Corporate Governance: What Can Be Learned From Japan?

Corporate Governance: What Can Be Learned From Japan?

Volumn , Issue , 2004, Pages 1-189

  Learmount, Simon ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Company managers; Corporate governance policy; Corporate governance research; Individual interactions; Japanese companies; Japanese economy; Reciprocal obligations

Indexed keywords

EID: 3843080789     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199269082.001.0001     Document Type: Book

References (309)

1. Abe, Y. (1997). 'Chief executive turnover and firm performance in Japan', Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, 11(1): 2-26.
2. Abegglen, J. (1958). The Japanese Factory. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
3. Abegglen, J. and Stalk, G. (1985). Kaisha: The Japanese Corporation. New York: Basic Books.
4. Albert, M. (1991). Capitalisme contre Capitalisme. Paris: Editions du Seuil.
5. Alchian, A. A. and Demsetz, H. (1972). 'Production, information costs and economic organisation', American Economic Review, 62(5): 777-95.
6. Allison, P. D. (1992). 'The cultural evolution of beneficent norms', Social Forces, 71: 279-301.
7. Andrews, F. M. (1984). 'Construct validity and error components of survey measures: a structural modelling approach', Public Opinion Quarterly, 48: 409-42.
8. Aoi, J. (1997). 'To whom does the company belong? A new management mission for the Information Age', in D. H. Chew (ed.), Studies in International Corporate Finance and Governance Systems. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
9. Aoki, M. (1984). The Economic Analysis of the Japanese Firm. Boston: North Holland.
10. Aoki, M. (1988). Information, Incentives and Bargaining in the Japanese Economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
11. Aoki, M. (1994). 'The Japanese firm as a system of attributes: a survey and research agenda', in M. Aoki and R. Dore (eds), The Japanese Firm: Sources of Competitive Strength. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
12. Aoki, M. and Dore, R. (1994). The Japanese Firm: Sources of Competitive Strength. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
13. Aoki, M. Patrick, H., and Sheard, P. (1994). 'The Japanese Main Bank System: an introductory overview', in M. Aoki and H. Patrick (eds), The Japanese Main Bank System: its Relevance for Developing and Transforming Economies. New York: Oxford University Press.
14. Aronson, E. (1969). 'The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance: a current perspective', in I. L. Berkowitz (ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 4. New York: Academic Press.
15. Aronson, E. (1998). 'Dissonance, hypocrisy and the self-concept', in E. Harmon-Jones and J. S. Mills (eds), Cognitive Dissonance Theory: Revival with Revisions and Controversies. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
16. Asch, S. (1951). 'Effects of group pressure upon the modification and distortion of judgment', in H. Guetzkow (ed.), Groups, Leadership and Men. Pittsburgh, PA: Carnegie Press.
17. Asch, S. (1956). 'Studies of independence and conformity: a minority of one against a unanimous majority', Psychological Monographs, 70 (9, Whole No. 416).
18. Axelrod, R. (1984). The Evolution of Co-operation. New York: Basic Books.
19. Bartlett, F. C. (1932). Remembering: a Study in Experimental and Social Psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
20. Batson, C. D. (1998). 'Altruism and prosocial behavior', in D. Gilbert, S. Fiske, and G. Lindzey (eds), The Handbook of Social Psychology, Vol. 2, 4th edn. New York: McGraw-Hill.
21. Bauman, Z. (1993). Postmodern Ethics. Oxford: Blackwell.
22. Bell, D. (1973). The Coming of Post-Industrial Society. New York: Basic Books.
23. Belson, W. (1986). Validity in Social Research. Aldershot: Gower.
24. (p.162) Berger, S. and Dore, R. (eds) (1996). National Diversity and Global Capitalism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
25. Berle, A. (1932). 'For whom corporate managers are trustees: a note', Harvard Law Review, 45: 1365-72.
26. Berle, A. A. and Means, G. C. (1932). The Modern Corporation and Private Property. New York: Macmillan.
27. Berscheid, E. and Reis, H. T. (1998). 'Attraction and close relationships', in D. Gilbert, S. Fiske, and G. Lindzey (eds), The Handbook of Social Psychology, Vol. 2, 4th edn. New York: McGraw-Hill.
28. Black, B. (1992). 'The value of institutional investor monitoring: the empirical evidence', UCLA Law Review, 39(4): 895-939.
29. Blair, M. (1995). Ownership and Control: Rethinking Corporate Governance for the Twenty-first Century. Washington, DC: Brookings Institute.
30. Blois, K. J. (1999). 'Trust in business to business relationships: an evaluation of its status', Journal of Management Studies, 36(2): 197-215.
31. Bloor, D. (1997). 'Remember the strong programme?', Science, Technology and Human Values, 22: 373-85.
32. Bloor, D. (2000). 'Whatever happened to "social constructiveness"?', in A. Saito (ed.), Bartlett, Culture and Cognition. Hove: Psychology Press.
33. Boon, S. D. and Holmes, J. G. (1991). 'The dynamics of interpersonal trust: resolving uncertainty in the face of risk', in R. A. Hinde and J. Groebel (eds), Cooperation and Prosocial Behaviour. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
34. Borio (1990). Patterns of Corporate Finance, BIS Economic Papers 27. Basel: Bank for International Settlements.
35. Bouas, K. S. and Komorita, S. S. (1996). 'Group discussion and cooperation in social dilemmas', Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22: 1144-50.
36. Boyd, B. K., Carroll, W. O. et al. (1996). 'International governance research: a review and an agenda for future research', International Comparative Management, 11: 191-215.
37. Bratton, W. W. (1989). 'The new economic theory of the firm: critical perspectives from history', Stanford Law Review, 1: 1471-527.
38. Brewer, M. B. and Kramer, R. M. (1986). 'Choice behavior in social dilemmas: effects of social identity, group size and decision framing', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50: 543-49.
39. Briggs, C. L. (1986). Learning How to Ask: a Sociological Appraisal of the Interview in Social Science Research. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
40. Bromiley, P. and Cummings, L. L. (1995). 'Transactions costs in organizations with trust', in R. Bies, B. Sheppard, and R. Lewicki (eds), Research on Negotiation in Organizations. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
41. Butler, D. and Kitzinger, U. (1976). The 1975 Referendum. London: Macmillan.
42. Cadbury, A. (1992). Report of the Committee on the Financial Aspects of Corporate Governance. London: Gee.
43. Cadbury, A. (2000). 'Introduction', in World Bank, Global Corporate Governance Forum. Washington: World Bank.
44. CalPERS (1998). CalPERS Corporate Governance Principles for Japan. http://www.calpers-governance.org/principles/international/japan/.
45. Cassell, C. and Symon, G. (eds) (1994). Qualitative Methods in Organizational Research. London: Sage.
46. (p.163) Caves, R. and Uekusa, M. (1976). Industrial Organization in Japan. Washington: Brookings Institution.
47. Chandler, A. (1962). Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the History of American Industrial Enterprise. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
48. Chang, H.-J., Palma, G., and Whittaker, D. H. (1998). 'The Asian Crisis: introduction', Cambridge Journal of Economics, 22: 649-52.
49. Charkham, J. (1992). 'Corporate Governance: lessons from abroad', European Business Journal, 4(2): 8-16.
50. Charkham, J. (1994). Keeping Good Company: a Study of Corporate Governance in Five Countries. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
51. Chell, E. (1998). 'Critical incident technique', in G. Symon and C. Cassell (eds), Qualitative Methods and Analysis in Organizational Research. London: Sage.
52. Chen, R., López-Gelormino, C. S., and Shaw, S. M. (2001). 'Asia's performance challenge', The McKinsey Quarterly, 3: 6-9.
53. Cicourel, A. V. (1982). 'Interviews, surveys and the problem of ecological validity', American Sociologist, 17: 11-20.
54. Clark, J. M. (1916). 'The changing basis of economic responsibility', The Journal of Political Economy, 24(3): 209-29.
55. Clark, R. (1979). The Japanese Company. New Haven: Yale University Press.
56. Coase, R. H. (1937). 'The Nature of the Firm', Economica, 4: 386-405.
57. Coffee, J. C. (1991). 'Liquidity vs. Control: institutional investors as corporate monitors', Columbia Law Review, 91: 1277-368.
58. Coffey, A., Holbrook, B. et al. (1996). 'Qualitative data analysis: technologies and representations', Sociological Research Online, 1(1): 1-16.
59. Cole, M. (1996). Cultural Psychology. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.
60. Cole, J. and Cole, M. (2000). 'Re-fusing anthropology and psychology', in A. Saito (ed.), Bartlett, Culture and Cognition. Hove: Psychology Press.
61. Converse, J. M. (1984). 'Strong arguments and weak evidence: the open/closed questioning controversy of the 1940s', Public Opinion Quarterly, 48: 267-82.
62. Corbett, J. (1987). 'International perspectives on financing: evidence from Japan', Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 3(4): 30-55.
63. Corbett, J. (1994). 'An overview of the Japanese financial system', in N. Dimsdale and M. Prevezer (eds), Capital Markets and Corporate Governance. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
64. Crabtree, B. F. and Miller, W. L. (eds) (1992). Doing Qualitative Research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
65. Crouch, C. and Streeck, W. (eds) (1997). Political Economy and Modern Capitalism: Mapping Convergence and Diversity. London: Sage.
66. Crozier, W. R. (ed.) (1990). Shyness and Embarrassment: Perspectives from Social Psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
67. Das, T. K. and Teng, B.-S. (1998). 'Between trust and control: developing confidence in partner cooperation in alliances', Academy of Management Review, 23(3): 491-513.
68. Davies, P. L. (1997). 'Institutional investors as corporate monitors in the UK', in K. J. Hopt (ed.), Comparative Corporate Governance. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
69. Davis, G. F. and Thompson, T. A. (1994). 'A social movement perspective on corporate control', Administrative Science Quarterly, 39(1): 141-73.
70. Davis, J. H., Schoorman, F. D., and Donaldson, L. (1997). 'Toward a stewardship theory of management', Academy of Management Review, 22(1): 20-47.
71. (p.164) Dawes, R., van de Kragt, A., and Orbell, J. (1990). 'Cooperation for the benefit of us-no me, or my conscience', in J. Mansbridge (ed.), Beyond Self-Interest. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
72. Deci, E. L. and Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinstic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior. New York: Plenum.
73. Dodd, E. M. (1932). 'For whom are corporate managers trustees?' Harvard Law Review, 45: 1145-63.
74. Donaldson, L. and Davis, J. H. (1991). 'Stewardship theory or agency theory: CEO governance and shareholder returns', Australian Journal of Management, 16(1): 49-64.
75. Donaldson, T. and Preston, L. E. (1995). 'The stakeholder theory of the corporation: concepts, evidence and implications', Academy of Management Review, 20(1): 65-91.
76. Dore, R. (1973). British Factory-Japanese Factory: the Origins of National Diversity in Industrial Relations. Berkeley: University of California Press.
77. Dore, R. (1983). 'Goodwill and the spirit of market capitalism', British Journal of Sociology, 34: 459-82.
78. Dore, R. (1987). Taking Japan Seriously: a Confucian Perspective on Leading Economic Issues. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
79. Dore, R. (1996). 'Convergence in whose interest?', in S. Berger and R. Dore (eds), National Diversity and Global Capitalism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
80. Dore, R. (1998). 'Asian Crisis and the Future of the Japanese Model', Cambridge Journal of Economics, 22: 773-87.
81. Dore, R. (2000). Stock Market Capitalism: Welfare Capitalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
82. Douglas, M. (1980). Evans-Pritchard. London: Fontana.
83. Douglas, M. (2000). 'Memory and selective attention; Bartlett and Evans-Pritchard', in A. Saito (ed.), Bartlett, Culture and Cognition. Hove: Psychology Press.
84. Durkheim, E. (1893). De la Division du Travail Social. Paris: Felix Alcan.
85. Dyer, J. H. and Chu, W. (2000). 'The determinants of trust in supplier-automaker relationships in the US, Japan, and Korea', Journal of International Business Studies, 31(2): 259-85.
86. Dyer, W. G. and Wilkins, A. (1991). 'Better stories, not better constructs, to generate better theory: a rejoinder to Eisenhardt', Academy of Management Review, 16(3): 613-19.
87. The Economist (1994). 'A survey of corporate governance', The Economist, 330(7848), 29 January: 3-18.
88. The Economist (1995). 'Japan Inc frays at the edges', The Economist, 335(7917), 3 June: 67-68.
89. The Economist (1999). 'No more tears', The Economist, 53(8147), 25 November: 3-4.
90. Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). 'Agency theory: an assessment and review', Academy of Management Review, 14(1): 57-74.
91. Eli, M. (1990). Japan Inc: Global Strategies of Japanese Trading Companies. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill.
92. Etzioni, A. (1975). A Comparative Analysis of Complex Organizations: on Power, Involvement and their Correlates. New York: Free Press.
93. Fama, E. (1980). 'Agency problems and the theory of the firm', Journal of Political Economy, 88(2): 288-307.
94. Festinger, L. (1957). A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
95. Financial Times (1997). 'The impact of governance', 14 February.
96. Financial Times (1998). 'Anglo-Solutions: Japan's ray of hope', 6 May.
97. Financial Times (2000). 'Equities: from slow start to relentless build-up', 11 January.
98. Fingleton, E. (1995). 'Jobs for life: why Japan won't give them up', Fortune, 131(5), 20 March: 119-24.
99. (p.165) Freeman, R. E. (1984). Strategic Management; a Stakeholder Approach. Boston: Pitman/Ballinger.
100. Friedman, M. (1953). 'The methodology of positive economics', in M. Friedman (ed.), Essays in Positive Economics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
101. Friedman, M. (1970). 'The social responsibility of business is to increase its profit', New York Times Magazine, 13 September.
102. Fruin, W. M. (1992). The Japanese Enterprise System. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
103. Fukao, M. (1995). Financial Integration, Corporate Governance, and the Performance of Multinational Companies. Washington, DC: Brookings.
104. Futatsugi, Y. (1986). Japanese Enterprise Groups. Kobe: Kobe University Press.
105. G7 (1999). Strengthening the International Financial Architecture: Report of the G7 Finance Ministers to the Köln Economic Summit. Cologne, 18-20 June 1999.
106. Garvey, G. T. and Swan, P. L. (1992). 'The interaction between financial and employment contracts: a formal model of Japanese corporate governance', Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, 6(2): 247-74.
107. Gerlach (1992). Alliance Capitalism. Berkeley: University of California Press.
108. Ghoshal, S. and Moran, P. (1996). 'Bad for practice: a critique of the transaction cost theory', Academy of Management Review, 21(1): 13-47.
109. Gilson, R. J. (1994). 'Corporate governance and economic efficiency', in M. Isaksson and R. Skog (eds), Aspects of Corporate Governance. Stockholm: Juristforlaget.
110. Gilson, R. J. and Roe, M. J. (1993). 'Understanding the Japanese keiretsu: overlaps between corporate governance and industrial organization', The Yale Law Journal, 102(4): 871-906.
111. Glaser, B. and Strauss, A. (1967). The Discovery of Grounded Theory. Chicago: Aldine.
112. Granovetter, M. (1985). 'Economic action and social embeddedness', American Journal of Sociology, 91(3): 481-510.
113. Gritching, W. (1986). 'Public opinion versus policy advice', Australian Psychologist, 21: 45-58.
114. Gronning, T. (1997). 'Accessing large corporations: research ethics and gatekeeper-relations in the case of researching a Japanese-invested factory', Sociological Research Online, 2(4): 1-12.
115. Hagan, J. M. and Choe S. (1998). 'Trust in Japanese interfirm relations: institutional sanctions matter', Academy of Management Review, 23: 589-600.
116. Halbwachs, M. (1950). La Mémoire Collective. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
117. Hammersley, M. and Atkinson, P. (1995). Ethnography: Principles in Practic. (2nd edition). London: Routledge.
118. Hammersley, M. and Gomm, R. (1997). 'Bias in social research', Sociological Research Online, 2(1): 1-13.
119. Harackiewicz, J. M. (1979). 'The effects of reward contingency and performance feedback on intrinsic motivation', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37: 1352-63.
120. Hart, O. and Moore, J. (1990). 'Property rights and the nature of the firm', The Journal of Political Economy, 98: 1119-58.
121. Hawley, J. P. and Williams, A. T. (1996). Corporate Governance in the United States: the Rise of Fiduciary Capitalism. Working paper, St. Mary's College of California.
122. Hazama, H. (1964). The History of Labour Management in Japan. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
123. Hill, I. and Duffield, S. (2001). Share Ownership-A Report on the Ownership of Shares at 31 December 2000. London: Office for National Statistics.
124. Hill, S. (1995). 'The social organization of boards and directors', British Journal of Sociology, 46(2): 245-78.
125. Hinde, R. (1997). Relationships: a Dialectical Perspective. Hove: Psychology Press.
126. Hirschman, A. O. (1972). Exit, Voice and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations and States. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
127. (p.166) Hirschmeier, J. and Yui, T. (1981). The Development of Japanese Business. London: George Allen & Unwin.
128. Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture's Consequences. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
129. Hofstede, G. (1991). Cultures and Organizations. New York: McGraw-Hill.
130. Holmes, J. and Murray, S. (1996). 'Conflict in close relationships', in E. T. Higgins and A. Kruglanski (eds), Social Psychology: Handbook of Basic Principles. New York: Guilford Press.
131. Hopt K. J. (ed.) (1997). Comparative Corporate Governance: the State of the Art and Emerging Research. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
132. Horiuchi, A., Packer, F. et al. (1988). 'What role has the "main bank" played in Japan?', Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, 2: 159-80.
133. Hoshi, T., Kashyap, A., and Scharfstein, D. (1990a). 'The role of banks in reducing the costs of financial distress in Japan', Journal of Financial Economics, 27: 67-88.
134. Hoshi, T., Kashyap, A., and Scharfstein, D. (1990b). 'Corporate structure, liquidity and investment: evidence from Japanese industrial groups', Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106: 33-60.
135. Hume, D. (1740). A Treatise on Human Nature. London: Thomas Longman.
136. Ide, M. (1998). Japanese Corporate Finance and International Competition: Japanese capitalism versus American capitalism. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
137. Imai, K. and Komiya, R. (eds) (1994). (translated by R. Dore and H. Whittaker). Business Enterprise in Japan: Views of Leading Japanese Economists. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
138. Imai, K. and Komiya, R. (1994). 'Characteristics of Japanese firms', in K. Imai and R. Komiya (eds) (translated by R. Dore and H. Whittaker), Business Enterprise in Japan: Views of Leading Japanese Economists. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
139. Itami, H. (1994). 'The "Human-Capital-ism" of the Japanese firm as an integrated system', in K. Imai and R. Komiya (eds) (translated by R. Dore and H. Whittaker), Business Enterprise in Japan: Views of Leading Japanese Economists. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
140. Ito, K. (1995). 'Japanese spinoffs: unexplored survival strategies', Strategic Management Journal, 16: 431-46.
141. Itoh, H. and Teruyama, H. (1998). 'Do positions and tenure of top executives affect their attitude?', in T. Tachibanaki (ed.), Who Runs Japanese Business? Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
142. Jackson, N. and Carter, P. (1995). 'Organizational Chiaroscuro: throwing light on the concept of corporate governance', Human Relations, 48(8): 875-99.
143. Jaikumar, R. (1986). 'Postindustrial manufacturing', Harvard Business Review, Nov.-Dec.
144. Janis I. L. (1982). Groupthink. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
145. Japan Institute of Labour (1997). Labour-Management Relations in Japan.
146. Japan Securities Research Institute (1998). Securities Market in Japan 1998. Tokyo: Tokyo Shoken Kaikan.
147. Jensen, M. C. (1983). 'Organization theory and methodology', Accounting Review, 58: 319-39.
148. Jensen, M. C. (1994). 'Self-interest, altruism, incentives and agency theory', Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, Summer: 40-5.
149. Jensen, M. C. and Meckling, W. H. (1976). 'Theory of the firm: managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure', Journal of Financial Economics, 3: 305-60.
150. JETRO (1991). Business Facts and Figures. Tokyo: JETRO.
151. Johnson, R. A. and Ouchi, W. G. (1974). 'Made in America (under Japanese management)', Harvard Business Review, Sept.-Oct.
152. Jones, R. S. and Tsuru, K. (1997). 'Japan's corporate governance: a system in evolution', OECD Observer, 204, Feb.-Mar.: 40-1.
153. Jones, T. M. (1995). 'Instrumental stakeholder theory: a synthesis of ethics and economics', Academy of Management Review, 20(2): 404-38.
154. (p.167) Kang, J.-K. and Stulz, R. M. (1997). 'Why is there a home bias? An analysis of foreign portfolio equity ownership in Japan', Journal of Financial Economics, 46(1): 3-28.
155. Kaplan, S. N. (1994). 'Top executive rewards and firm performance: a comparison of Japan and the United States', Journal of Political Economy, 102(3): 510-45.
156. Kaplan, S. N. and Minton, B. A. (1994). 'Appointments of outsiders to Japanese boards: determinants and implications for managers', Journal of Financial Economics, 36(2): 225-58.
157. Kay, J. and Silberston, A. (1995). 'Corporate governance', National Institute Economic Review, 153, August: 84-98.
158. Keidenran (Japan Federation of Economic Organisations) (1997). Urgent Recommendations Concerning Corporate Governance. Tokyo: Keidanren.
159. Keidenran (Japan Federation of Economic Organisations) (2000). Points of Discussion Relating to Corporate Governance in Japanese Public Companies (Interim Report). Tokyo: Keidanren.
160. Kelle, U. (1997). 'Theory building in qualitative research and computer programs for the management of textual data', Sociological Research Online, 2(3): 1-18.
161. Kester, W. C. (1991). Japanese Takeovers: the Global Contest for Corporate Control. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
162. Kester, W. C. (1996). 'American and Japanese corporate governance: convergence to best practice?', in S. Berger and R. Dore (eds), National Diversity and Global Capitalism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
163. Keynes, J.-M. (1936). The General Theory of Employment Interest and Money. London: Macmillan and Co.
164. Kikuchi, M. (1999). Kigyokachi Hyoka Kakume. [The Revolution in Corporate Valuation]. Tokyo: Toyo Keizai.
165. King, N. (1994). 'The Qualitative Research Interview', in C. Cassell and G. Symon (eds), Qualitative Methods in Organizational Research, pp. 14-36. London: Sage.
166. King, N. (1998). 'Template analysis', in C. Cassell and G. Symon (eds), Qualitative Methods and Analysis in Organizational Research. London: Sage.
167. Kohn, A. (1993). Punished by Rewards. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
168. Kono, T. (1984). Strategy and Structure of Japanese Enterprises. London: Macmillan.
169. Kramer, R. M., Brewer, M. B., and Hanna, B. A. (1996). 'Collective trust and collective action: the decision to trust as a social decision', in R. M. Kramer and T. R. Tyler (eds), Trust and Organizations: Frontiers of Theory and Research. Sage: Thousand Oaks.
170. Kramer, R. M. and Tyler, T. R. (eds) (1996). Trust in Organizations: Frontiers of Theory and Research. London: Sage.
171. Kuwahara, Y. (1989). Industrial Relations System in Japan: a New Interpretation. Tokyo: The Japan Institute of Labour.
172. Lane, C. and Bachman, R. (eds) (1998). Trust within and between Organizations. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
173. LaPiere, R. T. (1934/35). 'Attitudes vs. Actions', Social Forces, 13: 230-37.
174. Latané, B. (1981). 'The psychology of social impact', American Psychologist, 36: 343-56.
175. Lawson, T. (1997). Economics and Reality. London: Routledge.
176. Lazonick, W. and O'Sullivan, M. (1996). 'Organization, finance and international competition', Industrial and Corporate Change, 5(1): 1-49.
177. Learmount, S. (2001). 'International institutional investors and UK corporate governance', in T. Seki and S. Learmount (eds), Corporate Governance in the UK. Tokyo: Shoji Homu.
178. Lewicki and Bunker (1996). 'Developing and maintaining trust in work relationships', in R. M. Kramer and T. R. Tyler (eds), Trust in Organizations: Frontiers of Theory and Research. London: Sage.
179. (p.168) Manne, H. G. (1965). 'Mergers and the market for corporate control', Journal of Political Economy, 73: 110-20.
180. Martin, R. (1993). 'The new behaviorism: a critique of economics and organization', Human Relations, 46(9): 1085-101.
181. Masaki, H (1979). 'The financial characteristics of the zaibatsu in Japan: the old zaibatsu and their closed finance', in K. Nakagawa (ed.), Marketing and Finance in the Course of Industrialization. Tokyo: Tokyo University Press.
182. Masuyama, S. (1994). 'Role of Japanese capital markets: the effect of crossshareholdings on corporate accountability', in N. Dimsdale and M. Prevezer (eds), Capital Markets and Corporate Governance. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
183. Matsumoto, K. (1991). The Rise of the Japanese Corporate System: the Inside View of a MITI Official. London: Kegan Paul.
184. Maug, E. (1998). 'Large shareholders as monitors: is there a trade-off between liquidity and control?', Journal of Finance, 53(1): 65-98.
185. Maurice, M., Sellier, F. et al. (1986). The Social Foundations of Industrial Power. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
186. McNulty, T. and Pettigrew, A. (1999). 'Strategists on the Board', Organization Studies, 20(1): 47-74.
187. Milgram, S. (1976). 'Obedience to criminal orders: the compulsion to do evil', in T. Blass (ed.), Contemporary Social Psychology. Itasca, IL: F. E. Peacock.
188. Mills, J. and Clark, M. S. (1994). 'Communal and exchange relationships: controversies and research', in R. Erber and R. Gilmour (eds), Theoretical Frameworks for Personal Relationships, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
189. Ministry of Labour (1993). Survey on Retirement Allowance System and Payments. Tokyo: Ministry of Labour.
190. Ministry of Labour (1997). Basic Survey on Wage Structure. Tokyo: Ministry of Labour.
191. Mitchell, R. K., Agle, B. R., and Wood, D. J. (1997). 'Toward a theory of stakeholder identification and salience: defining the principle of who and what really counts', Academy of Management Review, 22(4): 853-86.
192. Monks, R. and Minow, N. (1995). Corporate Governance. Oxford: Blackwell.
193. Monks, R. and Minow, N. (2001). The New Global Investors. Oxford: Capstone.
194. Moran, P. and Ghoshal, S. (1996). 'Theories of economic organization: the case for realism and balance', Academy of Management Review, 21(1): 58-72.
195. Muth, M. and Donaldson, L. (1998). 'Stewardship theory and board structure: a contingency approach', Corporate Governance, 6(1): 5-29.
196. Myners, P. (2001). The Myners Review of Institutional Investment: Final Report. London: HMSO.
197. Nada, T. (1998). 'Determinants of top executives promotion and remuneration', in T. Tachibanaki (ed.), Who Runs Japanese Business? Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
198. Nakamura, J. I. (1981). 'Human capital appreciation in pre-modern rural Japan', Journal of Economic History, 41(2): 263-81.
199. Nakane, C. (1972). Japanese Society. Berkeley: University of California Press.
200. Nakatani, I. (1984). 'The economic role of financial corporate grouping', in M. Aoki (ed.), The Economic Analysis of the Japanese Firm. Amsterdam: North Holland.
201. Nikkei Weekly (1998). 'The end of cross shareholding?', 15 June.
202. Nikkei Weekly (1997). 'LDP, Keidanren target shareholder lawsuits', 8 September.
203. Nikkei Weekly (1998). 'Scandals offer opportunity to push change', 12 July.
204. Nippon Life Insurance Research Institute (2000). The Present Status of Unwinding of Cross-Shareholding-The Fiscal 1999 Survey of Cross-Shareholding. Tokyo: NLI Research Institute.
205. (p.169) Nippon Life Insurance Research Institute (2001). The Present Status of Unwinding of Cross-Shareholding-The Fiscal 2000 Survey of Cross-Shareholding. Tokyo: NLI Research Institute.
206. Nitta, M. (1995). 'The employment practices and employment of young workers in Japan: past experience and present situation', Japan Labor Bulletin, 34(10): 1-10.
207. Nitta, M. (2001). 'Corporate governance, Japanese style: roles of employees and unions', Social Science Japan, 20: 6-11.
208. Nomura Research Institute (2001). 'Rebirth of Japanese companies through governance reforms', NRI Report 25. Tokyo: NRI.
209. Odagiri, H. (1992). Growth through Competition, Competition through Growth. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
210. OECD (1977). The Development of Industrial Relations Systems; some Implications of the Japanese Experience. Paris: OECD Publications.
211. OECD (1995). 'Financial markets and corporate governance', Financial Market Trends, 62: 13-22.
212. OECD (1996). 'Corporate governance: a system in evolution', OECD Economic Surveys-Japan 1996. Paris: OECD.
213. OECD (1997). 'The impact of institutional investors on OECD financial markets', Financial Market Trends, 68: 15-54.
214. OECD (1998a). Corporate Governance: Improving Competitiveness and Access to Capital in Global Markets. Paris: OECD.
215. OECD (1998b). 'Shareholder value and the market in corporate control in OECD countries', Financial Market Trends, 69: 15-37.
216. OECD (1999). OECD Principles of Corporate Governance. Paris: OECD.
217. Okazaki, T. (1994). The Japanese firm under the wartime planned economy', in M. Aoki and R. Dore (eds), The Japanese Firm: the Sources of Competitive Strength. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
218. Okumura, H. (1975). Houjin shihonshugi no kouzou: nihon no kabushiki shoyuu [The Structure of Corporate Capitalism: Share Ownership in Japan]. Tokyo: Nihon Hyouronsha.
219. Ornatowski, G. (1998). 'The end of Japanese-style human resource management?', Sloan Management Review, 39(3): 73-84.
220. O'Sullivan, M. (2000). Contests for Corporate Control. Oxford: University Press.
221. Ouchi, W. G. (1979). 'A conceptual framework for the design of organizational control mechanisms', Management Science, 25: 833-48.
222. Ouchi, W. G. (1980). 'Markets, bureacracies and clans', Administrative Science Quarterly, 23: 293-317.
223. Ouchi, W. G. (1981). Theory Z. New York: Avon.
224. Pascale, R. and Rohlen, T. (1983). 'The Mazda turnaround', Journal of Japanese Studies, 9(2): 219-63.
225. Pencavel, J. and Craig, B. (1994). 'The empirical performance of orthodox models of the firm: conventional firms and worker cooperatives', Journal of Political Economy, August: 718-44.
226. Perrow, C. (1986). 'Economic theories of organization', in C. Perrow (ed.), Complex Organizations. New York: Random House.
227. Pettigrew, A. M. (1992). 'On studying managerial elites', Strategic Management Journal, 13: 163-82.
228. Powell, W. (1996). 'Trust-based forms of governance', in R. Kramer and T. Tyler (eds), Trust in Organizations: Frontiers of Theory and Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
229. Prowse, S. (1992). 'The structure of corporate ownership in Japan', Journal of Finance, 47(3): 1121-40.
230. (p.170) Pruitt, D. and Kimmel, M. L. J. (1977). 'Twenty years of experimental gaming: critique, synthesis, and suggestions for the future', Annual Review of Psychology, 28: 363-92.
231. Rajan, R. G. and Zingales, L. (1998). Power in a Theory of the Firm. NBER Working Paper Series, National Bureau of Economic Research.
232. Retzinger, S. M. (1995). 'Shame and anger in personal relationships', in S.Duck and J. T. Wood (eds), Confronting Relationship Challenges. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
233. Roberts, J. (2001a). 'Corporate governance and the ethics of Narcissus', Business Ethics Quarterly, 11(1): 109-28.
234. Roberts, J. (2001b). 'Trust and control in Anglo-American systems of corporate governance: the individualizing and socializing effects of processes of accountability', Human Relations, 54(2): 1547-72.
235. Rock, E. B. and Wachter, M. L. (2001). 'Islands of conscious power: norms and the self-governing corporation', University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 149(6): 1607-18.
236. Roe, M. J. (1997). 'Path dependence, political options and governance systems', in K. J. Hopt (ed.), Comparative Corporate Governance. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
237. Roe, M. J. (1997). 'Norms and corporate law: introduction', Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, 9(4): 8-22.
238. Rohlen, T. (1974). For Harmony and Strength: Japanese White-Collar Organization in Anthropological Perspective. Berkeley: University of California Press.
239. Romano, R. (2001). 'Less is more: making institutional investor activism a valuable mechanism of corporate governance', Yale Journal on Regulation, 18:1-78.
240. Rousseau, D. M., Sitkin, S. B., Burt, R. S., and Camerer, C. (1998). 'Not so different after all: a cross-discipline view of trust', Academy of Management Review, 23(3): 393-404.
241. Ryan, R. M. and Deci, E. L. (1996). 'When paradigms clash: comments on Cameron and Pierce's claim that rewards do not undermine intrinsic motivation', Review of Educational Research, 66: 33-8.
242. Saito, A. (1996). 'Social origins of cognition: Bartlett, evolutionary perspective and embodied mind approach', Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 26(4): 399-422.
243. Saito, A. (1998). 'Lifespan development and phylogeny of interactive minds', Culture and Psychology, 4(2): 245-58.
244. Saito, A. (2000). 'Multilevel analyses of social basis of cognition', in A. Saito (ed.), Bartlett, Culture and Cognition. Hove: Psychology Press.
245. Saito, A. (2001). 'Phylogeny, history, and ontogeny of human cognition', American Journal of Psychology, 114(4): 628-34.
246. Sako, M. (1992). Prices, Quality and Trust: Inter-Firm Relations in Britain and Japan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
247. Sako, M. (1998). 'Does trust improve business relations?', in C. Lane and R. Bachmann (eds), Trust Within and Between Organizations. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
248. Sampson, E. E. (1993). Celebrating the Other: a Dialogical Account of Human Nature. Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
249. Segal, M. W. (1974). 'Alphabet and attraction: an unobtrusive measure of the effect of propinquity in a field setting', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 30: 654-7.
250. Seki, T. and Learmount, S. (eds) (2001). Corporate Governance in the U. [in Japanese]. Tokyo: Shoji Homu.
251. Sen, A. (1987). On Ethics and Economics. Oxford: Blackwell.
252. Shapiro, D., Sheppard, B. H., and Cheraskin, L. (1992). 'Business on a handshake', Negotiation Journal, 8(4): 365-77.
253. Sheard, P. (1987). 'Intercorporate shareholdings and structural adjustments in Japan', Pacific Economic Papers no. 151.
254. (p.171) Sheard, P. (ed.) (1992). International Adjustment and the Japanese Firm. Sydney: Allen & Unwin.
255. Sheard, P. (1994). 'Reciprocal delegated monitoring in the Japanese main bank system', Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, 8(1): 1-21.
256. Sherman, H. D. and Babcock, B. A. (1997). 'Redressing structural imbalances in Japanese corporate governance', in D. H. Chew (ed.), Studies in International Corporate Finance and Governance Systems. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
257. Shleifer, A. and Vishny, R. W. (1997). 'A survey of corporate governance', Journal of Finance, 52(2): 737-83.
258. Shoji Homu Kenkyu Kai (1990). Antei Kabunushi ni Taisuru Jittai Chosa. Shoji Homu: Tokyo.
259. Someya, K. (1996). Japanese Accounting: a Historical Approach. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
260. Starkey, K. (1995). 'Opening up corporate governance', Human Relations, 48(8): 837-44.
261. Stiglitz, J. E. (1993). 'Peer monitoring and credit markets', in K. Hoff, A. Braverman, and J. E. Stiglitz (eds), The Economics of Rural Organization: Theory, Practice and Policy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
262. Suzuki, S. (1980). 'Kyuusai yuushi ni okeru "meinu banku" chikara', [The strength of relief capital from main banks]. Keiou Keiei Ronshuu, December: 18-39.
263. Swap, W. C. (1977). 'Interpersonal attraction and repeated exposure to rewarders and punishers', Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 3: 248-51.
264. Symon, G. and Cassell, C. (1998). Qualitative Methods and Analysis in Organizational Research. London: Sage.
265. Tachibanaki, T. (ed.) (1998). Who Runs Japanese Business? Management and Motivation in the Firm. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
266. Tang, S and Hall, V. C. (1995). 'The over justification effect: a meta-analysis', Applied Cognitive Psychology, 9: 365-404.
267. Tokyo Stock Exchange (2001). Survey on Listed Companies' Corporate Governance. Tokyo: Tokyo Stock Exchange.
268. Tomasello, M. (1999). The Cultural Origins of Human Cognition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
269. Triandis, H. C. (1994). Culture and Social Behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill.
270. Tricker, R. I. (1984). Corporate Governance. Vermont: Gower.
271. Tricker, R. I. (1994). 'Editorial-on theories of corporate governance', Corporate Governance, 2(2), April: 55-7.
272. Tricker, R. I. (1996). 'Corporate Governance-on papers and paradigms', Corporate Governance, 4(4), October: 199-201.
273. Tsuru, K. (1994). The Japanese Market System: its Strengths and Weaknesses. Tokyo: LTCB.
274. Tsutsui, W. M. (1997). 'Rethinking the paternalist paradigm in Japanese industrial management', Business and Economic History, 26(2): 561-72.
275. Turnbull, S. (1997). 'Corporate governance; its scope, concerns and theories', Corporate Governance, 5(4), October: 180-205.
276. Tyler, T. R. (1993). 'The social psychology of authority', in J. K. Munighan (ed.), Social Psychology in Organizations: Advances in Theory and Practice, 141-60. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
277. Useem, M. (1984). The Inner Circle. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
278. Varian, H. R. (1990). 'Monitoring agents with other agents', Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, 46(1): 153-74.
279. Viner, A. (1993). 'The coming revolution in Japan's board rooms', Corporate Governance, 1(3): 112-19.
280. Wakasugi, H. and Yanai, H. (2000). Good Governance, Good Company. Tokyo: Chuo Keizaisha.
281. (p.172) Wakasugi, T (1997). 'EVA and the Japanese corporate governance problem', Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, 9(4): 144-67.
282. Watanabe, S. and Yamamoto, I. (1993). 'Corporate governance in Japan: ways to improve low profitability', Corporate Governance, 1(4), October: 208-25.
283. Weber, R. P. (1985). Basic Content Analysis. Beverley Hills, CA: Sage.
284. Weinstein, D. E. and Yafeh, Y. (1998). 'On the costs of a bank centered financial system: evidence from the changing main bank relations in Japan', Journal of Finance, 53(2): 635-72.
285. Westphal, J. D. and Zajac, E. J. (1998). 'The symbolic management of stockholders: corporate governance reforms and shareholder reactions', Administrative Science Quarterly, 43(1): 127-53.
286. Whittaker, D. H. (1990). Managing Innovation: a Study of British and Japanese Factories. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
287. Whittaker, D. H. (1990). 'The end of Japanese-style employment?', Work, Employment and Society, 4(3): 321-47.
288. Whittaker, D. H. (1998). 'Labour unions and industrial relations in Japan: crumbling pillar or forging a "third way"?', Industrial Relations Journal, 29(4): 280-94.
289. Whittaker, H. and Kurosawa, Y. (1998). 'Japan's crisis: evolution and implications', Cambridge Journal of Economics, 22: 761-71.
290. Williamson, O. E. (1975). Markets and Hierarchies: Analysis and Antitrust Implications. New York: Free Press.
291. Williamson, O. E. (1979). 'Transaction-cost economics: the governance of contractual relations', Journal of Law and Economics, 22: 233-61.
292. Williamson, O. E. (1984). 'Corporate governance', The Yale Law Journal, 93: 1197-230.
293. Williamson, O. E. (1985). The Economic Institution of Capitalism. New York: Free Press.
294. Williamson, O. E. (1991). 'Comparative economic organization: the analysis of discrete structural alternatives', Administrative Science Quarterly, 36: 269-96.
295. Williamson, O. E. (1993). 'Calculativeness, trust and economic organization', Journal of Law and Economics, 34: 453-500.
296. Williamson, O. E. (1996). The Mechanisms of Governance. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
297. Williamson, O. E. (1996). 'Economic organization: the case for candor', Academy of Management Review, 21(1): 48-57.
298. Womack, J. P., Jones, D. T., and Roos, D. (1990). The Machine that Changed the World: the Story of Lean Production. New York: Macmillan.
299. Wood, D. J. and Jones, R. E. (1995). 'Stakeholder mismatching: a theoretical problem in empirical research on corporate social performance', The International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 3(3): 229-67.
300. World Bank (1999). Corporate Governance: a Framework for Implementation. Washington: World Bank.
301. Yamamura, K. (1997). The Economic Emergence of Modern Japan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
302. Yin, R. K. (1984). Case Study Research: Design and Methods. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
303. Yin, R. K. (1993). Applications of Case Study Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
304. Yonekawa, S. and Yoshihara, H. (1987). Business History of General Trading Companies. Tokyo: Tokyo University Press.
305. Yoshimori, M. (1995). 'Whose company is it? The concept of the corporation in Japan and the West', Long Range Planning, 28(4): 33-44.
306. (p.173) Yui, T. (1984). 'The development of the organisational structure of top management in Meiji Japan', Japanese Yearbook on Business History, 1: 1-23.
307. Zaheer, A., McEvily, B., and Perrone, V. (1998). 'Does trust matter? Exploring the effects of interorganizational and interpersonal trust on performance', Organization Science, 9(2): 141-59.
308. Zaheer, A. and Venkatraman. (1995). 'Relational governance as an interorganizational strategy: an empirical test of the role of trust in economic exchange', Strategic Management Journal, 16: 373-92.
309. Zingales, L. (1997). Corporate Governance. NBER Working Paper Series, National Bureau of Economic Research. (p.174)