Garlic (Allium sativum L.): Adverse effects and drug interactions in humans

Molecular Nutrition and Food Research

Volumn 51, Issue 11, 2007, Pages 1386-1397

  Borrelli, Francesca ^a   Capasso, Raffaele ^a   Izzo, Angelo A ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NAPLES FEDERICO II   (Italy)

^b Department of Expertmental Pharmacology ^*  (Italy)

Author keywords

Alternative and complementary medicine; Garlic; Herb drug interaction; Herbal medicine; Safety

Indexed keywords

ANTICOAGULANT AGENT;

ARTERIOSCLEROSIS; BLOOD CLOTTING DISORDER; DRUG INTERACTION; FEMALE; GARLIC; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE; HALITOSIS; HUMAN; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; LACTATION; OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE; ODOR; PHYTOTHERAPY; PREGNANCY; REVIEW; SKIN ALLERGY;

ANTICOAGULANTS; ARTERIOSCLEROSIS; BLOOD COAGULATION DISORDERS; DERMATITIS, ALLERGIC CONTACT; DRUG INTERACTIONS; FEMALE; GARLIC; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES; HALITOSIS; HUMANS; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; LACTATION; OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES; ODORS; PHYTOTHERAPY; PREGNANCY;

ALLIUM SATIVUM; LILIACEAE; MAGNOLIOPHYTA; SATIVUM;

EID: 36649021760     PISSN: 16134125     EISSN: 16134133     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200700072     Document Type: Review

References (124)

1. Singh, S. R., Levine, M. A., Natural health product use in Canada: analysis of the National Population Health Survey, Can. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2006, 13, 240-250.
2. Clement, Y. N., Morton-Gittens, J., Basdeo, L., Blades, A., et al, Perceived efficacy of herbal remedies by users accessing primary healthcare in Trinidad, BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2007, 7, 4.
3. Palmer, M. E., Haller, C., McKinney, P. E., Klein-Schwartz, W. et al., Adverse events associated with dietary supplements: an observational study. Lancet 2003, 367, 101-106.
4. Marinac, J. S., Buchinger, C. L., Godfrey, L. A., Wooten, J. M. et al., Herbal products and dietary supplements: a survey of use, attitudes, and knowledge among older adults, J. Am. Osteopath. Assoc. 2007, 107, 13-20.
5. Capasso, F., Gaginella, T. S., Grandolini, G. Izzo, A. A., Phytotherapy. A quick reference to herbal medicine, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg 2003.
6. Ernst, E., Pittler, M. H., Wider, B., The Desktop guide to complementary and alternative medicine, Mosby Elsevier, Philadelphia 2006.
7. Barnes, J., Anderson, L. A., Phillipson, J. D., Herbal medicine, Parmaceutical Press, London Chicago 2002.
8. Johns Cupp, M., Toxicology and clinical pharmacology of herbal products, Humana Press, Totowa New Jersey 2000.
9. Schulz, V, Hansel, R., Blumenthal, M., Tyler, V E., Rational phytotherapy, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg 2004.
10. Rotblatt, M., Ziment, I., Evidence-based herbal medicine, Hanley & Belfus INC, Philadelphia 2002.
11. Blumenthal, M., Ferrier, G. K. L., Cavaliere, C., Total Sales of Herbal Supplements in United States Show Steady growth, HerbalGram, 2006, 71, 64-66.
12. Lanzotti, V., The analysis of onion and garlic, J. Chromatogr A. 2006, 1112, 3-22.
13. McGovern, T. W., LaWarre, S., Botanical briefs: garlic-Allium sativum. Cutis 2001, 67, 193-194.
14. Ariga, T., Seki, T., Antithrombotic and anticancer effects of garlic-derived sulfur compounds: a review, Biofactors 2006, 26, 93-103.
15. Shukla, Y., Kalra, N., Cancer chemoprevention with garlic and its constituents, Cancer Lett. 2007, 247, 167-181.
16. Ross, S. A., Finley, J. W., Milner, J. A., Allyl sulfur compounds from garlic modulate aberrant crypt formation, J. Nutr. 2006, 136, 852S-854S.
17. Wargovich, M. J., Diallylsulfide and allylmethylsulfide are uniquely effective among organosulfur compounds in inhibiting CYP2E1 protein in animal models, J. Nutr. 2006, 136, 832S-834S.
18. Milner, J. A., Preclinical perspectives on garlic and cancer, J. Nutr. 2006, 136, 827S-831S.
19. Ahmad M. S., Ahmed, N., Antiglycation properties of aged garlic extract: possible role in prevention of diabetic complications, J. Nutr. 2006, 136, 796S-799S.
20. Rahman, K., Lowe, G. M., Garlic and cardiovascular disease: a critical review, J Nutr. 2006, 136, 736S-740S.
21. Chauhan, N. B., Multiplicity of garlic health effects and Alzheimer's disease, J. Nutr. Health Aging 2005, 9, 421-432.
22. Atmaca, G., Antioxidant effects of sulfur-containing amino acids, Yonsei Med. J. 2004, 45, 776-788.
23. Borek, C., Garlic reduces dementia and heart-disease risk, J. Nutr. 2006, 136, 810S-812S.
24. Blumenthal, M., Busse, W. R., Goldberg, A., Gruenwald, J. et al., (Eds.), The Complete German Commission E Monographs-Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicine, American Botanical Council, Austin TX 1998.
25. Tamaki, T., Sonoki, S., Volatile sulfur compounds in human expiration after eating raw or heat-treated garlic, J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. 1999, 45, 213-222.
26. Stevinson, C., Pittler, M. H., Ernst, E., Garlic for treating hypercholesterolemia. A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials, Ann. Intern. Med. 2000, 133, 420-429.
27. Beck, E., Grunwald J. Allium sativum in der Stufentherapie derHyperlipidaemie, Med. Welt 1993, 44, 516-520.
28. Schmidt, U., Schenk, N., Geruchsbildung bei repetiert Einnahme von standardisierten Knoblauchpulver-Dragees Kwai (LI 111) in Abbhangigkeit von der Tagesdosis, Wissenschaftlicher Bericht, 1992.
29. Papageorgiou, C., Corbet, J. P., Menezes-Brandao, F., Pecegueiro, M. et al., Allergic contact dermatitis to garlic (Allium sativum L.). Identification of the allergens: the role of mono-, di-, and trisulfides present in garlic. A comparative study in man and animal (guinea-pig), Arch. Dermatol. Res. 1983, 275, 229-234.
30. Braunwald, E., Fauci, A. S., Kasper, D. L., Hauser, S. L., et al., Harrison's Principles of internal medicine, The McGraw-Hill Companies, New York 2001.
31. Bojs, G., Svensson, A., Contact allergy to garlic used for wound healing, Contact Dermatitis 1988, 18, 179-181.
32. Burden, A. D., Wilkinson, S. M., Beck, M. H., Chalmers, R. J., Garlic-induced systemic contact dermatitis, Contact Dermatitis 1994, 30, 299-300.
33. Pires, G., Pargana, E., Loureiro, V., Almeida, M. M., et al., Allergy to garlic, Allergy 2002, 57, 957-958.
34. Asero, R., Mistrello, G., Roncarolo, D., Antoniotti, P.L., et al., A case of garlic allergy, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1998, 101, 427-428.
35. Sanchez-Hernandez, M. C., Hernandez, M., Delgado, J., Guardia, P., et al., Allergenic cross-reactivity in the Liliaceae family, Allergy 2000, 55, 297-299.
36. Perez-Pimiento, A. J., Moneo, I., Santaolalla, M., de Paz, S. et al., Anaphylactic reaction to young garlic, Allergy 1999, 54, 626-629.
37. Brenner, S., Pemphigus and diet. Have we solved the mystery of fogo selvagem? Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 1999, 455, 267-269.
38. Ruocco, V., Brenner, S., Lombardi, M. L., A case of diet-related pemphigus, Dermatology 1996, 192, 373-374.
39. Brenner, S., Ruocco, V., Wolf, R., de Angelis, E., et al., Pemphigus and dietary factors. In vitro acantholysis by allyl compounds of the genus Allium, Dermatology 1995, 190, 197-202.
40. Hjorth, N., Roed-Petersen, J., Occupational protein contact dermatitis in food handlers, Contact Dermatitis 1976, 2, 28-42.
41. Sinha, S. M., Pasricha, J. S., Sharma, R., Kandhari, K. C., Vegetables responsible for contact dermatitis of the hands, Arch. Dermatol. 1977, 113, 776-779.
42. Cronin, E., Dermatitis of the hands in caterers, Contact Dermatitis 1987, 17, 265-269.
43. Lembo, G., Balato, N., Patruno, C., Auricchio, L., et al., Allergic contact dermatitis due to garlic (Allium sativum), Contact Dermatitis 1991, 25, 330-331.
44. Kanerva, L., Estlander, T., Jolanki, R., Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from spices, Contact Dermatitis 1996, 35, 157-162.
45. Anibarro, B., Fontela, J. L., De La Hoz, F., Occupational asthma induced by garlic dust, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1997, 100, 734-738.
46. Fernandez-Vozmediano, J. M., Armario-Hita, J. C., Manrique-Plaza, A., Allergic contact dermatitis from diallyl disulfide, Contact Dermatitis 2000, 42, 108-109.
47. Hubbard, V. G., Goldsmith, P., Garlic-fingered chefs. Contact Dermatitis 2005, 52, 165-166.
48. Jappe, U., Bonnekoh, B., Hausen, B. M., Gollnick, H., Garlicrelated dermatoses: case report and review of the literature, Am. J. Contact Dermal 1999, 10, 37-39.
49. Delaney, T. A., Donnelly, A. M., Garlic dermatitis. Australas J. Dermatol. 1996, 37, 109-110.
50. Bassioukas, K., Orton, D., Cerio, R., Occupational airborne allergic contact dermatitis from garlic with concurrent Type I allergy, Contact Dermatitis 2004, 50, 39-41.
51. Hughes, T. M., Varma, S., Stone, N. M., Occupational contact dermatitis from a garlic and herb mixture, Contact Dermatitis. 2002, 47, 48.
52. Rudzki, E., Wladzinski, A., Contact eczema in nurses, Przegl. Dermatol. 1978, 65, 549-552.
53. van Ketel, W. G., de Haan, P., Occupational eczema from garlic and onion, Contact Dermatitis 1978, 4, 53-54.
54. Eming, S. A., Piontek, J. O., Hunzelmann, N., Rasokat, H., Severe toxic contact dermatitis caused by garlic, Br. J. Dermatol. 1999, 141, 391-392.
55. Moyle, M., Frowen, K., Nixon, R., Use of gloves in protection from diallyl disulfide allergy, Australas J. Dermatol. 2004, 45, 223-225.
56. Mitchell, J. C., Contact sensitivity to garlic (Allium), Contact Dermatitis 1980, 6, 356-357.
57. Henson, G. E., Garlic: an occupational factor in the etiology of bronchial asthma, J. Fla. Med. Assoc. 1940, 27, 86.
58. Falleroni, A. E., Zeiss, C. R., Levitz, D., Occupational asthma secondary to inhalation of garlic dust, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1981, 65, 156-160.
59. Lybarger, J. A., Gallagher, J. S., Pulver, D. W., Litwin, A., et al., Occupational asthma induced by inhalation and ingestion of garlic. J Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1982, 69, 448-454.
60. Couturier, P., Bousquet, J., Occupational allergy secondary inhalation of garlic dust, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1982, 70, 145.
61. Seuri, M., Taivanen, A., Ruoppi, P., Tukiainen, H., Three cases of occupational asthma and rhinitis caused by garlic, Clin. Exp. Allergy 1993, 23, 1011-1014.
62. Lemiere, C., Cartier, A., Lehrer, S. B., Malo, J. L., Occupational asthma caused by aromatic herbs, Allergy 1996, 57, 647-649.
63. Armentia, A., Vega, J. M., Can inhalation of garlic dust cause asthma?, Allergy 1996, 57, 137-138.
64. Lybarger, J. A., Gallagher, J. S., Pulver, D. W., Litwin, A., et al. Occupational asthma induced by inhalation and ingestion of garlic, J Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1982, 69, 448-454.
65. Alvarez, M. S., Jacobs, S., Jiang, S. B., Brancaccio, R. R., et al., Photocontact allergy to diallydisulfide, Am. J. Contact Dermat 2003, 74, 161-165.
66. Scheman, A., Gupta, S., Photoallergic contact dermatitis from diallyl disulfide, Contact Dermatitis 2001, 45, 179.
67. McGovern, T. W, LaWarre, S., Botanical briefs: garlicAllium sativum, Cutis 2001, 67, 193-194.
68. Parish, R. A., McIntire, S., Heimbach, D. M., Garlic burns: a naturopathic remedy gone awry, Pediatr. Emerg. Care 1987, 3, 258-260.
69. Kaplan, B., Schewach-Millet, M., Yorav, S., Factitial dermatitis induced by application of garlic, Int. J. Dermatol. 1990, 29, 75-76.
70. Lee, T. Y., Lam, T. H., Contact dermatitis due to topical treatment with garlic in Hong Kong. Contact Dermatitis 1991, 24, 193-196.
71. Garty, B. Z., Garlic burns, Pediatrics 1993, 97, 658-659.
72. Canduela, V, Mongil, I., Carrascosa, M., Docio, S., et al., Garlic: always good for the health?, Br. J. Dermatol. 1995, 132, 161-162.
73. Roberge, R. J., Leckey, R., Spence, R., Krenzelok, E. J., Garlic burns of the breast, Am. J. Emerg. Med. 1997, 75, 548.
74. Hallel-Halevy, D., Zlotogorski, A., Grunwald M. H., Halevy, S., Multifaceted dermatitis artefacta caused by garlic, J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol 1997, 9, 185-187.
75. Rafaat, M., Leung, A. K., Garlic burns, Pediatr. Dermatol. 2000, 17, 475-476.
76. Hviid, K., Alsbjorn, B., "Burns" caused by local application of garlic, Ugeskr. Laeger 2000, 162, 6853-6854.
77. Farrell, A. M., Staughton, R. C., Garlic burns mimicking herpes zoster, Lancet 1996, 347, 1195.
78. Baruchin, A. M., Sagi, A., Yoffe, B., Ronen, M., Garlic burns, Burns 2001, 27, 781-782.
79. Lachter, J., Babich, X P., Brookman, X C., Factor, A. Y., Garlic: a way out of work, Mil. Med. 2003, 168, 499-500.
80. Dietz, D. M., Varcelotti, X R., Stahlfeld, K. R., Garlic burns: a not-so-rare complication of a naturopathic remedy?, Burns 2004, 30, 612-613.
81. Friedman, T., Shalom, A., Westreich, M., Self-inflicted garlic burns: our experience and literature review. Int. J. Dermatol 2006, 45, 1161-1163.
82. Ackermann, R. T., Mulrow, C. D., Ramirez, G., Gardner, C. D. et al., Garlic shows promise for improving some cardiovascular risk factors, Arch. Intern. Med. 2001, 161, 813-824.
83. Ang-Lee, M. K., Moss, J., Yuan, C. S., Herbal medicines and perioperative care, JAMA 2001, 256, 208-216.
84. Rose, K. D., Croissant, P. D., Parliament, C. E, Levin, M. B., Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma with associated platelet dysfunction from excessive garlic ingestion: a case report, Neurosurgery 1990, 26, 880-882.
85. Burnham, B. E., Garlic as a possible risk for postoperative bleeding, Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 1995, 95, 213.
86. German, K., Kumar, U., Blackford, H. N., Garlic and the risk of TURP bleeding. Br. J. Urol. 1995, 76, 518.
87. Carden, S. M., Good, W. V., Carden, P. A., Good R. M., Garlic and the strabismus surgeon, Clin. Experiment Ophthalmol. 2002, 30, 303-304.
88. Desai, H. G., Kalro, R. H., Choksi, A. P., Effect of ginger & garlic on DNA content of gastric aspirate, Indian J. Med. Res. 1990, 92, 139-141.
89. Hoshino, T., Kashimoto, N., Kasuga, S., Effects of garlic preparations on the gastrointestinal mucosa, J. Nutr. 2001, 131, 1109S-1113S.
90. Yuncu, M., Eralp, A., Celik, A., Effect of aged garlic extract against methotrexate-induced damage to the small intestine in rats, Phytother. Res. 2006, 20, 504-510.
91. Rana, S. V, Pal, R., Vaiphei, K., Singh, K., Garlic hepatotoxicity: safe dose of garlic, Trop. Gastroenterol. 2006, 27, 26-30.
92. Gupta, M. K., Mittal, S. R., Mathur, A. K., Bhan, A. K., Garlic - the other side of the coin, Int. J Cardiol. 1993, 35, 333.
93. Benes, J., Perovsky, K., Rehurek, L., Kase, F., Garlic food allergy with symptoms of Meniere's disease, Cas. Lek. Cesk. 1966, 105, 825-827.
94. Park, J. J., Lee, J., Kim, M. A., Back, S. K., et al., Induction of total insensitivity to capsaicin and hypersensitivity to garlic extract in human by decreased expression of TRPV1, Neurosci. Lett. 2007, 411, 87-91.
95. Marcus, D. M., Snodgrass, W R., Do no harm: avoidance of herbal medicines during pregnancy, Obstet. Gynecol. 2005, 105, 1119-1122.
96. Meher, S., Duley, L., Garlic for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications, Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006, 3, CD006065.
97. Ziaei, S., Hantoshzadeh, S., Rezasoltani, P., Lamyian, M., The effect of garlic tablet on plasma lipids and platelet aggregation in nulliparous pregnants at high risk of preeclampsia, Eur. J Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 2001, 99, 201-206.
98. Mennella, X A., Beauchamp, G. K., Maternal diet alters the sensory qualities of human milk and the nursling's behaviour, Pediatrics 1991, 55, 737-744.
99. Mennella, X A., Beauchamp, G. K., The effects of repeated exposure to garlic-flavored milk on the nursling's behaviour, Pediatr. Res. 1993, 34, 805-808.
100. Mennella, J. A., Johnson, A., Beauchamp, G. K., Garlic ingestion by pregnant women alters the odor of amniotic fluid, Chem. Senses 1995, 20, 207-209.
101. Snell, S. B., Garlic on the baby's breath, Lancet 1973, 2, 43.
102. Izzo, A. A., Herb-drug interactions: an overview of the clinical evidence. Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol. 2005, 19, 1-16.
103. Izzo, A. A., Di Carlo, G., Borrelli, F., Ernst, E., Cardiovascular pharmacotherapy and herbal medicines: the risk of drug interaction. Int. J. Cardiol. 2005, 95, 1-14.
104. Izzo, A. A., Borrelli, F., Capasso, R., Herbal medicine: the dangers of drug interaction. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 2002, 23, 358-391.
105. Gurley, B. J., Gardner, S. E, Hubbard, M. A., Williams, D. K., et al, Clinical assessment of effects of botanical supplementation on cytochrome P450 phenotypes in the elderly: St John's wort, garlic oil, Panax ginseng and Ginkgo biloba, Drugs Aging 2005, 22, 525-539.
106. Markowitz, X S., Devane, C. L., Chavin, K. D., Taylor, R. M., et al., Effects of garlic (Allium sativum L.) supplementation on cytochrome P450 2D6 and 3A4 activity in healthy volunteers, Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 2003, 74, 170-177.
107. Cox, M. C., Low, J., Lee, J., Walshe, J., et al. Influence of garlic (Allium sativum) on the pharmacokinetics of docetaxel, Clin. Cancer Res. 2006, 12, 4636-4640.
108. Greenblatt, D. J., Leigh-Pemberton, R. A., von Moltke, L. L., In vitro interactions of water-soluble garlic components with human cytochromes p450, J. Nutr. 2006, 136, 806S-809S.
109. Lin, X H., Yamazaki, M., Clinical relevance of P-glycoprotein in drug therapy, Drug Metab. Rev. 2003, 35, 417-454.
110. Zhou, S., Lim, L. Y., Chowbay, B., Herbal modulation of P-glycoprotein. Drug Metab. Rev. 2004, 36, 57-104.
111. Foster, B. C., Foster, M. S., Vandenhoek, S., Krantis, A., et al, An in vitro evaluation of human cytochrome P450 3A4 and P-glycoprotein inhibition by garlic, J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 2001, 4, 176-84.
112. Saw, J. T., Bahari, M. B., Ang, H. H., Lim, Y. H., Potential drug-herb interaction with antiplatelet/anticoagulant drugs. Complement. Ther. Clin. Pract. 2006, 12, 236-241.
113. Lee, L. S., Andrade, A. S., Flexner, C., Interactions between natural health products and antiretroviral drugs: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects, Clin. Infect. Dis. 2006, 43, 1052-1059.
114. Sunter, W. H., Warfarin and garlic, Pharm. J. 1991, 246, 772.
115. Tattelman, E., Health effects of garlic, Am. Fam. Physician. 2005, 72, 103-106.
116. Pathak, A., Leger, P., Bagheri, H., Senard, X M., et al., Garlic interaction with fluindione: a case report, Therapie 2003, 55, 380-381.
117. Macan, H., Uykimpang, R., Alconcel, M., Takasu, J., et al., Aged garlic extract may be safe for patients on warfarin therapy, J. Nutr. 2006, 736, 793S-795S.
118. No author listed HIV patients taking antiretrovirals should avoid garlic, St. John's wort. Other health products were fine, AIDS Alert 2006, 21, 21-22.
119. Piscitelli, S. C., Burstein, A. H., Weiden, N., Gallicano, K. D., The effect of garlic supplements on the pharmacokinetics of saquinavir, Clin. Infect. Dis. 2002, 34, 234-238.
120. Gallicano, K., Foster, B., Choudhri, S., Effect of short-term administration of garlic supplements on single-dose ritonavir pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers, Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2003, 55, 199-202.
121. Laroche, M., Choudhuri, S., Gallicano, K., Foster, B., Severe gastrointestinal toxicity with concomitant ingestion of ritonavir and garlic, Can. J Infect. Dis. 1998, 9, 471R
122. Aslam, M., Stockley, I. H., Interaction between curry ingredient (karela) and drug (chlorpropamide), Lancet 1979, 1, 607.
123. Gwilt, R R., Lear, C. L., Tempero, M. A., Birt, D. D., et al., The effect of garlic extract on human metabolism of acetaminophen, Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 1994, 3, 155-160.
124. Jabbari, A., Argani, H., Ghorbanihaghjo, A., Mahdavi, R., Comparison between swallowing and chewing of garlic on levels of serum lipids, cyclosporine, creatinine and lipid peroxidation in Renal Transplant Recipients, Lipids Health Dis. 2005, 4, 11.