New Antiherpesvirus Agents Their Targets and Therapeutic Potential

Drugs

Volumn 52, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 17-32

  Alrabiah, Fahad A ^a   Sacks, Stephen L ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^b Viridae Clinical Sciences Inc   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARENA; CUCUMBER MOSAIC VIRUS; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS; HEPATITIS B VIRUS; HERPES; HERPESVIRIDAE; HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 2; HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 3; HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 4; HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 1;

ACICLOVIR; ANTIVIRUS AGENT; BEHENYL ALCOHOL; CIDOFOVIR; FAMCICLOVIR; FOMIVIRSEN; FOSCARNET; GANCICLOVIR; LOBUCAVIR; NUCLEOSIDE ANALOG; PENCICLOVIR; SORIVUDINE; VALACICLOVIR; VIRUS DNA;

ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY; CLINICAL TRIAL; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG STRUCTURE; EPSTEIN BARR VIRUS; HEPATITIS B; HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS 1; HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS 2; HERPES VIRUS INFECTION; HUMAN; IMMUNE DEFICIENCY; INFLAMMATION; INTRAVENOUS DRUG ADMINISTRATION; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; META ANALYSIS; ORAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; REVIEW; TOPICAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; VARICELLA ZOSTER VIRUS;

ANTIVIRAL AGENTS; BIOLOGICAL AVAILABILITY; CLINICAL TRIALS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HUMANS; PRODRUGS;

EID: 0029946321     PISSN: 00126667     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/00003495-199652010-00002     Document Type: Review

References (131)

1. Schaeffer HJ, Beauchamp L, de Miranda P. et al. 9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl)guanine activity againstl viruses of the herpes group. Nature 1978; 272: 583-5
2. de Miranda P, Blum MR. Pharmacokinetics of acyclovir after intravenous and oral administration. J Antimicrob Chemother 1983; 12 Suppl. B: 29-37
3. Gnann Jr JW. New antivirals with activity against varicella-zoster virus. Ann Neurol 1994; 34: 569-72
4. Faulds D, Heel RC. Ganciclovir: a review of its antiviral activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy in cytomegalovirus infections. Drugs 1990; 39: 597-638
5. Markham A, Faulds D. Ganciclovir: an update of its therapeutic use in cytomegalovirus infection. Drugs 1994; 48: 455-84
6. Chrisp P, Clissold SP. Foscarnet: a review of its antiviral activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use in immunocompromised patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis. Drugs 1991; 41: 104-29
7. Vere Hodge RA, Cheng Y-C. The mode of action of penciclovir. Antiviral Chem Chemother 1943, 4 Suppl. 1: 13-24
8. Pue MA, Benet LZ. Pharmacokinetics of famciclovir in man. Antiviral Chem Chemother 1993; 4 Suppl. 1: 47-55
9. Vere Hodge RA. Famciclovir and penciclovir: the mode of action of famciclovir including its conversion to penciclovir. Antiviral Chem Chemother 1993; 4: 67-84
10. Harnden MR, Jarvest RJ, Boyd MR, et al. Prodrugs of selective antiherpesvirus agent 9-(4-hydroxyethoxy-3-hydroxymethylbut-l-yl) guanine (BRL 39123). J Med Chem 1989; 32: 1738-43
11. Winton CF, Fowles SE, Vere Hodge RA, et al. Assay of famciclovir and its metabolites, including the antiherpes agent penciclovir, in plamsa and urine of rats dog and man. In: Reid E., Wilson ID, editors. Analysis of drugs and metabolites. Cambridge: Royal Soc Chemistry. 1990: 163-71
12. Vere Hodge RA. Famciclovir and penciclovir: the mode of action of famciclovir including its conversion to penciclovir. Antiviral Chem Chemother 1993; 4: 67-84
13. Boyd MR, Bacon TH, Sutton D, et al. Antiherpesvirus activity of 9-(4-hydroxy-3-hydroxymethlbut-1-y)guanine (BRL 39123) in cell culture. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1987; 31: 1238-42
14. Sacks SL. Genital herpes simplex virus infection and treatment. In: Sacks SL, Straus S, Whitley R, et al., editors. Clinical management of herpes viruses. Amsterdam: IOS Press, 1995
15. Boyd MR, Safrin S, Kern ER. Penciclovir: a review of its spectrum of activity, selectivity and cross-resistance pattern. Antivir Chem Chemother 1993; 4 Suppl. 1:3-11
16. Chatis PA, Crumpacker CS. Resistance of herpesviruses to antiviral drugs. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1992; 36: 1589-95
17. Degreef H. Famciclovir, a new oral antiherpes drug: results of the first controlled clinical study demonstrating its efficacy and safety in the treatment of uncomplicated herpes zoster in immune competent patients. Int J Antimicrob Agents 1994; 4: 241-6
18. Tyring S, Nahlik J, Cummingham A, et al. The Collaborative Famciclovir Herpes Zoster Study Group: efficacy and safety of famciclovir in the treatment of patients with herpes zoster [abstract no. 1540]. Abstracts of the 33rd ICAAC; 1993: New Orleans (LA). Washington (DC): American Society for Microbiology, 1993
19. Tyring S, Barbarash RA, Nahlik JE, et al. Famciclovir for the treatment of acute herpes zoster: effects on acute disease and postherpetic neuralgia. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1995 Jul 15; 123: 89-96
20. Sacks SL, Aoki FY, Diaz-Mitoma F, et al. Patient-initiated treatment of recurrent genital herpes with oral famciclovir: a Canadian multicentre, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study [abstract no. H4]. Abstracts of 34th ICAAC; 1994 Oct 4-7: Orlando (FL). Washington (DC): American Society for Microbiology, 1994
21. Sacks SL, Martel A, Aoki F, et al. Early, clinic-initiated treatment of recurrent genital herpes using famciclovir: results of a Canadian, multicenter study. Baltimore: American Federation of Clinical Research, 1994
22. Mertz GJ, Loveless MO, Kraus SJ, et al. Famciclovir for suppression of recurrent genital herpes [abstract no. H3]. Abstracts of 34th ICAAC; 1994 Oct 4-7: Orlando (FL). Washington (DC): American Society for Microbiology, 1994
23. Daniels S, Schentag JJ. Drug interaction studies and safety of famciclovir in healthy volunteers. Antiviral Chem Chemother 1993; 4 Suppl. 1: 57-64
24. Saltzman R, Jurewicv R, Boon R. Safety of famciclovir in patients with herpes zoster and genital herpes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994; 38: 2454-7
25. Sacks SL, Varner T, Macintosh M. Double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, lesional, clinic-initiated treatment of culture positive recurrent genital herpes with intravenous penciclovir: clinical benefits of rapid-onset antiviral activity [abstract 135]. 3rd Congress of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology; 1993: Copenhagen
26. Lavender EA, Laroche JP, Gill CR, et al. Dermal irritancy potential of penciclovir cream compared with acyclovir 5% cream in health volunteers [abstract no. B 130]. 3rd Congress of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology: 1993: Copenhagen
27. First approval for SB's famciclovir. Scrip 1993; 1883: 17
28. Famciclovir for herpes zoster. Med Lett Drugs Ther 1994; 36: 97-8
29. Beauchamp LM, Orr GF, de Miranda P, et al. Amino-acid ester prodrugs of acyclovir. AntivirChemChemother 1992; 3: 157-64
30. de Miranda P, Krasny HC, Page DA. et al. The dispositions of acyclovir in different species. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1981; 19: 309-15
31. Burnette, TC, de Miranda P. Metabolic disposition of BW256U, the L-Valyl ester of acyclovir, in the rat [abstract]. Antiviral Res 1992; 17 Suppl. 1: 188
32. Darby G. Acyclovir . . . and beyond. J Int Med Res 1994; 22 Suppl. 1: 33A-42A
33. de Miranda P, Burnette TC. Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of the acyclovir prodrug BW 256U 87 in cynomolgus monkeys [abstract]. Antiviral Res 1992; 17 Suppl. 1: 53
34. Burnette TC, de Miranda P. Purification and characterization of an enzyme from rat liver that hydrolyzes 25 GU 87, the L-valyl ester prodrug of acyclovir [abstract]. Antiviral Res 1993; 20 Suppl. 1: 119
35. Collins, P. The spectrum of antiviral activities of acyclovir in vitro and in vivo. J Antimicrob Chemother 1983; 12 Suppl. B: 19-27
36. Wagstaff AG, Faulds D, Goa KL. Acyclovir: a reappraisal of its antiviral activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs 1994; 47: 153-205
37. Elion GB. Acvclovir: discovery, mechanism of action, and selectivity. J Med Virol 1993; Suppl. 1: 2-6
38. Nusinoff-Lehrman S, Smiley L, Szczech G. Update on acyclovir prodrugs. In: Mills J, Corey L, editors. Antiviral chemotherapy: new directions for application and clinical research. Englewood Cliffs (NJ): Prentice Hall, 1993: 97-104
39. Weller S, Blum MR, Doucette M, et al. Pharmacokinetics of the acyclovir prodrug valaciclovir after escalating single and multiple-dose administration to normal volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1993; 54: 595-605
40. Blum MR, Soul-Lawton J, Smith CM, et al. Increased bioavailability of acyclovir from oral valaciclovir in healthy volunteers [abstract]. Antiviral Res 1994; 23 Suppl. 1: 74
41. Laskin OL. Clinical pharmacokinetics of acyclovir. Clin Pharmacokinet 1983; 8: 187-201
42. Weller S, Blum MR, Smiley ML. Phase I pharmacokinetics of the acyclovir prodrug, valaciclovir. Antiviral Res 1993; 20 Suppl. 1: 44
43. Beutner K, International Valaciclovir Zoster Study Group. The efficacy and safety of Valtrex™ (valaciclovir) for treatment of herpes zoster [abstract]. American Academy of Dermatology Annual Meeting; 1994 Jul 30-Aug 4: San Francisco (CA)
44. International Valaciclovir HSV Study Group, Smiley ML. Valaciclovir and acyclovir for the treatment of recurrent genital herpes simplex virus infection [abstract no. 1290]. Abstracts of the 33rd ICAAC; 1993: New Orleans (LA). Washington (DC): American Society for Microbiology, 1993
45. Balfour Jr HH, Chase BA, Stapleton JT, et al. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of oral acyclovir for the prevention of cytomegalovirus disease in recipients of renal allograft. N Engl J Med 1989; 320: 1381-7
46. Meyers JD, Reed EC, Shepp DH, et al. Acyclovir for the prevention of cytomegalovirus infection and diseases in allogeneic marrow transplantation. N Engl J Med 1988; 318: 70-5
47. Valaciclovir CMV prophylaxis trial halted due to lower survival. Antiviral Agents Bull 1995; 8: 101-2
48. Collaborative DHPG Treatment Study Group. Treatment of serious cytomegalovirus infection with 9-(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxymethyl) guanine in patients with AIDS and other immunodeficiences. N Engl J Med 1986; 314: 801-5
49. Balfour Jr HH. Management of cytomegalovirus disease with antiviral drugs. Rev Infect Dis 1990; 12 Suppl. 7: S849-60
50. Little E, Stuart AD, Chee MS. Human cytomegalovirus UL97 open reading frame encodes a protein that phospharylates the antiviral analogue ganciclovir. Nature 1992; 358: 160-2
51. Sullivan V, Talarico CL, Stanat SC, et al. A protein kinase homologue controls phosphorylation of ganciclovir in human cytomegalovirus-infected cells. Nature 1992; 358: 162-4
52. Boehme RE. Phosphorylation of the antiviral precursor 9-(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propokymethyl) guanine monophosphate by guanglate kinase isozymes. J Biol Chem 1984; 259: 12346-9
53. Cole NL, Balfour Jr HH. In vitro susceptibility of cytomegalovirus isolates from immunocompromised patients to acyclovir and ganciclovir. Diag Microbiol Infect Dis 1987; 6: 255-61
54. Biron KK, Stanat SC, Sonell JB, et al. Metabolic activation of the nucleoside analogue 9-{[2-hydroxy-(hydroxymethyl) ethoxylmethyl} guanine in hyuman diploid fibroblasts infected with human cytomegalovirus. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 1985; 82: 2473-7
55. Plotkin SA, Drew WL, Felsenstein D, et al. Sensitivity of clinical isolates of human cytomegalovirus to 9-(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxymethyl) guanine. J Infect Dis 1985; 152: 833-4
56. Spector SA, Busch DF, Follansbee S, et al. Pharmacokinetic. safety and antiviral profiles of oral ganciclovir in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus: a phase I/II study. AIDS Clinical Trials Group and Cytomegalovirus Cooperative Study Group. J Infect Dis 1995; 171: 1431-7
57. Jacobson MA. Current management of cytomegalovirus disease in patients with AIDS. AIDS Res Human Retrov 1994; 10: 917-2.3
58. Jabs DA, Newman C, de Bustros S, et al. Treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis with ganciclovir. Ophthalmology 1987; 94: 824-30
59. Erice A, Jordan MC, Chace BA, et al. Ganciclovir treatment of cytomegalovirus disease in transplant recipient and other immunocompromised host. JAMA 1987; 257: 3082-7
60. Laskin OL, Cederherg DM, Mills J, et al. Ganciclovir for the treatment and suppression of serious infections caused by cytomegalovirus. Am J Med 1987; 83: 201-7
61. Laskin OL, Stahl-Baylis CM, Kalman CM, et al. Use of ganciclovir to treat serious cytomegalovirus infections in patients with AIDS. J Infect Dis 1987; 155: 323-7
62. Buhles Jr WC, Mastre BJ, Tinker AJ, et al. Ganciclovir treatment of life-or sight-threatening cytomegalovirus infection: experience in 314 immunocompromised patients. Rev Infect Dis 1988; 10 Suppl. 3: S495-506
63. Mills J, Jacobson MA, O'Donnell JJ, et al. Treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS. Rev Infect Dis 1988; 10 Suppl. 3: S522-31
64. Dieterich DT, Chachona A, LaFleur F, et al. Ganciclovir treatment of gastrointestinal infection caused by cytomegalovirus in patients with AIDS. Rev Infect Dis. 1988; 10 Suppl. 3: S532-7
65. Hecht DW, Snydman DR, Crumpacker CS, et al. The Boston Renal Transplant CMV Study Group: ganciclovir for the treatment of renal transplant-associated primary cytomegalovirus pneumonia. J Infect Dis 1988; 157: 187-90
66. Crumpacker C, Marlowe S, Zhang JL, et al. Treatment of cytomegalovirus pneumonia. Rev Infecl Dis 1988; 10 Suppl. 3: S538-46
67. Winkler I, Winkelman E, Scholl T, et al. Antiviral activity and pharmacokinetics of HOE 602, an acyclic nucleoside, in animal models. Antiviral Res 1990; 14: 61-74
68. Jacobson MA, de Miranda P, Cederberg DM,. et al. Human pharmacokinetics and tolerance of oral ganciclovir. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1987; 11: 1251-4
69. Drew WL, Ives D, Lalezari JP, et al. Oral ganciclovir as maintenance treatment for cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS. Suntex Corporation Oral Ganciclovir Study Group. N Engl J Med 1945; 333: 615-20
70. Oral Ganciclovir European and Australian Cooperative Study Group. Intravenous versus oral ganciclovir: European/Australian comparative study of efficacy and safety in the prevention of cytomegalovirus retinitis recurrrence in patients with AIDS. AIDS 1995; 9: 471-7
71. Squires KE, Stempien MJ, Shadman A, et al. Oral ganciclovir (POG) vs. IV ganciclovir (IVG) maintenance therapy for CMV retinitis in patients with AIDS: preliminary results of a phase III study [abstract no. 540]. 1st National Conference on Human Retroviruses and Related Infections; 1943: Washington (DC)
72. Oral ganciclovir approved. AIDS Treat News 1995 Jan 6; 214: 1
73. Machida H. In vitro anti-herpesvirus action of a novel antiviral agent, brovavir (BV-araU). Chemotherapy 1990; 38: 256-61
74. Machida H, Sakata S, Kuninaka A, et al. Antiherpes viral and anti-cellular effects of 2-β-D-arabinofuranosyl-E-5-(2-halogenovinyl) uracils. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1981; 20: 47-52
75. Machida H. Brovavir: its antiherpesviral activity and mode of action. In: Lopez C, editor. Immunobiology and prophylaxis of human herpesvivus infections. New York: Plenum Press, 1990: 255-65
76. Suzutani T, Machida H, Sakuma T, et al. Effects of various nucleosides on antiviral activity and metabolism of 1-β-D-arabinofuranosyl-1-5(2-bromovinyl) uracil against herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1988; 32: 1547-51
77. Ayisi NK, Wall RA, Wanklin RJ, et al. Comparative metabolism of E-5-(2-bromovinyl)uracil in herpes simplex virus-infected cells. Mol Pharmacol 1987; 31: 422-9
78. Machida H. Comparison of susceptibilities of varicellas-zoster virus and herpes simplex virus to nucleoside analogs. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1986; 29: 524-6
79. Lin JC, Machidu H. Comparison of two bromovinyl nucleoside analogs, 1-β-D-arabinofuranosyl.E-5-(2-hromovinyl)-uracil and E-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2-deoxyuridine, with acyclovir in inhibition of Epstein-Barr virus replication. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1988; 32: 1068-72
80. Machida H, Nishitans M. Drug susceptibilities of isolates of varicella zoster virus in clinical study of oral brovavir. Microbiol Immunol 1990; 34: 401-11
81. Machida H, Sakala S. In vitro and in vivo antiviral activity of L-β-D arabinofuranosyl-E-5-(2-bromovinyl) uracil (BV-araU) and related compounds. Antiviral Res 1984; 4: 135-41
82. Cheng YC, Dutschman G, Fox JJ, et al. Differential activity of potential antiviral nucleoside analogs on herpes simplex virus-induced and human cellular thyimdine kinases. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1981; 20: 420-3
83. Maudgal PC, de Clerq E. Evaluation of bromovinyldeoxyuridine-related compounds in the treatment of experimental herpes simplex keratis. Arch Ophthalmol 1985; 103: 1393-7
84. Topke H, Graf M, Wutzler P, et al. Evaluation of (E)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-and 5-vinyl-1 β-D-arabinofuranosyluracil (BrVaraU, VaraU) in the treatment of experimental herpes simplex virus type 1 keratitis in rabbits: comparison with (E)-5-(2-brimiovinyl) 2′-deoxyuridine (BrVUdR). Antiviral Res 1988; 9: 273-80
85. Soike KF, Baskin G, Cantrell C, et al. Investigation of antiviral activity of 1-β-D-arabinofuranosylthymine (ara-T) and 1-β-D-arabinofuranosyl-E-5-(2-bromovyl) uracil (sorivudine) in monkeys infected with simian varicella virus. Antiviral Res 1984; 4: 245-57
86. Sherman J, DeVautt A, Natarajan M, et al. SQ32756 (BV-araU): characteristics and pharmacokinetics in healthy young and elderly male volunteers [abstract no. 1103]. 30th ICAAC; 1990: Washington (DC), Washington (DC): American Society for Microbiology, 1990
87. Ogiwara T, Mikami H, Nakamaru M, et al. Phase 1 clinical study of YN-72 (BV-araU, Brovavir). Jpn Pharmacol Ther 1990; 18: 507-2.3
88. Niimura M. A double-blind clinical study in patients with herpes zoster to establish YN-72 (brovavir) dose. Adv Exp Med Biol 1990; 278: 267-75
89. Niimura M, Takahashi M, Nishikawa T, et al. Multicentre double-blind study of YN-72 (BV-araU, brovavir) in patients with herpes zoster. Jpn J Clin Dermatol 1990; 44: 447-58
90. Hiraoka A, Masaoka T, Nagai K, et al. Clinical effect of BV-araU on varicella-zoster virus infection in immunocompromised patients with haematological malignancies. J Antimicrob Chemother 1991; 27: 361-7
91. Wallace MR, Bowler WA, Oldfield EC. Treatment of varicella in the immunocompetent adult. J Med Virol 1993; Suppl. 1: 90-2
92. Dehertogh D, Boag F, Bodsworth N, et al. The safety and efficacy of sorivudine (BV-araU) for the treatment of zoster in HIV-infected adults [abstract no. A/7]. Abstracts of the 34th ICAAC; 1994 Oct 4-7: Orlando (FL). Washington (DC): American Society for Microbiology, 1994
93. Desgranges C, Razaka G, De Clerq E, et al. Effect of (E)-5-(2-bromo-vinyl) uracil on the catabolism and antitumor activity ot 5-fluorouvacil in rats and leukemic mice. Cancer Res 1986; 46: 1094-101
94. de Clerq E. Antiviral activity spectrum and target of action of different classes of nucleoside analogues. Nucleosides Nucleotides 1994; 13: 1271-95
95. de Clerq E. Antivirals for the treatment of herpesvirus infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 1993; 32 Suppl. A: 121-32
96. Suzutani T, Machida H. Analysis of toxic and mutagenic activities of antiherpesvirus nucleosides against HeLa cells and herpes simplex virus type 1. Mutation Res 1992; 267: 125-31
97. Wutzler P, de Clercq E, Wutke K, et al. Oral brivudin versus intravenous acvclovir in the treatment of herpes zoster in immunocompromised patients: a randomized double-blind trial [abstract no. 144]. Antiviral Res 1995; 26: A302
98. Braithman A, Swerdel MR, Olsen SJ, et al. Evaluation of SQ 34,514: pharmacokinetics and efficacy in experimental herpesvirus infections in mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991; 35: 1464-8
99. Terry BJ, Cianci CW, Hugen ME. Inhibition of herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA polymerase by [1R(1α,2β,3α)]-9-[2.3-bis(hydroxymethyl)cyclobutyl]guanine. Mol Pharmacol 1991; 40: 591-6
100. Bisacchi GS, Braitman A, Cianci CW, et al. Synthesis and antiviral activity of enantiomeric forms ot cyclobutyl nucleoside analogues. J Med Chem 1991; 34: 1415-21
101. Petty BG, Wachsman M, Jordan MC, et al. Sequential ascending multiple-dose safety and pharmacokinetic study of oral lobucavir (BMS-180194) in asymptomatic volunteers seropositive for HIV and CMV [abstract no. 133]. Antiviral Res 1995; 26: A296
102. DeClerq E, Sakuma T, Baha M, et al. Antiviral activity of phosphonyl metholyalkyl derivatives of purine and pyrimidines. Antiviral Res 1987; 8: 261-72
103. DeClerq E, Holy A, Rosenberg I, et al. A novel selective broad-spectrum anti-DNA virus agent. Nature 1986; 323: 464-7
104. Snoeck R, Sakuma T, De Clerq E, et al. (S)-1-(3-hydroxy-2 phosphonyl methoxypropyl) cytosine, a potent and selective inhibitor of human cytomegalovirus replication. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1988; 32: 1839-44
105. Snoeck R, DeClerq E. (S)-1-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphoppl methoxypropyl) cytosine (HPMPC), a potent and selective inhibitor of cytomegalovirus infection in vitro and in vivo. In: Touraine JL, Traeger J, Betueb H, et al., editors. Transplantation and clinical immunology XXIII. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1991: 169-76
106. Cin JC, DeClerq E, Pagano JS. Inhibitory effects of acyclic nucleoside phosphonate analogs, including (S)-1-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonyl methoky propyl) cytosine, on Epstein-Barr virus replacation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991; 35: 2440-3
107. Bronson JJ, Ghazzouli I, Hitchcock MJM, et al. Synthesis and antiviral activity of the nucleotide analogue (S)-1-[3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonylmethoxy) propyl]-cytosine. J Med Chem 1989; 32: 1457-63
108. Biron KK, Stanet SC, Sorrell JBC, et al. Metabolic activation of the nucleoside analog 9-[2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl) ethoxyl methylguanine in human diploid fibroblasts infected with human cytomegalovirus. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 1985; 82: 2473-7
109. Ho HT, Woods KL, Bronson JJ, et al. Intracellular metabolism of the antiherpes agent (S)-1-[3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonylmethoxy) propyl] cytosine. Mol Pharm 1991; 41; 197-202
110. Talarico C, Stanet S, Lambe C, et al. Mode of action studies on the anti-cytomegalovirus nucleoside analog [1-(2-hydroxy-1-hydroxymethyl) ethoxy-methyl) cylosine] [abstract no. 92]. Antiviral Res 1990; S1: 87
111. de Clerq E, Holy A. Efficacy of (S)-2-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonyl methoxy propyl) cytosine in various models of herpes simplex virus infection in mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991; 35: 701-6
112. Maudgal PC, de Clerq E. Effects of phosphonylmethoxy6alkyl-purine and pyrmidin and derivatives on TK and TK-HSV-1 keratitis in rabbits. Antiviral Res 1991; 16: 93-100
113. Neyts J, Balzarini J, de Clerq E. Efficacy of (S)-1-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonyl-methoxypropyl) cytosine [HPMPC] against intraperitoneal and intracerebral murine cytomegalovirus infections [abstract no. 167]. Antiviral Res 1991; Suppl. 1: 133
114. Neyts J, Balzarin J, Naesens L, et al. Efficacy of (S)-1-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonyl-methoxypropyl) cyfosine and 9-(1.3-dihydroxy-2-propoxy methyl) guanin for the treatment of murine cytomegalovirus infection in severe combined immunodeficiency mice. J Med Virol 1942; 37: 67-71
115. Soike KF, Huang JL, Zhang JY, et al. Evaluation of infrequent dosing regimens with (S)-1-[3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonyl-methoxy)-propyl] cytosine (S-HPMPC) on simian varicella infection in monkeys. Antiviral Res 1991; 16: 17-28
116. Stals FS, de Clerq E, Bruggeman CA. Comparative activity of (S)-1-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonyl methoxy propyl) cytosine and 9-(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxymcthyl) guanine against rat cytomegalovirus infection in vitro and in vivo. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991; 35: 2262-6
117. Lalezari JP, Drew WL, Glutzer E. et al. (S)-1-[3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonylmethoxy)propyl]cytosine (cidofovir): results of a phase I/II study of a novel antiviral nucleotide analogue. J Infect Dis 1995; 171: 788-96
118. Lalezari J, Stagg R, Kupperman B. et al. A phase I/III randomized study of immediate versus deferred intravenous (IV) cidofovir (CDV, HPMPC) for AIDS patients with peripheral CMV retinitis (CMV-R). International Conference on Ocular Infections: 1995: Jerusalem
119. Palmer J, Vogt PE, Kern ER. Prevention and treatment of experimental genital herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infections with topical HPMPC [abstract no. 205]. Antiviral Res 1995; 26: A334
120. Marcelletti JF, Pope LE, Khalil MH, et al. Lidakol™. Drugs Future 1992; 10: 879-2
121. Katz DH, Marcelletti JF, Khalil MH, et al. Antiviral activity of 1-docosanol, an inhibitor of lip0id-enveloped viruses including herpes simplex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88: 10825-9
122. Katz DH, Marcelletti JF,. Pope LE, et al. n-Docosanol: broad spectrum antiviral activity against lipid-enveloped viruses In: Slow infections of the central nervous system. Ann NY Acad Sci 1994; 724: 472-88
123. Marcelletti JF, McFadden RR, Khalil MH, et al. Comparison of n-Docosanol cream (Lidakol™) with acyclovir ointment (Zovirax™) in the inhibition of cutaneous herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections in two guinea pig model systems [abstract]. Antiviral Res 1995; 26: A333
124. McKeough MB, Spruance SL. Lidakol™ cream vs Zovirax™ ointment for the treatment of experimental dorsal cutaneons herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection in the guinea pig. Antiviral Res 1945; 26: 332
125. Pope LE, Khalil MH, Marcelletti JF, et al. Skin penetration and systemic absorption of the antiviral agent n-docosanol from topically applied cream formulations [abstract]. J Invest Med 1945; 43: 222A
126. Katz DH, Habbema L, de Boulle, et al. n-Docosanol cream is an effective topical treatment of recurrent herpes labialis [abstract]. Antiviral Res 1994; 23 Suppl. 1: 75
127. Miller CJ, Gersten MJ, Davis RC, et al. n-Docosanol prevents vaginal transmission of SIVmac251 in rhesus macacques [abstract]. Antiviral Res 1995; 26: A277
128. Azad RF, Driver VB, Tonaka K, et al. Antiviral activity of a phosphorothioate oligonucleotide complementary to RNA of the human cytomegalovirus major immediate-early region. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993; 37: 1945-54
129. Anderson KP, Azad RF, Driver VB, et al. Preclinical evaluation of a phosphorothioate oligonucleotide with potent antiviral activity against human cytomegalovirus [abstract no. 10]. Antiviral Res 1994; 23: A40
130. Anderson KP, Azad RF, Brown-Driver V, et al. Preclinical and clinical antiviral activity of ISIS 2922, an antisense oligonucleotide complementary to cytomegalovirus immediate early RNA [abstract] First IAC of Japan; 1994 Dec: Kyoto.
131. Palestine AG, Cantrill H, Ai E, et al. Treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis with ISIS 2922 [abstract]. Fort LauderdalE (FL): Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology. 1995 May