메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 42, Issue 2, 2004, Pages

Climate over past millennia

Author keywords

Climate

Indexed keywords

ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECT; CLIMATE CHANGE; GLOBAL WARMING; PALEOCLIMATE; PROXY CLIMATE RECORD; QUATERNARY; TWENTIETH CENTURY;

EID: 4444301308     PISSN: 87551209     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2003RG000143     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (757)

References (387)
  • 1
    • 0344011979 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proxy evidence for an El Niño-like response to volcanic forcing
    • Adams, J. B., M. E. Mann, and C. M. Ammann (2003), Proxy evidence for an El Niño-like response to volcanic forcing, Nature, 426, 274-278.
    • (2003) Nature , vol.426 , pp. 274-278
    • Adams, J.B.1    Mann, M.E.2    Ammann, C.M.3
  • 3
    • 0036646817 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A reconstruction of Madras (Chennai) mean sea level pressure using instrumental records from the late 18th and early 19th centuries
    • Allan, R. J., C. J. C. Reason, P. Carroll, and P. D. Jones (2002), A reconstruction of Madras (Chennai) mean sea level pressure using instrumental records from the late 18th and early 19th centuries, Int. J Climatol., 22, 1119-1142.
    • (2002) Int. J Climatol. , vol.22 , pp. 1119-1142
    • Allan, R.J.1    Reason, C.J.C.2    Carroll, P.3    Jones, P.D.4
  • 4
    • 0346152820 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A monthly and latitudinally varying volcanic forcing dataset in simulations of 20th century climate
    • doi:10.1029/2003GLO16875
    • Ammann, C. M., G. A. Meehl, W. M. Washington, and C. S. Zender (2003), A monthly and latitudinally varying volcanic forcing dataset in simulations of 20th century climate, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(12), 1657, doi:10.1029/2003GLO16875.
    • (2003) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.30 , Issue.12 , pp. 1657
    • Ammann, C.M.1    Meehl, G.A.2    Washington, W.M.3    Zender, C.S.4
  • 5
    • 0037178775 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increase in the Asian southwest monsoon during the past four centuries
    • Anderson, D. M., J. T. Overpeck, and A. K. Gupta (2002), Increase in the Asian southwest monsoon during the past four centuries, Science, 297, 596-599.
    • (2002) Science , vol.297 , pp. 596-599
    • Anderson, D.M.1    Overpeck, J.T.2    Gupta, A.K.3
  • 6
    • 0032573696 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxygen and carbon isotopic record of climate variability in tree ring cellulose (Picea abies): An example from central Switzerland (1913-1995)
    • Anderson, W. T., S. M. Bernasconi, J. A. McKenzie, and M. Saurér (1998), Oxygen and carbon isotopic record of climate variability in tree ring cellulose (Picea abies): An example from central Switzerland (1913-1995), J. Geophys. Res., 103, 31,625-31, 636.
    • (1998) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.103 , pp. 31625-31636
    • Anderson, W.T.1    Bernasconi, S.M.2    McKenzie, J.A.3    Saurér, M.4
  • 7
    • 0038198691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decadal to millennial-scale periodicities in North Iceland shelf sediments over the last 12,000 cal yrs: Long-term North Atlantic oceanographic variability and solar forcing
    • Andrews, J. T., J. Hardadottir, J. S. Stoner, M. E. Mann, G. B. Kristjansdottir, and N. Koc (2003), Decadal to millennial-scale periodicities in North Iceland shelf sediments over the last 12,000 cal yrs: Long-term North Atlantic oceanographic variability and solar forcing, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 210, 453-465.
    • (2003) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , vol.210 , pp. 453-465
    • Andrews, J.T.1    Hardadottir, J.2    Stoner, J.S.3    Mann, M.E.4    Kristjansdottir, G.B.5    Koc, N.6
  • 8
    • 0032538378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • North Atlantic oscillation dynamics recorded in Greenland ice cores
    • Appenzeller, C., T. F. Stocker, and M. Anklin (1998), North Atlantic oscillation dynamics recorded in Greenland ice cores, Science, 282, 446-449.
    • (1998) Science , vol.282 , pp. 446-449
    • Appenzeller, C.1    Stocker, T.F.2    Anklin, M.3
  • 9
    • 0023108227 scopus 로고
    • Seasonal temperatures in Britain during the last 23,000 years reconstructed from beetle remains
    • Atkinson, T. C., K. R. Briffa, and G. R. Coope (1987), Seasonal temperatures in Britain during the last 23,000 years reconstructed from beetle remains, Nature, 325, 587-592.
    • (1987) Nature , vol.325 , pp. 587-592
    • Atkinson, T.C.1    Briffa, K.R.2    Coope, G.R.3
  • 10
    • 0033929083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Solar irradiance during the last 1200 years based on cosmogenic nuclides
    • Ser B
    • Bard, E., G. Raisbeck, P. Yiou, and J. Jouzel (2000), Solar irradiance during the last 1200 years based on cosmogenic nuclides, Tellus, Ser B, 52, 985-992.
    • (2000) Tellus , vol.52 , pp. 985-992
    • Bard, E.1    Raisbeck, G.2    Yiou, P.3    Jouzel, J.4
  • 12
    • 0029660806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimates of low frequency natural variability in near-surface air temperature
    • Barnett, T. P., B. D. Santer, P. D. Jones, R. S. Bradley, and K. R. Briffa (1996), Estimates of low frequency natural variability in near-surface air temperature, Holocene, 6, 255-263.
    • (1996) Holocene , vol.6 , pp. 255-263
    • Barnett, T.P.1    Santer, B.D.2    Jones, P.D.3    Bradley, R.S.4    Briffa, K.R.5
  • 13
    • 0000610086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection and attribution of recent climate change: A status report
    • Barnett, T. P., et al. (1999), Detection and attribution of recent climate change: A status report, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 80, 2631-2659.
    • (1999) Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.80 , pp. 2631-2659
    • Barnett, T.P.1
  • 14
    • 0020330886 scopus 로고
    • The reconstruction of eighteenth century temperature records through the use of content analysis
    • Baron, W. R. (1982), The reconstruction of eighteenth century temperature records through the use of content analysis, Clim. Change, 4, 385-398.
    • (1982) Clim. Change , vol.4 , pp. 385-398
    • Baron, W.R.1
  • 16
    • 0013462412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing climate forcings of the Earth system for the past millennium
    • doi: 10.1029/2002GLO16639
    • Bauer, E., M. Claussen, V. Brovkin, and A. Huenerbein (2003), Assessing climate forcings of the Earth system for the past millennium, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(6), 1276, doi:10.1029/ 2002GLO16639.
    • (2003) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.30 , Issue.6 , pp. 1276
    • Bauer, E.1    Claussen, M.2    Brovkin, V.3    Huenerbein, A.4
  • 17
    • 0033976620 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of the Sun in climate forcing
    • Beer, J., W. Mende, and R. Stellmacher (2000), The role of the Sun in climate forcing, Quat. Sci. Rev., 19, 403-413.
    • (2000) Quat. Sci. Rev. , vol.19 , pp. 403-413
    • Beer, J.1    Mende, W.2    Stellmacher, R.3
  • 18
    • 0037648365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of northern Hemisphere natural climate variability in multiple temperature reconstructions and global climate model simulations
    • Bell, J. L., L. C. Sloan, J. Revenaugh, and P. B. Duffy (2003), Evaluation of Northern Hemisphere natural climate variability in multiple temperature reconstructions and global climate model simulations, Global Planet. Change, 37, 19-32.
    • (2003) Global Planet. Change , vol.37 , pp. 19-32
    • Bell, J.L.1    Sloan, L.C.2    Revenaugh, J.3    Duffy, P.B.4
  • 19
    • 0001596689 scopus 로고
    • Weather compilations as a source of data for the reconstruction of European climate during the medieval period
    • Bell, W. T., and A. E. J. Ogilvie (1978), Weather compilations as a source of data for the reconstruction of European climate during the medieval period, Clim. Change, 1, 331-348.
    • (1978) Clim. Change , vol.1 , pp. 331-348
    • Bell, W.T.1    Ogilvie, A.E.J.2
  • 20
    • 0141454857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An examination of short- and long-term air-ground temperature coupling
    • Beltrami, H., and L. Kellman (2003), An examination of short- and long-term air-ground temperature coupling, Global Planet. Change, 38, 291-303.
    • (2003) Global Planet. Change , vol.38 , pp. 291-303
    • Beltrami, H.1    Kellman, L.2
  • 21
    • 0029528981 scopus 로고
    • Reconstruction of high resolution ground temperature histories combining dendrochronological and geothermal data
    • Beltrami, H., D. S. Chapman, S. Archambault, and Y. Bergeron (1995), Reconstruction of high resolution ground temperature histories combining dendrochronological and geothermal data, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 136, 437-445.
    • (1995) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , vol.136 , pp. 437-445
    • Beltrami, H.1    Chapman, D.S.2    Archambault, S.3    Bergeron, Y.4
  • 23
    • 0036246622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate of the last millennium: A sensitivity study
    • Ser. A
    • Bertrand, C., M. F. Loutre, M. Crucifix, and A. Berger (2002), Climate of the last millennium: A sensitivity study, Tellus, Ser. A, 54, 221-244.
    • (2002) Tellus , vol.54 , pp. 221-244
    • Bertrand, C.1    Loutre, M.F.2    Crucifix, M.3    Berger, A.4
  • 24
    • 0034115045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are climate-tree growth relationships changing in north-central Idaho, U.S.A.?
    • Biondi, F. (2000), Are climate-tree growth relationships changing in north-central Idaho, U.S.A.?, Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res., 32, 111-116.
    • (2000) Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res. , vol.32 , pp. 111-116
    • Biondi, F.1
  • 25
    • 0030663361 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inter-decadal signals during the last millennium (AD 1117-1992) in the varve record of Santa Barbara basin, California
    • Biondi, F., C. B. Lange, M. K. Hughes, and W H. Berger (1997), Inter-decadal signals during the last millennium (AD 1117-1992) in the varve record of Santa Barbara basin, California, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 193-196.
    • (1997) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.24 , pp. 193-196
    • Biondi, F.1    Lange, C.B.2    Hughes, M.K.3    Berger, W.H.4
  • 26
    • 0035066304 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • North Pacific decadal climate variability since 1661
    • Biondi, F., A. Gershunov, and D. R. Cayan (2001), North Pacific decadal climate variability since 1661, J. Clim., 14, 5-10.
    • (2001) J. Clim. , vol.14 , pp. 5-10
    • Biondi, F.1    Gershunov, A.2    Cayan, D.R.3
  • 29
    • 0011042176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are there optimum sites for global paleo-temperature reconstructions?
    • NATO ASI Ser., Ser. I, edited by P. D. Jones, R. S. Bradley, and J. Jouzel, Springer-Verlag, New York
    • Bradley, R. S. (1996), Are there optimum sites for global paleo-temperature reconstructions?, in Climatic Variations and Forcing Mechanisms of the Last 2000 Years, NATO ASI Ser., Ser. I, vol. 41, edited by P. D. Jones, R. S. Bradley, and J. Jouzel, pp. 603-624, Springer-Verlag, New York.
    • (1996) Climatic Variations and Forcing Mechanisms of the Last 2000 Years , vol.41 , pp. 603-624
    • Bradley, R.S.1
  • 32
    • 0027333032 scopus 로고
    • 'Little Ice Age' summer temperature variations: Their nature and relevance to recent global warming trends
    • Bradley, R. S., and P. D. Jones (1993), 'Little Ice Age' summer temperature variations: Their nature and relevance to recent global warming trends, Holocene, 3, 367-376.
    • (1993) Holocene , vol.3 , pp. 367-376
    • Bradley, R.S.1    Jones, P.D.2
  • 34
    • 84909118834 scopus 로고
    • Climatic variations in the longest instrumental records
    • edited by R. S. Bradley and P. D. Jones, Routledge, New York
    • Bradley, R. S., and P. D. Jones (1995b), Climatic variations in the longest instrumental records, in Climate Since A.D. 1500, edited by R. S. Bradley and P. D. Jones, pp. 246-268, Routledge, New York.
    • (1995) Climate Since A.D. 1500 , pp. 246-268
    • Bradley, R.S.1    Jones, P.D.2
  • 35
    • 0142020929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate in medieval time
    • Bradley, R. S., M. K. Hughes, and H. F. Diaz (2003), Climate in medieval time, Science, 302, 404-405.
    • (2003) Science , vol.302 , pp. 404-405
    • Bradley, R.S.1    Hughes, M.K.2    Diaz, H.F.3
  • 36
    • 0037654711 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Indices of global climate variability and change: Part I - Variability and correlation structure
    • Braganza, K., D. Karoly, T. Hirst, M. E. Mann, P. Stott, R. J. Stouffer, and S. Tett (2003), Indices of global climate variability and change: Part I-Variability and correlation structure, Clim. Dyn., 20, 491-502.
    • (2003) Clim. Dyn. , vol.20 , pp. 491-502
    • Braganza, K.1    Karoly, D.2    Hirst, T.3    Mann, M.E.4    Stott, P.5    Stouffer, R.J.6    Tett, S.7
  • 37
    • 0001242744 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reconstructions of past climate from historical sources in the Czech lands
    • NATO ASI Ser, Ser I, edited by P. D. Jones, R. S. Bradley, and J. Jouzel, Springer-Verlag, New York
    • Brázdil, R. (1996), Reconstructions of past climate from historical sources in the Czech lands, in Climatic Variations and Forcing Mechanisms of the Last 2000 Years, NATO ASI Ser, Ser I, vol. 41, edited by P. D. Jones, R. S. Bradley, and J. Jouzel, pp. 409-431, Springer-Verlag, New York.
    • (1996) Climatic Variations and Forcing Mechanisms of the Last 2000 Years , vol.41 , pp. 409-431
    • Brázdil, R.1
  • 39
    • 0002250099 scopus 로고
    • Interpreting high-resolution proxy climate data - The example of dendrochronology
    • edited by H. von Storch and A. Navarra, Springer-Verlag, New York
    • Briffa, K. R. (1995), Interpreting high-resolution proxy climate data-The example of dendrochronology, in Analysis of Climate Variability: Applications of Statistical Techniques, edited by H. von Storch and A. Navarra, pp. 77-94, Springer-Verlag, New York.
    • (1995) Analysis of Climate Variability: Applications of Statistical Techniques , pp. 77-94
    • Briffa, K.R.1
  • 40
    • 0027796603 scopus 로고
    • Global surface air temperature variations during the twentieth century: Part 2. Implications for large-scale high-frequency paleoclimatic studies
    • Briffa, K. R., and P. D. Jonés (1993), Global surface air temperature variations during the twentieth century: Part 2. Implications for large-scale high-frequency paleoclimatic studies, Holocene, 3, 77-88.
    • (1993) Holocene , vol.3 , pp. 77-88
    • Briffa, K.R.1    Jonés, P.D.2
  • 41
    • 0033532352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seeing the wood from the trees
    • Briffa, K. R., and T. J. Osborn (1999), Seeing the wood from the trees, Science, 284, 926-927.
    • (1999) Science , vol.284 , pp. 926-927
    • Briffa, K.R.1    Osborn, T.J.2
  • 42
    • 0037155599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blowing hot and cold
    • Briffa, K. R., and T. J. Osborn (2002), Blowing hot and cold, Science, 295, 2227-2228.
    • (2002) Science , vol.295 , pp. 2227-2228
    • Briffa, K.R.1    Osborn, T.J.2
  • 43
    • 0022826138 scopus 로고
    • Climate reconstruction from tree rings: Part 2, spatial reconstruction of summer mean sea-level pressure patterns over Great Britain
    • Briffa, K. R., P. D. Jones, T. M. L. Wigley, J. R. Pilcher, and M. G. L. Baillie (1986), Climate reconstruction from tree rings: Part 2, Spatial reconstruction of summer mean sea-level pressure patterns over Great Britain, J Climatol., 6, 1-15.
    • (1986) J. Climatol. , vol.6 , pp. 1-15
    • Briffa, K.R.1    Jones, P.D.2    Wigley, T.M.L.3    Pilcher, J.R.4    Baillie, M.G.L.5
  • 45
    • 0001341549 scopus 로고
    • Tree-ring density reconstructions of summer temperature patterns across western North America since 1600
    • Briffa, K. R., P. D. Jones, and F. H. Schweingruber (1992b), Tree-ring density reconstructions of summer temperature patterns across western North America since 1600, J Clim., 5, 735-752.
    • (1992) J. Clim. , vol.5 , pp. 735-752
    • Briffa, K.R.1    Jones, P.D.2    Schweingruber, F.H.3
  • 46
    • 0029516502 scopus 로고
    • Unusual twentieth-century summer warmth in a 1,000-year temperature record from Siberia
    • Briffa, K. R., P. D. Jones, F. H. Schweingruber, S. G. Shiyatov, and E. R. Cook (1995), Unusual twentieth-century summer warmth in a 1,000-year temperature record from Siberia, Nature, 376, 156-159.
    • (1995) Nature , vol.376 , pp. 156-159
    • Briffa, K.R.1    Jones, P.D.2    Schweingruber, F.H.3    Shiyatov, S.G.4    Cook, E.R.5
  • 47
    • 0002888956 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tree-ring variables as proxy-climate indicators: Problems with low-frequency signals
    • NATO ASI Ser, Ser. I, edited by P. D. Jones, R. S. Bradley, and J. Jouzel, Springer-Verlag, New York
    • Briffa, K. R., P. D. Jones, F. H. Schweingruber, W. Karlén, and S. G. Shiyatov (1996), Tree-ring variables as proxy-climate indicators: Problems with low-frequency signals, in Climatic Variations and Forcing Mechanisms of the Last 2000 Years, NATO ASI Ser, Ser. I, vol. 41, edited by P. D. Jones, R. S. Bradley, and J. Jouzel, pp. 9-41, Springer-Verlag, New York.
    • (1996) Climatic Variations and Forcing Mechanisms of the Last 2000 Years , vol.41 , pp. 9-41
    • Briffa, K.R.1    Jones, P.D.2    Schweingruber, F.H.3    Karlén, W.4    Shiyatov, S.G.5
  • 49
    • 0032482418 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of volcanic eruptions on northern Hemisphere summer temperatures over 600 years
    • Briffa, K. R., P. D. Jones, F. H. Schweingruber, and T. J. Osborn (1998b), Influence of volcanic eruptions on Northern Hemisphere summer temperatures over 600 years, Nature, 393, 450-455.
    • (1998) Nature , vol.393 , pp. 450-455
    • Briffa, K.R.1    Jones, P.D.2    Schweingruber, F.H.3    Osborn, T.J.4
  • 51
    • 0004883903 scopus 로고
    • A meteorological chronology to AD 1450
    • Her Majesty's Stn Off., Norwich, U. K
    • Britton, C. E. (1937), A meteorological chronology to AD 1450, Meteorol. Off. Geophys. Mem. 70, Her Majesty's Stn Off., Norwich, U. K.
    • (1937) Meteorol. Off. Geophys. Mem. , vol.70
    • Britton, C.E.1
  • 52
    • 0035936941 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Was the medieval warm period global?
    • Broecker, W. S. (2001), Was the medieval warm period global?, Science, 291, 1497-1499.
    • (2001) Science , vol.291 , pp. 1497-1499
    • Broecker, W.S.1
  • 54
    • 0032903323 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing the impact of mid-Holocene insolation on the atmosphere-ocean system
    • Bush, A. B. G. (1999), Assessing the impact of mid-Holocene insolation on the atmosphere-ocean system, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26,99-102.
    • (1999) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.26 , pp. 99-102
    • Bush, A.B.G.1
  • 55
    • 4444317181 scopus 로고
    • Summary of the conference on the climate of the 11th and 16th centuries
    • Bryson, R. (1962), Summary of the conference on the climate of the 11th and 16th centuries, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 43, 654-657.
    • (1962) Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.43 , pp. 654-657
    • Bryson, R.1
  • 56
    • 0036107459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improved understanding of past climatic variability from early daily European instrumental sources
    • Eds
    • Camuffo, D., and P. D. Jones (Eds.) (2002), Improved understanding of past climatic variability from early daily European instrumental sources, Clim. Change, 53, 1-392.
    • (2002) Clim. Change , vol.53 , pp. 1-392
    • Camuffo, D.1    Jones, P.D.2
  • 57
    • 0034971468 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 18O records in recent massive corals from Bermuda: Relationships with sea surface temperatures
    • 18 O records in recent massive corals from Bermuda: Relationships with sea surface temperatures, Chem. Geol., 176, 213-233.
    • (2001) Chem. Geol. , vol.176 , pp. 213-233
    • Cardinal, D.1    Hamelin, B.2    Bard, D.3    Patzold, J.4
  • 58
    • 4444342723 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The 18th century climate of Jamaica derived from the journals of Thomas Thistlewood, 1750-1786
    • Chenoweth, M. (2003), The l8th century climate of Jamaica derived from the journals of Thomas Thistlewood, 1750-1786, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc., 93(2), 153 pp.
    • (2003) Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. , vol.93 , Issue.2 , pp. 153
    • Chenoweth, M.1
  • 60
    • 0034452276 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Suppression of El Niño during the mid-Holocene by changes in the Earth's orbit
    • Clement, A. C., R. Seager, and M. A. Cane (2000), Suppression of El Niño during the mid-Holocene by changes in the Earth's orbit, Paleoceanography, 15, 731-737.
    • (2000) Paleoceanography , vol.15 , pp. 731-737
    • Clement, A.C.1    Seager, R.2    Cane, M.A.3
  • 62
    • 0035365082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A central tropical Pacific coral demonstrates Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic decadal climate connections
    • Cobb, K. M., C. D. Charles, and D. E. Hunter (2001), A central tropical Pacific coral demonstrates Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic decadal climate connections, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 2209-2212.
    • (2001) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.28 , pp. 2209-2212
    • Cobb, K.M.1    Charles, C.D.2    Hunter, D.E.3
  • 63
    • 0042593383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • El Niño-Southern Oscillation and tropical Pacific climate during the last millennium
    • Cobb, K. M., C. D. Charles, H. Cheng, and R. L. Edwards (2003a), El Niño-Southern Oscillation and tropical Pacific climate during the last millennium, Nature, 424, 271-276.
    • (2003) Nature , vol.424 , pp. 271-276
    • Cobb, K.M.1    Charles, C.D.2    Cheng, H.3    Edwards, R.L.4
  • 64
    • 4444221620 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Medieval Cool Period and the Little Warm Age in the central tropical Pacific? Fossil coral record of the last millennium
    • Sapporo, Japan
    • Cobb, K. M., C. D. Charles, H. Cheng, and R. L. Edwards (2003b), The Medieval Cool Period and the Little Warm Age in the central tropical Pacific? Fossil coral record of the last millennium, paper presented at IUGG2003, Int. Union of Geod. and Geophys., Sapporo, Japan.
    • (2003) IUGG2003, Int. Union of Geod. and Geophys.
    • Cobb, K.M.1    Charles, C.D.2    Cheng, H.3    Edwards, R.L.4
  • 65
    • 0032535252 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The changing relationship between ENSO variability and moisture balance in the continental United States
    • Cole, J. E., and E. R. Cook (1998), The changing relationship between ENSO variability and moisture balance in the continental United States, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 4529-4532.
    • (1998) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.25 , pp. 4529-4532
    • Cole, J.E.1    Cook, E.R.2
  • 66
    • 0027430491 scopus 로고
    • Coral monitors of El Niño/Southern Oscillation dynamics across the Equatorial Pacific
    • edited by H. F. Diaz and V. Markgraf, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York
    • Cole, J. E., G. T. Shen, R. G. Fairbanks, and M. Moore (1992), Coral monitors of El Nifio/Southem Oscillation dynamics across the Equatorial Pacific, in El Niño: Historical and Paleoclimatic Aspects of the Southern Oscillation edited by H. F. Diaz and V. Markgraf, pp. 349-375, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
    • (1992) El Niño: Historical and Paleoclimatic Aspects of the Southern Oscillation , pp. 349-375
    • Cole, J.E.1    Shen, G.T.2    Fairbanks, R.G.3    Moore, M.4
  • 67
    • 0027840518 scopus 로고
    • Recent variability in.the Southern Oscillation: Isotopic results from a Tarawa Atoll coral
    • Cole, J E., R. G. Fairbanks, and G. T. Shen (1993), Recent variability in.the Southern Oscillation: Isotopic results from a Tarawa Atoll coral, Science, 260, 1790-1793.
    • (1993) Science , vol.260 , pp. 1790-1793
    • Cole, J.E.1    Fairbanks, R.G.2    Shen, G.T.3
  • 68
    • 4444240091 scopus 로고
    • Monitoring the tropical ocean-atmosphere using chemical records from long-lived corals
    • edited by D. G. Martinson et al., Natl. Acad. Press, Washington, D. C
    • Cole, J. E., R. G. Fairbanks, and G. T. Shen (1995), Monitoring the tropical ocean-atmosphere using chemical records from long-lived corals, in Natural Climate Variability on Decade-to-Century Time Scales, edited by D. G. Martinson et al., pp. 495-505, Natl. Acad. Press, Washington, D. C.
    • (1995) Natural Climate Variability on Decade-to-Century Time Scales , pp. 495-505
    • Cole, J.E.1    Fairbanks, R.G.2    Shen, G.T.3
  • 69
    • 85040222179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multi-proxy reconstructions of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index: A critical review and a new well-verified winter NAO index reconstruction back to AD 1400
    • Geophys. Monogr Ser, edited by J. W. Hurrell et al., AGU, Washington, D. C
    • Cook, E. R. (2003), Multi-proxy reconstructions of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index: A critical review and a new well-verified winter NAO index reconstruction back to AD 1400, in The North Atlantic Oscillation: Climatic Significance and Environmental Impact, Geophys. Monogr Ser, vol. 134, edited by J. W. Hurrell et al., pp. 63-79, AGU, Washington, D. C.
    • (2003) The North Atlantic Oscillation: Climatic Significance and Environmental Impact , vol.134 , pp. 63-79
    • Cook, E.R.1
  • 72
    • 0028323787 scopus 로고
    • Spatial regression methods in dendroclimatology: A review and comparison of two techniques
    • Cook, E. R., K. R. Briffa, and P. D. Jones (1994), Spatial regression methods in dendroclimatology: A review and comparison of two techniques, Int. J. Climatol., 14, 379-402.
    • (1994) Int. J. Climatol. , vol.14 , pp. 379-402
    • Cook, E.R.1    Briffa, K.R.2    Jones, P.D.3
  • 73
    • 0028974652 scopus 로고
    • The "segment length curse" in long tree-ring chronology development for palaeoclimatic studies
    • Cook, E. R., K. R. Briffa, D. M. Meko, D. A. Graybill, and G. Funkhouser (1995), The "segment length curse" in long tree-ring chronology development for palaeoclimatic studies, Holocene, 5, 229-237.
    • (1995) Holocene , vol.5 , pp. 229-237
    • Cook, E.R.1    Briffa, K.R.2    Meko, D.M.3    Graybill, D.A.4    Funkhouser, G.5
  • 74
    • 0000297760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new assessment of possible solar and lunar forcing of the bidecadal drought rhythm in the western United States
    • Cook, E. R., D. M. Meko, and C. W. Stockton (1997), A new assessment of possible solar and lunar forcing of the bidecadal drought rhythm in the western United States, J. Clim., 10, 1343-1356.
    • (1997) J. Clim. , vol.10 , pp. 1343-1356
    • Cook, E.R.1    Meko, D.M.2    Stockton, C.W.3
  • 75
    • 0031908951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A reconstruction of the North Atlantic Oscillation using tree-ring chronologies from North America and Europe
    • Cook, E. R., R. D. D'Arrigo, and K. R. Briffa (1998), A reconstruction of the North Atlantic Oscillation using tree-ring chronologies from North America and Europe, Holocene, 8, 9-17.
    • (1998) Holocene , vol.8 , pp. 9-17
    • Cook, E.R.1    D'Arrigo, R.D.2    Briffa, K.R.3
  • 76
    • 0033117522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drought reconstructions for the continental United States
    • Cook, E. R., D. M. Meko, D. W. Stahle, and M. K. Cleaveland (1999), Drought reconstructions for the continental United States, J. Clim., 12, 1145-1162.
    • (1999) J. Clim. , vol.12 , pp. 1145-1162
    • Cook, E.R.1    Meko, D.M.2    Stahle, D.W.3    Cleaveland, M.K.4
  • 77
    • 0034125466 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Warm-season temperatures since 1600 BC reconstructed from Tasmanian tree rings and their relationship to large-scale sea surface temperature anomalies
    • Cook, E. R., B. M. Buckley, R. D. D'Arrigo, and M. J. Peterson (2000), Warm-season temperatures since 1600 BC reconstructed from Tasmanian tree rings and their relationship to large-scale sea surface temperature anomalies, Clim. Dyn., 16, 79-91.
    • (2000) Clim. Dyn. , vol.16 , pp. 79-91
    • Cook, E.R.1    Buckley, B.M.2    D'Arrigo, R.D.3    Peterson, M.J.4
  • 78
    • 0036648357 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A well-verified, multi-proxy reconstruction of the winter North Atlantic Oscillation since AD 1400
    • Cook, E. R., R. D. D'Arrigo, and M. E. Mann (2002a), A well-verified, multi-proxy reconstruction of the winter North Atlantic Oscillation since AD 1400, J Clim., 15, 1754-1764.
    • (2002) J Clim. , vol.15 , pp. 1754-1764
    • Cook, E.R.1    D'Arrigo, R.D.2    Mann, M.E.3
  • 79
    • 0346037298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for a "Medieval Warm Period" in a 1,100 year tree-ring reconstruction of past austral summer temperatures in New Zealand
    • doi: 10.1029/2001GLO14580
    • Cook, E. R., J. G. Palmer, and R. D. D'Arrigo (2002b), Evidence for a "Medieval Warm Period" in a 1,100 year tree-ring reconstruction of past austral summer temperatures in New Zealand, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(14), 1667, doi:10.1029/2001GLO14580.
    • (2002) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.29 , Issue.14 , pp. 1667
    • Cook, E.R.1    Palmer, J.G.2    D'Arrigo, R.D.3
  • 80
    • 4444331158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extra-tropical Northern Hemisphere land temperature variability over the past 1000 years
    • in press
    • Cook, E. R., J. Esper, and R. D. D'Arrigo (2004), Extra-tropical Northern Hemisphere land temperature variability over the past 1000 years, Quat. Sci. Rev., in press.
    • (2004) Quat. Sci. Rev.
    • Cook, E.R.1    Esper, J.2    D'Arrigo, R.D.3
  • 81
  • 83
    • 0037371561 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Medieval Warm Period, Little Ice Age and 20th century temperature variability from Chesapeake Bay
    • Cronin, T. M., G. S. Dwyer, T. Kamiya, S. Schwede, and D. A. Willard (2003), Medieval Warm Period, Little Ice Age and 20th century temperature variability from. Chesapeake Bay, Global Planet. Change, 36, 17-29.
    • (2003) Global Planet. Change , vol.36 , pp. 17-29
    • Cronin, T.M.1    Dwyer, G.S.2    Kamiya, T.3    Schwede, S.4    Willard, D.A.5
  • 84
    • 0034647920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Causes of climate change over the past 1000 years
    • Crowley, T. J. (2000), Causes of climate change over the past 1000 years, Science, 289, 270-277.
    • (2000) Science , vol.289 , pp. 270-277
    • Crowley, T.J.1
  • 85
    • 0027844190 scopus 로고
    • Toward the development of a strategy for determining the origin of decadal-centennial scale climate variability
    • Crowley, T. J., and K.-Y. Kim (1994), Toward the development of a strategy for determining the origin of decadal-centennial scale climate variability, Quat. Sci. Rev., 12, 375-385.
    • (1994) Quat. Sci. Rev. , vol.12 , pp. 375-385
    • Crowley, T.J.1    Kim, K.-Y.2
  • 86
    • 0029768318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of proxy records of climate change and solar forcing
    • Crowley, T. J., and Y.-K. Kim (1996), Comparison of proxy records of climate change and solar forcing, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 359-362.
    • (1996) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.23 , pp. 359-362
    • Crowley, T.J.1    Kim, Y.-K.2
  • 87
    • 0032757160 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling the temperature response to forced climate change over the last six centuries
    • Crowley, T. J., and K.-Y. Kim (1999), Modeling the temperature response to forced climate change over the last six centuries, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 1901-1904.
    • (1999) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.26 , pp. 1901-1904
    • Crowley, T.J.1    Kim, K.-Y.2
  • 88
    • 0034016255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How warm was the Medieval Warm Period? A comment on 'Man-made versus natural climate change'
    • Crowley, T. J., and T. S. Lowery (2000), How warm was the Medieval Warm Period? A comment on 'Man-made versus natural climate change,' Ambio, 39, 51-54.
    • (2000) Ambio , vol.39 , pp. 51-54
    • Crowley, T.J.1    Lowery, T.S.2
  • 89
    • 0031406737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for a volcanic cooling signal in a 335-year coral record from New Caledonia
    • Crowley, T. J., T. M. Quinn, F. W. Taylor, C. Henin, and P. Joannot (1997), Evidence for a volcanic cooling signal in a 335-year coral record from New Caledonia, Paleoceanography, 12, 633-639.
    • (1997) Paleoceanography , vol.12 , pp. 633-639
    • Crowley, T.J.1    Quinn, T.M.2    Taylor, F.W.3    Henin, C.4    Joannot, P.5
  • 90
    • 0033393473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validation of coral temperature calibrations
    • Crowley, T. J., T. M. Quinn, and W. T. Hyde (1999), Validation of coral temperature calibrations, Paleoceanography, 14, 605-615.
    • (1999) Paleoceanography , vol.14 , pp. 605-615
    • Crowley, T.J.1    Quinn, T.M.2    Hyde, W.T.3
  • 91
    • 0348172358 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling ocean heat content changes during the last millennium
    • doi: 10.1029/2003GLO17801
    • Crowley, T. J., S. K. Baum, K.-Y. Kim, G. C. Hegerl, and W. T. Hyde (2003), Modeling ocean heat content changes during the last millennium, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(18), 1932, doi:10.1029/ 2003GLO17801.
    • (2003) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.30 , Issue.18 , pp. 1932
    • Crowley, T.J.1    Baum, S.K.2    Kim, K.-Y.3    Hegerl, G.C.4    Hyde, W.T.5
  • 92
    • 0031422214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulation of the influence of solar radiation variations on the global climate with an ocean-atmosphere general circulation model
    • Cubasch, U., R. Voss, G. C. Hegerl, J. Waszkewitz, and T. J. Crowley (1997), Simulation of the influence of solar radiation variations on the global climate with an ocean-atmosphere general circulation model, Clim. Dyn., 13, 757-767.
    • (1997) Clim. Dyn. , vol.13 , pp. 757-767
    • Cubasch, U.1    Voss, R.2    Hegerl, G.C.3    Waszkewitz, J.4    Crowley, T.J.5
  • 94
    • 0035065037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiproxy reconstructions of the North Atlantic Oscillation
    • Cullen, H., R. D. D'Arrigo, E. R. Cook, and M. E. Mann (2001), Multiproxy reconstructions of the North Atlantic Oscillation, Paleoceanography, 16, 27-39.
    • (2001) Paleoceanography , vol.16 , pp. 27-39
    • Cullen, H.1    D'Arrigo, R.D.2    Cook, E.R.3    Mann, M.E.4
  • 95
    • 4444384448 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The litte ice age: When global cooling gripped the world
    • 13 April
    • Cutler, A. (1997), The litte ice age: When global cooling gripped the world, The Washington Post, 13 April.
    • (1997) The Washington Post
    • Cutler, A.1
  • 97
    • 0031429699 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surface observed global land precipitation variations during 1900-88
    • Dai, A., I. Y. Fung, and A. D. DelGenio (1997), Surface observed global land precipitation variations during 1900-88, J Clim., 10, 2943-2962.
    • (1997) J. Clim. , vol.10 , pp. 2943-2962
    • Dai, A.1    Fung, I.Y.2    DelGenio, A.D.3
  • 98
    • 0032172979 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global variations in droughts and wet spells: 1900-1995
    • Dai, A., K. E. Trenberth, and T. R. Karl (1998), Global variations in droughts and wet spells: 1900-1995, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 3367-3370.
    • (1998) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.25 , pp. 3367-3370
    • Dai, A.1    Trenberth, K.E.2    Karl, T.R.3
  • 99
    • 0033371566 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Solar cycle length and 20th century northern Hemisphere warming: Revisited
    • Damon, P. E., and A. N. Peristykh (1999), Solar cycle length and 20th century Northern Hemisphere warming: Revisited, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 2469-2472.
    • (1999) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.26 , pp. 2469-2472
    • Damon, P.E.1    Peristykh, A.N.2
  • 100
    • 0026266398 scopus 로고
    • A 1000-year record of winter precipitation from northwestern New Mexico, USA: A reconstruction from tree-rings and its relation to El Niño and the Southern Oscillation
    • D'Arrigo, R. D., and G. C. Jacoby (1991), A 1000-year record of winter precipitation from northwestern New Mexico, USA: A reconstruction from tree-rings and its relation to El Niño and the Southern Oscillation, Holocene, 1, 95-101.
    • (1991) Holocene , vol.1 , pp. 95-101
    • D'Arrigo, R.D.1    Jacoby, G.C.2
  • 101
    • 0027796348 scopus 로고
    • NAO and sea surface temperature signatures in tree-ring records from the North Atlantic sector
    • D'Arrigo, R. D., E. R. Cook, G. C. Jacoby, and K. R. Briffa (1993), NAO and sea surface temperature signatures in tree-ring records from the North Atlantic sector, Quat. Sci. Rev., 12, 431-440.
    • (1993) Quat. Sci. Rev. , vol.12 , pp. 431-440
    • D'Arrigo, R.D.1    Cook, E.R.2    Jacoby, G.C.3    Briffa, K.R.4
  • 103
    • 0037276927 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interannual to multidecadal modes of Labrador climate variability inferred from tree rings
    • D'Arrigo, R., B. Buckley, S. Kaplan, and J. Woollett (2003a), Interannual to multidecadal modes of Labrador climate variability inferred from tree rings, Clim. Dyn., 20, 219-228.
    • (2003) Clim. Dyn. , vol.20 , pp. 219-228
    • D'Arrigo, R.1    Buckley, B.2    Kaplan, S.3    Woollett, J.4
  • 104
    • 0042913153 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tree-ring reconstructions of temperature and sea-level pressure variability associated with the warm-season Arctic Oscillation since AD 1650
    • doi: 10.1029/2003GLO17250
    • D'Arrigo, R. D., E. R. Cook, M. E. Mann, and G. C. Jacoby (2003b), Tree-ring reconstructions of temperature and sea-level pressure variability associated with the warm-season Arctic Oscillation since AD 1650, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(11), 1549, doi:10.1029/2003GLO17250.
    • (2003) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.30 , Issue.11 , pp. 1549
    • D'Arrigo, R.D.1    Cook, E.R.2    Mann, M.E.3    Jacoby, G.C.4
  • 105
    • 0034318946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implications of the recent trend in the Arctic/North Atlantic Oscillation for the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation
    • Delworth, T. L., and K. W. Dixon (2000), Implications of the recent trend in the Arctic/North Atlantic Oscillation for the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation, J. Clim., 13, 3721 -3727.
    • (2000) J. Clim. , vol.13 , pp. 3721-3727
    • Delworth, T.L.1    Dixon, K.W.2
  • 106
    • 0033809760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observed and simulated multidecadal variability in the northern Hemisphere
    • Delworth, T. L., and M. E. Mann (2000), Observed and simulated multidecadal variability in the Northern Hemisphere, Clim. Dyn., 16, 661-676.
    • (2000) Clim. Dyn. , vol.16 , pp. 661-676
    • Delworth, T.L.1    Mann, M.E.2
  • 107
    • 0034705537 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coherent high- and low-latitude climate variability during the Holocene warm period
    • deMenocal, P., J. Ortiz, T. Guilderson, and M. Sarnthein (2000), Coherent high- and low-latitude climate variability during the Holocene warm period, Science, 288, 2198-2202.
    • (2000) Science , vol.288 , pp. 2198-2202
    • deMenocal, P.1    Ortiz, J.2    Guilderson, T.3    Sarnthein, M.4
  • 108
    • 4444384422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amplitudes and phasing of surface and deep NW Atlantic ocean temperature changes during the late Holocene
    • AGU Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract PP71C-07
    • deMenocal, P., T. Marchitto, T. Guilderson, and C. Hillaire-Marcel (2002), Amplitudes and phasing of surface and deep NW Atlantic ocean temperature changes during the late Holocene, Eos Trans. AGU, 83(47), AGU Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract PP71C-07.
    • (2002) Eos Trans. AGU , vol.83 , Issue.47
    • deMenocal, P.1    Marchitto, T.2    Guilderson, T.3    Hillaire-Marcel, C.4
  • 111
    • 0002303449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ARTS - Annual records of tropical systems, (ARTS), recommendations for research: Summary of scientific priorities and implementation strategies
    • (Eds.) Past Global Change, Bern. (Available at)
    • Dunbar, R. B., and J. E. Cole (Eds.) (1999), ARTS-Annual records of tropical systems, (ARTS), recommendations for research: Summary of scientific priorities and implementation strategies, PAGES Rep. 1999-1, 72 pp., Past Global Change, Bern. (Available at www.pages.unibe.ch)
    • (1999) PAGES Rep. 1999-1 , pp. 72
    • Dunbar, R.B.1    Cole, J.E.2
  • 113
    • 0002487489 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eastern Pacific corals monitor El Niño/Southern Oscillation, precipitation, and sea surface temperature variability over the past three centuries
    • NATO ASI Ser., Ser. I, edited by P. D. Jones, R. S. Bradley, and J. Jouzel, Springer-Verlag, New York
    • Dunbar, R. B., B. K. Linsley, and G. M. Wellington (1996), Eastern Pacific corals monitor El Niño/Southern Oscillation, precipitation, and sea surface temperature variability over the past three centuries, in Climatic Variations and Forcing Mechanisms of the Last 2000 Years, NATO ASI Ser., Ser. I, vol. 41, edited by P. D. Jones, R. S. Bradley, and J. Jouzel, pp. 375-407, Springer-Verlag, New York.
    • (1996) Climatic Variations and Forcing Mechanisms of the Last 2000 Years , vol.41 , pp. 375-407
    • Dunbar, R.B.1    Linsley, B.K.2    Wellington, G.M.3
  • 115
    • 0037155609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low-frequency signals in long tree-line chronologies for reconstructing past temperature variability
    • Esper, J., E. R. Cook, and F. H. Schweingruber (2002), Low-frequency signals in long tree-line chronologies for reconstructing past temperature variability, Science, 295, 2250-2253.
    • (2002) Science , vol.295 , pp. 2250-2253
    • Esper, J.1    Cook, E.R.2    Schweingruber, F.H.3
  • 117
    • 0032459033 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimal sites for coral-based reconstruction of global sea surface temperature
    • Evans, M. N., A. Kaplan, and M. A. Cane (1998), Optimal sites for coral-based reconstruction of global sea surface temperature, Paleoceanography, 13, 502-516.
    • (1998) Paleoceanography , vol.13 , pp. 502-516
    • Evans, M.N.1    Kaplan, A.2    Cane, M.A.3
  • 118
    • 0036092579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • O data using reduced space objective analysis
    • doi: 10.1029/2000PA000590
    • O data using reduced space objective analysis, Paleoceanography, 17(l), 1007, doi:10.1029/2000PA000590.
    • (2002) Paleoceanography , vol.17 , Issue.1 , pp. 1007
    • Evans, M.N.1    Kaplan, A.2    Cane, M.A.3
  • 119
    • 0034451903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A coral oxygen isotope record from the northern Red Sea documenting NAO, ENSO, and North Pacific teleconnections on Middle East climate variability since the year 1750
    • Felis, T., J. Patzold, Y. Loya, M. Fine, A. H. Nawar, and G. Wefer (2000), A coral oxygen isotope record from the northern Red Sea documenting NAO, ENSO, and North Pacific teleconnections on Middle East climate variability since the year 1750, Paleoceanography, 15, 679-694.
    • (2000) Paleoceanography , vol.15 , pp. 679-694
    • Felis, T.1    Patzold, J.2    Loya, Y.3    Fine, M.4    Nawar, A.H.5    Wefer, G.6
  • 120
    • 0001170109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inter-comparison of ice core and precipitation records from sites in Canada and Greenland over the last 3500 years and over the last few centuries in detail using EOF techniques
    • NATO ASI Ser, Ser. I, edited by P. D. Jones, R. S. Bradley, and J. Jouzel, Springer-Verlag, New-York
    • Fisher, D. A., R. M. Koerner, K. Kuiviner, H. B. Clausen, S. J. Johnsen, J.-P. Steffensen, N. Gundestrup, and C. U. Hammer (1996), Inter-comparison of ice core and precipitation records from sites in Canada and Greenland over the last 3500 years and over the last few centuries in detail using EOF techniques, in Climatic Variations and Forcing Mechanisms of the Last 2000 Years, NATO ASI Ser, Ser. I, vol. 41, edited by P. D. Jones, R. S. Bradley, and J. Jouzel, pp. 297-328, Springer-Verlag, New-York.
    • (1996) Climatic Variations and Forcing Mechanisms of the Last 2000 Years , vol.41 , pp. 297-328
    • Fisher, D.A.1    Koerner, R.M.2    Kuiviner, K.3    Clausen, H.B.4    Johnsen, S.J.5    Steffensen, J.-P.6    Gundestrup, N.7    Hammer, C.U.8
  • 122
    • 17844410124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global temperature change and its uncertainties since 1861
    • Folland, C. K., et al. (2001b), Global temperature change and its uncertainties since 1861, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 2621-2624.
    • (2001) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.28 , pp. 2621-2624
    • Folland, C.K.1
  • 123
    • 0036951086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of variable solar total and ultraviolet irradiance outputs in the 20th century
    • doi:10.1029/2002GLO15474
    • Foukal, P. (2002), A comparison of variable solar total and ultraviolet irradiance outputs in the 20th century, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(23), 2089, doi:10.1029/2002GLO15474.
    • (2002) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.29 , Issue.23 , pp. 2089
    • Foukal, P.1
  • 124
    • 0037131340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • El Niño events recorded by stalagmite carbon isotopes
    • Frappier, A., D. Sahagian, L. A. Gonzalez, and S. J. Carpenter (2002), El Niño events recorded by stalagmite carbon isotopes, Science, 298, 565.
    • (2002) Science , vol.298 , pp. 565
    • Frappier, A.1    Sahagian, D.2    Gonzalez, L.A.3    Carpenter, S.J.4
  • 125
    • 0033609652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global warming in the context of the Little Ice Age
    • Free, M., and A. Robock (1999), Global warming in the context of the Little Ice Age, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 19,057-19,070.
    • (1999) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.104 , pp. 19057-19070
    • Free, M.1    Robock, A.2
  • 126
  • 128
    • 0015144944 scopus 로고
    • Multivariate techniques for specifying tree-growth and climate relationships and for reconstructing anomalies in paleoclimate
    • Fritts, H. C., T. J. Blasing, B. P. Hayden, and J. E. Kutzbach (1971), Multivariate techniques for specifying tree-growth and climate relationships and for reconstructing anomalies in paleoclimate, J. Appl, Meteorol., 10, 845-864.
    • (1971) J. Appl. Meteorol. , vol.10 , pp. 845-864
    • Fritts, H.C.1    Blasing, T.J.2    Hayden, B.P.3    Kutzbach, J.E.4
  • 129
    • 0032546841 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of vegetation-atmosphere-ocean interaction on climate during the mid-Holocene
    • Ganopolski, A., C. Kubatzki, M. Claussen, V. Brovkin, and V. Petoukhov (1998), The influence of vegetation-atmosphere-ocean interaction on climate during the mid-Holocene, Science, 280, 1916-1919.
    • (1998) Science , vol.280 , pp. 1916-1919
    • Ganopolski, A.1    Kubatzki, C.2    Claussen, M.3    Brovkin, V.4    Petoukhov, V.5
  • 134
    • 1642383049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deep soil temperature as proxy for surface air-temperature in a coupled model simulation of the last thousand years
    • doi:10.1029/2003GL018264
    • Gonzalez-Rouco, F., H. von Storch, and E. Zorita (2003), Deep soil temperature as proxy for surface air-temperature in a coupled model simulation of the last thousand years, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(21), 2116, doi:10.1029/2003GL018264.
    • (2003) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.30 , Issue.21 , pp. 2116
    • Gonzalez-Rouco, F.1    von Storch, H.2    Zorita, E.3
  • 135
    • 0035862098 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Land use changes and-Northern Hemisphere cooling
    • Govindasamy, B., P. Duffy, and K. Caldeira (2001), Land use changes and-Northern Hemisphere cooling, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 291-294.
    • (2001) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.28 , pp. 291-294
    • Govindasamy, B.1    Duffy, P.2    Caldeira, K.3
  • 136
    • 0027387845 scopus 로고
    • A 1000-year record of temperature and precipitation in the Sierra Nevada
    • Graumlich, L. J. (1993), A 1000-year record of temperature and precipitation in the Sierra Nevada, Quat. Res., 39, 249-255.
    • (1993) Quat. Res. , vol.39 , pp. 249-255
    • Graumlich, L.J.1
  • 139
    • 0028190420 scopus 로고
    • Glacial geological evidence for the Medieval Warm Period
    • Grove, J. M., and R. Switsur (1994), Glacial geological evidence for the Medieval Warm Period, Clim. Change, 26, 143-169.
    • (1994) Clim. Change , vol.26 , pp. 143-169
    • Grove, J.M.1    Switsur, R.2
  • 140
    • 0022190470 scopus 로고
    • The extrapolation of recent climatological series with spectral canonical regression
    • Guiot, J. (1985), The extrapolation of recent climatological series with spectral canonical regression, J. Climatol., 5, 325-335.
    • (1985) J. Climatol. , vol.5 , pp. 325-335
    • Guiot, J.1
  • 141
    • 0001785553 scopus 로고
    • The combination of historical documents and biological data in the reconstruction of climate variations in space and time
    • Guiot, J. (1988), The combination of historical documents and biological data in the reconstruction of climate variations in space and time, Palaeoclimatforschung, 7, 93-104.
    • (1988) Palaeoclimatforschung , vol.7 , pp. 93-104
    • Guiot, J.1
  • 142
    • 0037461724 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abrupt changes in the Asian southwest monsoon during the Holocene and their links to the North Atlantic Ocean
    • Gupta, A. K., D. M. Anderson, and J. T. Overpeck (2003), Abrupt changes in the Asian southwest monsoon during the Holocene and their links to the North Atlantic Ocean, Nature, 421, 354-357.
    • (2003) Nature , vol.421 , pp. 354-357
    • Gupta, A.K.1    Anderson, D.M.2    Overpeck, J.T.3
  • 143
    • 0001503762 scopus 로고
    • Global trends of measured surface air temperature
    • Hansen, J., and S. Lebedeff (1987), Global trends of measured surface air temperature, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 13,345-13,372.
    • (1987) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.92 , pp. 13345-13372
    • Hansen, J.1    Lebedeff, S.2
  • 144
    • 0000850644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GISS analysis of surface temperature change
    • Hansen, J., R. Ruedy, J. Glascoe, and M. Sato (1999), GISS analysis of surface temperature change, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 30,997-31,022.
    • (1999) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.104 , pp. 30997-31022
    • Hansen, J.1    Ruedy, R.2    Glascoe, J.3    Sato, M.4
  • 146
    • 33646500082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate forcings in Goddard Institute for Space Studies SI2000 simulations
    • doi:10.1029/2001JD001143
    • Hansen, J., et al. (2002), Climate forcings in Goddard Institute for Space Studies SI2000 simulations, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D18), 4347, doi:10.1029/2001JD001143.
    • (2002) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.107 , Issue.D18 , pp. 4347
    • Hansen, J.1
  • 147
    • 0029659912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The climatic signal in varved sediments from Lake C-2, northern Ellesmere
    • Hardy, D. R., R. S. Bradley, and B. Zolitschka (1996), The climatic signal in varved sediments from Lake C-2, northern Ellesmere, J. Paleolimnol., 16, 227-238.
    • (1996) J. Paleolimnol. , vol.16 , pp. 227-238
    • Hardy, D.R.1    Bradley, R.S.2    Zolitschka, B.3
  • 148
    • 0030620641 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Borehole temperatures and a baseline for 20th-century global warming estimates
    • Harris, R. N., and D. S. Chapman (1997), Borehole temperatures and a baseline for 20th-century global warming estimates, Science, 275, 1618-1621.
    • (1997) Science , vol.275 , pp. 1618-1621
    • Harris, R.N.1    Chapman, D.S.2
  • 149
    • 0035267440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mid-latitude (30°-60°) climatic warming inferred by combining borehole temperatures with surface air temperatures
    • Harris, R. N., and D. S. Chapman (2001), Mid-latitude (30°-60°) climatic warming inferred by combining borehole temperatures with surface air temperatures, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 747-750.
    • (2001) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.28 , pp. 747-750
    • Harris, R.N.1    Chapman, D.S.2
  • 150
    • 0043202692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of volcanic, solar and greenhouse gas signals in paleo-reconstructions of Northern Hemispheric temperature
    • doi:10.1029/2002GL016635
    • Hegerl, G. C., T. J. Crowley, S. K. Baum, K.-Y. Kim, and W. T. Hyde (2003), Detection of volcanic, solar and greenhouse gas signals in paleo-reconstructions of Northern Hemispheric temperature, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(5), 1242, doi:10.1029/2002GL016635.
    • (2003) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.30 , Issue.5 , pp. 1242
    • Hegerl, G.C.1    Crowley, T.J.2    Baum, S.K.3    Kim, K.-Y.4    Hyde, W.T.5
  • 151
    • 0037154794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abrupt decrease in tropical Pacific sea surface salinity at end of Little Ice Age
    • Hendy, E. J., M. K. Gagan, C. A. Alibert, M. T. McCulloch, J. M. Lough, and P. J. Isdale (2002), Abrupt decrease in tropical Pacific sea surface salinity at end of Little Ice Age, Science, 295, 1511-1514.
    • (2002) Science , vol.295 , pp. 1511-1514
    • Hendy, E.J.1    Gagan, M.K.2    Alibert, C.A.3    McCulloch, M.T.4    Lough, J.M.5    Isdale, P.J.6
  • 152
    • 0032004537 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A fully coupled GCM simulation of the climate of the mid-Holocene
    • Hewitt, C. D. (1998), A fully coupled GCM simulation of the climate of the mid-Holocene, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 361-364.
    • (1998) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.25 , pp. 361-364
    • Hewitt C.D1
  • 153
    • 0028843827 scopus 로고
    • Possible role of climate in the collapse of the classic Maya civilization
    • Hodell, D. A., J. H. Curtis, and M. Brenner (1995), Possible role of climate in the collapse of the classic Maya civilization, Nature, 375, 391-394.
    • (1995) Nature , vol.375 , pp. 391-394
    • Hodell, D.A.1    Curtis, J.H.2    Brenner, M.3
  • 154
    • 0032572634 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Water isotope module of the ECHAM atmospheric general circulation model: A study on timescales from days to several years
    • Hoffman, G., M. Werner, and M. Heimann (1998), Water isotope module of the ECHAM atmospheric general circulation model: A study on timescales from days to several years, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 16,871-16,896.
    • (1998) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.103 , pp. 16871-16896
    • Hoffman, G.1    Werner, M.2    Heimann, M.3
  • 155
    • 0034844671 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deuterium excess record from central Greenland over the last millennium: Hints of a North Atlantic signal during the Little Ice Age
    • Hoffman, G., J. Jouzel, and S. Johnsen (2001), Deuterium excess record from central Greenland over the last millennium: Hints of a North Atlantic signal during the Little Ice Age, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 14,265-14,274.
    • (2001) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.106 , pp. 14265-14274
    • Hoffman, G.1    Jouzel, J.2    Johnsen, S.3
  • 156
    • 0034677526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temperature trends over the past five centuries reconstructed from borehole temperature
    • Huang, S., H. N. Pollack, and P.-Y. Shen (2000), Temperature trends over the past five centuries reconstructed from borehole temperature, Nature, 403, 756-758.
    • (2000) Nature , vol.403 , pp. 756-758
    • Huang, S.1    Pollack, H.N.2    Shen, P.-Y.3
  • 157
    • 0029668978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid climate changes in the tropical Atlantic region during the last deglaciation
    • Hughen, K. A., J. T. Overpeck, L. C. Peterson, and S. Trumbore (1996), Rapid climate changes in the tropical Atlantic region during the last deglaciation, Nature, 380, 51-54.
    • (1996) Nature , vol.380 , pp. 51-54
    • Hughen, K.A.1    Overpeck, J.T.2    Peterson, L.C.3    Trumbore, S.4
  • 158
    • 0033964825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent warming in a 500-year paleoclimate record from Upper Soper Lake, Baffin Island, Canada
    • Hughen, K. A., J. T. Overpeck, and R. Anderson (2001), Recent warming in a 500-year paleoclimate record from Upper Soper Lake, Baffin Island, Canada, Holocene, 10, 9-19.
    • (2001) Holocene , vol.10 , pp. 9-19
    • Hughen, K.A.1    Overpeck, J.T.2    Anderson, R.3
  • 159
    • 0026443774 scopus 로고
    • Drought frequency in central California since 101 B. C. recorded in giant sequoia tree rings
    • Hughes, M. K., and P. M. Brown (1992), Drought frequency in central California since 101 B. C. recorded in giant sequoia tree rings, Clim. Dyn., 6, 161-167.
    • (1992) Clim. Dyn. , vol.6 , pp. 161-167
    • Hughes, M.K.1    Brown, P.M.2
  • 160
    • 0028254914 scopus 로고
    • Was there a 'Medieval Warm Period' and if so, when and where?
    • Hughes, M. K., and H. F. Diaz (1994), Was there a 'Medieval Warm Period' and if so, when and where?, Clim. Change, 26, 109-142.
    • (1994) Clim. Change , vol.26 , pp. 109-142
    • Hughes, M.K.1    Diaz, H.F.2
  • 161
    • 0002499694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extremes of moisture availability reconstructed from tree rings for recent millennia in the Great Basin of western North America
    • edited by M. Beniston and J. Innes, Springer-Verlag, New York
    • Hughes, M. K., and G. Funkhouser (1999), Extremes of moisture availability reconstructed from tree rings for recent millennia in the Great Basin of western North America, in The Impacts of Climate Variability on Forests, edited by M. Beniston and J. Innes, pp. 99-107, Springer-Verlag, New York.
    • (1999) The Impacts of Climate Variability on Forests , pp. 99-107
    • Hughes, M.K.1    Funkhouser, G.2
  • 162
    • 0001684190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multimillennial dendroclimatic records from western North America
    • NATO ASI Ser., Ser. I, edited by P. D. Jones, R. S. Bradley, and J. Jouzel, Springer-Verlag, New York
    • Hughes, M. K., and L. J. Graumlich (1996), Multimillennial dendroclimatic records from western North America, in Climatic Variations and Forcing Mechanisms of the Last 2000 Years NATO ASI Ser., Ser. I, vol. 41, edited by P. D. Jones, R. S. Bradley, and J. Jouzel, pp. 109-124, Springer-Verlag, New York.
    • (1996) Climatic Variations and Forcing Mechanisms of the Last 2000 Years , vol.41 , pp. 109-124
    • Hughes, M.K.1    Graumlich, L.J.2
  • 163
    • 0026482986 scopus 로고
    • A 1951-80 global land precipitation climatology for the evaluation of general circulation models
    • Hulme, M. (1992), A 1951-80 global land precipitation climatology for the evaluation of general circulation models, Clim. Dyn., 7, 57-72.
    • (1992) Clim. Dyn. , vol.7 , pp. 57-72
    • Hulme, M.1
  • 164
    • 0032173330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Precipitation sensitivity to global warming: Comparison of observations with HadCM2 simulations
    • Hulme, M., T. J. Osborn, and T. C. Johns (1998), Precipitation sensitivity to global warming: Comparison of observations with HadCM2 simulations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 3379-3382.
    • (1998) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.25 , pp. 3379-3382
    • Hulme, M.1    Osborn, T.J.2    Johns, T.C.3
  • 165
    • 0001805617 scopus 로고
    • Holocene vegetation and climates in Europe
    • edited by H. E. Wright Jr. et al., Univ. of Minn. Press, Minneapolis
    • Huntley, B., and I. C. Prentice (1993), Holocene vegetation and climates in Europe, in Global Climates Since the Last Glacial Maximum, edited by H. E. Wright Jr. et al., pp. 136-168, Univ. of Minn. Press, Minneapolis.
    • (1993) Global Climates Since the Last Glacial Maximum , pp. 136-168
    • Huntley, B.1    Prentice, I.C.2
  • 166
    • 0019645350 scopus 로고
    • The use of documentary sources for the study of past climates
    • edited by T. M. L. Wigley, M. J. Ingram, and G. Farmer, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York
    • Ingram, M. J., D. J. Underhill, and G. Farmer (1981), The use of documentary sources for the study of past climates, in Climate and History, edited by T. M. L. Wigley, M. J. Ingram, and G. Farmer, pp. 180-213, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
    • (1981) Climate and History , pp. 180-213
    • Ingram, M.J.1    Underhill, D.J.2    Farmer, G.3
  • 167
    • 0031933890 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paleohydrological variation in a tropical river catchment: A reconstruction using flourescent bands in corals of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia
    • Isdale, P. J., B. J. Stewart, K. S. Tickle, and J. M. Lough (1998), Paleohydrological variation in a tropical river catchment: A reconstruction using flourescent bands in corals of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, Holocene, 8, 1-8.
    • (1998) Holocene , vol.8 , pp. 1-8
    • Isdale, P.J.1    Stewart, B.J.2    Tickle, K.S.3    Lough, J.M.4
  • 168
    • 0002740409 scopus 로고
    • Reconstructed Northern Hemisphere annual temperature since 1671 based on high-latitude tree-ring data from North America
    • Jacoby, G. C., and R. D. D'Arrigo (1989), Reconstructed Northern
    • (1989) Clim. Change , vol.14 , pp. 39-59
    • Jacoby, G.C.1    D'Arrigo, R.D.2
  • 169
    • 0002185552 scopus 로고
    • Teak (Tectona grandis L. F.), a tropical species of large scale dendroclimatic potential
    • Jacoby, G. C., and R. D. D'Arrigo (1990), Teak (Tectona grandis L. F.), a tropical species of large scale dendroclimatic potential, Dendrocronologia, 8, 83-98.
    • (1990) Dendrocronologia , vol.8 , pp. 83-98
    • Jacoby, G.C.1    D'Arrigo, R.D.2
  • 170
    • 0002041938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Century to decadal scale records of Norwegian sea surface temperature variations of the past 2 millennia
    • Jansen, E., and N. Koc (2000), Century to decadal scale records of Norwegian sea surface temperature variations of the past 2 millennia, PAGES Newsl., 8, 13-14.
    • (2000) PAGES Newsl. , vol.8 , pp. 13-14
    • Jansen, E.1    Koc, N.2
  • 171
    • 0024785216 scopus 로고
    • Time-scale for adjustment of glaciers to changes in mass balance
    • Jöhanneson, T., C. Raymond, and E. Waddington (1989), Time-scale for adjustment of glaciers to changes in mass balance, J. Glaciol., 35, 355-369.
    • (1989) J. Glaciol. , vol.35 , pp. 355-369
    • Jöhanneson, T.1    Raymond, C.2    Waddington, E.3
  • 172
    • 0347353590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Instrument- and tree-ring-based reconstructions of the Antarctic Oscillation
    • Jones, J., and M. Widmann (2003), Instrument- and tree-ring-based reconstructions of the Antarctic Oscillation, J. Clim., 16, 3511-3524.
    • (2003) J. Clim. , vol.16 , pp. 3511-3524
    • Jones, J.1    Widmann, M.2
  • 173
    • 0013075694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early European instrumental records
    • edited by P. D. Jones et al., Kluwer Acad., Norwell, Mass
    • Jones, P. D. (2001), Early European instrumental records, in History and Climate: Memories of the Future?, edited by P. D. Jones et al., pp. 55-77, Kluwer Acad., Norwell, Mass.
    • (2001) History and Climate: Memories of the Future? , pp. 55-77
    • Jones, P.D.1
  • 174
    • 0027040324 scopus 로고
    • Global surface air temperature variations during the twentieth century: Part 1, Spatial, temporal and seasonal details
    • Jones, P. D., and K. R. Briffa (1992), Global surface air temperature variations during the twentieth century: Part 1, Spatial, temporal and seasonal details, Holocene, 2, 165-179.
    • (1992) Holocene , vol.2 , pp. 165-179
    • Jones, P.D.1    Briffa, K.R.2
  • 175
    • 0004992083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What can the instrumental record tell us about longer timescale paleoclimatic reconstructions?
    • NATO ASI Ser., Ser. I, edited by P. D. Jones, R. S. Bradley, and J. Jouzel, Springer-Verlag, New York
    • Jones, P. D., and K. R. Briffa (1996), What can the instrumental record tell us about longer timescale paleoclimatic reconstructions?, in Climatic Variations and Forcing Mechanisms of the Last 2000 Years, NATO ASI Ser., Ser. I, vol. 41, edited by P. D. Jones, R. S. Bradley, and J. Jouzel, pp. 625-644, Springer-Verlag, New York.
    • (1996) Climatic Variations and Forcing Mechanisms of the Last 2000 Years , vol.41 , pp. 625-644
    • Jones, P.D.1    Briffa, K.R.2
  • 176
    • 0038227570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hemispheric and large-scale surface air temperature variations: An extensive revision and an update to 2001
    • Jones, P. D., and A. Moberg (2003), Hemispheric and large-scale surface air temperature variations: An extensive revision and an update to 2001, J. Clim., 16, 206-223.
    • (2003) J. Clim. , vol.16 , pp. 206-223
    • Jones, P.D.1    Moberg, A.2
  • 177
    • 0022823460 scopus 로고
    • Global temperature variations between 1861 and 1984
    • Jones, P. D., T. M. L. Wigley, and P. B. Wright (1986), Global temperature variations between 1861 and 1984, Nature, 332, 430-434.
    • (1986) Nature , vol.332 , pp. 430-434
    • Jones, P.D.1    Wigley, T.M.L.2    Wright, P.B.3
  • 178
    • 0031420240 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating sampling errors in large-scale temperature averages
    • Jones, P. D., T. J. Osborn, and K. R. Briffa (1997a), Estimating sampling errors in large-scale temperature averages, J. Clim., 10, 2548-2568.
    • (1997) J. Clim. , vol.10 , pp. 2548-2568
    • Jones, P.D.1    Osborn, T.J.2    Briffa, K.R.3
  • 179
    • 0031433962 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extensions to the North Atlantic Oscillation using early instrumental pressure observations from Gibraltar and southwest Iceland
    • Jones, P. D., T. Jónsson, and D. Wheeler (1997b), Extensions to the North Atlantic Oscillation using early instrumental pressure observations from Gibraltar and southwest Iceland, Int. J. Climatol., 17, 1433-1450.
    • (1997) Int. J. Climatol. , vol.17 , pp. 1433-1450
    • Jones, P.D.1    Jónsson, T.2    Wheeler, D.3
  • 180
    • 0031853851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High-resolution palaeoclimatic records for the last millennium: Integration, interpretation and comparison with general circulation model control run temperatures
    • Jones, P. D., K. R. Briffa, T. P. Barnett, and S. F. B. Tett (1998), High-resolution palaeoclimatic records for the last millennium: Integration, interpretation and comparison with general circulation model control run temperatures, Holocene, 8, 455-471.
    • (1998) Holocene , vol.8 , pp. 455-471
    • Jones, P.D.1    Briffa, K.R.2    Barnett, T.P.3    Tett, S.F.B.4
  • 181
    • 0032876137 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surface air temperafure and its changes over the past 150 years
    • Jones, P. D., M. New, D. E. Parker, S. Martin, and I. G. Rigor (1999), Surface air temperafure and its changes over the past 150 years, Rev. Geophys., 37, 173-199.
    • (1999) Rev. Geophys. , vol.37 , pp. 173-199
    • Jones, P.D.1    New, M.2    Parker, D.E.3    Martin, S.4    Rigor, I.G.5
  • 182
    • 0035957741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The evolution of climate over the last millennium
    • Jones, P. D., T. J. Osborn, and K. R. Briffa (2001a), The evolution of climate over the last millennium, Science, 292, 662-667.
    • (2001) Science , vol.292 , pp. 662-667
    • Jones, P.D.1    Osborn, T.J.2    Briffa, K.R.3
  • 184
    • 1342268202 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in the Northern Hemisphere annual cycle: Implications for paleoclimatology?
    • doi:10.1029/2003JD003695
    • Jones, P. D., K. R. Briffa, and T. J. Osborn (2003a), Changes in the Northern Hemisphere annual cycle: Implications for paleoclimatology?, J. Geophys. Res., 108(DI8), 4588, doi:10.1029/2003JD003695.
    • (2003) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.108 , Issue.DI8 , pp. 4588
    • Jones, P.D.1    Briffa, K.R.2    Osborn, T.J.3
  • 185
    • 85040230491 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pressure-based measures of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO): A comparison and an assessment of changes in the NAO and in its influence on surface climate parameters
    • Geophys. Monogr. Ser., edited by J. W. Hurrell et al., AGU, Washington D. C
    • Jones, P. D., T. J. Osborn, and K. R. Briffa (2003b), Pressure-based measures of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO): A comparison and an assessment of changes in the NAO and in its influence on surface climate parameters, in The North Atlantic Oscillation: Climatic Significance and Environmental Impact, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 134, edited by J. W. Hurrell et al., pp. 51-62, AGU, Washington D. C.
    • (2003) The North Atlantic Oscillation: Climatic Significance and Environmental Impact , vol.134 , pp. 51-62
    • Jones, P.D.1    Osborn, T.J.2    Briffa, K.R.3
  • 186
    • 85036750668 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surface climate responses to explosive volcanic eruptions seen in long European temperature records and mid-to-high latitude tree-ring density around the Northern Hemisphere
    • Geophys. Monogr. Ser., edited by A. Robock and C. Oppenheimer, AGU, Washington, D. C
    • Jones, P. D., A. Moberg, T. J. Osborn, and K. R. Briffa (2003c), Surface climate responses to explosive volcanic eruptions seen in long European temperature records and mid-to-high latitude tree-ring density around the Northern Hemisphere, in Volcanism and the Earth's Atmosphere, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 139, edited by A. Robock and C. Oppenheimer, pp. 239-254, AGU, Washington, D. C.
    • (2003) Volcanism and the Earth's Atmosphere , vol.139 , pp. 239-254
    • Jones, P.D.1    Moberg, A.2    Osborn, T.J.3    Briffa, K.R.4
  • 187
    • 0033117643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monsoon changes for 6000 years ago: Results of 18 simulations from the Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project (PMIP)
    • Joussaume, S., et al. (1999), Monsoon changes for 6000 years ago: Results of 18 simulations from the Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project (PMIP), Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 859-862.
    • (1999) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.26 , pp. 859-862
    • Joussaume, S.1
  • 188
    • 0035509842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A calibration of the oxygen isotope paleothermometer of coral aragonite from porites
    • Juillet-Leclerc, A., and G. Schmidt (2001), A calibration of the oxygen isotope paleothermometer of coral aragonite from porites, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 4135-4138.
    • (2001) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.28 , pp. 4135-4138
    • Juillet-Leclerc, A.1    Schmidt, G.2
  • 189
    • 0031390898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduced space optimal analysis for historical data sets: 136 years of Atlantic sea surface temperatures
    • Kaplan, A., Y. Kushnir, M. A. Cane, and M. B. Blumenthal (1997), Reduced space optimal analysis for historical data sets: 136 years of Atlantic sea surface temperatures, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 27,835-27,860.
    • (1997) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.102 , pp. 27835-27860
    • Kaplan, A.1    Kushnir, Y.2    Cane, M.A.3    Blumenthal, M.B.4
  • 190
    • 0032529811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analyses of global sea surface temperature 1856-1991
    • Kaplan, A., M. A. Cane, Y. Kushnir, and A. C. Clement (1998), Analyses of global sea surface temperature 1856-1991, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 18,567-18,589.
    • (1998) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.103 , pp. 18567-18589
    • Kaplan, A.1    Cane, M.A.2    Kushnir, Y.3    Clement, A.C.4
  • 191
    • 0034253132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduced space optimal interpolation of historical marine sea level pressure
    • Kaplan, A., Y. Kushnir, and M. A. Cane (2000), Reduced space optimal interpolation of historical marine sea level pressure, J. Clim., 13, 2987-3002.
    • (2000) J. Clim. , vol.13 , pp. 2987-3002
    • Kaplan, A.1    Kushnir, Y.2    Cane, M.A.3
  • 192
    • 0011917794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Secular trends of precipitation amount, frequency, and intensity in the United States
    • Karl, T. R., and R. W. Knight (1998), Secular trends of precipitation amount, frequency, and intensity in the United States, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 79, 1107-1119.
    • (1998) Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.79 , pp. 1107-1119
    • Karl, T.R.1    Knight, R.W.2
  • 193
    • 0029659429 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Little Ice Age and Medieval Warm Period in the Sargasso Sea
    • Keigwin, L. D. (1996), The Little Ice Age and Medieval Warm Period in the Sargasso Sea, Science, 274, 1504-1508.
    • (1996) Science , vol.274 , pp. 1504-1508
    • Keigwin, L.D.1
  • 194
    • 0033569418 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Slope water current over the Laurentian Fan on interannual to millennial time scales
    • Keigwin, L. D., and R. S. Pickart (1999), Slope water current over the Laurentian Fan on interannual to millennial time scales, Science, 286, 520-523.
    • (1999) Science , vol.286 , pp. 520-523
    • Keigwin, L.D.1    Pickart, R.S.2
  • 195
    • 0036765183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tropical Pacific climate at the mid-Holocene and the Last Glacial Maximum simulated by a coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model
    • doi:10.1029/2001PA000724
    • Kitoh, A., and S. Murakami (2002), Tropical Pacific climate at the mid-Holocene and the Last Glacial Maximum simulated by a coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model, Paleo-oceanography, 17(3), 1047, doi:10.1029/2001PA000724.
    • (2002) Paleo-oceanography , vol.17 , Issue.3 , pp. 1047
    • Kitoh, A.1    Murakami, S.2
  • 196
    • 0032468970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pre-1866 extensions of the Southern Oscillation Index using early Indonesian and Tahitian meteorological readings
    • Können, G. P., P. D. Jones, M. H. Kaltofen, and R. J. Allan (1998), Pre-1866 extensions of the Southern Oscillation Index using early Indonesian and Tahitian meteorological readings, J. Clim., 11, 2325-2339.
    • (1998) J. Clim. , vol.11 , pp. 2325-2339
    • Können, G.P.1    Jones, P.D.2    Kaltofen, M.H.3    Allan, R.J.4
  • 197
    • 0141677893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pre-1873 extension of the Japanese instrumental meteorological observation series back to 1819
    • Können, G. P., M. Zaiki, A. P. M. Baede, T. Mikami, P. D. Jones, and T. Tsukuhara (2003), Pre-1873 extension of the Japanese instrumental meteorological observation series back to 1819, J. Clim, 16, 118-131.
    • (2003) J. Clim , vol.16 , pp. 118-131
    • Können, G.P.1    Zaiki, M.2    Baede, A.P.M.3    Mikami, T.4    Jones, P.D.5    Tsukuhara, T.6
  • 198
    • 0037067625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • El Niño-like pattern in Ice Age tropical Pacific sea surface temperature
    • Koutavas, J., T. M. Lynch-Stieglitz, J. P. Marchitto Jr., and J. P. Sachs (2002), El Niño-like pattern in Ice Age tropical Pacific sea surface temperature, Science, 297, 226-230.
    • (2002) Science , vol.297 , pp. 226-230
    • Koutavas, J.1    Lynch-Stieglitz, T.M.2    Marchitto Jr., J.P.3    Sachs, J.P.4
  • 199
    • 0019184333 scopus 로고
    • On the design of paleoenvironmental data networks for estimating large-scale patterns of climate
    • Kutzbach, J. E., and P. J. Guetter (1980), On the design of paleoenvironmental data networks for estimating large-scale patterns of climate, Quat. Res., 14, 169-187.
    • (1980) Quat. Res. , vol.14 , pp. 169-187
    • Kutzbach, J.E.1    Guetter, P.J.2
  • 200
    • 0029659545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Greater drought intensity and frequency before AD 1200 in the northern Great Plains
    • Laird, K. R., S. C. Fritz, K. A. Maasch, and B. F. Cumming (1996), Greater drought intensity and frequency before AD 1200 in the northern Great Plains, Nature, 384, 552-554.
    • (1996) Nature , vol.384 , pp. 552-554
    • Laird, K.R.1    Fritz, S.C.2    Maasch, K.A.3    Cumming, B.F.4
  • 201
    • 0031943024 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A diatombased reconstruction of drought intensity, duration, and frequency from Moon Lake, North Dakota: A sub-decadal record of the last 2300 years
    • Laird, K. R., S. C. Fritz, and B. F. Cumming (1998), A diatombased reconstruction of drought intensity, duration, and frequency from Moon Lake, North Dakota: A sub-decadal record of the last 2300 years, J. Paleolimnol., 19, 161-179.
    • (1998) J. Paleolimnol. , vol.19 , pp. 161-179
    • Laird, K.R.1    Fritz, S.C.2    Cumming, B.F.3
  • 202
  • 204
    • 0029659911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A 3300 year varved sediment record of environmental change from northern Ellesmere Island, Canada
    • Lamoureux, S. F., and R. S. Bradley (1996), A 3300 year varved sediment record of environmental change from northern Ellesmere Island, Canada, J. Paleolimnol., 16, 239-255.
    • (1996) J. Paleolimnol. , vol.16 , pp. 239-255
    • Lamoureux, S.F.1    Bradley, R.S.2
  • 205
    • 0027496163 scopus 로고
    • A 3620-year temperature record from Fitzroya cupressoides tree rings in southern South America
    • Lara, A., and R. Villalba (1993), A 3620-year temperature record from Fitzroya cupressoides tree rings in southern South America, Science, 260, 1104-1106.
    • (1993) Science , vol.260 , pp. 1104-1106
    • Lara, A.1    Villalba, R.2
  • 206
    • 0032719430 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Speleothems and climate: A special issue of the Holocene
    • Lauritzen, S.-E., and J. Lundberg (1999), Speleothems and climate: A special issue of the Holocene, Holocene, 9, 643-647.
    • (1999) Holocene , vol.9 , pp. 643-647
    • Lauritzen, S.-E.1    Lundberg, J.2
  • 207
    • 0034352662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution of the Sun's spectral irradiance since the Maunder Minimum
    • Lean, J. (2000), Evolution of the Sun's spectral irradiance since the Maunder Minimum, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 2425-2428.
    • (2000) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.27 , pp. 2425-2428
    • Lean, J.1
  • 208
    • 0029513366 scopus 로고
    • Reconstruction of solar irradiance since 1610: Implications for climate change
    • Lean, J., J. Beer, and R. Bradley (1995), Reconstruction of solar irradiance since 1610: Implications for climate change, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 3195-3198.
    • (1995) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.22 , pp. 3195-3198
    • Lean, J.1    Beer, J.2    Bradley, R.3
  • 209
    • 0037728731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of increasing solar activity on the Sun's total and open magnetic flux during multiple cycles: Implications for solar forcing of climate
    • doi:10.1029/2002GL015880
    • Lean, J. L., Y.-M. Wang, and N. R. Sheeley Jr. (2002), The effect of increasing solar activity on the Sun's total and open magnetic flux during multiple cycles: Implications for solar forcing of climate, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(24), 2224, doi:10.1029/2002GL015880.
    • (2002) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.29 , Issue.24 , pp. 2224
    • Lean, J.L.1    Wang, Y.-M.2    Sheeley Jr., N.R.3
  • 212
    • 0028333345 scopus 로고
    • A coral-based reconstruction of Intertropical Convergence Zone variability over Central America since 1707
    • Linsley, B. K., R. B. Dunbar, G. M. Wellington, and D. A. Muccaiarone (1994), A coral-based reconstruction of Intertropical Convergence Zone variability over Central America since 1707, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 9977-9994.
    • (1994) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.99 , pp. 9977-9994
    • Linsley, B.K.1    Dunbar, R.B.2    Wellington, G.M.3    Muccaiarone, D.A.4
  • 213
    • 0034634378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decadal sea surface temperature variability in the sub-tropical South Pacific from 1726 to 1997 A.D
    • Linsley, B. K., G. M. Wellington, and D. P. Schrag (2000), Decadal sea surface temperature variability in the sub-tropical South Pacific from 1726 to 1997 A.D., Science, 290, 1145-1148.
    • (2000) Science , vol.290 , pp. 1145-1148
    • Linsley, B.K.1    Wellington, G.M.2    Schrag, D.P.3
  • 214
    • 0034352725 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling climate shift of El Niño variability in the Holocene
    • Liu, Z., J. Kutzbach, and L. Wu (2000), Modeling climate shift of El Niño variability in the Holocene, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 2265-2268.
    • (2000) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.27 , pp. 2265-2268
    • Liu, Z.1    Kutzbach, J.2    Wu, L.3
  • 215
    • 0141488731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global ocean response to orbital forcing in the Holocene
    • doi:10.1029/2002PA000819
    • Liu, Z., E. Brady, and J. Lynch-Stieglitz (2003), Global ocean response to orbital forcing in the Holocene, Paleoceanography, 18(2), 1041, doi:10.1029/2002PA000819.
    • (2003) Paleoceanography , vol.18 , Issue.2 , pp. 1041
    • Liu, Z.1    Brady, E.2    Lynch-Stieglitz, J.3
  • 216
    • 0030620946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Several centuries of variation in skeletal extension, density and calcification in massive Porites colonies from the Great Barrier Reef: A proxy for seawater temperature and a background of variability against which to identify unnatural changes
    • Lough, J. M., and D. J. Barnes (1997), Several centuries of variation in skeletal extension, density and calcification in massive Porites colonies from the Great Barrier Reef: A proxy for seawater temperature and a background of variability against which to identify unnatural changes, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 211, 29-67.
    • (1997) J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. , vol.211 , pp. 29-67
    • Lough, J.M.1    Barnes, D.J.2
  • 217
    • 0031434921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tree-ring based reconstruction of summer temperatures at the Columbia Icefield, Alberta, Canada, A.D. 1073-1983
    • Luckman, B. H., K. R. Briffa, P. D. Jones, and F. H. Schweingruber (1997), Tree-ring based reconstruction of summer temperatures at the Columbia Icefield, Alberta, Canada, A.D. 1073-1983, Holocene, 7, 375-389.
    • (1997) Holocene , vol.7 , pp. 375-389
    • Luckman, B.H.1    Briffa, K.R.2    Jones, P.D.3    Schweingruber, F.H.4
  • 219
    • 3142625011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extending North Atlantic Oscillation reconstructions back to 1500
    • doi:10.1006/asle.2001.0044
    • Luterbacher, J., et al. (2002a), Extending North Atlantic Oscillation reconstructions back to 1500, Atmos. Sci. Lett., 2, 114-124, doi:10.1006/asle.2001.0044.
    • (2002) Atmos. Sci. Lett. , vol.2 , pp. 114-124
    • Luterbacher, J.1
  • 221
    • 84981656868 scopus 로고
    • Central England temperatures: Monthly means 1659 to 1973
    • Manley, G. (1974), Central England temperatures: Monthly means 1659 to 1973, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 100, 389-405.
    • (1974) Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.100 , pp. 389-405
    • Manley, G.1
  • 222
    • 0002888680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate during the past millennium
    • Mann, M. E. (2001a), Climate during the past millennium, Weather, 56, 91-101.
    • (2001) Weather , vol.56 , pp. 91-101
    • Mann, M.E.1
  • 223
    • 23044531704 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large-scale temperature patterns in past centuries: Implications for North American climate change
    • Mann, M. E. (2001b), Large-scale temperature patterns in past centuries: Implications for North American climate change, Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess., 7, 1247-1254.
    • (2001) Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. , vol.7 , pp. 1247-1254
    • Mann, M.E.1
  • 224
    • 0037199966 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The value of multiple proxies
    • Mann, M. E. (2002a), The value of multiple proxies, Science, 297, 1481-1482.
    • (2002) Science , vol.297 , pp. 1481-1482
    • Mann, M.E.1
  • 225
    • 0036830422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large-scale climate variability and connections with the Middle East in past centuries
    • Mann, M. E. (2002b), Large-scale climate variability and connections with the Middle East in past centuries, Clim. Change, 55, 287-314.
    • (2002) Clim. Change , vol.55 , pp. 287-314
    • Mann, M.E.1
  • 226
    • 3042778584 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On smoothing potentially nonstationary climate time series
    • doi:10.1029/2004GL019569
    • Mann, M. E. (2004), On smoothing potentially nonstationary climate time series, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L07214, doi:10.1029/2004GL019569.
    • (2004) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.31
    • Mann, M.E.1
  • 227
    • 0037012885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tree-ring chronologies and climate variability
    • Mann, M. E., and M. K. Hughes (2002), Tree-ring chronologies and climate variability, Science, 296, 848.
    • (2002) Science , vol.296 , pp. 848
    • Mann, M.E.1    Hughes, M.K.2
  • 228
    • 0242305908 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global surface temperatures over the past two millennia
    • doi:10.1029/2003GL017814
    • Mann, M. E., and P. D. Jones (2003), Global surface temperatures over the past two millennia, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(15), 1820, doi:10.1029/2003GL017814.
    • (2003) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.30 , Issue.15 , pp. 1820
    • Mann, M.E.1    Jones, P.D.2
  • 229
    • 0028604099 scopus 로고
    • Global-scale modes of surface temperature variability on interannual to century timescales
    • Mann, M. E., and J. Park (1994), Global-scale modes of surface temperature variability on interannual to century timescales, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 25,819-25,833.
    • (1994) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.99 , pp. 25819-25833
    • Mann, M.E.1    Park, J.2
  • 230
    • 0037095814 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate reconstruction using 'Pseudoproxies,'
    • doi:10.1029/2001GL014554
    • Mann, M. E., and S. Rutherford (2002), Climate reconstruction using 'Pseudoproxies,' Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(10), 1501, doi:10.1029/2001GL014554.
    • (2002) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.29 , Issue.10 , pp. 1501
    • Mann, M.E.1    Rutherford, S.2
  • 231
    • 0347413673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ground vs. surface air temperature trends: Implications for borehole surface temperature reconstructions
    • doi: 10.1029/2003GL017170
    • Mann, M. E., and G. A. Schmidt (2003), Ground vs. surface air temperature trends: Implications for borehole surface temperature reconstructions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(12), 1607, doi: 10.1029/2003GL017170.
    • (2003) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.30 , Issue.12 , pp. 1607
    • Mann, M.E.1    Schmidt, G.A.2
  • 232
    • 0028984628 scopus 로고
    • Global interdecadal and century-scale oscillations during the past five centuries
    • Mann, M. E., J. Park, and R. S. Bradley (1995), Global interdecadal and century-scale oscillations during the past five centuries, Nature, 378, 266-270.
    • (1995) Nature , vol.378 , pp. 266-270
    • Mann, M.E.1    Park, J.2    Bradley, R.S.3
  • 233
    • 0032560125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global-scale temperature patterns and climate forcing over the past six centuries
    • Mann, M. E., R. S. Bradley, and M. K. Hughes (1998a), Global-scale temperature patterns and climate forcing over the past six centuries, Nature, 392, 779-787.
    • (1998) Nature , vol.392 , pp. 779-787
    • Mann, M.E.1    Bradley, R.S.2    Hughes, M.K.3
  • 235
    • 0033559944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the past millennium: Inferences, uncertainties and limitations
    • Mann, M. E., R. S. Bradley, and M. K. Hughes (1999), Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the past millennium: Inferences, uncertainties and limitations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 759-762.
    • (1999) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.26 , pp. 759-762
    • Mann, M.E.1    Bradley, R.S.2    Hughes, M.K.3
  • 238
    • 33645256293 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reconstructing the climate of the Late Holocene
    • Mann, M. E., et al. (2001), Reconstructing the climate of the Late Holocene, Eos Trans. AGU, 82(46), 553.
    • (2001) Eos Trans. AGU , vol.82 , Issue.46 , pp. 553
    • Mann, M.E.1
  • 239
    • 70449787980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On past temperatures and anomalous late-20th century warmth
    • Mann, M. E., et al. (2003a), On past temperatures and anomalous late-20th century warmth, Eos Trans. AGU, 84(27), 256-257.
    • (2003) Eos Trans. AGU , vol.84 , Issue.27 , pp. 256-257
    • Mann, M.E.1
  • 240
    • 0347867353 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimal surface temperature reconstructions using terrestrial borehole data
    • doi:10.1029/2002JD002532
    • Mann, M. E., S. Rutherford, R. S. Bradley, M. K. Hughes, and F. T. Keimig (2003b), Optimal surface temperature reconstructions using terrestrial borehole data, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D7), 4203, doi:10.1029/2002JD002532.
    • (2003) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.108 , Issue.D7 , pp. 4203
    • Mann, M.E.1    Rutherford, S.2    Bradley, R.S.3    Hughes, M.K.4    Keimig, F.T.5
  • 242
    • 0029538839 scopus 로고
    • The use of rogation ceremony records in climatic reconstruction: A case study from Catalonia (Spain)
    • Martin-Vide, J., and M. Barriendos (1995), The use of rogation ceremony records in climatic reconstruction: A case study from Catalonia (Spain), Clim. Change, 30, 201-221.
    • (1995) Clim. Change , vol.30 , pp. 201-221
    • Martin-Vide, J.1    Barriendos, M.2
  • 243
    • 84981761797 scopus 로고
    • Report of Committee on Glaciers, April 1939
    • Matthes, F. (1939), Report of Committee on Glaciers, April 1939, Eos Trans. AGU, 20, 518-523.
    • (1939) Eos Trans. AGU , vol.20 , pp. 518-523
    • Matthes, F.1
  • 245
    • 0033167133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 18O, textural and extension-rate variations in three speleothems
    • 18O, textural and extension-rate variations in three speleothems, Quat. Sci. Rev., 18, 1021-1038.
    • (1999) Quat. Sci. Rev. , vol.18 , pp. 1021-1038
    • McDermott, F.1
  • 246
    • 0347541276 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Corrections to the Mann et al. [1998] proxy database and Northern Hemisphere average temperature series
    • McIntyre, S., and R. McKittrick (2003), Corrections to the Mann et al. [1998] proxy database and Northern Hemisphere average temperature series, Energy Environ., 14, 751-771.
    • (2003) Energy Environ. , vol.14 , pp. 751-771
    • McIntyre, S.1    McKittrick, R.2
  • 247
    • 0036109073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A 1400-year high-resolution record of atmospheric circulation over the North Atlantic and Asia
    • Meeker, L. D., and P. A. Mayewski (2002), A 1400-year high-resolution record of atmospheric circulation over the North Atlantic and Asia, Holocene, 12, 257-266.
    • (2002) Holocene , vol.12 , pp. 257-266
    • Meeker, L.D.1    Mayewski, P.A.2
  • 249
    • 0027879855 scopus 로고
    • Spatial patterns of tree-growth anomalies in the United States and southeastern Canada
    • Meko, D. M., E. R. Cook, D. W. Stahle, C. W. Stockton, and M. K. Hughes (1993), Spatial patterns of tree-growth anomalies in the United States and southeastern Canada, J. Clim., 6, 1773-1786.
    • (1993) J. Clim. , vol.6 , pp. 1773-1786
    • Meko, D.M.1    Cook, E.R.2    Stahle, D.W.3    Stockton, C.W.4    Hughes, M.K.5
  • 250
    • 4444225755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantitative reconstruction in Japan based on historical documents
    • Mikami, T. (1999), Quantitative reconstruction in Japan based on historical documents, Bull. Natl. Mus. Jpn. Hist., 81, 41-50.
    • (1999) Bull. Natl. Mus. Jpn. Hist. , vol.81 , pp. 41-50
    • Mikami, T.1
  • 251
    • 0031106429 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A 50-80 year climatic oscillation over the North Pacific and North America
    • Minobe, S. (1997), A 50-80 year climatic oscillation over the North Pacific and North America, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 683-686.
    • (1997) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.24 , pp. 683-686
    • Minobe, S.1
  • 253
    • 0018725273 scopus 로고
    • Evidence of a 22-year rhythm of drought in the western United States related to the Hale solar cycle since the 17th century
    • edited by B. M. McCormac and T. A. Seliga, D. Reidel, Norwell, Mass
    • Mitchell, J. M., Jr., C. W. Stockton, and D. M. Meko (1979), Evidence of a 22-year rhythm of drought in the western United States related to the Hale solar cycle since the 17th century, in Solar- Terrestrial Influences on Weather and Climate, edited by B. M. McCormac and T. A. Seliga, pp. 125-144, D. Reidel, Norwell, Mass.
    • (1979) Solar- Terrestrial Influences on Weather and Climate , pp. 125-144
    • Mitchell Jr., J.M.1    Stockton, C.W.2    Meko, D.M.3
  • 254
    • 0242318735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Were South Swedish summer temperatures before 1860 as warm as measured?
    • Moberg, A., H. Alexandersson, H. Bergström, and P. D. Jones (2003), Were south Swedish summer temperatures before 1860 as warm as measured?, Int. J. Climatol., 23, 1495-1521.
    • (2003) Int. J. Climatol. , vol.23 , pp. 1495-1521
    • Moberg, A.1    Alexandersson, H.2    Bergström, H.3    Jones, P.D.4
  • 255
    • 0037191779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate change in the North Pacific region over the past three centuries
    • Moore, G. W. K., G. Holdsworth, and K. Alverson (2002), Climate change in the North Pacific region over the past three centuries, Nature, 420, 401-403.
    • (2002) Nature , vol.420 , pp. 401-403
    • Moore, G.W.K.1    Holdsworth, G.2    Alverson, K.3
  • 256
    • 0030841491 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seasonality in late-Holocene climate from ice core records
    • Morgan, V. I., and T. D. van Ommen (1997), Seasonality in late-Holocene climate from ice core records, Holocene, 7, 351-354.
    • (1997) Holocene , vol.7 , pp. 351-354
    • Morgan, V.I.1    van Ommen, T.D.2
  • 257
    • 0037079021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variability of El Niño/Southern Oscillation activity at millennial timescales during the Holocene epoch
    • Moy, C., G. O. Seltzer, D. T. Rodbell, and D. M. Anderson (2002), Variability of El Niño/Southern Oscillation activity at millennial timescales during the Holocene epoch, Nature, 420, 162-165.
    • (2002) Nature , vol.420 , pp. 162-165
    • Moy, C.1    Seltzer, G.O.2    Rodbell, D.T.3    Anderson, D.M.4
  • 259
    • 0037167873 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Millennial-scale storminess variability in the northeastern United States during the Holocene epoch
    • Noren, A. J., P. R. Blerman, E. J. Steig, A. Lini, and J. Southon (2002), Millennial-scale storminess variability in the northeastern United States during the Holocene epoch, Nature, 419, 821-824.
    • (2002) Nature , vol.419 , pp. 821-824
    • Noren, A.J.1    Blerman, P.R.2    Steig, E.J.3    Lini, A.4    Southon, J.5
  • 261
    • 0027063907 scopus 로고
    • Climate sensitivity of glaciers in southern Norway: Application of an energy-balance model to Nigardsbreen, Hellstugubreen and Alfotbreen
    • Oerlemans, J. (1992), Climate sensitivity of glaciers in southern Norway: Application of an energy-balance model to Nigardsbreen, Hellstugubreen and Alfotbreen, J. Glaciol., 38, 223-232.
    • (1992) J. Glaciol. , vol.38 , pp. 223-232
    • Oerlemans, J.1
  • 262
    • 85131032317 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Documenting the medieval climate
    • edited by M. Hulme and E. Barrow, Routledge, New York
    • Ogilvie, A. E. J., and G, Farmer (1997), Documenting the Medieval Climate, in Climates of the British Isles: Present, Past and Future, edited by M. Hulme and E. Barrow, pp. 112-133, Routledge, New York.
    • (1997) Climates of the British Isles: Present, Past and Future , pp. 112-133
    • Ogilvie, A.E.J.1    Farmer, G.2
  • 263
    • 0035130142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Little Ice Age' research: A perspective from Iceland
    • edited by A. E. J. Ogilvie and T. Jónsson, Kluwer Acad., Norwell, Mass
    • Ogilvie, A. E. J., and T. Jónsson (2001), 'Little Ice Age' research: A perspective from Iceland, in The Iceberg in the Mist: Northern Research in Pursuit of a "Little Ice Age," edited by A. E. J. Ogilvie and T. Jónsson, pp. 9-52, Kluwer Acad., Norwell, Mass.
    • (2001) The Iceberg in the Mist: Northern Research in Pursuit of a "Little Ice Age," , pp. 9-52
    • Ogilvie, A.E.J.1    Jónsson, T.2
  • 264
    • 0003102763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The documentary historical record of El Niño events in Peru: An update of the Quinn record (sixteenth through nineteenth centuries)
    • edited by H. F. Diaz and V. Markgraf, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York
    • Ortlieb, L. (2000), The documentary historical record of El Niño events in Peru: An update of the Quinn record (sixteenth through nineteenth centuries), in El Niño and the Southern Oscillation: Multiscale Variability and Its Impacts on Natural Ecosystems and Society, edited by H. F. Diaz and V. Markgraf, pp. 207-295, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
    • (2000) El Niño and the Southern Oscillation: Multiscale Variability and Its Impacts on Natural Ecosystems and Society , pp. 207-295
    • Ortlieb, L.1
  • 265
    • 0033405223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation A the North Atlantic Oscillation as simulated by a coupled climate model
    • Osborn, T. J., K. R. Briffa, S. F. B. Tett, P. D. Jones, and R. M. Trigo (1999), Evaluation A the North Atlantic Oscillation as simulated by a coupled climate model, Clim. Dyn., 15, 685-702.
    • (1999) Clim. Dyn. , vol.15 , pp. 685-702
    • Osborn, T.J.1    Briffa, K.R.2    Tett, S.F.B.3    Jones, P.D.4    Trigo, R.M.5
  • 266
    • 4444290504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accounts from 19th century Canadian Arctic explorers' logs reflect present climate conditions
    • 412
    • Overland, J. E., and K. Wood (2003), Accounts from 19th century Canadian Arctic explorers' logs reflect present climate conditions, Eos Trans. AGU, 84(40), 410, 412.
    • (2003) Eos Trans. AGU , vol.84 , Issue.40 , pp. 410
    • Overland, J.E.1    Wood, K.2
  • 267
    • 14444287752 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arctic environmental change of the last four centuries
    • Overpeck, J., et al. (1997), Arctic environmental change of the last four centuries, Science, 278, 1251-1256.
    • (1997) Science , vol.278 , pp. 1251-1256
    • Overpeck, J.1
  • 268
    • 0000866547 scopus 로고
    • Envelope estimation for quasi-periodic geophysical signals in noise: A multitaper approach
    • edited by A. T. Walden and P. Guttorp, Edward Arnold, London
    • Park, J. (1992), Envelope estimation for quasi-periodic geophysical signals in noise: A multitaper approach, in Statistics in the Environmental and Earth Sciences, edited by A. T. Walden and P. Guttorp, pp. 189-219, Edward Arnold, London.
    • (1992) Statistics in the Environmental and Earth Sciences , pp. 189-219
    • Park, J.1
  • 269
    • 0026484892 scopus 로고
    • A new daily central England temperature series
    • Parker, D. E., T. P. Legg, and C. K. Folland (1992), A new daily central England temperature series, Int. J. Climatol., 12, 317-342.
    • (1992) Int. J. Climatol. , vol.12 , pp. 317-342
    • Parker, D.E.1    Legg, T.P.2    Folland, C.K.3
  • 270
    • 0242368911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of proxies for European and North Atlantic temperature field reconstructions
    • doi:10.1029/2003GL017589
    • Pauling, A., J. Luterbacher, and H. Wanner (2003), Evaluation of proxies for European and North Atlantic temperature field reconstructions, Geophy. Res. Lett., 30(15), 1787, doi:10.1029/2003GL017589.
    • (2003) Geophy. Res. Lett. , vol.30 , Issue.1787 , pp. 15
    • Pauling, A.1    Luterbacher, J.2    Wanner, H.3
  • 271
    • 0002648036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate changes in the Atlantic sector of Antarctica over the past 500 years from ice-core and other evidence
    • NATO ASI Ser., Ser. I, edited by P. D. Jones, R. S. Bradley, and J. Jouzel, Springer-Verlag, New York
    • Peel, D. A., R. Mulvaney, E. C. Pasteur, and C. Chenery (1996), Climate changes in the Atlantic sector of Antarctica over the past 500 years from ice-core and other evidence, in Climate Variations and Forcing Mechanisms of the Last 2000 Years, NATO ASI Ser., Ser. I, vol. 41, edited by P. D. Jones, R. S. Bradley, and J. Jouzel, pp. 243-262, Springer-Verlag, New York.
    • (1996) Climate Variations and Forcing Mechanisms of the Last 2000 Years , vol.41 , pp. 243-262
    • Peel, D.A.1    Mulvaney, R.2    Pasteur, E.C.3    Chenery, C.4
  • 272
    • 0032573252 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • First difference method: Maximizing station density for the calculation of long-term global temperature change
    • Peterson, T. C., T. R. Karl, P. F. Jamason, R. Knight, and D. R. Easterling (1998), First difference method: Maximizing station density for the calculation of long-term global temperature change, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 25,967-25,974.
    • (1998) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.103 , pp. 25967-25974
    • Peterson, T.C.1    Karl, T.R.2    Jamason, P.F.3    Knight, R.4    Easterling, D.R.5
  • 274
    • 84909115562 scopus 로고
    • Monthly temperature and precipitation in central Europe 1525-1979: Quantifying documentary evidence on weather and its effects
    • edited by R. S. Bradley and P. D. Jones, Routledge, New York
    • Pfister, C. (1992), Monthly temperature and precipitation in central Europe 1525-1979: Quantifying documentary evidence on weather and its effects, in Climate Since A.D. 1500, edited by R. S. Bradley and P. D. Jones, pp. 118-142, Routledge, New York.
    • (1992) Climate Since A.D. 1500 , pp. 118-142
    • Pfister, C.1
  • 275
    • 4444296951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Winter air temperature variations in central Europe during the early and high Middle Ages (A.D. 750-1300)
    • Pfister, C., J. Luterbacher, G. Schwarz-Zanetti, and M. Wegmann (1998), Winter air temperature variations in central Europe during the early and high Middle Ages (A.D. 750-1300), Holocene, 8, 547-564.
    • (1998) Holocene , vol.8 , pp. 547-564
    • Pfister, C.1    Luterbacher, J.2    Schwarz-Zanetti, G.3    Wegmann, M.4
  • 276
    • 0032500824 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate change record in subsurface temperatures: A global perspective
    • Pollack, H. N., S. Huang, and P.-Y. Shen (1998), Climate change record in subsurface temperatures: A global perspective, Science, 282, 279-281.
    • (1998) Science , vol.282 , pp. 279-281
    • Pollack, H.N.1    Huang, S.2    Shen, P.-Y.3
  • 277
    • 0035812862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Late Holocene climate and cultural changes in the southwestern United States
    • Polyak, V. J., and Y, Asmerom (2001), Late Holocene climate and cultural changes in the southwestern United States, Science, 294, 148-151.
    • (2001) Science , vol.294 , pp. 148-151
    • Polyak, V.J.1    Asmerom, Y.2
  • 278
    • 0000116580 scopus 로고
    • Chronology of neoglaciation in the North American Cordillera
    • Porter, S. C., and G. H. Denton (1967), Chronology of neoglaciation in the North American Cordillera, Am. J. Sci., 265, 177-210.
    • (1967) Am. J. Sci. , vol.265 , pp. 177-210
    • Porter, S.C.1    Denton, G.H.2
  • 279
    • 0033767857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A thousand year speleothem proxy record of North Atlantic climate from Scotland
    • Proctor, C. J., A. Baker, W. L. Barnes, and M. A. Gilmour (2000), A thousand year speleothem proxy record of North Atlantic climate from Scotland, Clim. Dyn., 16, 815-820.
    • (2000) Clim. Dyn. , vol.16 , pp. 815-820
    • Proctor, C.J.1    Baker, A.2    Barnes, W.L.3    Gilmour, M.A.4
  • 280
    • 0347532753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A multi-proxy approach to reconstructing sea surface conditions using coral skeleton geochemistry
    • doi:10.1029/2000PA000528
    • Quinn, T. M., and D. S. Sampson (2002), A multi-proxy approach to reconstructing sea surface conditions using coral skeleton geochemistry, Paleoceanography, 17(4), 1062, doi:10.1029/2000PA000528.
    • (2002) Paleoceanography , vol.17 , Issue.4 , pp. 1062
    • Quinn, T.M.1    Sampson, D.S.2
  • 281
    • 0030298949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New stable isotope results from a 173-year coral from Espiritu Santo, Vanuatu
    • Quinn, T. M., T. J. Crowley, and F. W. Taylor (1996), New stable isotope results from a 173-year coral from Espiritu Santo, Vanuatu, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 3413-3416.
    • (1996) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.23 , pp. 3413-3416
    • Quinn, T.M.1    Crowley, T.J.2    Taylor, F.W.3
  • 282
    • 0000539089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A multicentury stable isotope record from a New Caledonia coral: Interannual and decadal sea surface temperature variability in the southwest Pacific since 1657 A.D
    • Quinn, T. M., T. J. Crowley,. F. W. Taylor, C. Henin, P. Joannot, and Y. Join (1998), A multicentury stable isotope record from a New Caledonia coral: Interannual and decadal sea surface temperature variability in the southwest Pacific since 1657 A.D., Paleoceanography, 13, 412-426.
    • (1998) Paleoceanography , vol.13 , pp. 412-426
    • Quinn, T.M.1    Crowley, T.J.2    Taylor, F.W.3    Henin, C.4    Joannot, P.5    Join, Y.6
  • 283
    • 84908922795 scopus 로고
    • The historical record of El Niño events
    • edited by R. S. Bradley and P. D. Jones, Routledge, New York
    • Quinn, W. H., and V. T. Neal (1992), The historical record of El Niño events, in Climate Since A.D. 1500, edited by R. S. Bradley and P. D. Jones, pp. 623-648, Routledge, New York.
    • (1992) Climate Since A.D. 1500 , pp. 623-648
    • Quinn, W.H.1    Neal, V.T.2
  • 284
    • 0033301771 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating historical changes in global land cover: Croplands from 1700 to 1992
    • Ramankutty, N., and J. A. Foley (1999), Estimating historical changes in global land cover: Croplands from 1700 to 1992, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 13, 997-1027.
    • (1999) Global Biogeochem. Cycles , vol.13 , pp. 997-1027
    • Ramankutty, N.1    Foley, J.A.2
  • 285
    • 0030404658 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glacier change in northern Sweden from AD 500: A simple geometric model of Storglaciären
    • Raper, S. C. B., K. R. Briffa, and T. M. L. Wigley (1996), Glacier change in northern Sweden from AD 500: A simple geometric model of Storglaciären, J. Glaciol., 42, 341-351.
    • (1996) J. Glaciol. , vol.42 , pp. 341-351
    • Raper, S.C.B.1    Briffa, K.R.2    Wigley, T.M.L.3
  • 286
    • 0020391175 scopus 로고
    • Variations in tropical sea surface temperature and surface wind fields associated with the Southern Oscillation/El Niño
    • Rasmusson, E. M., and T. H. Carpenter (1982), Variations in tropical sea surface temperature and surface wind fields associated with the Southern Oscillation/El Niño, Mon. Weather Rev., 110, 354-384.
    • (1982) Mon. Weather Rev. , vol.110 , pp. 354-384
    • Rasmusson, E.M.1    Carpenter, T.H.2
  • 287
    • 0742305193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global analyses of sea surface temperature, sea ice and night marine air temperature since the late nineteenth century
    • doi:10.1029/2002JD002670
    • Rayner, N. A., D. E. Parker, E. B. Horton, C. K. Folland, L. V. Alexander, D. P. Rowell, E. C. Kent, and A. Kaplan (2003), Global analyses of sea surface temperature, sea ice and night marine air temperature since the late nineteenth century, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D14), 4407, doi:10.1029/2002JD002670.
    • (2003) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.108 , Issue.D14 , pp. 4407
    • Rayner, N.A.1    Parker, D.E.2    Horton, E.B.3    Folland, C.K.4    Alexander, L.V.5    Rowell, D.P.6    Kent, E.C.7    Kaplan, A.8
  • 288
    • 0036863672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent glacier retreat exceeds internal variability
    • Reichert, B. K., L. Bengtsson, and J. Oerlemans (2002), Recent glacier retreat exceeds internal variability, J. Clim., 15, 3069-3081.
    • (2002) J. Clim. , vol.15 , pp. 3069-3081
    • Reichert, B.K.1    Bengtsson, L.2    Oerlemans, J.3
  • 289
    • 0009843839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pollen evidence for increased summer rainfall in the medieval warm period at Maili, northeast China
    • Ren, G. (1998), Pollen evidence for increased summer rainfall in the medieval warm period at Maili, northeast China, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 1931-1934.
    • (1998) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.25 , pp. 1931-1934
    • Ren, G.1
  • 290
    • 0028581380 scopus 로고
    • Improved global sea surface temperature analyses
    • Reynolds, R. W., and T. M. Smith (1994), Improved global sea surface temperature analyses, J. Clim., 7, 929-948.
    • (1994) J. Clim. , vol.7 , pp. 929-948
    • Reynolds, R.W.1    Smith, T.M.2
  • 291
    • 0042190637 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arctic/North Atlantic Oscillation signature in Holocene sea surface temperature trends as obtained from alkenone data
    • doi:10.1029/2002GL016570
    • Rimbu, N., G. Lohmann, J. H. Kim, H. W. Arz, and R. Schneider (2003), Arctic/North Atlantic Oscillation signature in Holocene sea surface temperature trends as obtained from alkenone data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(6), 1280, doi:10.1029/2002GL016570.
    • (2003) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.30 , Issue.6 , pp. 1280
    • Rimbu, N.1    Lohmann, G.2    Kim, J.H.3    Arz, H.W.4    Schneider, R.5
  • 292
    • 0033608193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulated time-dependent climate response to solar radiative forcing since 1600
    • Rind, D., J. Lean, and R. Healy (1999), Simulated time-dependent climate response to solar radiative forcing since 1600, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 1973-1990.
    • (1999) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.104 , pp. 1973-1990
    • Rind, D.1    Lean, J.2    Healy, R.3
  • 295
    • 0034463336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Volcanic eruptions and climate
    • Robock, A. (2000), Volcanic eruptions and climate, Rev. Geophys., 38, 191-219.
    • (2000) Rev. Geophys. , vol.38 , pp. 191-219
    • Robock, A.1
  • 296
    • 0029473336 scopus 로고
    • Ice cores as an index of global volcanism from 1850 to the present
    • Robock, A., and M. P. Free (1995), Ice cores as an index of global volcanism from 1850 to the present, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 11,549-11,567.
    • (1995) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.100
    • Robock, A.1    Free, M.P.2
  • 297
    • 0002160734 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The volcanic record in ice cores for the past 2000 years
    • NATO ASI Ser, Ser. I, edited by P. D. Jones, R. S. Bradley, and J. Jouzel, Springer-Verlag, New York
    • Robock, A., and M. P. Free (1996), The volcanic record in ice cores for the past 2000 years, in Climatic Variations and Forcing Mechanisms of the Last 2000 Years, NATO ASI Ser, Ser. I, vol. 41, edited by P. D. Jones, R. S. Bradley, and J. Jouzel, pp. 533-546, Springer-Verlag, New York.
    • (1996) Climatic Variations and Forcing Mechanisms of the Last 2000 Years , vol.41 , pp. 533-546
    • Robock, A.1    Free, M.P.2
  • 299
    • 0000335197 scopus 로고
    • Global and regional scale precipitation patterns associated with the El Niño/Southern Oscillation
    • Ropelewski, C. F., and M. S. Halpert (1987), Global and regional scale precipitation patterns associated with the El Niño/Southern Oscillation, Mon. Weather Rev., 115, 1606-1626.
    • (1987) Mon. Weather Rev. , vol.115 , pp. 1606-1626
    • Ropelewski, C.F.1    Halpert, M.S.2
  • 300
    • 0001487308 scopus 로고
    • An extension of the Tahiti-Darwin Southern Oscillation Index
    • Ropelewski, C. F., and P. D. Jones (1987), An extension of the Tahiti-Darwin Southern Oscillation Index, Mon. Weather Rev., 115, 2161-2165.
    • (1987) Mon. Weather Rev. , vol.115 , pp. 2161-2165
    • Ropelewski, C.F.1    Jones, P.D.2
  • 302
    • 0346020481 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The anthropogenic greenhouse era began thousands of years ago
    • Ruddiman, W. F. (2003), The anthropogenic greenhouse era began thousands of years ago, Clim. Change, 61, 261-293.
    • (2003) Clim. Change , vol.61 , pp. 261-293
    • Ruddiman, W.F.1
  • 303
    • 4143125593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Correction to "Optimal surface temperature reconstructions using terrestrial borehole data" by Mann et al
    • doi: 10.1029/2003JD004290, in press
    • Rutherford, S., and M. E. Mann (2004), Correction to "Optimal surface temperature reconstructions using terrestrial borehole data" by Mann et al., J. Geophys. Res., doi: 10.1029/2003JD004290, in press.
    • (2004) J. Geophys. Res.
    • Rutherford, S.1    Mann, M.E.2
  • 304
    • 0141453168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate field reconstruction under stationary and nonstationary forcing
    • Rutherford, S., M. E. Mann, T. L. Delworth, and R. Stouffer (2003), Climate field reconstruction under stationary and nonstationary forcing, J. Clim., 16, 462-479.
    • (2003) J. Clim. , vol.16 , pp. 462-479
    • Rutherford, S.1    Mann, M.E.2    Delworth, T.L.3    Stouffer, R.4
  • 305
    • 2642546320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An intercomparison of proxy-based Northern Hemisphere surface temperature reconstructions: Sensitivity to methodology, predictor network, target season, and target domain
    • in press
    • Rutherford, S., M. E. Mann, T. J. Osborn, K. R. Briffa, R. S. Bradley, M. K. Hughes, and P. D. Jones (2004), An intercomparison of proxy-based Northern Hemisphere surface temperature reconstructions: Sensitivity to methodology, predictor network, target season, and target domain, J. Clim., in press.
    • (2004) J. Clim.
    • Rutherford, S.1    Mann, M.E.2    Osborn, T.J.3    Briffa, K.R.4    Bradley, R.S.5    Hughes, M.K.6    Jones, P.D.7
  • 306
    • 0029664216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geoarchaelogical evidence from Peru for a 5000 years B. P. onset of El Niño
    • Sandweiss, D. H., J. B. Richardson III, E. J. Reitz, H. B. Rollins, and K. A. Maasch (1996), Geoarchaelogical evidence from Peru for a 5000 years B. P. onset of El Niño, Science, 273, 1531-1532.
    • (1996) Science , vol.273 , pp. 1531-1532
    • Sandweiss, D.H.1    Richardson III, J.B.2    Reitz, E.J.3    Rollins, H.B.4    Maasch, K.A.5
  • 307
    • 84879882971 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variation in Holocene El Niño frequencies: Climate records and cultural consequences in ancient Peru
    • Sandweiss, D. H., K. A. Maasch, R. L. Burger, J. B. Richardson III, H. B. Rollins, and A. Clement (2001), Variation in Holocene El Niño frequencies: Climate records and cultural consequences in ancient Peru, Geology, 29, 603-606.
    • (2001) Geology , vol.29 , pp. 603-606
    • Sandweiss, D.H.1    Maasch, K.A.2    Burger, R.L.3    Richardson III, J.B.4    Rollins, H.B.5    Clement, A.6
  • 309
    • 0037110222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial and temporal variability of Antarctic ice sheet microwave brightness temperatures
    • doi:10.1029/2002GL015490
    • Schneider, D. P., and E. J. Steig (2002), Spatial and temporal variability of Antarctic ice sheet microwave brightness temperatures, Geophys Res. Lett., 29(20), 1964, doi:10.1029/2002GL015490.
    • (2002) Geophys Res. Lett. , vol.29 , Issue.20 , pp. 1964
    • Schneider, D.P.1    Steig, E.J.2
  • 310
    • 0035284320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of incomplete climate data: Estimation of mean values and covariance matrices and imputation of missing values
    • Schneider, T. (2001), Analysis of incomplete climate data: Estimation of mean values and covariance matrices and imputation of missing values, J. Clim., 14, 853-871.
    • (2001) J. Clim. , vol.14 , pp. 853-871
    • Schneider, T.1
  • 313
    • 0026301378 scopus 로고
    • Least squares inversion of borehole temperature measurements in functional space
    • Shen, P. Y., and A. F., Beck (1991), Least squares inversion of borehole temperature measurements in functional space, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 19, 9965-19,979.
    • (1991) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.96 , pp. 19965-19979
    • Shen, P.Y.1    Beck, A.F.2
  • 314
    • 0028870864 scopus 로고
    • Effects of subsurface heterogeneity on the inference of climate change from borehole temperature data: Model studies and field examples from Canada
    • Shen, P.-Y., H. N. Pollack, S. Huang, and K. Wang (1995), Effects of subsurface heterogeneity on the inference of climate change from borehole temperature data: Model studies and field examples from Canada, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 6383-6396.
    • (1995) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.100 , pp. 6383-6396
    • Shen, P.-Y.1    Pollack, H.N.2    Huang, S.3    Wang, K.4
  • 315
    • 0033519653 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulation of recent northern winter climate trends by greenhouse-gas forcing
    • Shindell, D. T., R. L. Miller, G. A. Schmidt, and L. Pandolfo (1999), Simulation of recent northern winter climate trends by greenhouse-gas forcing, Nature, 399, 452-455.
    • (1999) Nature , vol.399 , pp. 452-455
    • Shindell, D.T.1    Miller, R.L.2    Schmidt, G.A.3    Pandolfo, L.4
  • 316
    • 0035824498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Solar forcing of regional climate change during the Maunder Minimum
    • Shindell, D. T., G. A. Schmidt, M. E. Mann, D. Rind, and A. Waple (2001). Solar forcing of regional climate change during the Maunder Minimum, Science, 294, 2149-2152.
    • (2001) Science , vol.294 , pp. 2149-2152
    • Shindell, D.T.1    Schmidt, G.A.2    Mann, M.E.3    Rind, D.4    Waple, A.5
  • 317
    • 1542340253 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Volcanic and solar forcing of climate change during the preindustrial era
    • Shindell, D. T., G. A. Schmidt, R. Miller, and M. E. Mann (2003), Volcanic and solar forcing of climate change during the preindustrial era, J. Clim., 24, 4094-4107.
    • (2003) J. Clim. , vol.24 , pp. 4094-4107
    • Shindell, D.T.1    Schmidt, G.A.2    Miller, R.3    Mann, M.E.4
  • 318
    • 0001609461 scopus 로고
    • The upper timberline dynamics during the last 1100 years in the Polar Ural mountains
    • edited by B. Frenzel, Fischer, Stuttgart, Germany
    • Shiyatov, S. G. (1993), The upper timberline dynamics during the last 1100 years in the Polar Ural mountains, in Oscillations of the Alpine and Polar Tree Limits in the Holocene, edited by B. Frenzel, pp. 195-203, Fischer, Stuttgart, Germany.
    • (1993) Oscillations of the Alpine and Polar Tree Limits in the Holocene , pp. 195-203
    • Shiyatov, S.G.1
  • 319
    • 0033563622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional climatic warming and associated twentieth century land-cover changes in north-western North America
    • Skinner, W. R., and J. A. Majorowicz (1999), Regional climatic warming and associated twentieth century land-cover changes in north-western North America, Clim. Res., 12, 39-52.
    • (1999) Clim. Res. , vol.12 , pp. 39-52
    • Skinner, W.R.1    Majorowicz, J.A.2
  • 320
    • 0036820137 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wet winters, dry summers? Three centuries of precipitation data from Paris
    • doi:10.1029/2001GL014302
    • Slonosky, V. C. (2002), Wet winters, dry summers? Three centuries of precipitation data from Paris, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(9), 1895, doi:10.1029/2001GL014302.
    • (2002) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.29 , Issue.9 , pp. 1895
    • Slonosky, V.C.1
  • 321
    • 0034491504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variability of the surface atmospheric circulation over Europe, 1774-1995
    • Slonosky, V. C., P. D. Jones, and T. D. Davies (2000), Variability of the surface atmospheric circulation over Europe. 1774-1995, Int. J. Climatol., 20, 1875-1897.
    • (2000) Int. J. Climatol. , vol.20 , pp. 1875-1897
    • Slonosky, V.C.1    Jones, P.D.2    Davies, T.D.3
  • 322
    • 0029528894 scopus 로고
    • Interdecadal variability of Northern Hemisphere circulation recorded by Gulf of Mexico corals
    • Slowey, N. C., and T. J. Crowley (1995), Interdecadal variability of Northern Hemisphere circulation recorded by Gulf of Mexico corals, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 2345-2348.
    • (1995) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.22 , pp. 2345-2348
    • Slowey, N.C.1    Crowley, T.J.2
  • 323
    • 0030485372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reconstruction of historical sea surface temperatures using empirical orthogonal functions
    • Smith, T. M., R. W. Reynolds, R. E. Livezey, and D. C. Stokes (1996), Reconstruction of historical sea surface temperatures using empirical orthogonal functions, J. Clim., 9, 1403-1420.
    • (1996) J. Clim. , vol.9 , pp. 1403-1420
    • Smith, T.M.1    Reynolds, R.W.2    Livezey, R.E.3    Stokes, D.C.4
  • 324
    • 84892021717 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can solar variability explain global warming since 1970?
    • doi:10.1029/2002JA009753
    • Solanki, S. K., and N. A. Krinova (2003), Can solar variability explain global warming since 1970?, J. Geophys. Res., 108(A5), 1200, doi:10.1029/2002JA009753.
    • (2003) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.108 , Issue.A5 , pp. 1200
    • Solanki, S.K.1    Krinova, N.A.2
  • 325
    • 0037474496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proxy climatic and environmental changes over the past 1000 years
    • Soon, W., and S. Baliunas (2003), Proxy climatic and environmental changes over the past 1000 years, Clim. Res., 23, 89-110.
    • (2003) Clim. Res. , vol.23 , pp. 89-110
    • Soon, W.1    Baliunas, S.2
  • 326
    • 0345768751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reconstructing climatic and environmental changes of the past 1000 years: A reappraisal
    • Soon, W., and S. Baliunas C. Idso, S. Idso, and D. R. Legates (2003), Reconstructing climatic and environmental changes of the past 1000 years: A reappraisal, Energy Environ., 14, 233-296.
    • (2003) Energy Environ. , vol.14 , pp. 233-296
    • Soon, W.1    Baliunas, S.2    Idso, C.3    Idso, S.4    Legates, D.R.5
  • 327
    • 18144454080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimation and representation of long-term (>40 year) trends of Northern-Hemispher-gridded surface temperature: A note of caution
    • doi:10.1029/2003GL019141
    • Soon, W. W.-H., D. R. Legates, and S. L. Baliunas (2004), Estimation and representation of long-term (>40 year) trends of Northern-Hemispher-gridded surface temperature: A note of caution, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L03209, doi:10.1029/2003GL019141.
    • (2004) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.31
    • Soon, W.W.-H.1    Legates, D.R.2    Baliunas, S.L.3
  • 328
    • 0032842404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effective strategies for the development of tropical tree-ring chronologies
    • Stahle, D. W. (1999), Effective strategies for the development of tropical tree-ring chronologies, IAWA J., 20, 249-253.
    • (1999) IAWA J. , vol.20 , pp. 249-253
    • Stahle, D.W.1
  • 330
    • 0001423909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental dendroclimatic reconstruction of the Southern Oscillation
    • Stahle, D. W., et al. (1998b), Experimental dendroclimatic reconstruction of the Southern Oscillation, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 79, 2137-2152.
    • (1998) Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.79 , pp. 2137-2152
    • Stahle, D.W.1
  • 331
    • 0033530882 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management implications of annual growth rings in Pterocarpus angolensis from Zimbabwe
    • Stahle, D. W., P. T. Mushove, M. K. Cleaveland, F. Roig, and G. A. Haynes (1999), Management implications of annual growth rings in Pterocarpus angolensis from Zimbabwe, For. Ecol. Manage., 124, 217-229.
    • (1999) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.124 , pp. 217-229
    • Stahle, D.W.1    Mushove, P.T.2    Cleaveland, M.K.3    Roig, F.4    Haynes, G.A.5
  • 333
    • 4444237989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interannual to millennial-scale variability of Antarctic ice sheet climate
    • Spring Meet. Suppl., Abstract A41A-12
    • Steig, E. J., and D. P. Schneider (2002), Interannual to millennial-scale variability of Antarctic ice sheet climate, Eos Trans. AGU, 83(9), Spring Meet. Suppl., Abstract A41A-12.
    • (2002) Eos Trans. AGU , vol.83 , Issue.9
    • Steig, E.J.1    Schneider, D.P.2
  • 335
    • 0141737754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of snow cover in the warming of the arctic permafrost
    • doi:10.1029/2003GL017337
    • Stieglitz, M., S. J. Déry, V. E. Romanovsky, and T. E. Osterkamp (2003), The role of snow cover in the warming of the arctic permafrost, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(13), 1721, doi:10.1029/2003GL017337.
    • (2003) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.30 , Issue.13 , pp. 1721
    • Stieglitz, M.1    Déry, S.J.2    Romanovsky, V.E.3    Osterkamp, T.E.4
  • 336
    • 0028184248 scopus 로고
    • Extreme and persistent drought in California and Patagonia during medieval time
    • Stine, S. (1994), Extreme and persistent drought in California and Patagonia during medieval time, Nature, 369, 546-549.
    • (1994) Nature , vol.369 , pp. 546-549
    • Stine, S.1
  • 337
    • 0037067584 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Super ENSO and global climate oscillations at millennial time scales
    • Stott, L., L. C. Paulsen, S. Lund, and R. Thunell (2002), Super ENSO and global climate oscillations at millennial time scales, Science, 297, 222-226.
    • (2002) Science , vol.297 , pp. 222-226
    • Stott, L.1    Paulsen, L.C.2    Lund, S.3    Thunell, R.4
  • 338
    • 0018695349 scopus 로고
    • Global maps of lake level fluctuations since 30,000 yr B. P
    • Street, F. A., and A. T. Grove (1979), Global maps of lake level fluctuations since 30,000 yr B. P., Quat. Res., 12, 83-118.
    • (1979) Quat. Res. , vol.12 , pp. 83-118
    • Street, F.A.1    Grove, A.T.2
  • 339
    • 0032427248 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mesoscale disturbance and ecological response to decadal climate variability in the American Southwest
    • Swetnam, T. W., and J. L. Betancourt (1998), Mesoscale disturbance and ecological response to decadal climate variability in the American Southwest, J. Clim., 11, 3128-3147.
    • (1998) J. Clim. , vol.11 , pp. 3128-3147
    • Swetnam, T.W.1    Betancourt, J.L.2
  • 340
    • 0032076790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Arctic Oscillation signature in the wintertime geopotential height and temperature fields
    • Thompson, D. W. J., and J. M. Wallace (1998), The Arctic Oscillation signature in the wintertime geopotential height and temperature fields, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 1297-1300.
    • (1998) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.25 , pp. 1297-1300
    • Thompson, D.W.J.1    Wallace, J.M.2
  • 341
    • 0003313687 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Annular modes in the extratropical circulation. Part 1: Month-to-month variability
    • Thompson, D. W. J., and J. M. Wallace (2000), Annular modes in the extratropical circulation. Part 1: Month-to-month variability, J. Clim., 13, 100-1016.
    • (2000) J. Clim. , vol.13 , pp. 100-1016
    • Thompson, D.W.J.1    Wallace, J.M.2
  • 342
    • 6644227489 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional climate impacts of the Northern Hemisphere annular mode
    • Thompson, D. W. J., and J. M. Wallace (2001), Regional climate impacts of the Northern Hemisphere annular mode, Science, 293, 85-89.
    • (2001) Science , vol.293 , pp. 85-89
    • Thompson, D.W.J.1    Wallace, J.M.2
  • 343
    • 84908922657 scopus 로고
    • Ice evidence from Peru mand china
    • edited by R. S. Bradley and P. D. Jones, Routledge, new york
    • Thompson, L. G.(1992), Ice evidence from Peru mand china, in Climate Since A. D. 1500, edited by R. S. Bradley and P. D. Jones, pp. 517-548, Routledge, new york.
    • (1992) Climate Since A. D. 1500 , pp. 517-548
    • Thompson, L.G.1
  • 344
    • 0001249594 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate changes for the last 2000 years inferred from ice evidence in tropical ice cores
    • NATO ASI Ser., Ser. I, edited by P. D. Jones, R. S. Bradley, and J. Jouzel, Springer-Verlag, New York
    • Thompson, L. G. (1996), Climate changes for the last 2000 years inferred from ice evidence in tropical ice cores, in Climate Variations and Forcing Mechanisms of the Last 2000 Years, NATO ASI Ser., Ser. I, vol.41, edited by P. D. Jones, R. S. Bradley, and J. Jouzel, pp. 281-297, Springer-Verlag, New York.
    • (1996) Climate Variations and Forcing Mechanisms of the Last 2000 Years , vol.41 , pp. 281-297
    • Thompson, L.G.1
  • 345
    • 0024161267 scopus 로고
    • Pre-Incan agricultural activity recorded in dust layers in two tropical ice cores
    • Thompson, L. G., M. E Davis, E. Mosley-Thompson, and K.-B. Liu (1988), Pre-Incan agricultural activity recorded in dust layers in two tropical ice cores, Nature,336, 763-765.
    • (1988) Nature , vol.336 , pp. 763-765
    • Thompson, L.G.1    Davis, M.E.2    Mosley-Thompson, E.3    Liu, K.-B.4
  • 346
    • 0034665936 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A high-resolution millennial record of the South Asian monsoon from Himalayan ice cores
    • Thompson, L. G., T. Yao, E. Mosley-Thompson, M. E. Davis, K. A. Henderson, and P.-N. Lin (2000), A high-resolution millennial record of the South Asian monsoon from Himalayan ice cores, Science, 289, 1961-1919.
    • (2000) Science , vol.289 , pp. 1919-1961
    • Thompson, L.G.1    Yao, T.2    Mosley-Thompson, E.3    Davis, M.E.4    Henderson, K.A.5    Lin, P.-N.6
  • 348
    • 0037466561 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Towards integrated reconstructions of past climates
    • Trenberth, K. E., and B. Otto-Bliesner (2003), Towards integrated reconstructions of past climates, Science, 300, 589-591.
    • (2003) Science , vol.300 , pp. 589-591
    • Trenberth, K.E.1    Otto-Bliesner, B.2
  • 349
    • 0007909244 scopus 로고
    • The Northern Hemisphere sea-level pressure data set: Trends, errors and dicontinuities
    • Trenberth, K. E., and D. A. Paolino (1980), The Northern Hemisphere sea-level pressure data set: Trends, errors and dicontinuities, Mon. Weather Rev., 104, 1354-1361.
    • (1980) Mon. Weather Rev. , vol.104 , pp. 1354-1361
    • Trenberth, K.E.1    Paolino, D.A.2
  • 351
    • 0034718838 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of mean climate change on climate variability from a 155-year tropical Pacific coral record
    • Urban, F. E., J. E. Cole and J. T. Overpeck (2000), Influence of mean climate change on climate variability from a 155-year tropical Pcific coral record, Nature, 207, 989-993.
    • (2000) Nature , vol.207 , pp. 989-993
    • Urban, F.E.1    Cole, J.E.2    Overpeck, J.T.3
  • 352
    • 0033536180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of snowfall and melt timing on tree growth in subarctic Eurasia
    • Vaganov, E. A., M. K. Hughes, A. V. Kirdyanov, F. H. Schweingruber, and P. P. Silkin (1999), Influence of snowfall and melt timing on tree growth in subarctic Eurasia, Nature, 400, 149-151.
    • (1999) Nature , vol.400 , pp. 149-151
    • Vaganov, E.A.1    Hughes, M.K.2    Kirdyanov, A.V.3    Schweingruber, F.H.4    Silkin, P.P.5
  • 353
    • 0013398378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A millenium of weather, winds and water in the low countries
    • edited by P. D. Jones et al., Kluwer Acad., Norwell, Mass
    • van Engelen, A. F. V., J. Buisman, and F. IJnsen (2001), A millenium of weather, winds and water in the low countries, in History and Climate: Memories of the Future?, edited by P. D. Jones et al., pp. 101-124, Kluwer Acad., Norwell, Mass.
    • (2001) History and Climate: Memories of the Future? , pp. 101-124
    • van Engelen, A.F.V.1    Buisman, J.2    IJnsen, F.3
  • 354
    • 0030425924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peroxide concentrations in the DSS ice core, Law Dome, Antarctica
    • van Ommen, T. D., and V. Morgan (1996), Peroxide concentrations in the DSS ice core, Law Dome, Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 15,147-15,152.
    • (1996) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.101 , pp. 15147-15152
    • van Ommen, T.D.1    Morgan, V.2
  • 355
    • 0031404762 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Calibrating the ice core paleothermometer using seasonality
    • van Ommen, T. D., and V. Morgan (1997), Calibrating the ice core paleothermometer using seasonality, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 9351-9357.
    • (1997) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.102 , pp. 9351-9357
    • van Ommen, T.D.1    Morgan, V.2
  • 356
    • 0034719447 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rainfall and drought in equatorial east Africa during the past 1100 years
    • Verschuren, D., K. R. Laird, and B. F. Cumming (2000), Rainfall and drought in equatorial east Africa during the past 1100 years, Nature, 403, 410-414.
    • (2000) Nature , vol.403 , pp. 410-414
    • Verschuren, D.1    Laird, K.R.2    Cumming, B.F.3
  • 357
    • 0025680092 scopus 로고
    • Climatic fluctuations in northern Patagonia during the last 1000 years as inferred from tree-ring records
    • Villalba, R. (1990), Climatic fluctuations in northern Patagonia during the last 1000 years as inferred from tree-ring records, Quat. Res., 34, 346-360.
    • (1990) Quat. Res. , vol.34 , pp. 346-360
    • Villalba, R.1
  • 358
    • 0000425211 scopus 로고
    • The empirical data on modern global climate changes (temperature and precipitation)
    • Vinnikov, K. Y., P. Y. Groisman, and K. M. Lugina (1990), The empirical data on modern global climate changes (temperature and precipitation), J. Clim., 3, 662-677.
    • (1990) J. Clim. , vol.3 , pp. 662-677
    • Vinnikov, K.Y.1    Groisman, P.Y.2    Lugina, K.M.3
  • 359
    • 0141762366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NAO signal recorded in the stable isotopes of Greenland ice cores
    • doi:10.1029/2002GL016193
    • Vinther, B. M., S. J. Johnsen, K. K. Anderson, H. B. Cluasen, and A. W. Hansen (2003), NAO signal recorded in the stable isotopes of Greenland ice cores, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(7), 1387, doi:10.1029/2002GL016193.
    • (2003) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.30 , Issue.7 , pp. 1387
    • Vinther, B.M.1    Johnsen, S.J.2    Anderson, K.K.3    Cluasen, H.B.4    Hansen, A.W.5
  • 360
    • 0019704889 scopus 로고
    • Teleconnections in the geopotential height field during the Northern Hemisphere winter season
    • Wallace, J. M., and D. S. Gutzler (1981), Teleconnections in the geopotential height field during the Northern Hemisphere winter season, Mon. Weather Rev., 109, 784-812.
    • (1981) Mon. Weather Rev. , vol.109 , pp. 784-812
    • Wallace, J.M.1    Gutzler, D.S.2
  • 362
    • 0019645301 scopus 로고
    • Droughts and floods in China, 1470-1979
    • edited by T. M. L. Wigley, M. J. Ingram, and G. Farmer, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York
    • Wang, S.-W., and Z.-C. Zhao (1981), Droughts and floods in China, 1470-1979, in Climate and History, edited by T. M. L. Wigley, M. J. Ingram, and G. Farmer, pp. 271-288, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
    • (1981) Climate and History , pp. 271-288
    • Wang, S.-W.1    Zhao, Z.-C.2
  • 363
    • 0035052816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Twentieth-century climatic warming in China in the context of the Holocene
    • Wang, S.-W., D. Gong, and J. Zhu (2001), Twentieth-century climatic warming in China in the context of the Holocene, Holocene, 11, 313-321.
    • (2001) Holocene , vol.11 , pp. 313-321
    • Wang, S.-W.1    Gong, D.2    Zhu, J.3
  • 365
    • 0034013690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interannual to century scale climate variability in the European Alps
    • Wanner, H., H. Holzhauser, C. Pfister, and H. Zumbuhl (2000), Interannual to century scale climate variability in the European Alps, Earth Sci., 54, 62-69.
    • (2000) Earth Sci. , vol.54 , pp. 62-69
    • Wanner, H.1    Holzhauser, H.2    Pfister, C.3    Zumbuhl, H.4
  • 366
    • 0036222756 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term patterns of solar irradiance forcing in model experiments and proxy-based surface temperature reconstructions
    • Waple, A., M. E. Mann, and R. S. Bradley (2002), Long-term patterns of solar irradiance forcing in model experiments and proxy-based surface temperature reconstructions, Clim. Dyn., 18, 563-578.
    • (2002) Clim. Dyn. , vol.18 , pp. 563-578
    • Waple, A.1    Mann, M.E.2    Bradley, R.S.3
  • 367
    • 0344656270 scopus 로고
    • What past climates can indicate about a warmer world
    • edited by M. C. MacCracken and F. M. Luther, U.S. Dep. of Energy, Washington D. C
    • Webb, T., III, and T. M. L. Wigley (1985), What past climates can indicate about a warmer world, in Projecting the Climatic Effects of Increasing Carbon Dioxide, edited by M. C. MacCracken and F. M. Luther, pp. 237-257, U.S. Dep. of Energy, Washington D. C.
    • (1985) Projecting the Climatic Effects of Increasing Carbon Dioxide , pp. 237-257
    • Webb III, T.1    Wigley, T.M.L.2
  • 368
    • 0029500899 scopus 로고
    • Optimal averaging for the determination of global mean temperature: Experiments with model data
    • Weber, R. O., and R. A. Madden (1995), Optimal averaging for the determination of global mean temperature: Experiments with model data, J. Clim., 8, 418-430.
    • (1995) J. Clim. , vol.8 , pp. 418-430
    • Weber, R.O.1    Madden, R.A.2
  • 369
    • 0028602273 scopus 로고
    • The long-lived mollusc Arctica Islandica: A new paleoceanographic tool for reconstruction of bottom temperatures for the continental shelves of the northern Atlantic Ocean
    • Weidman, C. R., and G. A. Jones (1994), The long-lived mollusc Arctica Islandica: A new paleoceanographic tool for reconstruction of bottom temperatures for the continental shelves of the northern Atlantic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 18,305-18,314.
    • (1994) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.99 , pp. 18305-18314
    • Weidman, C.R.1    Jones, G.A.2
  • 370
    • 0030452625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Calibration of stable isotope signatures in Galapagos corals
    • Wellington, G. M., R. B. Dunbar, and G. Merlen (1996), Calibration of stable isotope signatures in Galapagos corals, Paleoceanography, 11, 467-480.
    • (1996) Paleoceanography , vol.11 , pp. 467-480
    • Wellington, G.M.1    Dunbar, R.B.2    Merlen, G.3
  • 371
    • 0000847506 scopus 로고
    • A review of applications of D/H ratios in plants, in stable isotopes
    • edited by P. Rundel, J. R. Ehleringer, and K. A. Nagy, Springer-Verlag, New York
    • White, J. W. C. (1989), A review of applications of D/H ratios in plants, in stable isotopes, in Ecological Systems, edited by P. Rundel, J. R. Ehleringer, and K. A. Nagy, pp. 142-162, Springer-Verlag, New York.
    • (1989) Ecological Systems , pp. 142-162
    • White, J.W.C.1
  • 372
    • 0031433732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The climate signal in the stable isotopes of snow from Summit, Greenland: Results of comparisons with modern climate observations
    • White, J. W. C., L. K. Barlow, D. Fisher, P. Grootes, J. Jouzel, S. J. Johnson, M. Stuvier, and H. Clausen (1997), The climate signal in the stable isotopes of snow from Summit, Greenland: Results of comparisons with modern climate observations, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 26,425-26,439.
    • (1997) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.102 , pp. 26425-26439
    • White, J.W.C.1    Barlow, L.K.2    Fisher, D.3    Grootes, P.4    Jouzel, J.5    Johnson, S.J.6    Stuvier, M.7    Clausen, H.8
  • 373
    • 0019645336 scopus 로고
    • Past climates and their impact on Man: A review
    • edited by T. M. L. Wigley, M. J. Ingram, and G. Farmer, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York
    • Wigley, T. M. L., M. J. Ingram, and G. Farmer (1981), Past climates and their impact on Man: A review, in Climate and History, edited by T. M. L. Wigley, M. J. Ingram, and G. Farmer, pp. 3-50, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
    • (1981) Climate and History , pp. 3-50
    • Wigley, T.M.L.1    Ingram, M.J.2    Farmer, G.3
  • 375
    • 0030833622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The observed global warming record: What does it tell us?
    • Wigley, T. M. L., P. D. Jones, and S. C. B. Raper (1997), The observed global warming record: What does it tell us?, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 94, 8314-8320.
    • (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. , vol.94 , pp. 8314-8320
    • Wigley, T.M.L.1    Jones, P.D.2    Raper, S.C.B.3
  • 376
    • 0020918640 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of evidence for late Holocene summer temperature variations in the Northern Hemisphere
    • Williams, L. D., and T. M. L. Wigley (1983), A comparison of evidence for late Holocene summer temperature variations in the Northern Hemisphere, Quat. Res., 20, 286-307.
    • (1983) Quat. Res. , vol.20 , pp. 286-307
    • Williams, L.D.1    Wigley, T.M.L.2
  • 377
    • 0042701689 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Secular total solar irradiance trend during solar cycles 21-23
    • doi:10.1029/2002GL016038
    • Willson, R. C., and A. V. Mordvinov (2003), Secular total solar irradiance trend during solar cycles 21-23, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(5), 1199, doi:10.1029/2002GL016038.
    • (2003) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.30 , Issue.5 , pp. 1199
    • Willson, R.C.1    Mordvinov, A.V.2
  • 378
    • 0034353036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Caribbean sea surface temperatures: Two-to-three degrees cooler than present during the Little Ice Age
    • Winter, A., H. Ishioroshi, T. Watanabe, T. Oba, and J. Christy (2000), Caribbean sea surface temperatures: Two-to-three degrees cooler than present during the Little Ice Age, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 3365-3368.
    • (2000) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.27 , pp. 3365-3368
    • Winter, A.1    Ishioroshi, H.2    Watanabe, T.3    Oba, T.4    Christy, J.5
  • 379
    • 0031772416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The climatic significance of clastic varves in the Angermanalven Estuary, northern Sweden, AD 1860-1950
    • Wohlfarth, B., H. Linderson, B. Holmquist, and I. Cato (1998), The climatic significance of clastic varves in the Angermanalven Estuary, northern Sweden, AD 1860-1950, Holocene, 8, 525-534.
    • (1998) Holocene , vol.8 , pp. 525-534
    • Wohlfarth, B.1    Linderson, H.2    Holmquist, B.3    Cato, I.4
  • 380
    • 0032466974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2000 years of drought variability in the central United States
    • Woodhouse, C. A., and J. T. Overpeck (1998), 2000 years of drought variability in the central United States, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 79, 2693-2714.
    • (1998) Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.79 , pp. 2693-2714
    • Woodhouse, C.A.1    Overpeck, J.T.2
  • 381
    • 0036558586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • General characteristics of temperature variation in China during the last two millennia
    • doi: 10.1029/2001GL014485
    • Yang, B., A. Braeuning, K. R. Johnson, and S. Yafeng (2002), General characteristics of temperature variation in China during the last two millennia, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(9), 1324, doi: 10.1029/2001GL014485.
    • (2002) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.29 , Issue.9 , pp. 1324
    • Yang, B.1    Braeuning, A.2    Johnson, K.R.3    Yafeng, S.4
  • 382
    • 0035866098 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The importance of tropical sea surface temperature patterns in simulations of Last Glacial Maximum climate
    • Yin, J. H., and D. S. Battisti (2001), The importance of tropical sea surface temperature patterns in simulations of Last Glacial Maximum climate, J. Clim., 14, 565-581.
    • (2001) J. Clim. , vol.14 , pp. 565-581
    • Yin, J.H.1    Battisti, D.S.2
  • 383
    • 0001204339 scopus 로고
    • Historical climate records in China and reconstruction of past climates
    • Zhang, J., and T. J. Crowley (1989), Historical climate records in China and reconstruction of past climates, J. Clim., 2, 833-849.
    • (1989) J. Clim. , vol.2 , pp. 833-849
    • Zhang, J.1    Crowley, T.J.2
  • 385
    • 3242694279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alternative methods of proxy-based climate field reconstruction: Application to the reconstruction of summer drought over the conterminous United States back to 1700 from drought-sensitive tree ring data
    • in press
    • Zhang, Z., M. E. Mann, and E. R. Cook (2004), Alternative methods of proxy-based climate field reconstruction: Application to the reconstruction of summer drought over the conterminous United States back to 1700 from drought-sensitive tree ring data, Holocene, in press.
    • (2004) Holocene
    • Zhang, Z.1    Mann, M.E.2    Cook, E.R.3
  • 386
    • 0037592691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testing the Mann et al. [1998] approach to paleoclimate reconstructions in the context of a 1000-yr control simulation with the ECHO-G Coupled Climate Model
    • Zorita, E., F. Gonzalez-Rouco, and S. Legutke (2003), Testing the Mann et al. [1998] approach to paleoclimate reconstructions in the context of a 1000-yr control simulation with the ECHO-G Coupled Climate Model, J. Clim., 16, 1378-1390.
    • (2003) J. Clim. , vol.16 , pp. 1378-1390
    • Zorita, E.1    Gonzalez-Rouco, F.2    Legutke, S.3
  • 387
    • 0031399542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Errors in estimating spherical harmonic coefficients from partially sampled GCM output
    • Zwiers, F. W., and S. S. Shen (1997), Errors in estimating spherical harmonic coefficients from partially sampled GCM output, Clim. Dyn., 13, 703-716.
    • (1997) Clim. Dyn. , vol.13 , pp. 703-716
    • Zwiers, F.W.1    Shen, S.S.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.