North Atlantic oscillation dynamics recorded in greenland ice cores

Science

Volumn 282, Issue 5388, 1998, Pages 446-449

  Appenzeller, C ^a   Stocker, T F ^a   Anklin, M ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BERN   (Switzerland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ICE;

CLIMATE CHANGE; HOLOCENE; ICE CORE; NORTH ATLANTIC OSCILLATION; PROXY CLIMATE RECORD;

ATLANTIC ISLANDS; CLIMATE; CORRELATION FUNCTION; GREENLAND; OSCILLATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; WINTER;

ATLANTIC OCEAN;

EID: 0032538378     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.282.5388.446     Document Type: Review

References (41)

1. J. W. Hurrell, Science 269, 676 (1995). The annual NAO index is defined as the normalized pressure difference between Stykkisholmur, Iceland, and Ponta Delgada, Azores.
2. A large number of atmospheric and oceanic key quantities show variability potentially linked to the NAO. Examples are the series of cold winters in Europe in the 1960s and the variability in surface pressure in the North Atlantic [G. T. Walker and E. W. Bliss, Mem. R. Meteorol. Soc. IV, 53 (1939); J. M. Wallace and D. S. Gutzler, Mon. Weather Rev. 109, 784 (1981)] , in the averaged central-northern European temperature [H. VanLoon and J. C. Rogers, ibid. 106, 296 (1978); C. K. Folland, T. R. Karl, K. Y. Vinnikov, in Scientific Assessment of Climate Change, J. T. Houghton, Ed. (IPCC, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1990), pp. 195-242] , in the strength of the polar vortex [J. Perlwitz and H.-F. Graf, J. Clim. 8, 2281 (1995) ; D. W. J. Thompson and J. M. Wallace, Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 1297 (1998)], in the sea surface temperature [C. Deser and M. L. Blackmon, J. Clim. 6, 1743 (1993); R. T. Sutton and M. R. Allen, Nature 388, 563 (1997)], and in the oceanic northward mass transport [M. McCartney, Nature 388, 521 (1997); R. A. Kerr, Science 275, 754 (1997)].
3. A large number of atmospheric and oceanic key quantities show variability potentially linked to the NAO. Examples are the series of cold winters in Europe in the 1960s and the variability in surface pressure in the North Atlantic [G. T. Walker and E. W. Bliss, Mem. R. Meteorol. Soc. IV, 53 (1939); J. M. Wallace and D. S. Gutzler, Mon. Weather Rev. 109, 784 (1981)] , in the averaged central-northern European temperature [H. VanLoon and J. C. Rogers, ibid. 106, 296 (1978); C. K. Folland, T. R. Karl, K. Y. Vinnikov, in Scientific Assessment of Climate Change, J. T. Houghton, Ed. (IPCC, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1990), pp. 195-242] , in the strength of the polar vortex [J. Perlwitz and H.-F. Graf, J. Clim. 8, 2281 (1995) ; D. W. J. Thompson and J. M. Wallace, Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 1297 (1998)], in the sea surface temperature [C. Deser and M. L. Blackmon, J. Clim. 6, 1743 (1993); R. T. Sutton and M. R. Allen, Nature 388, 563 (1997)], and in the oceanic northward mass transport [M. McCartney, Nature 388, 521 (1997); R. A. Kerr, Science 275, 754 (1997)].
4. A large number of atmospheric and oceanic key quantities show variability potentially linked to the NAO. Examples are the series of cold winters in Europe in the 1960s and the variability in surface pressure in the North Atlantic [G. T. Walker and E. W. Bliss, Mem. R. Meteorol. Soc. IV, 53 (1939); J. M. Wallace and D. S. Gutzler, Mon. Weather Rev. 109, 784 (1981)] , in the averaged central-northern European temperature [H. VanLoon and J. C. Rogers, ibid. 106, 296 (1978); C. K. Folland, T. R. Karl, K. Y. Vinnikov, in Scientific Assessment of Climate Change, J. T. Houghton, Ed. (IPCC, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1990), pp. 195-242] , in the strength of the polar vortex [J. Perlwitz and H.-F. Graf, J. Clim. 8, 2281 (1995) ; D. W. J. Thompson and J. M. Wallace, Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 1297 (1998)], in the sea surface temperature [C. Deser and M. L. Blackmon, J. Clim. 6, 1743 (1993); R. T. Sutton and M. R. Allen, Nature 388, 563 (1997)], and in the oceanic northward mass transport [M. McCartney, Nature 388, 521 (1997); R. A. Kerr, Science 275, 754 (1997)].
5. A large number of atmospheric and oceanic key quantities show variability potentially linked to the NAO. Examples are the series of cold winters in Europe in the 1960s and the variability in surface pressure in the North Atlantic [G. T. Walker and E. W. Bliss, Mem. R. Meteorol. Soc. IV, 53 (1939); J. M. Wallace and D. S. Gutzler, Mon. Weather Rev. 109, 784 (1981)] , in the averaged central-northern European temperature [H. VanLoon and J. C. Rogers, ibid. 106, 296 (1978); C. K. Folland, T. R. Karl, K. Y. Vinnikov, in Scientific Assessment of Climate Change, J. T. Houghton, Ed. (IPCC, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1990), pp. 195-242] , in the strength of the polar vortex [J. Perlwitz and H.-F. Graf, J. Clim. 8, 2281 (1995) ; D. W. J. Thompson and J. M. Wallace, Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 1297 (1998)], in the sea surface temperature [C. Deser and M. L. Blackmon, J. Clim. 6, 1743 (1993); R. T. Sutton and M. R. Allen, Nature 388, 563 (1997)], and in the oceanic northward mass transport [M. McCartney, Nature 388, 521 (1997); R. A. Kerr, Science 275, 754 (1997)].
6. A large number of atmospheric and oceanic key quantities show variability potentially linked to the NAO. Examples are the series of cold winters in Europe in the 1960s and the variability in surface pressure in the North Atlantic [G. T. Walker and E. W. Bliss, Mem. R. Meteorol. Soc. IV, 53 (1939); J. M. Wallace and D. S. Gutzler, Mon. Weather Rev. 109, 784 (1981)] , in the averaged central-northern European temperature [H. VanLoon and J. C. Rogers, ibid. 106, 296 (1978); C. K. Folland, T. R. Karl, K. Y. Vinnikov, in Scientific Assessment of Climate Change, J. T. Houghton, Ed. (IPCC, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1990), pp. 195-242] , in the strength of the polar vortex [J. Perlwitz and H.-F. Graf, J. Clim. 8, 2281 (1995) ; D. W. J. Thompson and J. M. Wallace, Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 1297 (1998)], in the sea surface temperature [C. Deser and M. L. Blackmon, J. Clim. 6, 1743 (1993); R. T. Sutton and M. R. Allen, Nature 388, 563 (1997)], and in the oceanic northward mass transport [M. McCartney, Nature 388, 521 (1997); R. A. Kerr, Science 275, 754 (1997)].
7. A large number of atmospheric and oceanic key quantities show variability potentially linked to the NAO. Examples are the series of cold winters in Europe in the 1960s and the variability in surface pressure in the North Atlantic [G. T. Walker and E. W. Bliss, Mem. R. Meteorol. Soc. IV, 53 (1939); J. M. Wallace and D. S. Gutzler, Mon. Weather Rev. 109, 784 (1981)] , in the averaged central-northern European temperature [H. VanLoon and J. C. Rogers, ibid. 106, 296 (1978); C. K. Folland, T. R. Karl, K. Y. Vinnikov, in Scientific Assessment of Climate Change, J. T. Houghton, Ed. (IPCC, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1990), pp. 195-242] , in the strength of the polar vortex [J. Perlwitz and H.-F. Graf, J. Clim. 8, 2281 (1995) ; D. W. J. Thompson and J. M. Wallace, Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 1297 (1998)], in the sea surface temperature [C. Deser and M. L. Blackmon, J. Clim. 6, 1743 (1993); R. T. Sutton and M. R. Allen, Nature 388, 563 (1997)], and in the oceanic northward mass transport [M. McCartney, Nature 388, 521 (1997); R. A. Kerr, Science 275, 754 (1997)].
8. A large number of atmospheric and oceanic key quantities show variability potentially linked to the NAO. Examples are the series of cold winters in Europe in the 1960s and the variability in surface pressure in the North Atlantic [G. T. Walker and E. W. Bliss, Mem. R. Meteorol. Soc. IV, 53 (1939); J. M. Wallace and D. S. Gutzler, Mon. Weather Rev. 109, 784 (1981)] , in the averaged central-northern European temperature [H. VanLoon and J. C. Rogers, ibid. 106, 296 (1978); C. K. Folland, T. R. Karl, K. Y. Vinnikov, in Scientific Assessment of Climate Change, J. T. Houghton, Ed. (IPCC, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1990), pp. 195-242] , in the strength of the polar vortex [J. Perlwitz and H.-F. Graf, J. Clim. 8, 2281 (1995) ; D. W. J. Thompson and J. M. Wallace, Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 1297 (1998)], in the sea surface temperature [C. Deser and M. L. Blackmon, J. Clim. 6, 1743 (1993); R. T. Sutton and M. R. Allen, Nature 388, 563 (1997)], and in the oceanic northward mass transport [M. McCartney, Nature 388, 521 (1997); R. A. Kerr, Science 275, 754 (1997)].
9. A large number of atmospheric and oceanic key quantities show variability potentially linked to the NAO. Examples are the series of cold winters in Europe in the 1960s and the variability in surface pressure in the North Atlantic [G. T. Walker and E. W. Bliss, Mem. R. Meteorol. Soc. IV, 53 (1939); J. M. Wallace and D. S. Gutzler, Mon. Weather Rev. 109, 784 (1981)] , in the averaged central-northern European temperature [H. VanLoon and J. C. Rogers, ibid. 106, 296 (1978); C. K. Folland, T. R. Karl, K. Y. Vinnikov, in Scientific Assessment of Climate Change, J. T. Houghton, Ed. (IPCC, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1990), pp. 195-242] , in the strength of the polar vortex [J. Perlwitz and H.-F. Graf, J. Clim. 8, 2281 (1995) ; D. W. J. Thompson and J. M. Wallace, Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 1297 (1998)], in the sea surface temperature [C. Deser and M. L. Blackmon, J. Clim. 6, 1743 (1993); R. T. Sutton and M. R. Allen, Nature 388, 563 (1997)], and in the oceanic northward mass transport [M. McCartney, Nature 388, 521 (1997); R. A. Kerr, Science 275, 754 (1997)].
10. A large number of atmospheric and oceanic key quantities show variability potentially linked to the NAO. Examples are the series of cold winters in Europe in the 1960s and the variability in surface pressure in the North Atlantic [G. T. Walker and E. W. Bliss, Mem. R. Meteorol. Soc. IV, 53 (1939); J. M. Wallace and D. S. Gutzler, Mon. Weather Rev. 109, 784 (1981)] , in the averaged central-northern European temperature [H. VanLoon and J. C. Rogers, ibid. 106, 296 (1978); C. K. Folland, T. R. Karl, K. Y. Vinnikov, in Scientific Assessment of Climate Change, J. T. Houghton, Ed. (IPCC, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1990), pp. 195-242] , in the strength of the polar vortex [J. Perlwitz and H.-F. Graf, J. Clim. 8, 2281 (1995) ; D. W. J. Thompson and J. M. Wallace, Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 1297 (1998)], in the sea surface temperature [C. Deser and M. L. Blackmon, J. Clim. 6, 1743 (1993); R. T. Sutton and M. R. Allen, Nature 388, 563 (1997)], and in the oceanic northward mass transport [M. McCartney, Nature 388, 521 (1997); R. A. Kerr, Science 275, 754 (1997)].
11. A large number of atmospheric and oceanic key quantities show variability potentially linked to the NAO. Examples are the series of cold winters in Europe in the 1960s and the variability in surface pressure in the North Atlantic [G. T. Walker and E. W. Bliss, Mem. R. Meteorol. Soc. IV, 53 (1939); J. M. Wallace and D. S. Gutzler, Mon. Weather Rev. 109, 784 (1981)] , in the averaged central-northern European temperature [H. VanLoon and J. C. Rogers, ibid. 106, 296 (1978); C. K. Folland, T. R. Karl, K. Y. Vinnikov, in Scientific Assessment of Climate Change, J. T. Houghton, Ed. (IPCC, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1990), pp. 195-242] , in the strength of the polar vortex [J. Perlwitz and H.-F. Graf, J. Clim. 8, 2281 (1995) ; D. W. J. Thompson and J. M. Wallace, Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 1297 (1998)], in the sea surface temperature [C. Deser and M. L. Blackmon, J. Clim. 6, 1743 (1993); R. T. Sutton and M. R. Allen, Nature 388, 563 (1997)], and in the oceanic northward mass transport [M. McCartney, Nature 388, 521 (1997); R. A. Kerr, Science 275, 754 (1997)].
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41. C.A. was supported by the National Swiss Science Foundation (SPPU, CLEAR2). Special thanks to ECMWF; Swiss Met Office (SMA); D. Lüthi, J. W. Hurrell, P. D. Jones, and E. R. Cook for providing their data; and B. Stauffer, J. Schwander, and S. Sommer for fruitful conversations.