The counting Stroop: A cognitive interference task

Nature Protocols

Volumn 1, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 230-233

  Bush, George ^a,b   Whalen, Paul J ^c   Shin, Lisa M ^a,d   Rauch, Scott L ^a  

^a MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^c Dartmouth College   (United States)

^d TUFTS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; COGNITION; HUMAN; INTELLIGENCE TEST; LANGUAGE; METHODOLOGY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PHOTOSTIMULATION;

COGNITION; HUMANS; INTELLIGENCE TESTS; LANGUAGE; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PHOTIC STIMULATION;

EID: 34250637176     PISSN: 17542189     EISSN: 17502799     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2006.35     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. Stroop, J.R. Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. J. Exp. Psychol. 18, 643-662 (1935).
2. MacLeod, C.M. Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review. Psychol. Bull. 109, 163-203 (1991).
3. Bench, C.J. et al. Investigations of the functional anatomy of attention using the Stroop test. Neuropsychologia 31, 907-922 (1993).
4. Carter, C.S., Mintun, M. & Cohen, J.D. Interference and facilitation effects during selective attention: An H2150 PET study of Stroop task performance. Neuroimage 2, 264-272 (1995).
5. George, M.S. et al. Regional brain activity when selecting a response despite interference: An H2150 PET study of the Stroop and an emotional Stroop. Hum. Brain Mapp. 1, 194-209 (1994).
6. Pardo, J.V., Pardo, P.J., Janer, K.W. & Raichte, M.E. The anterior cingulate cortex mediates processing selection in the Stroop attentional conflict paradigm. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 256-259 (1990).
7. Bush, G. et al. The counting Stroop: An interference task specialized for functional neuroimaging-validation study with functional MRI. Hum. Brain Mapp. 6, 270-282 (1998).
8. Bush, G. et al. Anterior cingulate cortex dysfunction in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder revealed by fMRI and the counting Stroop. Biol. Psychiatry 45, 1542-1552 (1999).
9. Bush, G., Luu, P. & Posner, M.I. Cognitive and emotional influences in anterior cingulate cortex. Trends Cogn. Sci. 4, 215-222 (2000).
10. Bush, G., Shin, L.M., Holmes, J., Rosen, B.R. & Vogt, B.A. The multi-source interference task: Validation study with fMRI in individual subjects. Mol. Psychiatry 8, 60-70 (2003).
11. Bush, G. et al. Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex: A role in reward-based decision making. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 523-528 (2002).
12. Bantick, S.J. et al. Imaging how attention modulates pain in humans using functional MRI. Brain 125, 310-319 (2002).
13. Chen, J.Y. Stroop interference is the result of comparable, not of differential processing speeds of two stimulus dimensions. Percept. Mot. Skills 87, 375-380 (1998).
14. Hayward, G., Goodwin, G.M. & Harmer, C.J. The role of the anterior cingulate cortex in the counting Stroop task. Exp. Brain Res. 154, 355-358 (2004).
15. Kemmotsu, N., Villalobos, M.E., Gaffrey, M.S., Courchesne, E. & Muller, R.A. Activity and functional connectivity of inferior frontal cortex associated with response conflict. Brain Res. Cogn. Brain Res. 24, 335-342 (2005).
16. Mathews, V.P. et al. Media violence exposure and frontal lobe activation measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging in aggressive and nonaggressive adolescents. J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 29, 287-292 (2005).
17. Matthews, S.C., Paulus, M.P., Simmons, A.N., Nelesen, R.A. & Dimsdale, J.E. Functional subdivisions within anterior cingulate cortex and their relationship to autonomic nervous system function. Neuroimage 22, 1151-1156 (2004).
18. Pavese, A. & Umilta, C. Symbolic distance between numerosity and identity modulates Stroop interference. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 24, 1535-1545 (1998).
19. West, R., Jakubek, K., Wymbs, N., Perry, M. & Moore, K. Neural correlates of conflict processing. Exp. Brain Res. 167, 38-48 (2005).
20. Levesque, J., Beauregard, M. & Mensour, B. Effect of neurofeedback training on the neural substrates of selective attention in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Neurosci. Lett. 394, 216-221 (2006).
21. Tamm, L., Menon, V., Johnston, C.K., Hessl, D.R. & Reiss, A.L. fMRI study of cognitive interference processing in females with fragile X syndrome. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 14, 160-171 (2002).
22. Parry, A.M., Scott, R.B., Palace, J., Smith, S. & Matthews, P.M. Potentially adaptive functional changes in cognitive processing for patients with multiple sclerosis and their acute modulation by rivastigmine. Brain 126, 2750-2760 (2003).
23. Strakowski, S.M. et al. Abnormal FMRI brain activation in euthymic bipolar disorder patients during a counting Stroop interference task. Am. J. Psychiatry 162, 1697-1705 (2005).
24. Davis, K.D. et al. Human anterior cingulate cortex neurons encode cognitive and emotional demands. J. Neurosci. 25, 8402-8406 (2005).
25. Salthouse, T.A. & Meinz, E.J. Aging, inhibition, working memory, and speed. J. Gerontol. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci. 50, P297-P306 (1995).
26. Bush, G. & Shin, L.M. The multi-source interference task: An fMRI task that reliably activates the cingulo-frontal-parietal cognitive/attention network in individual subjects. Nat. Protocols 1, 308-313 (2006).
27. Whalen, P.J. et al. The emotional counting Stroop paradigm: A functional magnetic resonance imaging probe of the anterior cingulate affective division. Biol. Psychiatry 44, 1219-1228 (1998).
28. Whalen, P.J., Bush, G., Shin, L.M. & Rauch, S.L. The emotional counting Stroop: A task for assessing emotional interference during brain imaging. Nat. Protocols 1, 293-296 (2006).
29. Oldfield, R.C. The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh Inventory. Neuropsycholgia 9, 97-113 (1971).
30. Simon, J.R. & Berbaum, K. Effect of conflicting cues on information processing: The 'Stroop effect' vs. the 'Simon Effect'. Acta Psychol. (Amst.) 73, 159-170 (1990).
31. Burock, M.A., Buckner, R.L., Woldorff, M.G., Rosen, B.R. & Dale, A.M. Randomized event-related experimental designs allow for extremely rapid presentation rates using functional MRI. Neuroreport 9, 3735-3739 (1998).