Vascular protection: Superoxide dismutase isoforms in the vessel wall

Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology

Volumn 24, Issue 8, 2004, Pages 1367-1373

  Faraci, Frank M ^a   Didion, Sean P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF IOWA   (United States)

Author keywords

Endothelium; Nitric oxide; Peroxynitrite; Reactive oxygen species; Superoxide dismutase

Indexed keywords

COPPER ZINC SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; ISOENZYME; MANGANESE SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE;

BLOOD VESSEL FUNCTION; BLOOD VESSEL PERMEABILITY; BLOOD VESSEL WALL; CELLULAR DISTRIBUTION; CYTOSOL; ENDOTHELIUM; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME ANALYSIS; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE MUTATION; GENE TRANSFER; HUMAN; MITOCHONDRION; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN BINDING; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; SHORT SURVEY;

ANIMALS; ANIMALS, GENETICALLY MODIFIED; CELL COMPARTMENTATION; CYTOSOL; ENDOTHELIAL CELLS; ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR; ENZYME INDUCTION; EXTRACELLULAR FLUID; HUMANS; HYDROGEN PEROXIDE; ISOENZYMES; MICE; MITOCHONDRIA; NITRIC OXIDE; OXIDATIVE STRESS; OXYGEN; RATS; REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES; SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; SUPEROXIDES; TRANSDUCTION, GENETIC;

EID: 3943073829     PISSN: 10795642     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000133604.20182.cf     Document Type: Short Survey

References (102)

1. Droge W. Free radicals in the physiological control of cell function. Physiol Rev. 2002;82:47-95.
2. Finkel T. Oxidant signals and oxidative stress. Current Opinion Cell Biol. 2003;15:247-254.
3. Nathan C. Specificity of a third kind: reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates in cell signaling. J Clin Invest. 2003;111:769-778.
4. Wei EP, Kontos HA, Christman CW, DeWitt DS. Superoxide generation and reversal of acetylcholine-induced cerebral arteriolar dilation after acute hypertension. Circ Res. 1985;57:781-787.
5. Packer L, Ed. Methods in Enzymology, Volume 349. San Diego, Calif: Academic Press; 2002.
6. Chan PH. Reactive oxygen radicals in signaling and damage in the ischémie brain. J Cerebral Blood Flow Metabol. 2001;21:2-14.
7. Beckman JS, Koppenol WH. Nitric oxide, superoxide, and peroxynitrite: the good, the bad, and the ugly. Am J Physiol. 1996;271:C1424-C1437.
8. Darley-Usmar V, Wiseman H, Halliwell B. Nitric oxide and oxygen radicals: a question of balance. FEBS Letters. 1995;369:131-135.
9. MacMillan-Crow LA, Cruthirds DL. Manganese superoxide dismutase in disease. Free Radical Res. 2001;34:325-336.
10. Guo W, Adachi T, Matsui R, Xu S, Jiang B, Zou MH, Kirber M, Lieberthal W, Cohen RA. Quantitative assessment of tyrosine nitration of manganese superoxide dismutase in angiotensin II-infused rat kidney. Am J Physiol. 2003;285:H1396-H403.
11. Cooke CL, Davidge ST. Peroxynitrite increases iNOS through NF-κB and decreases prostacyclin synthase in endothelial cells. Am J Physiol. 2002; 282:C395-C402.
12. Oliver FJ, Murcia JM, Nacci C, Decker P, Andriantsitohaina R, Muller S, de la Rubia G, Stoclet JC, de Murcia G. Resistance to endotoxic shock as a consequence of defective NF-κB activation in poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 deficient mice. EMBO J. 1999;18:4446-4454.
13. Soriano FG, Virag L, Jagtap P, Szabo E, Mabley JG, Liaudet L, Marton A, Hoyt DG, Murphy KGK, Salzman AL, Southan GJ, Szabo C. Diabetic endothelial dysfunction: the role of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activation. Nature Med. 2001;7:108-113.
14. Faraci FM. Hyperhomocysteinemia: a million ways to lose control. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003;23:371-373.
15. Gunnett CA, Heistad DD, Faraci FM. Gene-targeted mice reveal a critical role for inducible nitric oxide synthase in vascular dysfunction during diabetes. Stroke. 2003;34:2970-2974.
16. Laursen JB, Somers M, Kurz S, McCann L, Warnholtz A, Freeman BA, Tarpey M, Fukai T, Harrison DG. Endothelial regulation of vasomotion in apoE-deficient mice. Implications for interactions between peroxynitrite and tetrahydrobiopterin. Circulation. 2001;103:1282-1288.
17. Zou M-H, Shi C, Cohen RA. Oxidation of the zinc-thiolate complex and uncoupling of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by peroxynitrite. J Clin Invest. 2002;109:817-826.
18. Griendling KK, Sorescu D, Lassegue B, Ushio-Fukai M. Modulation of protein kinase activity and gene expression by reactive oxygen species and their role in vascular physiology and pathophysiology. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2000;20:2175-2183.
19. 2 in vascular smooth muscle cells: potential involvement in vascular disease. International J Molec Med. 2003; 11:229-234.
20. + channels. Stroke. 1997;28:2290-2295.
21. Matoba T, Shimokawa H. Hydrogen peroxide is an endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor in animals and humans. J Pharmacol Sci. 2003; 92:1-6.
22. Miura H, Bosnjak JJ, Ning G, Saito T, Miura M, Gutterman DD. Role of hydrogen peroxide in flow-induced dilation of human coronary arterioles. Circ Res. 2003;92:e31-e40.
23. Morikawa K, Shimokawa H, Matoba T, Kubota H, Akaike T, Talukder MAH, Hatanaka M, Fujiki T, Maeda H, Takahashi S, Takeshita A. Pivotal role of Cn,Zn-superoxide dismutase in endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization. J Clin Invest. 2003;112:1871-1879.
24. 2 in NO-independent relaxations of rabbit arteries. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2003; 100:15212-15217.
25. Stralin P, Kurlsson K, Jonansson BO, Marklund SL. The interstitium of the human arterial wall contains very large amounts of extracellular superoxide dismutase. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1995;15:2032-2036.
26. Fukai T, Gaus ZS, Meng XP, Parthasarathy S, Harrison DG. Vascular expression of extracellular superoxide dismutase in atherosclerosis. J Clin Invest. 1998;101:2101-2111.
27. Fukai T, Siegfried MR, Ushio-Fukai M, Cheng Y, Kojda G, Harrison DG. Regulation of the vascular extracellular superoxide dismutase by nitric oxide and exercise training. J Clin Invest. 2000;105:1631-1639.
28. Fukai T, Siegfried MR, Ushio-Fukai M, Griendling KK, Harrison DG. Modulation of extracellular superoxide dismutase expression by angiotensin II and hypertension. Circ Res. 1999;85:23-28.
29. Didion SP, Ryan MJ, Didion LA, Fegan PE, Sigmund CD, Faraci FM. Increased superoxide and vascular dysfunction in CuZnSOD-deficient mice. Circ Res. 2002;91:938-944.
30. Guo Z, Van Remmen H, Yang H, Chen X, Mele J, Vijg J, Epstein CJ, Ho Y-S, Richardson A. Changes in expression of antioxidant enzymes affect cell-mediated LDL oxidation and oxidized LDL-induced apoptosis in mouse aortic cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001;21:1131-1138.
31. Landmesser U, Merten R, Speikermann S, Buttner K, Drexler H, Hornig B. Vascular extracellular superoxide dismutase activity in patients with coronary artery disease. Relation to endothelium-dependent vasodilation. Circulation. 2000;101:2264-2270.
32. Marklund SL. Extracellular superoxide dismutase. Methods Enzymol. 2002; 349:74-80.
33. Veerareddy S, Cooke CL, Baker PN, Davidge ST. Gender differences in myogenic tone in the superoxide dismutase knockout mouse: an animal model of oxidative stress. Am J Physiol. In press.
34. Cooke CL, Davidge ST. Endothelial-dependent vasodilation is reduced in mesenteric arteries from superoxide dismutase knockout mice. Cardiovasc Res. 2003;60:635-642.
35. Kondo T, Reaume AG, Huang T-T, Carlson E, Murakami K, Chen SF, Hoffman EK, Scott RW, Epstein CJ, Chan PH. Reduction of CuZn-superoxide dismutase activity exacerbates neuronal cell injury and edema formation after transient focal cerebral ischemia. J Neurosci. 1997;17: 4180-4189.
36. Baumbach GL, Didion SP, Faraci FM. Deficiency of copper-zinc superoxide dismutase promotes cerebral vascular hypertrophy. FASEB J. 2003;17:A63-A64. Abstract
37. Chan PH, Kawase M, Murakami K, Chen SF, Li Y, Calagui B, Reola L, Carlson E, Epstein CJ. Overexpression of SOD1 in transgenic rats protects vulnerable neurons against ischemic damage after global cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. J Neurosci. 1998;18:8292-8299.
38. phox) and intraceUular superoxide. J Biol Chem. 2004;279:24493-24497.
39. Didion SP, Kinzenbaw D, Fegan PE, Didion LA, Faraci FM. Overexpression of CuZn-SOD prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced endothelial dysfunction. Stroke. In press.
40. Kamii H, Kato I, Kinouchi H, Chan PH, Epstein CJ, Akabane A, Okamoto H, Yoshimoto T. Amelioration of vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage in transgenic mice overexpressing CuZn-superoxide dismutase. Stroke. 1999;30:867-872.
41. Didion SP, Faraci FM. Overexpression of CuZn-SOD protects against ceramide-induced endothelial dysfunction. FASEB J. 2002;16:A1136. Abstract.
42. Iadecola C, Zhang F, Niwa K, Eckman C, Turner SK, Fischer E, Younkin S, Borchelt DR, Hsiao KK, Carlson GA. SOD1 rescues cerebral endothelial dysfunction in mice overexpressing amyloid precursor protein. Nature Neuroscience. 1999;2:157-161.
43. Ishibashi M, Hiasa K, Zhao Q, Inoue S, Ohtani K, Kitamoto S, Tsuchihashi M, Sugaya T, Charo IF, Kura S, Tsuzuki T, Ishibashi T, Takeshita A, Egashira K. Critical role of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 receptor CCR2 on monocytes in hypertension-induced vascular inflammation and remodeling. Circulation Res. 2004;94:1203-1210.
44. Zanetti M, Sato J, Katusic ZS, O'Brien T. Gene transfer of superoxide dismutase isoforms reverses endothelial dysfunction in diabetic rabbit aorta. Am J Physiol. 2001;280:H2516-H2523.
45. Miller FJ Jr., Gutterman DD, Rios CD, Heistad DD, Davidson BL. Superoxide production in vascular smooth muscle contributes to oxidative stress and impaired relaxation in atherosclerosis. Circ Res. 1998;82: 1298-1305.
46. Kim CD, Shin HK, Lee HS, Lee JH, Lee TH, Hong KW. Gene transfer of Cu/Zn SOD to cerebral vessels prevents FPI-induced CBF autoregulatory dysfunction. Am J Physiol. 2002;282:H1836-42.
47. Laughlin MH, Welshons WV, Sturek M, Rush JWE, Turk JR, Taylor JA, Judy BM, Henderson KK, Ganjam VK. Gender, exercise training, and eNOS expression in porcine skeletal muscle arteries. J Appl Phyiol. 2003; 95:250-264.
48. Guo ZM, Yang H, Hamilton ML, Van Remmen H, Richardson A. Effects of age and food restriction on oxidative DNA damage and antioxidant enzyme activities in mouse aorta. Mech Ageing Dev. 2001;122:1771-1786.
49. Inoue N, Ramasamy S, Fukai T, Nerem RM, Harrison DG. Shear stress modulates expression of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase in human aortic endothelial cells. Circ Res. 1996;79:32-37.
50. Rush JWE, Turk JR, Laughlin MH. Exercise training regulates SOD-1 and oxidative stress in porcine aortic endothelium. Am J Physiol. 2003;284: H1378-H1387.
51. Passerini AG, Polacek DC, Shi C, Francesco NM, Manduchi E, Grant GR, Pritchard WF, Powell S, Chang GY, Stoeckert CJ, Davies PF. Coexisting proinflammatory and antioxidative endothelial transcription profiles in a disturbed flow region of the adult porcine aorta. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2004;101:2482-2487.
52. Inoue I, Goto S, Matsunaga T, Nakajima T, Awata T, Hokari S, Komoda T, Katayama S. The ligands/activators for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) and PPAR-γ increase Cu2+,Zn2+-superoxide dismutase and decrease p22phox message expressions in primary endothelial cells. Metabolism. 2001;50:3-11.
53. Suzuki K, Nakazato K, Asayama K, Masawa N, Takatama M, Sakata N. The role of oxidative stress on pathogenesis of hypertensive arterial lesions in rat mesenteric arteries. Acta Histochem Cytochem. 2002;35:287-293.
54. Uddin M, Yang H, Shi M, Polley-Mandal M, Guo Z. Elevation of oxidative stress in the aorta of genetically hypertensive mice. Mech Ageing Dev. 2003;124:811-817.
55. Wang HD, Johns DG, Xu S, Cohen RA. Role of superoxide anion in regulating pressor and vascular hypertrophic response to angiotensin II. Am J Physiol. 2002;282:H1697-702.
56. Saito A, Kamii H, Kato I, Takasawa S, Kondo T, Chan PH, Okamoto H, Yoshimoto T. Transgenic CuZn-superoxide dismutase inhibits NO synthase induction in experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2001;32: 1652-1657.
57. Chauhan SD, Seggara G, Vo PA, Macallister RJ, Hobbs AJ, Ahluwalia A. Protection against lipopolysaccharide-induced endothelial dysfunction in resistance and conduit vasculature of iNOS knockout mice. FASEB J. 2003;17:773-775.
58. Faraci FM, Sigmund CD. Vascular biology in genetically-altered mice: smaller vessels, bigger insight. Circulation Res. 1999;85:1214-1225.
59. Jung O, Marklund SL, Geiger H, Pedrazzini T, Busse R, Brandes RP. Extracellular superoxide dismutase is a major determinant of nitric oxide bioavailability. In vivo and ex vivo evidence from ecSOD-deficient mice. Circulation Res. 2003;93:622-629.
60. Suzuki K, Tatsumi H, Satoh S, Senda T, Nakata T, Fujii J, Taniguchi N. Manganese-superoxide dismutase in endothelial cells: localization and mechanism of induction. Am J Physiol. 1993;265:H1173-H1178.
61. Napoli C, Witztum JL, de Nigris F, Palumbo G, D'Armiento FP, Palinski W. Intracranial arteries of human fetuses are more resistant to hypercholesterolemia-induced fatty streak formation than extracranial arteries. Circulation. 1999;99:2003-2010.
62. Michelakis ED, Hampl V, Nsair A, Wu XC, Harry G, Haromy A, Gurtu R, Archer SL. Diversity in mitochondrial function explains differences in vascular oxygen sensing. Circulation Res. 2002;90:1307-1315.
63. Strehlow K, Rotter S, Wassman S, Adam O, Grohe C, Laufs K, Bohm M, Nickenig G. Modulation of antioxidant enzyme expression and function by estrogen. Circulation Res. 2003;93:170-177.
64. Visner GA, Chesrown SE, Monnier J, Ryan US, Nick HS. Regulation of manganese superoxide dismutase: IL-1 and TNF induction in pulmonary artery and microvascular endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1992;188:453-462.
65. Ruetzler CA, Furuya K, Takeda H, Hallenbeck JM. Brain vessels normally undergo cyclic activation and inactivation: Evidence from tumor necrosis factor-α, heme oxygenase-1, and manganese superoxide dismutase immunostaining of vessels and perivascular brain cells. J Cerebral Blood Flow Metabol. 2001;21:244-252.
66. Brandes RP, Koddenberg G, Gwinner W, Kim D, Kruse HJ, Busse R, Mugge A. Role of increased production of superoxide anions by NAD(P)H oxidase and xanthine oxidase in prolonged endotoxemia. Hypertension. 1999;33:1243-1249.
67. 't Hoen PAC, Van der Lans CAC, Van Eck M, Bijsterbosch MK, Van Berkel TJC, Twisk J. Aorta of apoE-deficient mice responds to atherogenic stimuli by a prelesional increase and subsequent decrease in the expression of antioxidant enzymes. Circulation Res. 2003;93:262-269.
68. Villeneuve N, Fortuno A, Sauvage M, Fournier N, Breugnot C, Jacquemin C, Petit C, Gosgnach W, Carpentier N, Vanhoutte P, Vilaine J-P. Persistance of the nitric oxide pathway in the aorta of hypercholesterolemic apolipoprotein-E- deficient mice. J Vasc Res. 2003;40:87-96.
69. Schaper M, Gergely S, Lykkesfeldt J, Zbaren J, Leib SL, Tauber MG, Christen S. Cerebral vasculature in the major target of oxidative protein alterations in bacterial meningitis. J Neuropath Exp Neurol. 2002;61: 605-613.
70. Ulker S, McMaster D, McKeown PP, Bayraktutan U. Impaired activities of antioxidant enzymes elicit endothelial dysfunction in spontaneous hypertensive rats despite enhanced vascular nitric oxide generation. Cardiovascular Res. 2003;59:488-500.
71. Van der Loo B, Labugger R, Skepper JN, Bachschmid M, Kilo J, Powell JM, Palacios-Callender M, Erusalimsky JD, Quaschning T, Malinski T, Gygi D, Ullrich V, Luscher TF. Enhanced peroxynitrite formation is associated with vascular aging. J Exp Med. 2000;192:1731-1743.
72. Ballinger SW, Patterson C, Knight-Lozano CA, Burow DL, Conklin CA, Hu Z, Reuf J, Horaist C, Lebovitz R, Hunter GC, McIntyre K, Runge MS. Mitochondrial integrity and function in atherogenesis. Circulation. 2002; 106:544-549.
73. Zanetti M, Sato J, Jost CJ, Gloviczki P, Katusic ZS, O'Brien T. Gene transfer of manganese superoxide dismutase reverses vascular dysfunction in the absence but not in the presence of atherosclerotic plaque. Human Gene Therapy. 2001;12:1407-1416.
74. Li L, Fink GD, Watts SW, Northcott CA, Galligan JJ, Pagano PJ, Chen AF. Endothelin-1 increases vascular superoxide via endothelin(A)-NADPH oxidase pathway in low-renin hypertension. Circulation. 2003;107: 1053-1058.
75. Nishikawa T, Edelstein D, Du XL. Yamagishi S, Matsumura T, Kaneda Y, Yorek MA, Beebe D, Oates PJ, Hammes H-P, Giardino I, Brownlee M. Normalizing mitochondrial superoxide production blocks three pathways of hyperglycaemic damage. Nature. 2000;404:787-790.
76. Marklund SL. Extracellular superoxide dismutase and other superoxide dismutase isoenzymes in tissues from nine mammalian species. Biochem J. 1984;222:649-655.
77. Oury TD, Day BJ, Crapo JD. Extracellular superoxide dismutase: a regulator of nitric oxide bioavailability. Lab Invest. 1996;75:617-636.
78. Sandström J, Carlsson L, Marklund SL, Edlund T. The heparin-binding domain of extracellular superoxide dismutase C and formation of variants with reduced heparin affinity. J Biol Chem. 1992;267:18205-18209.
79. Fukai T, Folz RJ, Landmesser U, Harrison DG. Extracellular superoxide dismustase and cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc Res. 2002;55:239-249.
80. Zelko IN, Mariani TJ, Folz RJ. Superoxide dismutase multigene family: A comparison of the CnZn-SOD (SOD1), Mn-SOD (SOD2), and EC-SOD (SOD3) gene structures, evolution, and expression. Free Radical Biol Med. 2002;33:337-349.
81. Leite PF, Danilovic A, Moriel P, Dantas K, Marklund S, Dantas APV, Laurindo FRM. Sustained decrease in superoxide dismutase activity underlies constrictive remodeling after balloon injury in rabbits. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003;23:2197-2202.
82. Stralin P, Marklund SL. Vasoactive factors and growth factors alter vascular smooth muscle cell EC-SOD expression. Am J Physiol. 2001;281: H1621-H1629.
83. Fattman CL, Schaefer LM, Oury TD. Extracellular superoxide dismutase in biology and medicine. Free Radical Biol Med. 2003;35:236-256.
84. Nonaka H, Tsujino T, Watari Y, Emoto N, Yokoyama M. Taurine prevents the decrease in expression and secretion of extracellular superoxide dismutase induced by homocysteine: amelioration of homocysteine-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress by taurine. Circulation. 2001;104:1165-1170.
85. Davis ME, Cai H, McCann L, Fukai T, Harrison DG. Role of c-Src in regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression during exercise training. Am J Physiol. 2003;284:H1449-1453.
86. Yamamoto M, Hara H, Adachi T. Effects of homocysteine on the binding of extracellular-superoxide dismutase to the endothelial cell surface. FEBS Lett. 2000;486:159-162.
87. Yamamoto M, Hara H, Adachi T. Nitric oxide and its decomposed derivatives decrease the binding of extracellular-superoxide dismutase to the endothelial cell surface. FEBS Lett. 2001;505:296-300.
88. Karlsson K, Marklund SL. Heparin-induced release of extracellular superoxide dismutase to human blood plasma. Biochem J. 1987;242:55-59.
89. Wolin MS. Interactions of oxidants with vascular signaling systems. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2000;20:1430-1442.
90. Ookawara T, Eguchi H, Nishimura M, Kizaki T, Takayama E, Saitoh D, Ohno H, Suzuki K. Effects of oxidative stress on the nuclear translocation of extracellular superoxide dismutase. Biochem Biophys Res Comm. 2003; 303:914-919.
91. Liu JQ, Folz RJ. Extracellular superoxide enhances 5-HT induced murine pulmonary artery vasoconstriction. Am J Physiol. In press.
92. Demchenko IT, Oury TD, Crapo JD, Piantadosi CA. Regulation of the brain's vascular responses to oxygen. Circulation Res. 2002;91:1031-1037.
93. Jonsson LM, Rees DD, Edlund T, Marklund SL. Nitric oxide and blood pressure in mice lacking extracellular-superoxide dismutase. Free Radic Res. 2002;36:755-758.
94. Chu Y, Iida S, Lund DD, Weiss RM, G.F. GF, Watanabe Y, Faraci FM, Heistad DD. Gene transfer of extracellular superoxide dismutase reduces arterial pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats: role of the heparin binding domain. Circulation Res. 2003;92:461-468.
95. Lund DD, Gunnett CA, Chu Y, Brooks RM, Faraci FM, Heistad DD. Gene transfer of extracellular superoxide dismutase improves relaxation of aorta after treatment with endotoxin. Am J Physiol. In press.
96. Fennell JP, Brosnan MJ, Frater AJ, Hamilton CA, Alexander MY, Nicklin SA, Heistad DD, Baker AH, Dominiczak AF. Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of extracellular superoxide dismutase improves endothelial dysfunction in a rat model of hypertension. Gene Ther. 2002;9:110-117.
97. Watanabe Y, Chu Y, Andresen JJ, Nakane H, Faraci FM, Heistad DD. Gene transfer of extracellular superoxide dismutase reduces cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2003;34:434-440.
98. McGirt MJ, Parra A, Sheng H, Higuchi Y, Oury TD, Laskowitz DT, Pearlstein RD, Warner DS. Attenuation of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage in mice overexpressing extracellular superoxide dismutase. Stroke. 2002;33:2317-2323.
99. Armstrong ML, Heistad DD. Animal models of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis. 1990;85:15-23.
100. Sentman M-L, Brannstrom T, Westerlund S, Laukkanen MO, Yla-Herttuala S, Basu S, Marklund SL. Extracellular superoxide dismutase deficiency and atherosclerosis in mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001;21: 1477-1482.
101. Paigen B, Morrow A, Brandon C, Mitchell D, Holmes P. Variation in susceptibility to atherosclerosis among inbred strains of mice. Atherosclerosis. 1985;57:65-73.
102. Dansky HM, Charlton SA, Sikes JL, Heath SC, Simantov R, Levin LF, Shu P, Moore KJ, Breslow JL, Smith JD. Genetic background determines the extent of atherosclerosis in apoE-deficient mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1999;19:1960-1968.