Interdisciplinary investigations of the end of the Norse Western Settlement in Greenland

Holocene

Volumn 7, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 489-499

  Barlow, L K ^a   Sadler, J P ^b   Ogilvie, A E J ^a   Buckland, P C ^c   Amorosi, T ^d   Ingimundarson, J H ^e   Skidmore, P ^f   Dugmore, A J ^g   McGovern, T H ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD   (United Kingdom)

^d CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

^e BUCKNELL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^f Cwmrhydyceirw ^*  (United Kingdom)

^g UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

'Little Ice Age; Climate impact; Deuterium isotopic signals; Fourteenth century; GISP2; Historical climatology; Medieval Warm Period; Norse Greenland; Zooarchaeology

Indexed keywords

ABANDONED SETTLEMENT; CLIMATE CHANGE; HUMAN SETTLEMENT; PALAEOCLIMATE CHANGE; PALEOCLIMATE CHANGE;

GREENLAND; NORSE WESTERN SETTLEMENT;

EID: 0031463372     PISSN: 09596836     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/095968369700700411     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. Albrethsen, S.E. and Keller, C. 1986: The use of the sæter in medieval Norse farming in Greenland. Arctic Anthropology 23, 91-108.
2. Amorosi, T. 1992: Climate impact and human response in northeast Iceland: Archaeological investigations at Svalbard. 1986-1988. In Morris, C. and Rackham, D.J., editors, Norse and later settlement and subsistence in the North Atlantic. Department of Archaeology, University of Glasgow: Archetype Publications, 101-27.
3. Amorosi, T. and McGovern, T.H. 1994: Appendix 4: a preliminary report of an archaeofauna from Granastaoir, Eyjafjardarsýsla, Northern Iceland. In Einarsson, B.F., editor, The settlement of Iceland: a critical approach: Granastaoir and the ecological heritage, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg Archaeological Theses Series B No. 4, 181-94.
4. Amorosi, T, McGovern, T.H. and Perdikaris, S. 1994: Bioarchaeology and cod fisheries: a new source of evidence. In Jakobson, J., Ástthórsson, Ó.S., Beverton, R.J.H., Björnsson, B., Daan, N., Frank, K.T., Rothschild, J.B., Sundby, S. and Tilseth, S., editors, Cod and climate change, ICES Marine Science Symposium Series 198, 31-48.
5. Andreason, C. and Arneborg, J. 1992: Gaarden under Sandet: Nye Nordboundersøgelser i Vesterbygden. Groønlandsk Kultur og Samfunds Forskning 92, 11-49.
6. Arnalds, Ó., Aradóttir, A.L. and Thorsteinsson, I. 1987: The nature and restoration of denuded areas in Iceland. Arctic and Alpine Research 19, 518-25.
7. Arneborg, J. and Berglund, J. 1993: Gaarden under Sandet. Forskning i Gronland/Tusaat 4, 7-19.
8. Barlow, L.K. 1994: Evaluation of seasonal to decadal scale deuterium and deuterium excess signals, GISP2 ice core, Summit, Greenland, AD 1270-1985. PhD dissertation, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
9. Barlow, L.K., Rogers, J.C., Serreze, M.C. and Barry, R.G. 1997: Aspects of climate variability in the North Atlantic sector: discussion and relation to the GISP2 high resolution isotopic signal. Journal of Geophysical Research, in press.
10. Barlow, L.K., White, J.W.C., Barry, R.G., Rogers, J.C. and Grootes, P.M. 1993: The North Atlantic Oscillation signature in deuterium and deuterium excess signals in the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 core. 1840-1970. Geophysical Research Letters 20, 2901-04.
11. Berglund, J. 1991: Displacements in the building-over of the Eastern Settlement, Greenland. In Bigelow, G.F., presenter, The Norse of the North Atlantic, Acta Archaeologica 61, Munskgaard: Copenhagen, 151-57.
12. Berthórsson, P. 1969: An estimate of drift ice and temperature in Iceland in 1000 years. Jökull 19, 94-101.
13. Bigelow, G.F. 1991: The Norse of the North Atlantic, Acta Archaeologica 61. Munskgaard: Copenhagen.
14. Bishop, O.N. 1983: Statistics for biology. Harlow: Longman Group Ltd.
15. Bjarnarson, A.M. 1978: Erosion, tree growth and land regeneration in Iceland. In Holdgate, M.W. and Woodman, M.J., editors, The breakdown and restoration of ecosystems. London: Plenum, 241-48.
16. Buckland, P.C., Amorosi, T., Barlow, L.K., Mayewski, P., McGovern, T.H., Ogilvie, A.E.J. and Skidmore, P. 1996: Climate change, bioarchaeology, and the end of Norse Greenland. Antiquity 70, 88-96.
17. Buckland, P.C., McGovern, T.H., Sadler, J.P. and Skidmore, P. 1994: Twig layers, floors, and middens: recent paleoecological research in the Western Settlement, Greenland. In Ambrosiani, B. and Clarke, H., editors, Proceedings of the 12th Viking Congress, Stockholm, Birka Studies 3, 132-43.
18. Buckland, P.C., Perry, D.W. and Sveinbjarnardóttir, G. 1983: Hydraena britteni Joy (Coeoptera Hydraenidae) fundin á Íslandi í setlögum frá pvi seint á nútima. Nattúrufrœoingurinn 52, 37-44.
19. Bruun, D. 1918: The Icelandic colonisation of Greenland. Meddelelser om Grønland 57.
20. Christensen, K.M. and Vilhjálmsson, V.Ö. editors, 1989: Nordatlantisk arkaeologi-vikingtid og middelalder: bebyggelse og ökonomi. Hikuin 15 (special edition), 1-6.
21. Cook, E.R., Briffa, K.R. and Jones, P.D. 1994: Spacial regression methods in dendroclimatology: A review and comparison of two techniques. International Journal of Climatology 14, 379-402.
22. Dansgaard, W. 1964: Stable isotopes in precipitation. Tellus 16, 436-68.
23. Dansgaard, W., Johnsen, S.J., Reeh, N., Gundestrup, N., Clausen, H.B. and Hammer, C.U. 1975: Climatic changes. Norsemen, and modern man. Nature 255, 24-28.
24. Degerbol, M. 1936: The animal bone. In Roussell, A., editor, Meddelelser om Grønland 88.
25. _ 1941: The osseous material from Austmannadal and Tungmeralik. Meddelelser om Grønland 89.
26. Dugmore, A.J. and Buckland, P.C. 1991: Tephrochronology and late holocene soil erosion in south Iceland. In Maizels, J.K. and Caseldine, C. editors, Environmental change in Iceland: past and present, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Press, 147-60.
27. Dugmore, A.J. and Erskine, C.C. 1994: Local and regional patterns of soil erosion in southern Iceland. In Stotter, J. and Wilhelms, F., editors, Environmental change in Iceland, Münchener Geographische Abhandlungen B12, 63-78.
28. Fredskild, B. 1981: The natural environment of the Norse settlers in Greenland. In van Holk, A.G.F., Jacob, H.K. and Temmingh, A.A.H.J. editors, Proceedings of the international symposium Early European Exploitation of the Northern Atlantic 800-1700, 1981. University of Gröningen Arctic Centre, 27-42.
29. _ 1985: Holocene pollen records. In Andrews, J.T., editor, Quaternary environments: eastern Canadian Arctic. Baffin Bay and western Greenland, Boston: Allen and Unwin, 643-81.
30. _ 1988: Agriculture in a marginal area: South Greenland AD 985-1985. In Birks, H.H., Birks, J.B., Kaland, P. and Moe, D., editors, The cultural landscape past, present and future, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 381-93.
31. _ 1992: Erosion and vegetational changes in South Greenland caused by agriculture. Geografisk Tidsskrift 92, 14-21.
32. 18O) and precipitation records from sites in Canada and Greenland over the last 3500 years and over the last few centuries in detail using EOF techniques. In Jones, P.D., Bradley, R.S. and Jouzel, J., editors, Climatic variations and forcing mechanisms in the last 2000 years, NATO ASI Series v. 141. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 297-328.
33. Gad, F. 1970: A history of Greenland, volume 1. Copenhagen and London: Munksgaard and John Hurst.
34. Gulløv, H.C. 1983: Nuup kommuneani qangarnitsanik eqqaassulit inuitkulturip nunaqarfii. Kalaallit Nunaata Katersugaasivia and Nationalmuseet, Nuuk.
35. Halldórsson, Ó. 1978: Greenland í mioaldaritum. Reykjavik: Sögufélag.
36. _ 1993: Greenland, Norse in. In Pulsiano, P., Wolf, K., Acker, P. and Fry, D.K., editors, Medieval Scandinavia. An encyclopedia, New York and London: Garland Publishing, Inc.
37. Ingram, M.J., Farmer, G. and Wigley, T.M.L. 1981: Past climates and their impact on man: a review. In Wigley, T.M.L., Ingram, M.J. and Farmer, G., editors, Climate and history. Studies in past climates and their impact on man. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 3-50.
38. Jacobsen, B.H. 1991: Soil resources and soil erosion in south Greenland: an attempt to estimate soil resources in the Norse period. Acta Borealia 1, 56-58.
39. Johnsen, S.J. 1975: Stable isotope homogenization of polar firn and ice. International Association of Hydrological Sciences 118, 210-19.
40. Jónsson, F. 1930: Det gamle Grønlands beskrivelse af Ívar Bároarson (Ivar Bårdsson), Udgiven efter Håndskrifterne, Copenhagen: Levin and Munksgaard.
41. Kates, R.W., Ausubel, J.H. and Berberian, M., editors, 1985: Climate impact assessment. Studies of the interaction of Climate and Society, Scope 27, New York: John Wiley and Sons.
42. Keller, C. 1989: The Eastern Settlement reconsidered: some analyses of Norse medieval Greenland. PhD Thesis, University of Oslo.
43. _ 1991: Vikings in the West Atlantic: a model of Norse Greenlandic medieval society. In Bigelow, G.F., presenter, The Norse of the North Atlantic. Acta Archaeologies 61, Munksgaard: Copenhagen, 126-41.
44. Larsen, A.W. 1972: Kirken under polarstjernen: fra den grønlandske kirke. Fredericia: Lohses forlag.
45. Lamb, H.H. 1977: Climate, present, past and future 2, climatic history and the future. London: Methuen.
46. Magnússon, F. 1838, 1845: Grönlands historiske mindesmœrker 1-3. Copenhagen: Udgiven af det Kongelige Nordiske Oldskrift-Selskab.
47. Marcus, G.J. 1954: The Greenland trade-route. The Economic History Review second series 7, 71-80.
48. McGovern, T.H. 1981: The economics of extinction in Norse Greenland. In Wigley, T.M.L., Ingram, M.J. and Farmer, G., editors, Climate and history, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 404-34.
49. _ 1985a: The Arctic Frontier of Norse Greenland. In Green, S. and Pearlman, S., editors, The Archaeology of Frontiers and Boundaries, New York: Academic Press, 275-323.
50. _ 1985b: Contributions to the paleoeconomy of Norse Greenland. Acta Archaeologica 54, Munskgaard, Copenhagen, 73-122.
51. _ 1990: The Archaeology of the Norse North Atlantic. Annual Review of Anthropology 19, 331-51.
52. _ 1991: Climate, correlation, and causation in Norse Greenland. Arctic Anthropology 28, 77-100.
53. _ 1992a: Bones, buildings and boundaries: paleoeconomic approaches to Norse Greenland. In Morris, C. and Rackman, D.J., editors, Norse and later settlement and subsistence in the North Atlantic, Archetype Publications, University of Glasgow, Department of Archaeology, 193-230.
54. _ 1992b: The zooarchaeology of the Vatnahverfi. In Vebæk, C., editor, Vatnahverfi: an inland district of the Eastern Settlement of Greenland. Meddelelser um Grønland 17, 93-106.
55. _ 1994: Management for extinction in Norse Greenland. In Crumley, C., editor, Historical ecology: cultural knowledge and changing landscapes, School of American Research Monograph, Santa Fe, New Mexico, 135.
56. _ 1995a: A view from the North Atlantic. Witness the Arctic 2, 1-2.
57. _ 1995b: FARMPACT 5.0, computer simulation on file. NABO Coordinating Centre, Bioarchaeology Laboratory, Hunter College, New York.
58. McGovern, T.H. and Jordan, R. 1982: Settlement and land use in the inner fjords of the Godthaab District, West Greenland. Arctic Anthropologs 19, 63-80.
59. McGovern, T.H., Bigelow, G.F., Amorosi, T. and Russell, D. 1988: Northern islands, human error, and environmental degradation: a view of social and ecological change in the medieval North Atlantic. Human Ecology 16 (3), 225-70.
60. McGovern, T.H., Buckland, P.C., Savory, D., Sveinbjarnardóttir, G., Andreasen, C. and Skidmore, P. 1983: A study of the faunal and floral remains from two Norse farms in the Western Settlement, Greenland. Arctic Anthropology 20, 93-120.
61. Meese, D.A., Alley, R.B., Gow, A.J., Grootes, P., Maywski, P., Ram, M., Taylor, K.C. and Zeilinski, G. 1994: Preliminary depth-age scale of the GISP2 ice core. Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory Special Report 94-1, 66 pp.
62. Meldgaard, M. 1986: The Greenland caribou-zoogeography, taxonomy, and population dynamics. Meddelelser om Grønland, Bioscience 20.
63. Morris, C.J. and Rackham, D.J. editors 1992: Norse and later settlement and subsistence in the North Atlantic. University of Glasgow Department of Archaeology and North Atlantic Biocultural Organization, Glasgow: Archetype Publications.
64. Mount, L.E. 1979: Adaptation to thermal environment. Man and his productive animals. London: Edward Arnold.
65. Nørlund, P. 1936: Viking settlers in Greenland and their descendants during five hundred years (translated from the Danish by W.E. Culvert), London and Copenhagen: Cambridge University Press and G.E.C. Gads Forlag.
66. Nyegaard, G. 1992: Appendiks 3. Animal bone. In Arneborg, C. and Ameborg, J., editors, Gaarden under Sandet: Nye nordboundersageler i Vesterbygden, Grønlands Kultur og Samfunds Forskning 92, 11-49.
67. Ogilvie, A.E.J. 1982: Climate and society in Iceland from the medieval period to the late eighteenth century. PhD thesis, University of East Anglia.
68. _ 1984: The impact of climate on grass growth and hay yield in Iceland: AD 1601 to 1780. In Mörner N.A. and Karlén, W., editors, Climatic changes on a yearly to millennial basis, Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 343-52.
69. _ 1991: Climatic changes in Iceland AD C. 865 to 1598. In Bigelow, G.F., presenter, The Norse of the North Atlantic, Acta Archaeologica 61, Munskgaard: Copenhagen, 233-51.
70. _ 1992: Documentary evidence for changes in the climate of Iceland, AD 1500 to 1800. In Bradley, R.S. and Jones, P.D., editors, Climate since AD 1500, London: Routledge, 92-117.
71. _ 1997: Historical accounts of weather events, sea ice and related matters in Iceland and Greenland, AD C. 1250 to 1430. In Frenzel, B., editor, Documentary climatic evidence for 1750-1850 and the 14th century, Palaeoclimatic research/Paläoklimaforschung 22, special issue 15, Mainz: The European Science Foundation and the Academy of Sciences and Literature, in press.
72. Olsen, O. 1982: Nordboforskning, Grønland, 30 (5-7), 141-43.
73. Palais, J.M., Taylor, K., Mayewski, P.A. and Grootes, P. 1991: Volcanic ash from the 1362 eruption (Iceland) in the Greenland ice sheet. Geophysical Research Letters 18(7), 1241-44.
74. Parry, M.L. 1978: Climatic change, agriculture and settlement. Studies in Historical Geography. Folkestone: Dawson.
75. _ 1981: Climatic change and the agricultural frontier: a research strategy. In Wigley, T.M.L., Ingram, M.J. and Farmer, G., editors, Climate and history. Studies in past climates and their impact on man, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 319-36.
76. Roussell, A. 1936: Sandnes and the neighbouring farms. Meddelelser om Grønland 88 (3).
77. _ 1941: Farms and churches in the Medieval Norse Settlements of Greenland. Meddelelser om Grønland 86 (1).
78. Sadler, J. 1991: Beetles, boats and biogeography. Insect invaders of the North Atlantic. In Bigelow, G.F., presenter, The Norse of the North Atlantic, Acta Archaeologica 61, Munskgaard: Copenhagen, 199-211.
79. Shuman, C.A., Alley, R.B., Anandakrishnan, S., White, J.W.C., Grootes, P.M. and Stearns, C.R. 1995: Temperature and accumulation at the Greenland Summit: comparison of high-resolution isotope profiles and satellite passive microwave brightness temperature trends. Journal of Geophysical Research 100(D2), 9165-77.
80. Skidmore, P. 1995: A diplerological perspective on the Holocene history of the North Atlantic Area. PhD dissertation, University of Sheffield.
81. Sommerfeld, R.A., Judy, C. and Friedman, I. 1991: Isotopic changes during the formation of depth hoar in experimental snowpacks. In Taylor, H.P. Jr., O'Neil, J.R. and Kaplan, I.R., editors, Stable isotope geochemistry: a tribute to Samuel Epstein, The Geochemical Society, Special Publication 3, 205-209.
82. Speth, J. 1983: Bison kills and bone counts: decision making by ancient hunters. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
83. Storm, G. 1977: Islandske Annaler Indtil 1578. Originally published Christiania 1888, Udgivne for det norske historiske kildeskrifttond. Reprinted Oslo: Norsk Historisk Kjeldeskrift-Institutt.
84. Sveinbjarnardóttir, G. and Buckland, P.C. 1983: An uninvited guest. Antiquity 58, 127-30.
85. Thórarinsson, S. 1991: Population changes in Iceland. Geographical Review 51, 519-32.
86. Vebæk, C.L. 1958: Topographical and archaeological investigations in the medieval Norse settlements in Greenland: a survey of the work of the last ten years. Reykjavik: Third Viking Congress.
87. Whillans, I.M. and Grootes, P.M. 1985: Isotopic diffusion in cold snow and firn. Journal of Geophysical Research 90(D2), 3910-18.
88. White, D.E., White, J.W.C., Steig, E.J. and Barlow, L.K. 1997: Reconstructing annual and seasonal climatic responses from volcanic events since AD 1270 as recorded in the deuterium signal from the GISP 2 ice core. Journal of Geophysical Research 102 (D16), 19, 683-94.
89. White, J.W.C., Barlow, L.K., Fisher, D., Grootes, P., Jouzel, J., Johnsen, S.J., Stuiver, M. and Clausen, H. 1997: The climate signal in the stable isotopes of snow from summit. Greenland; results of comparisons with modern climate observations. GISP2/GRIP compendium. Journal of Geophysical Research, in press.