The Effects of Herpes Simplex Virus-2 on HIV-1 Acquisition and Transmission: A Review of Two Overlapping Epidemics

Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes

Volumn 35, Issue 5, 2004, Pages 435-445

  Corey, Lawrence ^a,d   Wald, Anna ^a   Celum, Connie L ^a   Quinn, Thomas C ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^b JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ALLERGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES   (United States)

^d Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center   (United States)

Author keywords

Genital herpes; Herpes simplex virus infections; HIV acquisition and transmission

Indexed keywords

ACICLOVIR; ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; CIDOFOVIR; FAMCICLOVIR; PENCICLOVIR; VALACICLOVIR; VIRUS RNA;

CLINICAL TRIAL; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DOSE RESPONSE; EPIDEMIC; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; GENITAL HERPES; HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS 2; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; IN VITRO STUDY; IN VIVO STUDY; INFECTION RISK; INFECTION SENSITIVITY; MUCOSA; NONHUMAN; PLASMA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SERODIAGNOSIS; SEXUAL TRANSMISSION; SEXUALITY; SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE; UGANDA; VIRUS REACTIVATION; VIRUS REPLICATION; VIRUS SHEDDING; VIRUS TRANSMISSION;

ACYCLOVIR; ANTIBODIES, VIRAL; CLINICAL TRIALS; COMORBIDITY; DISEASE TRANSMISSION, HORIZONTAL; FEMALE; HERPES SIMPLEX; HERPESVIRUS 2, HUMAN; HIV INFECTIONS; HIV-1; HUMANS; MALE; PREVALENCE; RISK FACTORS; VIRAL LOAD; VIRULENCE; VIRUS REPLICATION; WORLD HEALTH;

EID: 1842615043     PISSN: 15254135     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00126334-200404150-00001     Document Type: Review

References (96)

1. Wasserheit JN. Epidemiological synergy: interrelationships between human immunodeficiency virus infection and other sexually transmitted diseases. Sex Transm Dis. 1992;19:61-77.
2. Fleming DT, McQuillan GM, Johnson RE, et al. Herpes simplex virus type 2 in the United States, 1976 to 1994. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:1105-1111.
3. Rompalo AM, Shepherd M, Lawlor JP, et al. Definitions of genital ulcer disease and variation in risk for prevalent human immunodeficiency virus infection. Sex Transm Dis. 1997;24:436-442.
4. Hook EW 3rd, Cannon RO, Nahmias AJ, et al. Herpes simplex virus infection as a risk factor for human immunodeficiency virus infection in heterosexuals. J Infect Dis. 1992;165:251-255.
5. Austin H, Macaluso M, Nahmias A, et al. Correlates of herpes simplex virus seroprevalence among women attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic. Sex Transm Dis. 1999;26:329-334.
6. Nahmias A, Lee F, Beckman-Nahmias S. Sero-epidemiological and sociological patterns of herpes simplex virus infection in the world. Scand J Infect Dis. 1990;69:19-36.
7. Brown ZA, Selke SA, Zeh JE, et al. The acquisition of herpes simplex virus during pregnancy. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:509-515.
8. Sullender W, Yasukawa L, Schwartz M, et al. Type-specific antibodies to herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) glycoprotein G in pregnant women, infants exposed to maternal HSV-2 infection at delivery, and infants with neonatal herpes. J Infect Dis. 1988;157:164-171.
9. Armstrong GL, Schillinger J, Markowitz L, et al. Incidence of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in the United States. Am J Epidemiol. 2001;153:912-920.
10. Siegel D, Golden E, Washington AE, et al. Prevalence and correlates of herpes simplex infections: the population-based AIDS in Multiethnic Neighborhoods Study. JAMA. 1992;268:1702-1708.
11. Rosenthal SL, Stanberry LR, Biro FM, et al. Seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus types I and 2 and cytomegalovirus in adolescents. Clin Infect Dis. 1997;24:135-139.
12. Oberle MW, Rosero-Bixby L, Lee FK, et al. Herpes simplex virus type 2 antibodies: high prevalence in monogamous women in Costa Rica. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1989;41:224-229.
13. Carvalho M, de Carvalho S, Pannuti CS, et al. Prevalence of herpes simplex type 2 antibodies and a clinical history of herpes in three different populations in Campinas City, Brazil. Int J Infect Dis. 1999;3:94-98.
14. Sanchez JL, Volquez C, Totten PA, et al. The etiology and management of genital ulcers in the Dominican Republic and Peru. Sex Transm Dis. 2002;29:559-567.
15. Auvert B, Ballard R, Campbell C, et al. HIV infection among youth in a South African mining town is associated with herpes simplex virus-2 seropositivity and sexual behaviour. AIDS. 2001;15:885-898.
16. Mbizvo MT, Mashu A, Chipato T, et al. Trends in HIV-1 and HIV-2 prevalence and risk factors in pregnant women in Harare, Zimbabwe. Cent-Afr J Med. 1996;42:14-21.
17. Greenblatt RM, Lukehart SA, Plummer FA, et al. Genital ulceration as a risk factor for human immunodeficiency virus infection. AIDS. 1988;2:47-50.
18. Mostad SB, Kreiss JK, Ryncarz AJ, et al. Cervical shedding of herpes simplex virus in human immunodeficiency virus-infected women: effects of hormonal contraception, pregnancy, and vitamin A deficiency. J Infect Dis 2000;181:58-63.
19. Mertz KJ, Trees D, Levine WC, et al. Etiology of genital ulcers and prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus coinfection in 10 US cities. The Genital Ulcer Disease Surveillance Group. J Infect Dis. 1998;178:1795-1798.
20. Chen CY, Ballard RC, Beck-Sague CM, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus infection and genital ulcer disease in South Africa: the herpetic connection [see comments]. Sex Transm Dis. 2000;27:21-29.
21. Ahmed IIJ, Mbwana J, Gunnarsson E, et al. Etiology of genital ulcer disease and association with human immunodeficiency virus infection in two Tanzanian cities. Sex Transm Dis. 2003;30:114-119.
22. Morse SA. Etiology of genital ulcer disease and its relationship to HIV infection. Sex Transm Dis. 1999;26:63-65.
23. Ballard R, Htun Y, Dangor Y, et al. HIV and genital ulcer disease: determinants of HIV shedding from lesions and consequences of therapy. Paper presented at: International Society for Sexually Transmitted Disease Research; July 11-14, 1999; Denver, CO. Abstract #055.
24. Mbengeranwa O. Trends and management of STDs in Harare, Zimbabwe. WHO/UNAIDS/LSHTM Workshop on HSV-2: Programmatic and Research Priorities in Developing Countries; February 14-16, 2001; London.
25. Beyrer C, Jitwatcharanan K, Natpratan C, et al. Molecular methods for the diagnosis of genital ulcer disease in a sexually transmitted disease clinic population in northern Thailand: predominance of herpes simplex virus infection. J Infect Dis. 1998;178:243-246.
26. Risbud A, Chan-Tack K, Gadkari D, et al. The etiology of genital ulcer disease by multiplex polymerase chain reaction and relationship to HIV infection among patients attending sexually transmitted disease clinics in Pune, India. Sex Transm Dis. 1999;26:55-62.
27. Morse SA, Trees DL, Htun Y, et al. Comparison of clinical diagnosis and standard laboratory and molecular methods for the diagnosis of genital ulcer disease in Lesotho: association with human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Infect Dis. 1997;175:583-589.
28. Wald A, Corey L, Cone R, et al. Frequent genital HSV-2 shedding in immunocompetent women. J Clin Invest. 1997;99:1092-1097.
29. Wald A, Link K. Risk of human immunodeficiency virus infection in herpes simplex virus type 2-seropositive persons: a meta-analysis. J Infect Dis. 2002;185:45-52.
30. Buve A, Carael M, Hayes RJ, et al. Multicentre study on factors determining differences in rate of spread of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa: methods and prevalence of HIV infection. AIDS. 2001;15(suppl 4):S5-14.
31. Weiss HA, Buve A, Robinson NJ, et al. The epidemiology of HSV-2 infection and its association with HIV infection in four urban African populations. AIDS. 2001;15(suppl 4):S97-108.
32. del Mar Pujades Rodriguez M, Obasi A, Mosha F, et al. Herpes simplex virus type 2 infection increases HIV incidence: a prospective study in rural Tanzania. AIDS. 2002;16:451-462.
33. Reynolds SJ, Risbud AR, Shepherd ME, et al. Recent herpes simplex virus type 2 infection and the risk of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 acquisition in India. J Infect Dis. 2003;187:1513-1521.
34. Sanchez JL, Whittington WLH, Zuckerman RA, et al. Bacterial STDs and HSV-2 acquisition among MSM HIV seroconverters in Peru. Paper presented at: Conf HIV Pathog Treatment; Buenos Aires, Argentina; February 4-8, 2001:187.
35. Renzi C, Douglas JM Jr, Foster M, et al. Herpes simplex virus type 2 infection as a risk factor for human immunodeficiency virus acquisition in men who have sex with men. J Infect Dis. 2003;187:19-25.
36. Wald A, Zeh JE, Selke SA, et al. Virologic characteristics of subclinical and symptomatic genital herpes infections. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:770-775.
37. Benedetti JK, Zeh J, Corey L. Clinical reactivation of genital herpes simplex virus infection decreases in frequency over time. Ann Intern Med. 1999;131:14-20.
38. Wawer MJ, Sewankambo NK, Serwadda D, et al. Control of sexually transmitted diseases for AIDS prevention in Uganda: a randomised community trial. Rakai Project Study Group. Lancet. 1999;353:525-535.
39. Grosskurth H, Gray RH, Hayes R, et al. Control of sexually transmitted diseases for HIV-1 prevention: understanding the implications of the Mwanza and Rakai trials. Lancet. 2000;355:1981-1987.
40. Quinn TC, Wawer MJ, Sewankambo N, et al. Viral load and heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Rakai Project Study Group. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:921-929.
41. Gray RH, Wawer MJ, Brookmeyer R, et al. Probability of HIV-1 transmission per coital act in monogamous, heterosexual, HIV-1-discordant couples in Rakai, Uganda. Lancet. 2001;357:1149-1153.
42. Korenromp EL, Bakker R, de Vlas SJ, et al. HIV dynamics and behaviour change as determinants of the impact of sexually transmitted disease treatment on HIV transmission in the context of the Rakai trial. AIDS. 2002;16:2209-2218.
43. Baba TW, Trichel AM, An L, et al. Infection and AIDS in adult macaques after nontraumatic oral exposure to cell-free SIV. Science. 1996;272:1486-1489.
44. Cunningham AL, Turner RR, Miller AC, et al. Evolution of recurrent herpes simplex lesions: an immunohistologic study. J Clin Invest. 1985;75:226-233.
45. Koelle DM, Abbo H, Peck A, et al. Direct recovery of herpes simplex virus (HSV)-specific T lymphocyte clones from recurrent genital HSV-2 lesions. J Infect Dis. 1994;169:956-961.
46. Mosca JD, Bednarik DP, Raj NB, et al. Herpes simplex virus type-1 can reactivate transcription of latent human immunodeficiency virus. Nature. 1987;325:67-70.
47. Margolis DM, Rabson AB, Straus SE, et al. Transactivation of the HIV-1 LTR by HSV-1 immediate-early genes. Virology. 1992;186:788-791.
48. Margolis D, Ostrove J, Straus S. HSV-1 activation of HIV-1 transcription is augmented by a cellular protein that binds near the initiator element. Virology. 1993;192:370-374.
49. Diaz JJ, Dodon MD, Schaerer-Uthurralt N, et al. Post-transcriptional transactivation of human retroviral envelope glycoprotein expression by herpes simplex virus Us11 protein. Nature. 1996;379:273-277.
50. Kucera LS, Leake E, Iyer N, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) can coinfect and simultaneously replicate in the same human CD4+ cell: effect of coinfection on infectious HSV-2 and HIV-1 replication. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1990;6:641-647.
51. Moriuchi M, Moriuchi H, Williams R, et al. Herpes simplex virus infection induces replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Virology. 2000;278:534-540.
52. Heng MC, Heng SY, Allen SG. Co-infection and synergy of human immunodeficiency virus-1 and herpes simplex virus-1. Lancet. 1994;343:255-258.
53. Schacker TW, Ryncarz AJ, Goddard J, et al. Frequent recovery of HIV-1 from genital herpes simplex virus lesions in HIV-1-infected men. JAMA. 1998;280:61-66.
54. Gadkari DA, Quinn TC, Gangakhedkar RR, et al. HIV-1 DNA shedding in genital ulcers and its associated risk factors in Pune, India. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1998;18:277-281.
55. rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1999.
56. Mbopi Keou FX, Gresenguet G, Mayaud P. et al. Genital herpes simplex virus type 2 shedding is increased in HIV-infected women in Africa. Letter. AIDS. 1999;13:536-537.
57. McClelland RS, Wang CC, Overbaugh J, et al. Association between cervical shedding of herpes simplex virus and HIV-1. AIDS. 2002;16:2425-2430.
58. Gray RH, Mawer MJ, Brookmeyer R, et al. Probability of HIV-1 transmission per coital act in monogamous, heterosexual, HIV-1-discordant couples in Rakai, Uganda. Lancet. 2001;357:1149-1153.
59. Corey L, Wald A, Patel R, et al. Once-daily valacyclovir to reduce the risk of transmission of genital herpes. N Engl J Med. 2004;3509:11-20.
60. McFarland W, Gwanzura L, Bassett MT, et al. Prevalence and incidence of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection among male Zimbabwean factory workers. J Infect Dis. 1999;180:1459-1465.
61. Kamali A, Nunn AJ, Mulder DW, et al. Seroprevalence and incidence of genital ulcer infections in a rural Ugandan population. Sex Transm Infect. 1999;75:98-102.
62. Siegal FP, Lopez C, Hammer GS, et al. Severe acquired immunodeficiency in male homosexuals, manifested by chronic perianal ulcerative herpes simplex lesions. N Engl J Med. 1981;305:1439-1444.
63. Schacker TW, Zeh JE, Hu HL, et al. Frequency of symptomatic and asymptomatic herpes simplex virus type 2 reactivations among human immunodeficiency virus-infected men. J Infect Dis. 1998;178:1616-1622.
64. Augenbraun M, Corey L, Reichelderfer P, et al. The effect of herpes simplex virus shedding on plasma HIV RNA levels in coinfected women. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33:885-890.
65. Posavad CM, Wald A, Kuntz S, et al. No influence of HAART on local containment of HSV in HIV-infected individuals: containment of HSV correlates with HSV-specific CD8+ T cells. JAMA. (In press, 2004).
66. Serwadda D, Gray RH, Scwankambo NK, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus acquisition associated with genital ulcer disease and herpes simplex virus type 2 infection: a nested case-control study in Rakai, Uganda. J Infect Dis. 2003;188:1492-1497.
67. Gray R, Chen M, Serwadda D, et al. HIV acquisition associated with genital ulcer disease and herpes simplex virus type 2: a nested case control study in Rakai, Uganda. Paper presented at: International Conference on Sexually Transmitted Disease Research; Ottawa, Canada; 2003:178.
68. Schacker T, Zeh J, Hu H, et al. Changes in plasma human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA associated with herpes simplex virus reactivation and suppression. J Infect Dis. 2002;186:1718-1725.
69. Ioannidis JPA, Collier AC, Cooper DA, et al. Clinical efficacy of high-dose acyclovir in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection: a meta-analysis of randomized individual patient data. J Infect Dis. 1998;178:349-359.
70. Whitley RJ, Gnann JW Jr. Acyclovir: a decade later. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:782-789.
71. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines 2002. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2002;51(RR-6):1-82.
72. Schacker TW, Hu HL, Koelle DM, et al. Famciclovir for the suppression of symptomatic and asymptomatic herpes simplex virus reactivation in HIV-infected persons: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1998;128:21-28.
73. Conant MA, Schacker TW, Murphy RL, et al. Valaciclovir versus aciclovir for herpes simplex virus infection in HIV-infected individuals: two randomized trials. Int J STD AIDS. 2002;13:12-21.
74. Romanowski B, Aoki FY, Martel AY, et al. Efficacy and safety of famciclovir for treating mucocutaneous herpes simplex infection in HIV-infected individuals. Collaborative Famciclovir HIV Study Group. AIDS. 2000;14:1211-1217.
75. Schacker T, Wald A, DeJesus E, et al. Valacyclovir for the suppression of ano-genital herpes simplex virus infection in HIV-infected persons. IDSA 2002, Chicago, IL.
76. Bell W, Chulay J, Feinberg J. Manifestations resembling thrombotic microangiopathy in patients with advanced HIV disease in a cytomegalovirus prophylaxis trial (ACTG 204). Medicine (Baltimore). 1997;76:369-380.
77. Erlich K, Mills J, Chatis P, et al. Acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus infections in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1989;320:293-296.
78. Balfour H, Benson C, Braun J, et al. Management of acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex and varicella-zoster virus infections. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1994;7:254-260.
79. Barry DW, Lehrman SN, Ellis MN. Clinical and laboratory experience with acyclovir-resistant herpes viruses. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1986;18(suppl B):75-84.
80. McLaren C, Chen MS, Ghazzouli I, et al. Drug resistance patterns of herpes simplex virus isolates from patients treated with acyclovir. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1985;28:740-744.
81. Kost RG, Hill EL, Tigges M, Straus SE. Recurrent acyclovir-resistant genital herpes in an immunocompetent patient. NEJM. 1993;329:1777-1782.
82. Sacks S, Wanklin R, Reece D, et al. Progressive esophagitis from acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex: clinical roles for DNA polymerase mutants and viral heterogeneity. Ann Intern Med. 1989;111:893-899.
83. Reyes M, Suberdar NS, Graber JM, et al. Prevalence of acyclovir resistance among patients with genital herpes simplex virus infections. Arch Intern Med. In press.
84. Safrin S, Elbeik T, Phan L, et al. Correlation between response to acyclovir and foscarnet therapy and in vitro susceptibility result for isolates of herpes simplex virus from human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1994;38:1246-1250.
85. Safrin S, Elbeik T, Phan L, et al. Correlation between response to acyclovir and foscarnet therapy and in vitro susceptibility result for isolates of herpes simplex virus from human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1994;38:1246-1250.
86. Safrin S, Assaykeen T, Follansbee S, et al. Foscarnet therapy for acyclovir-resistant mucocutaneous herpes simplex virus infection in 26 AIDS patients: preliminary data. J Infect Dis. 1990;161:1078-1084.
87. Lalezari J, Schacker T, Feinberg J, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of cidofovir gel for the treatment of acyclovir-unresponsive mucocutaneous herpes simplex virus infection in patients with AIDS. J Infect Dis. 1997;176:892-898.
88. Reyes M, Shaik NS, Graber JM, et al. Acyclovir-resistant genital herpes among persons attending sexually transmitted disease and human immunodeficiency virus clinics. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:76-80.
89. Bacon TH, Levin MJ, Leary JJ, et al. Herpes simplex virus resistance to acyclovir and penciclovir after two decades of antiviral therapy. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2003;16:114-128.
90. Ioannidis J, Collier A, Cooper D, et al. Clinical efficacy of high dose acyclovir in human immunodeficiency virus infection: a meta-analysis of randomized individual patient data. J Infect Dis. 1998;178:349-359.
91. Gupta R, Wald A, Krantz E, et al. Valacyclovir and acyclovir for suppression of shedding of herpes simplex virus in the genital tract. J Infect Dis. (Submitted)
92. Ashley RL. Sorting out the new HSV type specific antibody tests. Sex Transm Infect. 2001;77:232-237.
93. Hogrefe W, Su X, Song J, et al. Detection of herpes simplex virus type 2-specific immunoglobulin G antibodies in African sera by using recombinant gG2, Western blotting, and gG2 inhibition. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40:3635-3640.
94. DiCarlo RP, Martin DH. The clinical diagnosis of genital ulcer disease in men. Clin Infect Dis. 1997;25:292-298.
95. Wald A, Huang ML, Carrell D, et al. Polymerase chain reaction for detection of herpes simplex virus (HSV) DNA on mucosal surfaces: comparison with HSV isolation in cell culture. J Infect Dis. 2003;188:1345-1351.
96. Schacker T, Hu HL, Koelle DM, et al. Famciclovir for the suppression of symptomatic and asymptomatic herpes simplex virus reactivation in HIV-infected persons: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1998;128:21-28.