Functional MRI in ADHD: A systematic literature review

Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics

Volumn 7, Issue 10, 2007, Pages 1337-1356

  Paloyelis, Yannis ^a   Mehta, Mitul A ^a   Kuntsi, Jonna ^a   Asherson, Philip ^a  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Adolescents; Adult; Attention deficit; Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; Children; Funtional MRI; Hyperactivity disorder; Methylphenidate; Neuroimaging; Resting state

Indexed keywords

METHYLPHENIDATE; PLACEBO;

ANXIETY DISORDER; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; BRAIN FUNCTION; BRAIN REGION; CLINICAL TRIAL; COGNITIVE DEFECT; COMORBIDITY; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; HUMAN; MOTOR PERFORMANCE; NEUROPHYSIOLOGY; OXYGEN BLOOD LEVEL; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; REVIEW; REWARD; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; WORKING MEMORY;

ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER WITH HYPERACTIVITY; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS;

EID: 35548999779     PISSN: 14737175     EISSN: 17448360     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/14737175.7.10.1337     Document Type: Review

References (112)

1. Kuntsi J, McLoughlin G, Asherson P. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neuromolecular Med. 8(4), 461-484 (2006). •• Concise yet informative overview of the field.
2. Biederman J, Faraone SV. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Lancet 366(9481), 237-248 (2005).
3. Burd L, Klug MG, Coumbe MJ, Kerbeshian J. Children and adolescents with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder: 1. Prevalence and cost of care. J. Child Neurol. 18(8), 555-561 (2003).
4. Faraone SV, Sergeant J, Gillberg C, Biederman J. The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: is it an American condition? World Psychiatry 2(2), 104-113 (2003).
5. Ford T, Goodman R, Meltzer H. The British Child and Adolescent Mental Health Survey 1999: the prevalence of DSM-IV disorders. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 42(10), 1203-1211 (2003).
6. Faraone SV, Biederman J, Mick E. The age-dependent decline of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a metaanalysis of follow-up studies. Psychol. Med. 36(2), 159-165 (2006).
7. Faraone SV, Perlis RH, Doyle AE et al. Molecular genetics of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Biol. Psychiatry 57(11), 1313-1323 (2005).
8. Asherson P. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in the post-genomic era. Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 1(Suppl. 13), i50-i70 (2004).
9. Brookes K, Xu X, Chen W et al. The analysis of 51 genes in DSM-IV combined type attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: association signals in DRD4, DAT1 and 16 other genes. Mol. Psychiatry 11(10), 934-953 (2006).
10. Barkley RA. Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychol. Bull. 121(1), 65-94 (1997).
11. Willcutt EG, Doyle AE, Nigg JT, Faraone SV, Pennington BF. Validity of the executive function theory of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analytic review. Biol. Psychiatry 57(11), 1336-1346 (2005).
12. Konrad K, Gauggel S, Manz A, Scholl M. Lack of inhibition: a motivational deficit in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and children with traumatic brain injury. Child Neuropsychol. 6(4), 286-296 (2000).
13. Slusarek M, Velling S, Bunk D, Eggers C. Motivational effects on inhibitory control in children with ADHD. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 40(3), 355-363 (2001).
14. Scheres A, Oosterlaan J, Sergeant JA. Response execution and inhibition in children with AD/HD and other disruptive disorders: the role of behavioural activation. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 42(3), 347-357 (2001).
15. Sergeant JA. Modeling attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder: a critical appraisal of the cognitive-energetic model. Biol. Psychiatry 57(11), 1248-1255 (2005).
16. Sonuga-Barke EJ. Causal models of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: from common simple deficits to multiple developmental pathways. Biol. Psychiatry 57(11), 1231-1238 (2005).
17. Krauel K, Duzel E, Hinrichs H, Santel S, Rellum T, Baving L. Impact of emotional salience on episodic memory in attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Biol. Psychiatry 61(12), 1370-1379 (2007).
18. Scheres A, Milham MP, Knutson B, Castellanos FX. Ventral striatal hyporesponsiveness during reward anticipation in attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Biol. Psychiatry 61(5), 720-724 (2007).
19. Tian LX, Jiang TZ, Wang YF et al. Altered resting-state functional connectivity patterns of anterior cingulate cortex in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neurosci. Lett. 400(1-2), 39-43 (2006).
20. Norman KA, Polyn SM, Detre GJ, Haxby JV. Beyond mind-reading: multi-voxel pattern analysis of fMRI data. Trends Cogn. Sci. (Regul. Ed.) 10(9), 424-430 (2006).
21. Zhu CZ, Zang YF, Liang M et al. Discriminative analysis of brain function at resting-state for attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. In: Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention-Miccai (Pt 2). Springer, CA, USA 468-475 (2005).
22. Raichle ME. Neuroscience. The brain's dark energy. Science 314(5803), 1249-1250 (2006).
23. Stark CE, Squire LR. When zero is not zero: the problem of ambiguous baseline conditions in fMRI. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 98(22), 12760-12766 (2001).
24. Greicius MD, Krasnow B, Reiss AL, Menon V. Functional connectivity in the resting brain: a network analysis of the default mode hypothesis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 100(1), 253-258 (2003).
25. Raichle ME, MacLeod AM, Snyder AZ, Powers WJ, Gusnard DA, Shulman GL. A default mode of brain function. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 98(2), 676-682 (2001).
26. Booth JR, Burman DD, Meyer JR et al. Larger deficits in brain networks for response inhibition than for visual selective attention in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 46(1), 94-111 (2005).
27. Vaidya CJ, Austin G, Kirkorian G et al. Selective effects of methylphenidate in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a functional magnetic resonance study. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 95(24), 14494-14499 (1998).
28. Morcom AM, Fletcher PC. Does the brain have a baseline? Why we should be resisting a rest. Neuroimage 37, 1073-1082 (2007).
29. Honey GD, Fletcher PC, Bullmore ET. Functional brain mapping of psychopathology. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 72(4), 432-439 (2002). • Very interesting article on the use of functional MRI (fMRI) to understand psychopathology.
30. Mason MF, Norton MI, Van Horn JD, Wegner DM, Grafton ST, Macrae CN. Wandering minds: the default network and stimulus-independent thought. Science 315(5810), 393-395 (2007).
31. Amaro E Jr, Barker GJ. Study design in fMRI: basic principles. Brain Cogn. 60(3), 220-232 (2006). •• Excellent introduction into the basic principles of fMRI research.
32. Schulz KP, Tang CY, Fan J et al. Differential prefrontal cortex activation during inhibitory control in adolescents with and without childhood attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychology 19(3), 390-402 (2005).
33. Tamm L, Menon V, Ringel J, Reiss AL. Event-related fMRI evidence of frontotemporal involvement in aberrant response inhibition and task switching in attention-deficit/hlyperactivity disorder. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 43(11), 1430-1440 (2004).
34. Murphy K, Garavan H. Artifactual fMRI group and condition differences driven by performance confounds. Neuroimage 21(1), 219-228 (2004).
35. Vaidya CJ, Bunge SA, Dudukovic NM, Zalecki CA. Altered neural substrates of cognitive control in childhood ADHD: evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging. Am. J. Psychiatry 162(9), 1605-1613 (2005).
36. Bush G, Frazier JA, Rauch SL et al. Anterior cingulate cortex dysfunction in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder revealed by fMRI and the counting stroop. Biol. Psychiatry 45(12), 1542-1552 (1999).
37. Rauch SL, Savage CR, Alpert NM, Fischman AJ, Jenike MA. The functional neuroanatomy of anxiety: a study of three disorders using positron emission tomography and symptom provocation. Biol. Psychiatry 42(6), 446-452 (1997).
38. Pliszka SR, Glahn DC, Semrud-Clikeman M, Franklin C, Perez R, Xiong JJ. Neuroimaging of inhibitory control areas in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder who were treatment naive or in long-term treatment. Am. J. Psychiatry 163(6), 1052-1060 (2006).
39. Rubia K, Smith AB, Brammer MJ, Toone B, Taylor E. Abnormal brain activation during inhibition and error detection in medication-naive adolescents with ADHD. Am. J. Psychiatry 162(6), 1067-1075 (2005).
40. Schulz KP, Fan J, Tang CY et al. Response inhibition in adolescents diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder during childhood: an event-related fMRI study. Am. J. Psychiatry 161(9), 1650-1657 (2004).
41. Price CJ, Friston KJ. Scanning patients with tasks they can perform. Hum. Brain Mapp. 8(2-3), 102-108 (1999). •• Excellent guide by leading authorities in the field into how to interpret differences in brain activation between healthy and clinical groups.
42. Silk T, Vance A, Rinehart N et al. Fronto-parietal activation in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, combined type: functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Br. J. Psychiatry 187, 282-283 (2005).
43. Wilkinson D, Halligan P. The relevance of behavioural measures for functional-imaging studies of cognition. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 5(1), 67-73 (2004).
44. Price CJ, Friston KJ. Degeneracy and cognitive anatomy. Trends Cogn. Sci. (Regul. Ed.) 6(10), 416-421 (2002).
45. Bertolino A, Blasi G, Latorre V et al. Additive effects of genetic variation in dopamine regulating genes on working memory cortical activity in human brain. J. Neurosci. 26(15), 3918-3922 (2006).
46. Egan MF, Goldberg TE, Kolachana BS et al. Effect of COMT Val108/158 Met genotype on frontal lobe function and risk for schizophrenia. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 98(12), 6917-6922 (2001).
47. Meyer-Lindenberg A, Nichols T, Callicott JH et al. Impact of complex genetic variation in COMT on human brain function. Mol. Psychiatry 11(9), 867-877 (2006).
48. Mostofsky SH, Rimrodt SL, Schafer JGB et al. Atypical motor and sensory cortex activation in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study of simple sequential finger tapping. Biol. Psychiatry 59(1), 48-56 (2006).
49. Zang YF, Jin Z, Weng XC et al. Functional MRI in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: evidence for hypofrontality. Brain Dev. 27(8), 544-550 (2005).
50. Rubia K, Smith A, Brammer M, Taylor E. Temporal lobe dysfunction in medication naive boys with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder during attention allocation and its relation to response variability. Biol. Psychiatry (2007) (In Press).
51. Thirion B, Pinel P, Meriaux S, Roche A, Dehaene S, Poline JB. Analysis of a large fMRI cohort: statistical and methodological issues for group analyses. Neuroimage 35(1), 105-120 (2007).
52. Valera EM, Faraone SV, Biederman J, Poldrack RA, Seidman LJ. Functional neuroanatomy of working memory in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol. Psychiatry, 57(5), 439-447 (2005).
53. Sunshine JL, Lewin JS, Wu DH et al. Functional MR to localize sustained visual attention activation in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a pilot study. AJNR. Am. J. Neuroradiol. 18(4), 633-637 (1997).
54. Fassbender C, Schweitzer JB. Is there evidence for neural compensation in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder? A review of the functional neuroimaging literature. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 26(4), 445-465 (2006).
55. Bush G, Shin LM. The Multi-Source Interference Task: an fMRI task that reliably activates the cingulo-frontal-parietal cognitive/attention network. Nat. Protoc. 1(1), 308-313 (2006).
56. Durston S, Mulder M, Casey BJ, Ziermans T, van Engeland H. Activation in ventral prefrontal cortex is sensitive to genetic vulnerability for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Biol. Psychiatry 60(10), 1062-1070 (2006).
57. Durston S, Tottenham NT, Thomas KM et al. Differential patterns of striatal activation in young children with and without ADHD. Biol. Psychiatry 53(10), 871-878 (2003).
58. Konrad K, Neufang S, Hanisch C, Fink GR, Herpertz-Dahlmann B. Dysfunctional attentional networks in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: evidence from an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Biol. Psychiatry 59(7), 643-651 (2006).
59. Rubia K, Overmeyer S, Taylor E et al. Hypofrontality in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder during higher-order motor control: a study with functional MRI. Am. J. Psychiatry 156(6), 891-896 (1999).
60. Rubia K, Taylor E, Smith AB, Oksannen H, Overmeyer S, Newman S. Neuropsychological analyses of impulsiveness in childhood hyperactivity. Br. J. Psychiatry 179, 138-143 (2001).
61. Schulz KP, Newcorn JH, Fan J, Tang CY, Halperin JM. Brain activation gradients in ventrolateral prefrontal cortex related to persistence of ADHD in adolescent boys. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 44(1), 47-54 (2005).
62. Smith AB, Taylor E, Brammer M, Toone B, Rubia K. Task-specific hypoactivation in prefrontal and temporoparietal brain regions during motor inhibition and task switching in medication-naive children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry 163(6), 1044-1051 (2006).
63. Boonstra AM, Oosterlaan J, Sergeant JA, Buitelaar JK. Executive functioning in adult ADHD: a meta-analytic review. Psychol. Med. 35(8), 1097-1108 (2005).
64. Bush G, Whalen PJ, Shin LM, Rauch SL. The counting Stroop: a cognitive interference task. Nat. Protoc. 1(1), 230-233 (2006).
65. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revised (DSM-IV-TR). American Psychiatric Association, DC, USA (2000).
66. Teicher MH, Anderson CM, Polcari A, Glod CA, Maas LC, Renshaw PF. Functional deficits in basal ganglia of children with attentiondeficit/ hyperactivity disorder shown with functional magnetic resonance imaging relaxometry. Nat. Med. 6(4), 470-473 (2000).
67. Tamm L, Menon V, Reiss AL. Parietal attentional system aberrations during target detection in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: event-related fMRI evidence. Am. J. Psychiatry 163(6), 1033-1043 (2006).
68. Shafritz KM, Marchione KE, Gore JC, Shaywitz SE, Shaywitz BA. The effects of methylphenidate on neural systems of attention in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry 161(11), 1990-1997 (2004).
69. Anderson CM, Polcari A, Lowen SB, Renshaw PF, Teicher MH. Effects of methylphenidate on functional magnetic resonance relaxometry of the cerebellar vermis in boys with ADHD. Am. J. Psychiatry 159(8), 1322-1328 (2002).
70. Valera EM, Faraone SV, Murray KE, Seidman LJ. Meta-analysis of structural imaging findings in attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Biol. Psychiatry (2007)(In Press).
71. Dickstein SG, Bannon K, Xavier Castellanos F, Milham MP. The neural correlates of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: an ALE meta-analysis. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 47(10), 1051-1062 (2006).
72. Knutson B, Gibbs SE. Linking nucleus accumbens dopamine and blood oxygenation. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 191(3), 813-822 (2007).
73. Bjork JM, Knutson B, Fong GW, Caggiano DM, Bennett SM, Hommer DW. Incentive-elicited brain activation in adolescents: similarities and differences from young adults. J. Neurosci. 24(8), 1793-1802 (2004).
74. Knutson B, Adams CM, Fong GW, Hommer D. Anticipation of increasing monetary reward selectively recruits nucleus accumbens. J. Neurosci. 21(16), RC159 (2001).
75. Van Meel CS, Oosterlaan J, Heslenfeld DJ, Sergeant JA. Motivational effects on motor timing in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 44(5), 451-460 (2005).
76. Georgiou-Karistianis N, Hoy KE, Bradshaw JL et al. Motor overflow in Huntington's disease. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 75(6), 904-906 (2004).
77. Mostofsky SH, Newschaffer CJ, Denckla MB. Overflow movements predict impaired response inhibition in children with ADHD. Percept. Mot. Skills 97(3 Pt 2), 1315-1331 (2003).
78. Adler CM, Delbello MP, Mills NP, Schmithorst V, Holland S, Strakowski SM. Comorbid ADHD is associated with altered patterns of neuronal activation in adolescents with bipolar disorder performing a simple attention task. Bipolar Disord. 7(6), 577-588 (2005).
79. Leibenluft E, Rich BA, Vinton DT et al. Neural circuitry engaged during unsuccessful motor inhibition in pediatric bipolar disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry 164(1), 52-60 (2007).
80. Willcutt EG, Pennington BF, DeFries JC. Twin study of the etiology of comorbidity between reading disability and attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Am. J. Med. Genet. 96(3), 293-301 (2000).
81. Willcutt EG, Pennington BF, Olson RK, Defries JC. Understanding comorbidity: a twin study of reading disability and attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 144(6), 709-714 (2007).
82. Beauregard M, Levesque J. Functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation of the effects of neurofeedback training on the neural bases of selective attention and response inhibition in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback 31(1), 3-20 (2006).
83. Levesque J, Beauregard M, Mensour B. Effect of neurofeedback training on the neural substrates of selective attention in children with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Neurosci. Lett. 394(3), 216-221 (2006).
84. Petersen ET, Zimine I, Ho YC, Golay X. Non-invasive measurement of perfusion: a critical review of arterial spin labelling techniques. Br. J. Radiol. 79(944), 688-701 (2006).
85. Anderson CM, Kaufman MJ, Lowen SB, Rohan M, Renshaw PF, Teicher MH. Brain T2 relaxation times correlate with regional cerebral blood volume. MAGMA 18(1), 3-6 (2005).
86. Giompres P, Delis F. Dopamine transporters in the cerebellum of mutant mice. Cerebellum 4(2), 105-111 (2005).
87. Hurley MJ, Mash DC, Jenner P. Markers for dopaminergic neurotransmission in the cerebellum in normal individuals and patients with Parkinson's disease examined by RT-PCR. Eur. J. Neurosci. 18(9), 2668-2672 (2003).
88. Melchitzky DS, Lewis DA. Tyrosine hydroxylase- and dopamine transporter-immunoreactive axons in the primate cerebellum. Evidence for a lobular- and laminar-specific dopamine innervation. Neuropsychopharmacology 22(5), 466-472 (2000).
89. Cao Q, Zang Y, Sun L et al. Abnormal neural activity in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Neuroreport 17(10), 1033-1036 (2006).
90. Zang YF, Yong H, Chao-Zhe Z et al. Altered baseline brain activity in children with ADHD revealed by resting-state functional MRI. Brain Dev. 29, 83-91 (2007).
91. Haynes JD, Rees G. Decoding mental states from brain activity in humans. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 7(7), 523-534 (2006).
92. Fellows LK, Farah MJ. Is anterior cingulate cortex necessary for cognitive control? Brain 128(Pt 4), 788-796 (2005).
93. Critchley HD, Mathias CJ, Josephs O et al. Human cingulate cortex and autonomic control: converging neuroimaging and clinical evidence. Brain 126(Pt 10), 2139-2152 (2003).
94. Burns GL, Walsh JA, Gomez R. Convergent and discriminant validity of trait and source effects in ADHD-inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity measures across a 3-month interval. J. Abnorm. Child Psychol. 31(5), 529-541 (2003).
95. Rasmussen ER, Todd RD, Neuman RJ, Heath AC, Reich W, Rohde LA. Comparison of male adolescent-report of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms across two cultures using latent class and principal components analysis. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 43(6), 797-805 (2002).
96. Krause KH, Dresel SH, Krause J, Kung HF, Tatsch K. Increased striatal dopamine transporter in adult patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: effects of methylphenidate as measured by single photon emission computed tomography. Neurosci. Lett. 285(2), 107-110 (2000).
97. Spencer TJ, Biederman J, Madras BK et al. In vivo neuroreceptor imaging in attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder: a focus on the dopamine transporter. Biol. Psychiatry 57(11), 1293-1300 (2005).
98. Asherson P, Brookes K, Franke B et al. Confirmation that a specific haplotype of the dopamine transporter gene is associated with combined-type ADHD. Am. J. Psychiatry 164(4), 674-677 (2007).
99. Brookes KJ, Mill J, Guindalini C et al. A common haplotype of the dopamine transporter gene associated with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder and interacting with maternal use of alcohol during pregnancy. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 63(1), 74-81 (2006).
100. Waldman ID, Gizer IR. The genetics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 26(4), 396-432 (2006).
101. Castellanos FX, Lee PP, Sharp W et al. Developmental trajectories of brain volume abnormalities in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. JAMA 288(14), 1740-1748 (2002).
102. Seidman LJ, Valera EM, Makris N et al. Dorsolateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex volumetric abnormalities in adults with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder identified by magnetic resonance imaging. Biol. Psychiatry, 60(10), 1071-1080 (2006).
103. Knutson B, Cooper JC. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of reward prediction. Curr. Opin. Neurol. 18(4), 411-417 (2005).
104. Makris N, Biederman J, Valera EM et al. Cortical thinning of the attention and executive function networks in adults with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Cereb. Cortex 17(6), 1364-1375 (2007).
105. Callicott JH, Mattay VS, Bertolino A et al. Physiological characteristics of capacity constraints in working memory as revealed by functional MRI. Cereb. Cortex, 9(1), 20-26 (1999).
106. Just MA, Carpenter PA, Keller TA. The capacity theory of comprehension: new frontiers of evidence and arguments. Psychol. Rev. 103(4), 773-780 (1996).
107. Fletcher PC, McKenna PJ, Frith CD, Grasby PM, Friston KJ, Dolan RJ. Brain activations in schizophrenia during a graded memory task studied with functional neuroimaging. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 55(11), 1001-1008 (1998).
108. Swanson JM, Kinsbourne M, Nigg J et al. Etiologic subtypes of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder: brain imaging, molecular genetic and environmental factors and the dopamine hypothesis. Neuropsychol. Rev. 17(1), 39-59 (2007). • Interesting overview of evidence supporting the dopamine deficit theory in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
109. Hariri AR, Weinberger DR. Imaging genomics. Br. Med. Bull. 65, 259-270 (2003). • Concise presentation of the field of imaging genomics/genetics.
110. Roffman JL, Weiss AP, Goff DC, Rauch SL, Weinberger DR. Neuroimaging-genetic paradigms: a new approach to investigate the pathophysiology and treatment of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Harv. Rev. Psychiatry 14(2), 78-91 (2006).
111. Meyer-Lindenberg A, Weinberger DR. Intermediate phenotypes and genetic mechanisms of psychiatric disorders. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 7(10), 818-827 (2006). •• Very interesting discussion of findings and issues from research that tries to link genes to behavior through the study of neural mechanisms.
112. Logothetis NK. The neural basis of the blood-oxygen-level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging signal. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 357(1424), 1003-1037 (2002).