Climate change record in subsurface temperatures: A global perspective

Science

Volumn 282, Issue 5387, 1998, Pages 279-281

  Pollack, Henry N ^a   Huang, Shaopeng ^a   Shen, Po Yu ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE; HOLOCENE; PALEOTEMPERATURE; SUBSTRATE; TEMPERATURE; WARMING;

AFRICA; ARTICLE; AUSTRALIA; ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE; EUROPE; GLOBAL CLIMATE; GREENHOUSE EFFECT; NORTH AMERICA; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

EID: 0032500824     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.282.5387.279     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. The data that we analyzed were extracted from published materials or from a database of borehole temperatures that is being compiled by a working group of the International Heat Flow Commission of the International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior. We have, however, made a uniform quality-control assessment of all the data analyzed.
2. Some works on this subject include the following: L. Bodri and V. Cermak, Global Planet. Change 11, 111 (1995); ibid. 14, 163 (1997); H. Beltrami and J.-C. Mareschal, Geophys. Res. Lett. 19, 689 (1992); H. Beltrami, A. M. Jessop, J.-C. Mareschal, Global Planet. Change 6, 167 (1992); V. Cermak, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 10, 1 (1971); D. Deming, Science 268, 1576 (1995); W. D. Gosnold, P. E. Todhunter, W. Schmidt, Global Planet. Change 15, 33 (1997); R. N. Harris, and D. S. Chapman, Science 275, 1618 (1997); S. Huang, P.-Y. Shen, H. N. Pollack, Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 1947 (1997); A. H. Lachenbruch and B. V. Marshall, Science 234, 689 (1986); H. N. Pollack and D. S. Chapman, Sci. Am. 268, 44 (June 1993); P.-Y. Shen, H. N. Pollack, S. Huang, Global Planet. Change 14, 49 (1996); K. Wang, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 2095 (1992); K. Wang, T. J. Lewis, A. M. Jessop, Global Planet. Change 6, 129 (1992), K. Wang and T. J. Lewis, Science 256, 1003 (1992).
3. Some works on this subject include the following: L. Bodri and V. Cermak, Global Planet. Change 11, 111 (1995); ibid. 14, 163 (1997); H. Beltrami and J.-C. Mareschal, Geophys. Res. Lett. 19, 689 (1992); H. Beltrami, A. M. Jessop, J.-C. Mareschal, Global Planet. Change 6, 167 (1992); V. Cermak, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 10, 1 (1971); D. Deming, Science 268, 1576 (1995); W. D. Gosnold, P. E. Todhunter, W. Schmidt, Global Planet. Change 15, 33 (1997); R. N. Harris, and D. S. Chapman, Science 275, 1618 (1997); S. Huang, P.-Y. Shen, H. N. Pollack, Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 1947 (1997); A. H. Lachenbruch and B. V. Marshall, Science 234, 689 (1986); H. N. Pollack and D. S. Chapman, Sci. Am. 268, 44 (June 1993); P.-Y. Shen, H. N. Pollack, S. Huang, Global Planet. Change 14, 49 (1996); K. Wang, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 2095 (1992); K. Wang, T. J. Lewis, A. M. Jessop, Global Planet. Change 6, 129 (1992), K. Wang and T. J. Lewis, Science 256, 1003 (1992).
4. Some works on this subject include the following: L. Bodri and V. Cermak, Global Planet. Change 11, 111 (1995); ibid. 14, 163 (1997); H. Beltrami and J.-C. Mareschal, Geophys. Res. Lett. 19, 689 (1992); H. Beltrami, A. M. Jessop, J.-C. Mareschal, Global Planet. Change 6, 167 (1992); V. Cermak, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 10, 1 (1971); D. Deming, Science 268, 1576 (1995); W. D. Gosnold, P. E. Todhunter, W. Schmidt, Global Planet. Change 15, 33 (1997); R. N. Harris, and D. S. Chapman, Science 275, 1618 (1997); S. Huang, P.-Y. Shen, H. N. Pollack, Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 1947 (1997); A. H. Lachenbruch and B. V. Marshall, Science 234, 689 (1986); H. N. Pollack and D. S. Chapman, Sci. Am. 268, 44 (June 1993); P.-Y. Shen, H. N. Pollack, S. Huang, Global Planet. Change 14, 49 (1996); K. Wang, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 2095 (1992); K. Wang, T. J. Lewis, A. M. Jessop, Global Planet. Change 6, 129 (1992), K. Wang and T. J. Lewis, Science 256, 1003 (1992).
5. Some works on this subject include the following: L. Bodri and V. Cermak, Global Planet. Change 11, 111 (1995); ibid. 14, 163 (1997); H. Beltrami and J.-C. Mareschal, Geophys. Res. Lett. 19, 689 (1992); H. Beltrami, A. M. Jessop, J.-C. Mareschal, Global Planet. Change 6, 167 (1992); V. Cermak, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 10, 1 (1971); D. Deming, Science 268, 1576 (1995); W. D. Gosnold, P. E. Todhunter, W. Schmidt, Global Planet. Change 15, 33 (1997); R. N. Harris, and D. S. Chapman, Science 275, 1618 (1997); S. Huang, P.-Y. Shen, H. N. Pollack, Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 1947 (1997); A. H. Lachenbruch and B. V. Marshall, Science 234, 689 (1986); H. N. Pollack and D. S. Chapman, Sci. Am. 268, 44 (June 1993); P.-Y. Shen, H. N. Pollack, S. Huang, Global Planet. Change 14, 49 (1996); K. Wang, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 2095 (1992); K. Wang, T. J. Lewis, A. M. Jessop, Global Planet. Change 6, 129 (1992), K. Wang and T. J. Lewis, Science 256, 1003 (1992).
6. Some works on this subject include the following: L. Bodri and V. Cermak, Global Planet. Change 11, 111 (1995); ibid. 14, 163 (1997); H. Beltrami and J.-C. Mareschal, Geophys. Res. Lett. 19, 689 (1992); H. Beltrami, A. M. Jessop, J.-C. Mareschal, Global Planet. Change 6, 167 (1992); V. Cermak, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 10, 1 (1971); D. Deming, Science 268, 1576 (1995); W. D. Gosnold, P. E. Todhunter, W. Schmidt, Global Planet. Change 15, 33 (1997); R. N. Harris, and D. S. Chapman, Science 275, 1618 (1997); S. Huang, P.-Y. Shen, H. N. Pollack, Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 1947 (1997); A. H. Lachenbruch and B. V. Marshall, Science 234, 689 (1986); H. N. Pollack and D. S. Chapman, Sci. Am. 268, 44 (June 1993); P.-Y. Shen, H. N. Pollack, S. Huang, Global Planet. Change 14, 49 (1996); K. Wang, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 2095 (1992); K. Wang, T. J. Lewis, A. M. Jessop, Global Planet. Change 6, 129 (1992), K. Wang and T. J. Lewis, Science 256, 1003 (1992).
7. Some works on this subject include the following: L. Bodri and V. Cermak, Global Planet. Change 11, 111 (1995); ibid. 14, 163 (1997); H. Beltrami and J.-C. Mareschal, Geophys. Res. Lett. 19, 689 (1992); H. Beltrami, A. M. Jessop, J.-C. Mareschal, Global Planet. Change 6, 167 (1992); V. Cermak, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 10, 1 (1971); D. Deming, Science 268, 1576 (1995); W. D. Gosnold, P. E. Todhunter, W. Schmidt, Global Planet. Change 15, 33 (1997); R. N. Harris, and D. S. Chapman, Science 275, 1618 (1997); S. Huang, P.-Y. Shen, H. N. Pollack, Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 1947 (1997); A. H. Lachenbruch and B. V. Marshall, Science 234, 689 (1986); H. N. Pollack and D. S. Chapman, Sci. Am. 268, 44 (June 1993); P.-Y. Shen, H. N. Pollack, S. Huang, Global Planet. Change 14, 49 (1996); K. Wang, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 2095 (1992); K. Wang, T. J. Lewis, A. M. Jessop, Global Planet. Change 6, 129 (1992), K. Wang and T. J. Lewis, Science 256, 1003 (1992).
8. Some works on this subject include the following: L. Bodri and V. Cermak, Global Planet. Change 11, 111 (1995); ibid. 14, 163 (1997); H. Beltrami and J.-C. Mareschal, Geophys. Res. Lett. 19, 689 (1992); H. Beltrami, A. M. Jessop, J.-C. Mareschal, Global Planet. Change 6, 167 (1992); V. Cermak, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 10, 1 (1971); D. Deming, Science 268, 1576 (1995); W. D. Gosnold, P. E. Todhunter, W. Schmidt, Global Planet. Change 15, 33 (1997); R. N. Harris, and D. S. Chapman, Science 275, 1618 (1997); S. Huang, P.-Y. Shen, H. N. Pollack, Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 1947 (1997); A. H. Lachenbruch and B. V. Marshall, Science 234, 689 (1986); H. N. Pollack and D. S. Chapman, Sci. Am. 268, 44 (June 1993); P.-Y. Shen, H. N. Pollack, S. Huang, Global Planet. Change 14, 49 (1996); K. Wang, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 2095 (1992); K. Wang, T. J. Lewis, A. M. Jessop, Global Planet. Change 6, 129 (1992), K. Wang and T. J. Lewis, Science 256, 1003 (1992).
9. Some works on this subject include the following: L. Bodri and V. Cermak, Global Planet. Change 11, 111 (1995); ibid. 14, 163 (1997); H. Beltrami and J.-C. Mareschal, Geophys. Res. Lett. 19, 689 (1992); H. Beltrami, A. M. Jessop, J.-C. Mareschal, Global Planet. Change 6, 167 (1992); V. Cermak, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 10, 1 (1971); D. Deming, Science 268, 1576 (1995); W. D. Gosnold, P. E. Todhunter, W. Schmidt, Global Planet. Change 15, 33 (1997); R. N. Harris, and D. S. Chapman, Science 275, 1618 (1997); S. Huang, P.-Y. Shen, H. N. Pollack, Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 1947 (1997); A. H. Lachenbruch and B. V. Marshall, Science 234, 689 (1986); H. N. Pollack and D. S. Chapman, Sci. Am. 268, 44 (June 1993); P.-Y. Shen, H. N. Pollack, S. Huang, Global Planet. Change 14, 49 (1996); K. Wang, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 2095 (1992); K. Wang, T. J. Lewis, A. M. Jessop, Global Planet. Change 6, 129 (1992), K. Wang and T. J. Lewis, Science 256, 1003 (1992).
10. Some works on this subject include the following: L. Bodri and V. Cermak, Global Planet. Change 11, 111 (1995); ibid. 14, 163 (1997); H. Beltrami and J.-C. Mareschal, Geophys. Res. Lett. 19, 689 (1992); H. Beltrami, A. M. Jessop, J.-C. Mareschal, Global Planet. Change 6, 167 (1992); V. Cermak, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 10, 1 (1971); D. Deming, Science 268, 1576 (1995); W. D. Gosnold, P. E. Todhunter, W. Schmidt, Global Planet. Change 15, 33 (1997); R. N. Harris, and D. S. Chapman, Science 275, 1618 (1997); S. Huang, P.-Y. Shen, H. N. Pollack, Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 1947 (1997); A. H. Lachenbruch and B. V. Marshall, Science 234, 689 (1986); H. N. Pollack and D. S. Chapman, Sci. Am. 268, 44 (June 1993); P.-Y. Shen, H. N. Pollack, S. Huang, Global Planet. Change 14, 49 (1996); K. Wang, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 2095 (1992); K. Wang, T. J. Lewis, A. M. Jessop, Global Planet. Change 6, 129 (1992), K. Wang and T. J. Lewis, Science 256, 1003 (1992).
11. Some works on this subject include the following: L. Bodri and V. Cermak, Global Planet. Change 11, 111 (1995); ibid. 14, 163 (1997); H. Beltrami and J.-C. Mareschal, Geophys. Res. Lett. 19, 689 (1992); H. Beltrami, A. M. Jessop, J.-C. Mareschal, Global Planet. Change 6, 167 (1992); V. Cermak, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 10, 1 (1971); D. Deming, Science 268, 1576 (1995); W. D. Gosnold, P. E. Todhunter, W. Schmidt, Global Planet. Change 15, 33 (1997); R. N. Harris, and D. S. Chapman, Science 275, 1618 (1997); S. Huang, P.-Y. Shen, H. N. Pollack, Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 1947 (1997); A. H. Lachenbruch and B. V. Marshall, Science 234, 689 (1986); H. N. Pollack and D. S. Chapman, Sci. Am. 268, 44 (June 1993); P.-Y. Shen, H. N. Pollack, S. Huang, Global Planet. Change 14, 49 (1996); K. Wang, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 2095 (1992); K. Wang, T. J. Lewis, A. M. Jessop, Global Planet. Change 6, 129 (1992), K. Wang and T. J. Lewis, Science 256, 1003 (1992).
12. Some works on this subject include the following: L. Bodri and V. Cermak, Global Planet. Change 11, 111 (1995); ibid. 14, 163 (1997); H. Beltrami and J.-C. Mareschal, Geophys. Res. Lett. 19, 689 (1992); H. Beltrami, A. M. Jessop, J.-C. Mareschal, Global Planet. Change 6, 167 (1992); V. Cermak, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 10, 1 (1971); D. Deming, Science 268, 1576 (1995); W. D. Gosnold, P. E. Todhunter, W. Schmidt, Global Planet. Change 15, 33 (1997); R. N. Harris, and D. S. Chapman, Science 275, 1618 (1997); S. Huang, P.-Y. Shen, H. N. Pollack, Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 1947 (1997); A. H. Lachenbruch and B. V. Marshall, Science 234, 689 (1986); H. N. Pollack and D. S. Chapman, Sci. Am. 268, 44 (June 1993); P.-Y. Shen, H. N. Pollack, S. Huang, Global Planet. Change 14, 49 (1996); K. Wang, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 2095 (1992); K. Wang, T. J. Lewis, A. M. Jessop, Global Planet. Change 6, 129 (1992), K. Wang and T. J. Lewis, Science 256, 1003 (1992).
13. Some works on this subject include the following: L. Bodri and V. Cermak, Global Planet. Change 11, 111 (1995); ibid. 14, 163 (1997); H. Beltrami and J.-C. Mareschal, Geophys. Res. Lett. 19, 689 (1992); H. Beltrami, A. M. Jessop, J.-C. Mareschal, Global Planet. Change 6, 167 (1992); V. Cermak, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 10, 1 (1971); D. Deming, Science 268, 1576 (1995); W. D. Gosnold, P. E. Todhunter, W. Schmidt, Global Planet. Change 15, 33 (1997); R. N. Harris, and D. S. Chapman, Science 275, 1618 (1997); S. Huang, P.-Y. Shen, H. N. Pollack, Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 1947 (1997); A. H. Lachenbruch and B. V. Marshall, Science 234, 689 (1986); H. N. Pollack and D. S. Chapman, Sci. Am. 268, 44 (June 1993); P.-Y. Shen, H. N. Pollack, S. Huang, Global Planet. Change 14, 49 (1996); K. Wang, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 2095 (1992); K. Wang, T. J. Lewis, A. M. Jessop, Global Planet. Change 6, 129 (1992), K. Wang and T. J. Lewis, Science 256, 1003 (1992).
14. Some works on this subject include the following: L. Bodri and V. Cermak, Global Planet. Change 11, 111 (1995); ibid. 14, 163 (1997); H. Beltrami and J.-C. Mareschal, Geophys. Res. Lett. 19, 689 (1992); H. Beltrami, A. M. Jessop, J.-C. Mareschal, Global Planet. Change 6, 167 (1992); V. Cermak, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 10, 1 (1971); D. Deming, Science 268, 1576 (1995); W. D. Gosnold, P. E. Todhunter, W. Schmidt, Global Planet. Change 15, 33 (1997); R. N. Harris, and D. S. Chapman, Science 275, 1618 (1997); S. Huang, P.-Y. Shen, H. N. Pollack, Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 1947 (1997); A. H. Lachenbruch and B. V. Marshall, Science 234, 689 (1986); H. N. Pollack and D. S. Chapman, Sci. Am. 268, 44 (June 1993); P.-Y. Shen, H. N. Pollack, S. Huang, Global Planet. Change 14, 49 (1996); K. Wang, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 2095 (1992); K. Wang, T. J. Lewis, A. M. Jessop, Global Planet. Change 6, 129 (1992), K. Wang and T. J. Lewis, Science 256, 1003 (1992).
15. Some works on this subject include the following: L. Bodri and V. Cermak, Global Planet. Change 11, 111 (1995); ibid. 14, 163 (1997); H. Beltrami and J.-C. Mareschal, Geophys. Res. Lett. 19, 689 (1992); H. Beltrami, A. M. Jessop, J.-C. Mareschal, Global Planet. Change 6, 167 (1992); V. Cermak, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 10, 1 (1971); D. Deming, Science 268, 1576 (1995); W. D. Gosnold, P. E. Todhunter, W. Schmidt, Global Planet. Change 15, 33 (1997); R. N. Harris, and D. S. Chapman, Science 275, 1618 (1997); S. Huang, P.-Y. Shen, H. N. Pollack, Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 1947 (1997); A. H. Lachenbruch and B. V. Marshall, Science 234, 689 (1986); H. N. Pollack and D. S. Chapman, Sci. Am. 268, 44 (June 1993); P.-Y. Shen, H. N. Pollack, S. Huang, Global Planet. Change 14, 49 (1996); K. Wang, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 2095 (1992); K. Wang, T. J. Lewis, A. M. Jessop, Global Planet. Change 6, 129 (1992), K. Wang and T. J. Lewis, Science 256, 1003 (1992).
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36. This work was principally supported by NSF grant ATM-9320004, with assistance from the Czech-USA Cooperative Science Program and the University of Michigan. We thank T. Lewis, M. Mann, A. Lachenbruch, R. Harris, and K. Wang for constructive comments on the manuscript and V. Cermak, C. Clauser, J. Cull, E. Decker, A. Frasheri, W. Gosnold, A. Jessop, M.Q.W. Jones, I. Kukkonen, T. Lewis, E. Lilley, J. Majorowicz, D. Rajver, J. Safanda, J. Sass, S. Veliciu, K. Wang, and V. Zui for contributing data.