On the coherence/incoherence of electron transport in semiconductor heterostructure optoelectronic devices

Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering

Volumn 6909, Issue , 2008, Pages

  Harrison, P ^a   Indjin, D ^a   Savic, I ^a   Ikonic, Z ^a   Evans, C A ^a   Vukmirovic, N ^a   Kelsall, R W ^a   McTavish, J ^a   Jovanovic, V D ^a   Milanovic, V ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

^b Faculty of Electrical Engineering   (Serbia)

Author keywords

Density matrix; Electron scattering; Electron transport; Quantum cascade laser; Quantum well infrared photodetector

Indexed keywords

ELECTRON SCATTERING; HETEROJUNCTIONS; MONTE CARLO METHODS; OPTOELECTRONIC DEVICES; PHOTODETECTORS; SUPERLATTICES;

CARRIER DISTRIBUTION; QUANTUM WELL INFRARED PHOTODETECTOR;

SEMICONDUCTOR LASERS;

EID: 40749105668     PISSN: 0277786X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Conference Proceeding    
DOI: 10.1117/12.762648     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (53)

1. R. Köhler, A. Tredicucci, F. Beltram, H. E. Beere, E. H. Linfield, A. G. Davies, D. A. Ritchie, R. C. Iotti, and F. Rossi, "Terahertz semiconductor heterostructure laser," Nature 417, p. 156, 2002.
2. C. Walther, M. Fischer, G. Scalari, R. Terazzi, N. Hoyler, and J. Faist, "Quantum cascade lasers operating from 1.2 to 1.6 THz," Applied Physics Letters 91, p. 131122, 2007.
3. G. Scalari, C. Walther, H. Beere, D. Ritchie, and J. faist, "Laser emission at 830 and 960 ghz from quantum cascade structures," in The Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Intersubband Transitions in Quantum Wells, D. Indjin, Z. Ikonić, P. Harrison, and R. W. Kelsall, eds., p. T15, 2007.
4. H. Page, C. Backer, A. Roberston, G. Glastre, V. Ortiz, and C. Sirtori, "300 k operation of a gaas-based quantum-cascade laser at λ approximate to 9 μm," Appl. Phys. Lett. 78, p. 3529, 2001.
5. C. Pflügl, W. Schrenk, S. Andres, G. Strasser, C. Becker, C. Sirtori, Y. Bonetti, and A. Muller Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, p. 4698, 2003.
6. S. Andres, W. Schrenk, E. Gornik, and G. Strasser Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, p. 1864, 2002.
7. H. Page, S. Dhillon, M. Calligaro, C. Becker, V. Ortiz, and C. Sirtori IEEE J. Quantum Elec. 40, p. 665, 2004.
8. R. C. Iotti and F. Rossi, "Nature of charge transport in quantum-cascade lasers," Phys. Rev. Lett 87, p. 146603, 2001.
9. P. Harrison and R. W. Kelsall, "The relative importance of electron-electron and electron-phonon scattering in terahertz quantum cascade lasers," Solid State Electronics 42, pp. 1449-1451, 1998.
10. P. Harrison, "The nature of the electron distribution functions in quantum cascade lasers," Appl. Phys. Lett. 75, pp. 2800-2802, 1999.
11. Z. Ikonic, P. Harrison, and R. W. Kelsall, "Intersubband hole-phonon and alloy disorder scattering in sige quantum wells," Phys. Rev. B 64, p. article 245311, 2001.
12. H. Callebaut and Q. Hu, "Importance of coherence for electron transport in terahertz quantum cascade lasers," J. Appl. Phys. 98, p. 104505, 2005.
13. T. Kuhn and F. Rossi, "Monte carlo simulation of ultrafast processes in photoexcited semiconductors: Coherent and incoherent dynamics," Phys. Rev. B 46, pp. 7496-7514, 1992.
14. C. Jacoboni and L. Reggiani Rev. Modern Phys. 55, p. 645, 1983.
15. N. Vukmirović, Z. Ikonić, V. D. Jovanović, D. Indjin, and P. Harrison, "Optically pumped intersublevel midinfrared lasers based on inas-gaas quantum dots," IEEE J. Quan. Elec. 41, pp. 1361-1368, 2005.
16. I. Savić, V. Milanović, N. Vukmirović, V. D. Jovanović, Z. Ikonić, D. Indjin, and P. Harrison, "Magnetic-field tunable terahertz quantum well infrared photodetector," J. Appl. Phys. 98, p. 084509, 2005.
17. R. W. Kelsall, Z. Ikonić, P. Harrison, S. A. Lynch, R. Bates, D. J. Paul, D. J. Norris, S. L. Liew, A. G. Cullis, D. J. Robbins, P. Murzyn, C. R. Pidgeon, D. D. Arnone, and R. A. Soref, "Terahertz emission from silicon-germanium quantum cascades," in Towards the first Silicon laser, L. P. et al, ed., Kluwer, 2003.
18. R. W. Kelsall and R. A. Soref, "Silicon germanium quantum cascade lasers," in Terahertz Sensing Science and Technology, D. L. Woolard, W. R. Loerop, and M. S. Shur, eds., 1, World Scientific, 2003.
19. Z. Ikonic, R. W. Kelsall, and P. Harrison, "The virtual crystal approximation and alloy broadening of intersubband transitions in p-type sige quantum wells," Phys. Rev. B 64, p. article number 125308, 2001.
20. Z. Ikonić, R. W. Kelsall, and P. Harrison, "Monte carlo simulations of hole dynamics in sige/si terahertz quantum-cascade structures," Phys. Rev. B 69, p. article 235308, 2004.
21. Z. Ikonić, P. Harrison, and R. W. Kelsall, "Self-consistent energy balance simulations of hole dynamics in sige/si thz quantum cascade structures," J. Appl. Phys. 96, pp. 6803-6811, 2004.
22. Z. Ikonić, P. Harrison, and R. W. Kelsall, "Electric field domains in p-si/sige quantum cascade structures," IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 53, pp. 189-195, 2006.
23. R. C. Iotti and F. Rossi, "Carrier thermalisation versus phonon-assisted relaxation in quantum cascade lasers: A monte carlo approach," Appl. Phys. Lett. 78, p. 2902, 2001.
24. 1-xas device," J. Appl. Phys. 89, pp. 3084-3090, 2001.
25. D. Indjin, P. Harrison, R. W. Kelsall, and Z. Ikonic, "Self-consistent scattering theory of transport and output characteristics of quantum cascade lasers," J. Appl. Phys. 91, pp. 9019-9026, 2002.
26. D. Indjin, P. Harrison, R. W. Kelsall, and Z. Ikonić, "Mechanisms of temperature performance degradation in terahertz quantum-cascade lasers," Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, pp. 1347-1349, 2003.
27. P. Harrison, D. Indjin, and R. W. Kelsall, "The electron temperature and mechanisms of hot carrier generation in quantum cascade lasers," J. Appl. Phys. 92, pp. 6921-6923, 2002.
28. R. Köhler, A. Tredicucci, F. Beltram, H. E. Beere, E. H. Linfield, A. G. Davies, and D. A. Ritchie, "High intensity interminiband terahertz emission from chirped superlattice," Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, p. 1867, 2002.
29. H. Sakaki, T. Noda, K. Hirakawa, M. Tanaka, and M. Matsusue Appl. Phys. Lett 51, p. 1934, 1987.
30. T. Unuma, M. Yoshita, T. Noda, H. Sakaki, and H. Akiyama J. Appl. Phys. 93, p. 1586, 2003.
31. M. S. Vitiello, V. Spagnolo, G. Scamarcio, B. Williams, S. Kumar, Q. Hu, and J. L. Reno in 6th International Conference on Midinfrared Optoelectronics, Materials and Devices, (St. Petersburg, Russia), 2004.
32. S. Kumar, B. S. Williams, S. Kohen, Q. Hu, and J. L. Reno Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, p. 2494, 2004.
33. R. Köhler, R. C. Iotti, A. Tredicucci, and F. Rossi Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, p. 3920, 2001.
34. B. S. Williams, S. Kumar, H. Callebaut, Q. Hu, and J. L. Reno Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, p. 207, 2003.
35. H. Callebaut, S. Kumar, B. S. Williams, and Q. Hu Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, p. 645, 2004.
36. O. Bonno, J.-L. Thobel, and F. Dessenne J. Appl. Phys. 97, p. 043702, 2005.
37. V. D. Jovanović, D. indjin, N. Vukmirović, Z. Ikonić, P. Harrison, E. H. Linfield, H. Page, X. Marcadet, C. Sirtori, C. Worrall, H. E. Beere, and D. A. Ritchie, "Mechanisms of dynamic range limitations in gaas/algaas quantum-cascade lasers: Influence of injector doping," Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, p. 211117, 2005.
38. S. Höfling, V. Jovanović, D. Indjin, J. Reithmaier, A. Forchel, Z. Ikonić, N. Vukmirović, P. Harrison, A. Mirčetić, and V. Milanović, "Dependence of saturation effects on electron confinement and injector doping in GaAs/ AlGaAs quantum-cascade lasers," Applied Physics Letters 88, p. 251109, 2006.
39. K. Ohtani, Y. Moriyasu, H. Ohnishi, and H. Ohno, "Above room-temperature operation of InAs/ AlGaSb superlattice quantum cascade lasers emitting at 12 μm," Applied Physics Letters 90, p. 261112, 2007.
40. E. Mujagic, M. Austere, S. Schartner, M. Nobile, W. Schrenk, G. Strasser, I. Bayrakli, M. P. Semtsiv, and W. T. Masselink, "Doping density dependent performance of short-wavelength inp quantum-cascade lasers," in The Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Intersubband Transitions in Quantum Wells, D. Indjin, Z. Ikonić, P. Harrison, and R. W. Kelsall, eds., p. P10, 2007.
41. V. D. Jovanović, S. Höfling, D. Indjin, N. Vukmirović, Z. Ikonić, P. Harrison, J. P. Reithmaier, and A. Forchel, "Influence of doping density on electron dynamics in gaas/algaas quantum cascade lasers," J. Appl. Phys. 99, p. 103106, 2006.
42. V. Spagnolo, G. Scamarcio, H. Page, and C. Sirtori, "Simultaneous measurement of the electronic and lattice temperatures in GaAs/AlGaAs quantum-cascade lasers: Influence on the optical performance," Applied Physics Letters 84, p. 3690, 2004.
43. G. Sarusi, A. Carbone, S. D. Gunapala, and H. C. Liu, eds., Proceedings of the Workshop on Quantum Well Infrared Photodetectors, (Amsterdam), Elsevier, 2002.
44. N. E. I. Etteh and P. Harrison, "Quantum mechanical scattering investigation of the thermionic and field induced emission components of the dark current in quantum well infrared photodetectors (qwips)," J. App. Phys. 92, pp. 248-252, 2002.
45. V. D. Jovanović, P. Harrison, Z. Ikonić, and D. Indjin, "Physical model of quantum-well infrared photodetectors," J. Appl. Phys. 96, pp. 269-272, 2004.
46. L. Thibaudeau, P. Bois, and J. Y. Duboz J. Appl. Phys. 79, p. 446, 1996.
47. 1-xAs quantum dot infrared photodetectors with undoped active region," J. Appl. Phys. 89, pp. 4558-4563, 2001.
48. H. Callebaut and Q. Hu, "Importance of coherence for electron transport in terahertz quantum cascade lasers," Journal of Applied Physics 98, p. 104505, 2005.
49. I. Waldmueller, W. Chow, and A. Knorr, "Influence of radiative coupling on coherent Rabi intersubband oscillations in multiple quantum wells," Physical Review B 73(3), p. 35433, 2006.
50. S. Butscher, J. Förstner, I. Waldmüller, and A. Knorr, "Ultrafast electron-phonon interaction of intersubband transitions: Quantum kinetics from adiabatic following to Rabi-oscillations," Physical Review B 72(4), p. 45314, 2005.
51. I. Savić, N. Vukmirović, Z. Ikonić, D. Indjin, R. Kelsall, P. Harrison, and V. Milanović, "Density matrix theory of transport and gain in quantum cascade lasers in a magnetic field," Phys Rev B 76, p. 165310, 2007.
52. B. Williams, S. Kumar, H. Callebaut, Q. Hu, and J. Reno, "3.4 THz quantum cascade laser operating above liquid nitrogen temperature," Electronics Letters 39(12), pp. 915-916, 2003.
53. R. Terazzi, T. Gresch, M. Giovannini, N. Hoyler, N. Sekine, and J. Faist, "Bloch gain in quantum cascade lasers," NATURE PHYSICS 3(5), p. 329, 2007.