The glycemic index and cardiovascular disease risk

Current Atherosclerosis Reports

Volumn 9, Issue 6, 2007, Pages 479-485

  Brand Miller, Jennie ^a   Dickinson, Scott ^b   Barclay, Alan ^b   Celermajer, David ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

C REACTIVE PROTEIN; GLUCOSE; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; INSULIN; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; STARCH; SUGAR; TRIACYLGLYCEROL;

ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BLOOD CLOTTING; CARBOHYDRATE ANALYSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CLINICAL TRIAL; ENDOTHELIUM INJURY; FOOD COMPOSITION; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS; GLYCEMIC INDEX; HEALTH PRACTITIONER; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; INFLAMMATION; LIPID OXIDATION; LOW FAT DIET; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; NUTRITIONAL VALUE; OBESITY; OBSERVATIONAL STUDY; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATIENT EDUCATION; POSTPRANDIAL STATE; PREDICTION; PROTEIN GLYCOSYLATION; RELIABILITY; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; TREATMENT OUTCOME; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

BLOOD GLUCOSE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DIET; DIETARY FIBER; ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR; GLYCEMIC INDEX; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMANS; HYPERGLYCEMIA; POSTPRANDIAL PERIOD; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS; WEIGHT LOSS;

EID: 38149068099     PISSN: 15233804     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11883-007-0064-x     Document Type: Review

References (50)

1. Gross L, Li L, Ford E, Liu S: Increased consumption of refined carbohydrates and the epidemic of type 2 diabetes in the United States: a ecologic assessment. Am J Clin Nutr 2004, 79:774-779.
2. Schulze M, Liu S, Rimm E, et al.: Glycemic index, glycemic load, and dietary fiber intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes in younger and middle-aged women. Am J Clin Nutr 2004, 80:348-356.
3. Liu S, Willett W, Stampfer M, et al.: A prospective study of dietary glycemic load, carbohydrate intake, and risk of coronary heart disease in US women. Am J Clin Nutr 2000, 71:1455-1461.
4. McMillan-Price J, Petocz P, Atkinson F, et al.: Comparison of 4 diets of varying glycemic load on weight loss and cardiovascular risk reduction in overweight and obese young adults: a randomised controlled trial. Arch Intern Med 2006, 166:1466-1475.
5. Wolever T, Yang M, Zeng X, et al.: Food glycemic index, as given in glycemic index tables, is a significant determinant of glycemic responses elicited by composite breakfast meals. Am J Clin Nutr 2006, 83:1306-1312.
6. Sheard N, Clark N, Brand-Miller J, et al.: Dietary carbohydrate (amount and type) in the prevention and management of diabetes: a statement by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 2004, 27:2266-2271.
7. The DECODE group: European Diabetes Epidemiology Group. Glucose tolerance and mortality: comparison of WHO and American Diabetes Association diagnostic criteria. Lancet 1999, 354:617-621.
8. Levitan E, Song Y, Ford E, Liu S: Is nondiabetic hyperglycemia a risk factor for cardiovascular disease? A meta-analysis of prospective studies. Arch Intern Med 2004, 164:2147-2155.
9. Temelkova-Kurktschiev T, Koehler C, Henkel E, et al.: Postchallenge plasma glucose and glycemic spikes are more strongly associated with atherosclerosis than fasting glucose or HbA1c level. Diabetes Care 2000, 23:1830-1834.
10. Jorgensen L, Jenssen T, Joakimsen O, et al.: Glycated hemoglobin level is strongly related to the prevalence of carotid artery plaques with high echogenicity in nondiabetic individuals: the Tromso study. Circulation 2004, 110:466-470.
11. Brownlee M: Biochemistry and molecular cell biology of diabetic complications. Nature 2001, 414:813-820.
12. Ceriello A, Mercuri F, Quagliaro L, et al.: Detection of nitrotyrosine in the diabetic plasma: evidence of oxidative stress. Diabetologia 2001, 44:834-838.
13. Ceriello A: Postprandial glucose regulation and diabetic complications. Arch Intern Med 2004, 164:2090-2095.
14. Nicholls SJ, Lundman P, Harmer JA, et al.: Consumption of saturated fat impairs the anti-inflammatory properties of high-density lipoproteins and endothelial function. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006, 48:715-720.
15. Brock DW, Davis CK, Irving BA, et al.: A high-carbohydrate, high-fiber meal improves endothelial function in adults with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 2006, 29:2313-2315.
16. Foster-Powell K, Holt SH, Brand-Miller JC: International table of glycemic index and glycemic load values: 2002. Am J Clin Nutr 2002, 76:5-56.
17. Brynes A, Lee J, Brighton R, et al.: A low glycemic diet significantly improves the 24-h blood glucose profile in people with type 2 diabetes as assessing using the Continuous Glucose Minimed Monitor. Diabetes Care 2003, 26:548-549.
18. Brynes A, Edwards M, Ghatei M, et al.: A randomised four-intervention crossover study investigating the effect of carbohydrates on daytime profiles of insulin, glucose, non-esterified fatty acids and triacylglycerols in middle-aged men. Br J Nutr 2003, 89:207-218.
19. McKeown N, Meigs J, Liu S, et al.: Carbohydrate nutrition, insulin resistance, and the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the Framingham offspring cohort. Diabetes Care 2004, 27:538-546.
20. Liu S, Stampfer M, Hu F, et al.: Whole-grain consumption and risk of coronary heart disease: results from the Nurses' Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr 1999, 70:412-419.
21. Halton T, Willett W, Liu S, et al.: Low-carbohydrate-diet score and the risk of coronary heart disease in women. N Engl J Med 2006, 355:1991-2002.
22. Barclay A, Flood V, Brand-Miller J, Mitchell P: Validity of carbohydrate, glycemic index and glycemic load data obtained using a semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire. Public Health Nutr 2007, In press.
23. Ford E, Liu S: Glycemic index and serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration among US adults. Arch Intern Med 2001, 161:572-576.
24. Frost G, Leeds A, Dore C, et al.: Glycaemic index as a determinant of serum HDL-cholesterol concentration. Lancet 1999, 353:1045-1048.
25. Liu S, Manson J, Stampfer M, et al.: Dietary glycemic load assessed by food-frequency questionnaire in relation to plasma high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol and fasting plasma triacylglycerols in postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 2001, 73:560-566.
26. Liu SJ, Manson J, Buring J, et al.: Relation between a diet with a high glycemic load and plasma concentrations of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in middle-aged women. Am J Clin Nutr 2002, 75:492-498.
27. Harbis A, Perhreau S, Vincent-Baudry S, et al.: Glycemic and insulinemic meal responses modulate postprandial hepatic and intestinal lipoprotein accumulation in obese, insulin resistant subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 2004, 80:896-902.
28. Weickert MO, Mohlig M, Koebnick C, et al.: Impact of cereal fibre on glucose-regulating factors. Diabetologia 2005, 48:2343-2353.
29. Brand-Miller J, Fatema K, Middlemiss C, et al.: Effect of alcoholic beverages on postprandial glycemia and insulinemia in lean, young healthy adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2007, In press.
30. Jenkins DJ, Wolever TM, Kalmusky J, et al.: Low-glycemic index diet in hyperlipidemia: use of traditional starchy foods. Am J Clin Nutr 1987, 46:66-71.
31. Frost G, Leeds A, Trew G, et al.: Insulin sensitivity in women at risk of coronary heart disease and the effect of a low glycemic diet. Metabolism 1998, 47:1245-1251.
32. Patel V, Aldridge R, Leeds A, et al.: Retrospective analysis of the impact of a low glycaemic index diet on hospital stay following coronary artery bypass grafting: a hypothesis. J Hum Nutr Diet 2004, 17:241-247.
33. Mozaffarian D, Rimm E, Herrington D: Dietary fats, carbohydrate, and progression of coronary atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 2004, 80:1175-1184.
34. Sloth B, Krog-Mikkelsen I, Flint A, et al.: No difference in body weight decrease between a low-glycemic-index and a high-glycemic-index diet but reduced LDL cholesterol after 10-wk ad libitum intake of the low-glycemic-index diet. Am J Clin Nutr 2004, 80:337-347.
35. Opperman A, Venter C, Oosthuizen W, et al.: Meta-analysis of the health effects of using the glycaemic index in meal-planning. Br J Nutr 2004, 92:367-381.
36. Ebbeling C, Leidig M, Sinclair K, et al.: A reduced-glycemic load diet in the treatment of adolescent obesity. Arch Pediatr Adoles Med 2003, 157:773-779.
37. Ebbeling CB, Leidig MM, Feldman HA, et al.: Effects of a low-glycemic load vs low-fat diet in obese young adults: a randomized trial. JAMA 2007, 297:2092-2102.
38. Ludwig D: Dietary glycemic index and obesity. J Nutr 2000, 130:280S-283S.
39. Warren J, Henry J, Simonite V: Low glycemic index breakfasts and reduced food intake in preadolescent children. Pediatrics 2003, 112:414-419.
40. Campfield L, Smith F: Blood glucose dynamics and control of meal initiation: a pattern detection and recognition theory. Physiol Rev 2003, 83:25-58.
41. Pereira M, Swain J, Goldfine A, et al.: Effects of a low-glycemic load diet on resting energy expenditure and heart disease risk factors during weight loss. JAMA 2004, 292:2482-2490.
42. Stevenson E, Williams C, Nute M: The influence of the glycaemic index of breakfast and lunch on substrate utilisation during the postprandial periods and subsequent exercise. Br J Nutr 2005, 93:885-893.
43. Yancy W, Olsen M, Guyton J, et al.: A low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-fat diet to treat obesity and hyperlipidemia: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 2004, 140:769-777.
44. Pittas A, Das S, Hajduk C, et al.: A low-glycemic load diet facilitates greater weight loss in overweight adults with high insulin secretion but not in overweight adults with low insulin secretion in the CALERIE Trial. Diabetes Care 2005, 28:2939-2941.
45. Ebbeling C, Leidig M, Sinclair K, et al.: Effects of an ad libitum reduced glycemic load diet on cardiovascular disease risk factors in obese young adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2005, 81:976-982.
46. Dickinson S, Hancock D, Petocz P, Brand-Miller J: High glycemic index carbohydrate mediates an acute inflammatory process as measured by NF-kB activation. Proc Nutr Soc Aust 2005, 14:S120.
47. Pawlak DB, Kushner J, Ludwig D: Effects of dietary glycaemic index on adiposity, glucose homoeostasis, and plasma lipids in animals. Lancet 2004, 364:778-785.
48. Chiasson J, Josse RG, Gomis R, et al.: Acarbose treatment and the risk of cardiovascular disease and hypertension in patients with impaired glucose tolerance: the STOP-NIDDM trial. JAMA 2003, 290:486-494.
49. Glsymbol.com. Available at http://www.gisymbol.com.au. Accessed May 2007.
50. Glycemicindex.com. Available at http://www.glycemicin-dex.com. Accessed May 2007.