-2120 (Review)
104. In: Rice-Evans C.A., and Packer L. (Eds). Flavonoids in Health and Disease (1997), Marcel Dekker, New York
105. Virgili F., Scaccini C., Hoppe P.P., Krämer K., and Packer L. Plant phenols and cardiovascular disease: antioxidants and cell modulators. In: Krämer K., Hoppe P.P., and Packer L. (Eds). Nutraceuticals in Health and Disease Prevention (2001), Marcel Dekker, New York 187-215
106. Knekt P., Kumpulainen J., Järvinen R., Rissanen H., Heliovaara M., Reunanen A., Hakulinen T., and Aromaa A. Flavonoid intake and risk of chronic diseases. Am J Clin Nutr 76 (2002) 560-568
107. Selway J.W.T. Plant flavonoids in biology and medicine. Biochemical, pharmacological, and structure-activity relationships. In: Cody V., Middleton E., and Arborne J.B. (Eds). Progress in Clinical and Biological Research (1986), A. R. Liss, New York 521-536
108. Vlietinck A.J., Vanden Berghe D.A., and Haemers A. Plant flavonoids in biology and medicine. Biochemical, pharmacological, and structure-activity relationships. In: Cody V., Middleton E., and Harborne J.B. (Eds). Progress in Clinical and Biological Research (1986), A. R. Liss, New York 283-299
109. Mucsi I., Beladi I., Pusztai R., Bakay M., and Gabor M. Antiviral effects of flavonoids. In: Farkas L., Gabor M., and Kallay F. (Eds). Proceedings 5th Hungarian Bioflavonoids Symposium (1977), Elsevier, Amsterdam 401-409
110. Kaul Jr. T.N., Middletown E., and Ogra P.L. Antiviral effect of flavonoids on human viruses. J Med Virol 15 (1985) 71-79
111. Dargan D.J., and Subak-Sharpe J.H. The antiviral activity against Herpes simplex virus of the triterpenoid compounds carbenoxolone sodium and cicloxolone sodium. J Antimicrob Chemother 18 (1986) 185-200
112. Charles E.I., Weimin X., Raju K.P., and Richard K. Retinoic acid reduces the yield of herpes simplex virus in Vero cells and alters the N-glycosylation of viral envelope proteins. Antiviral Res 47 (2000) 29-40
113. Sarisky R.T., Crosson P., Cano R., Quail M.R., Nguyen T.T., Wittrock R.J., Bacon T.H., Sacks S.L., Caspers-Velu L., Hodinka R.L., and Leary J.J. Comparison of methods for identifying resistant herpes simplex virus and measuring antiviral susceptibility. J Clin Virol 23 (2002) 191-200
114. Kane C.J., Menna J.H., and Yeh Y.C. Methyl gallate, methyl-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate, is a potent and highly specific inhibitor of herpes simplex virus in vitro. I. Purification and characterization of methyl gallate from Sapium sebiferum. Biosci Rep 8 1 (1988) 85-94 PMID: 2840132
115. Mucsi I., Gyulai Z., and Beladi I. Combined effects of flavonoids and acyclovir against herpesviruses in cell cultures. Acta Microbiol Hung 39 2 (1992) 137-147 PMID: 1339152
116. Amoros M., Simoes C.M.O., and Girre L. Synergistic effect of flavones and flavonols against herpes simplex virus type 1 in cell culture. Comparison with the antiviral activity of propolis. J Nat Prod 55 (1992) 1732-1740
117. Amoros M., Lurton E., Boustie J., Girre L., Sauvager F., and Cormier M. Comparison of the anti-herpes simplex virus activities of propolis and 3-methyl-but-2-enyl caffeate. J Nat Prod 57 5 (1994) 644-647 PMID: 8064297
118. Meyer J.J., Afolayan A.J., Taylor M.B., and Erasmus D. Antiviral activity of galangin from the aerial parts of Helichrysum aureonitens. J Ethnopharmacol 56 (1997) 165-169
119. Yoosook C., Bunyapraphatsara N., Boonyakiat Y., and Kantasuk C. Anti-herpes simplex virus activities of crude water extracts of Thai medicinal plants. Phytomedicine 6 6 (2000) 411-419 PMID: 10715843
120. Apers S., Baronikova S., Sindambiwe J.B., Witvrouwm M., De Clercqm E., Vanden Berghe D., and Van Marck E. Antiviral, haemolytic and molluscicidal activities of triterpenoid saponins from Maesa lanceolata: establishment of structure-activity relationships. Planta Med 67 (2001) 528-532
121. Bunyapraphatsara N., Dechsree S., Yoosook C., Herunsalee A., and Panpisutchai Y. Anti-herpes simplex virus activity of Maclura cochinchinensis. Phytomedicine 6 (2000) 421-424
122. Lin Y.M., Flavin M.T.R., Chen F.C., Sidwell R., Barnard D.L., Huffman J.H., and Kern E.R. Antiviral activities of biflavonoids. Planta Med 65 (1999) 120-125
123. Ma S.C., But P.P., Ooi V.E., He Y.H., Lee S.H., Lee S.F., and Lin R.C. Antiviral amentoflavone from Selaginella sinensis. Biol Pharm Bull 24 (2001) 311-312
124. Arthan D., Svasti J., Kittakoop P., Pittayakhachonwut D., Tanticharoen M., and Thebtaranonth Y. Antiviral isoflavonoid sulfate and steroidal glycosides from Solanum torvum. Phytochem 59 (2002) 459-463
125. Du J., He Z.D., Jiang R.W., Ye W.C., Xu H.X., and But P.P. Antiviral flavonoids from the root bark of Morus alba L. Phytochemistry 62 8 (2003) 1235-1238
126. Yadava R.N., and Tiwari L. A potential antiviral flavone glycoside from the seeds of Butea monosperma O. Kuntze. J Asian Nat Prod Res 7 2 (2005) 185-188
127. Lyu S.-Y., Rhim J.-Y., and Park W.-B. Antiherpetic activities of flavonoids against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) in vitro. Arch Pharm Res 28 11 (2005) 1293-1301
128. Cos P., Maes L., Vanden Berghe D., Hermans N., Pieters L., and Vlietinck A. Plant substances as anti-HIV agents selected according to their putative mechanism of action. J Nat Prod 67 (2004) 284-293
129. Chattopadhyay D. Ethnomedicinal antivirals: scope and opportunity. Chapter 15. In: Ahmad I., Aquil F., and Owais M. (Eds). Modern Phytomedicine: Turning Medicinal Plants into Drugs (2006), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 313-338 ISBN: 978-3-527-31530-7
130. Weinmann I. History of the development and applications of coumarin and coumarin-related compounds. In: O'Kennedy R., and Thornes R.D. (Eds). Coumarins: Biology, Applications and Mode of Action (1997), Wiley, New York, NY
131. Casley-Smith J.R., and Casley-Smith J.R. Coumarin in the treatment of lymphoedema and other high-protein oedemas. In: O'Kennedy R., and Thornes R.D. (Eds). Coumarins: Biology, Applications and Mode of Action (1997), Wiley, New York 348
132. Kostova I., Raleva S., Genova P., and Argirova R. Structure-activity relationships of synthetic coumarins as HIV-1 inhibitors. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2006 (2006) 68274 PMID: 17497014
133. Huy L.D., Caple R., Kamperdick C., Diep N.T., and Karim R. Isomeranzin against Herpes simplex virus in vitro from Clausena heptaphylla (Roxb.) W. & Arn: isolation, structure and biological assay. J Chem 42 1 (2004) 115-120
134. Curini M., Cravotto G., Epifano F., and Giannone G. Chemistry and biological activity of natural and synthetic prenyloxycoumarins. Curr Med Chem 13 2 (2006) 199-222
135. Farnsworth N.R. Bioactive compounds from plants. In: Chadwick D.J., and Marsh J. (Eds). Ciba Foundation Symposium Vol. 174 (1990), Wiley, Chichester 2-21
136. Docherty J.J., Fu M.M., Stiffler B.S., Limperos R.J., Pokabla C.M., and DeLucia A.L. Resveratrol inhibition of herpes simplex virus replication. Antiviral Res 43 (1999) 145-155
137. Patel A., Hanson J., McLean T.I., Olgiate J., Hilton M., Miller W.E., and Bachenheimer S.L. Herpes simplex type 1 induction of persistent NF-kappa B nuclear translocation increases the efficiency of virus replication. Virology 247 (1998) 212-222
138. Gregory D., Hargett D., Holmes D., Money E., and Bachenheimer S.L. Efficient replication by HSV-1 involves activation of the IkappaB kinase-IkappaB-RelA/p65 pathway. J Virol 78 (2004) 13582-13590
139. Faith S.A., Sweet T.J., Bailey E., Booth T., and Docherty J.J. Resveratrol suppresses nuclear factor-kappaB in herpes simplex virus infected cells. Antiviral Res 72 3 (2006) 242-251 Epub 2006 Jul 14
140. Likhitwitayawuid K., Sritularak B., Benchanak K., Lipipun V., Mathew J., and Schinazi R.F. Phenolics with antiviral activity of Millettia erythrocalyx and Artocarpus lakoocha. Nat Prod Res 19 (2005) 177-182
141. Hayashi K., Niwayama S., Hayashi T., Nago R., Ochiai H., and Morita N. In vitro and in vivo antiviral activity of scopadulcic acid B from Scoparia dulcis, Scrophulariaceae, against herpes simplex virus type 1. Antiviral Res 9 6 (1988) 345-354
142. Okano M., Fukamiya N., Tagahara K., Tokuda H., Iwashima A., Nishino H., and Lee K.H. Inhibitory effects of quassinoids on Epstein-Barr virus activation. Cancer Lett 94 2 (1995) 139-146
143. Sotanaphun U., Lipipun V., Suttisri R., and Bavovada R. A new antiviral and antimicrobial sesquiterpene from Glyptopetalum scerocarpum. Planta Med 65 3 (1999) 257-258
144. Diallo B., Vanhaelen M., Vanhaelen-Fastre R., Konoshima T., Kozuka M., and Tokuda H. Studies on inhibitors of skin-tumor promotion. Inhibitory effects of triterpenes from Cochlospermum tinctorium on Epstein-Barr virus activation. J Nat Prod 52 4 (1989) 879-881 PMID: 2553872
145. Kurokawa M., Basnet P., Ohsugi M., Hozumi T., Kadota S., Namba T., Kawana T., and Shiraki K. Anti-herpes simplex virus activity of moronic acid purified from Rhus javanica in vitro and in vivo. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 289 (1999) 72-78
146. Kim M., Kim S.K., Park B.N., Lee K.H., Min G.H., Seoh J.Y., Park G.G., Hwang E.S., Cha C.Y., and Kook Y.H. Antiviral effects of 28-decaetylsendanin on herpes simplex virus-1 replication. Antiviral Res 43 2 (1999) 103-112
147. Sindambiwe J.B., Calomme M., Cos P., Totte J., Pieters L., Vlietinck A., and Vanden Berghe D. Screening of seven selected Rwandan medicinal plants for antimicrobial and antiviral activities. J Pharmacol 65 1 (1999) 71-77
148. Phrutivorapongkul A., Lipipun V., Ruangrungsi N., Watanabe T., and Ishikawa T. Studies on the constituents of seeds of Pachyrrhizus erosus and their anti HSV activities. Chem Pharm Bull 50 (2002) 534-537
149. Madureira A.M., Ascenso J.R., Valdeira L., Duarte A., Frade J.P., Freitas G., and Ferreira M.J. Evaluation of the antiviral and antimicrobial activities of triterpenes isolated from Euphorbia segetalis. Nat Prod Res 17 5 (2003) 375-380 PMID: 14526920
150. Cheng H.Y., Lin T.C., Yang C.M., Wang K.C., Lin L.T., and Lin C.C. Putranjivain A from Euphorbia jolkini inhibits both virus entry and late stage replication of herpes simplex virus type 2 in vitro. J Antimicrob Chemother 53 (2004) 577-583
151. Yogeeswari P., and Sriram D. Betulinic acid and its derivatives: a review on their biological properties. Curr Med Chem 12 6 (2005) 657-666
152. Chiang L.C., Ng L.T., Cheng P.W., Chiang W., and Lin C.C. Antiviral activities of extracts and selected pure constituents of Ocimum basilicum. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 32 (2005) 811-816
153. Cheng H.Y., Yang C.M., Lin T.C., Shieh D.E., and Lin C.C. ent-Epiafzelechin-(4alpha->8)-epiafzelechin extracted from Cassia javanica inhibits HSV-2 replication. J Med Microbiol 55 (2006) 201-206
154. Armaka M., Papanikolaou E., Sivropoulou A., and Aesenakis M. Antiviral properties of isoborneol, a potent inhibitor of herpes simplex virus type 1. Antiviral Res 43 2 (1999) 79-92
155. De Logu A., Loy G., Pellerano M.L., Bonsignore L., and Schivo M.L. Inactivation of HSV-1 and HSV-2 and prevention of cell-to-cell virus spread by Santolina insularis essential oil. Antiviral Res 48 (2000) 177-185
156. Primo V., Rovera M., Zanon S., Oliva M., Demo M., Daghero J., and Sabini L. Determination of the antibacterial and antiviral activity of the essential oil from Minthostachys verticillata (Griseb.) Epling. Rev Argent Microbiol 33 2 (2001) 113-117
157. Schnitzler P., Schon K., and Reichling J. Antiviral activity of Australian tree oil and eucalyptus oil against herpes simplex virus in cell culture. Pharmazie 56 4 (2001) 343-347
158. Farag R.S., Shalaby A.S., El-Baroty G.A., Ibrahim N.A., Ali M.A., and Hassan E.M. Chemical and biological evaluation of the essential oils of different Melaleuca species. Phytother Res 18 (2004) 30-35
159. Garcia C.C., Talarico L., Almeida N., Colombres S., Duschatzky C., and Damonte E.B. Virucidal activity of essential oils from aromatic plants of San Luis, Argentina. Phytother Res 17 (2003) 1073-1075
160. Allahverdiyev A., Duran N., Ozguven M., and Koltas S. Antiviral activity of the volatile oils of Melissa officinalis L. against Herpes simplex virus type-2. Phytomedicine 11 7-8 (2004) 657-661
161. Haslam E. Natural polyphenols (vegetable tannins) as drugs: possible modes of action. J Nat Prod 59 (1996) 205-215
162. Takasaki M., Konoshima T., Shingu T., Tokuda H., Nishino H., Iwashima A., and Kozuka M. Structures of euglobal-G1, -G2, and -G3 from Eucalyptus grandis, three new inhibitors of Epstein-Barr virus activation. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 38 5 (1990) 1444-1446 PMID: 2168298
163. Kubota K. Two new quassinoids, Ailanthinols A and B, and related compounds from Ailanthus altissima. J Nat Prod 59 (1996) 683-686
164. Kurokawa M., Hozumi T., Basnet P., Nakano M., Kadota S., Namba T., Kawana T., and Shiraki K. Purification and characterization of eugeniin as an anti-herpes virus compound from Geum japonicum and Syzygium aromaticum. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 284 2 (1998) 728-735 PMID: 9454821
165. Liu K.C., Lin M.T., Lee S.S., Chiou J.F., Ren S., and Lien E.J. Antiviral tannins from two Phyllanthus species. ROC Med 65 1 (1999) 43-46
166. Ikeda T., Ando J., Miyazono A., Zhu X.H., Tsumagari H., Nohara T., Yokomizo K., and Uyeda M. Anti-herpes virus activity of Solanum steroidal glycosides. Biol Pharm Bull 23 3 (2000) 363-364
167. Cheng H.Y., Lin C.C., and Lin T.C. Antiherpes simplex virus type 2 activity of Casuarinin from the bark of Terminalia arjuna Linn. Antiviral Res 55 3 (2002) 447-455 PMID: 12206882
168. Bermejo P., Abad M.J., Diaz A.M., Fernandez L., Santos J.D., Sanchez S., Villaescusa L., Carrasco L., and Irurzun A. Antiviral activity of seven iridoids, three saikosaponins and one phenylpropanoid glycoside extracted from Bupleurum rigidum and Scrophularia scorodonia. Planta Med 68 2 (2002) 106-110
169. Charlton J.L. Antiviral activity of lignans. J Nat Prod 61 11 (1998) 1447-1451
170. Kuo Y.H., Li S.Y., Huang R.L., Wu M.D., Huang H.C., and Lee K.H. Schizarin B, C, D and E, four new lignans from Kadsura matsudai and their anti-hepatitis activities. J Nat Prod 64 (2001) 487-490
171. Nakano M., Kurokawa M., Hozumi T., Saito A., Ida M., Morohashi M., Namba T., Kawana T., and Shiraki K. Suppression of recurrent genital herpes simplex virus type 2 infection by Rhus javanica in guinea pigs. Antiviral Res 39 (1998) 25-33
172. Kuo Y.C., Kuo Y.H., Lin Y.L., and Tsai W.J. Yatein from Chamaecyparis obtusa suppresses herpes simplex virus type 1 replication in HeLa cells by interruption the immediate-early gene expression. Antiviral Res 70 3 (2006) 112-120
173. Nawawi A., Ma C., Nakamura N., Hattori M., Kurokawa M., Shirak K., Kashiwada N., and Ono M. Anti-herpes simplex virus activity of alkaloids isolated from Stephania cepharantha. Biol Pharm Bull 22 3 (1999) 268-274
174. Chattopadhyay D., Arunachalam G., Mandal A.B., and Bhattacharya S.K. Dose dependent therapeutic antiinfectives from ethnomedicines of Bay Islands. Chemotherapy 52 (2006) 151-157
175. Szlavik L., Gyuris A., Minarovits J., Forgo P., Molnar J., and Hohmann J. Alkaloids from Leucojum vernum and antiretroviral activity of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids. Planta Med 70 (2004) 871-873
176. Kuo Y.C., Lin Y.L., Liu C.P., and Tsai W.J. Herpes simplex virus type 1 propagation in HeLa cells interrupted by Nelumbo nucifera. J Biomed Sci 12 6 (2005) 1021-1034
177. Balzarini J., Neyts J., Schols D., Hosoya M., Van Damme E., Peumans W., and De Clercq E. The mannose-specific plant lectins from Cymbidium hybrid and Epipactis helleborine and the (N-acetylglucosamine)n-specific plant lectins from Urtica dioca are potent and selective inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus and cytomegalovirus replication in vitro. Antiviral Res 18 2 (1992) 191-207 PMID: 1329650
178. Balzarini J., and McGuigan C. Chemotherapy of varicella-zoster virus by a novel class of highly specific anti-VZV bicyclic pyrimidine nucleosides. Biochim Biophys Acta 1587 2-3 (2002) 287-295
179. Alche L.E., Berra A., Veloso M.J., and Coto C.E. Treatment with meliacine, a plant derived antiviral, prevents the development of herpetic stromal keratitis in mice. J Med Virol 61 4 (2000) 474-480
180. Carlucci M.J., Scolaro L.A., Errea M.I., Matulewicz M.C., and Damonte E.B. Antiviral activity of natural sulphated galactans on herpes virus multiplication in cell culture. Planta Medica 63 5 (1997) 429-432 PMID: 9342947
181. Duarte M.E., Noseda D.G., Noseda M.D., Tulio S., Pujil C.A., and Damonte E.B. Inhibitory effect of sulfated galactans from the marine alga Bostrychia montagnei on herpes simplex virus replication in vitro. Phytomedicine 8 1 (2001) 53-58 PMID: 11292240
182. Craig M.I., Benencia F., and Coulombie F.C. Antiviral activity of an acidic polysaccharides fraction extracted from Cedrela tubiflora leaves. Fitoterapia 72 2 (2001) 113-119
183. Thompson K.D., and Dragar C. Antiviral activity of Undaria pinnatifida against herpes simplex virus. Phytother Res 18 (2004) 551-555
184. Xu H.X., Lee S.H., Lee S.F., White R.L., and Blay J. Isolation and characterization of an anti-HSV polysaccharide from Prunella vulgaris. Antiviral Res 44 1 (1999) 43-54 PMID: 10588332
185. Chiu Lawrence C.-M., Zhu W., and Ooi Vincent E.-C. A polysaccharide fraction from medicinal herb Prunella vulgaris downregulates the expression of herpes simplex virus antigen in Vero cells. J Ethnopharmacol 93 1 (2004) 63-68
186. Lin Y.M., Anderson H., Flavin M.T., Pai Y.H., Mata-Greenwood E., Pengsuparp T., Pezzuto J.M., Schinazi R.F., Hughes S.H., and Chen F.C. In vitro anti-HIV activity of biflavonoids isolated from Rhus succedanea and Garcinia multiflora. J Nat Prod 60 9 (1997) 884-888