Inflammatory biomarkers: The link between obesity and associated pathologies;Biomarcadores del estado inflamatorio: Nexo de unión con la obesidad y complicaciones asociadas

Nutricion Hospitalaria

Volumn 22, Issue 5, 2007, Pages 511-527

  Zulet, Ma A ^a   Puchau, B ^a   Navarro, C ^a   Marti A ^a   Martinez Hernandez J A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NAVARRA   (Spain)

Author keywords

Biomarkers of inflammation; Cardiovascular disease; Inflammation; Insulin resistance; Metabolic syndrome; Obesity

Indexed keywords

ADIPONECTIN; ALPHA 1 ANTITRYPSIN; AMYLOID A PROTEIN; ANGIOTENSINOGEN; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; COMPLEMENT COMPONENT C3; EOTAXIN; FIBRINOGEN; GLYCOPROTEIN; HAPTOGLOBIN; INTERCELLULAR ADHESION MOLECULE 1; INTERLEUKIN 18; INTERLEUKIN 6; LEPTIN; PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR 1; RESISTIN; RETINOL BINDING PROTEIN; RETINOL BINDING PROTEIN 4; SIALIC ACID; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VASCULAR CELL ADHESION MOLECULE 1; VISFATIN; VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; COMORBIDITY; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; INSULIN RESISTANCE; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; OBESITY; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PUBLIC HEALTH; REVIEW;

ACUTE-PHASE PROTEINS; ADIPOKINES; ADIPOSE TISSUE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CAUSALITY; CYTOKINES; DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY; ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR; HORMONES; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; INFLAMMATION MEDIATORS; INSULIN RESISTANCE; LIVER; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; N-ACETYLNEURAMINIC ACID; OBESITY; RISK;

EID: 35548967228     PISSN: 02121611     EISSN: 16995198     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (159)

1. Gil A. Papel de los ácidos grasos monoinsaturados y poliinsaturados en los procesos inflamatorios (Libro blanco de los omega-3). Editorial Médica Panamericana. Madrid. 2005.
2. Fernández-Real J. [Insulin resistance and evolution]. Nutr Hosp 2002; 17:60-6.
3. Bastard JP, Maachi M, Lagathu C y cols. Recent advances in the relationship between obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Eur Cytokine Netw 2006; 17:4-12.
4. Das UN. Is obesity an inflammatory condition? Nutrition 2001; 17:953-66.
5. Dandona P, Aljada A, Bandyopadhyay A. Inflammation: the link between insulin resistance, obesity and diabetes. Trends Immunol 2004; 25:4-7.
6. Engstrom G, Stavenow L, Hedblad B y cols. Inflammation-sensitive plasma proteins and incidence of myocardial infarction in men with low cardiovascular risk. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003; 23:2247-51.
7. Moreno-Aliaga MJ, Campión J, Milagro FI, Berjón A, Martínez JA. Adiposity and proinflammatory state: the chicken or the egg. Adipocytes 2005; 1:1-16.
8. Vincent HK, Taylor AG. Biomarkers and potential mechanisms of obesity-induced oxidant stress in humans. Int J Obes 2006; 30:400-18.
9. Fantuzzi G. Adipose tissue, adipokines, and inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 115:911-9.
10. Jousilahti P, Salomaa V, Rasi V, Vahtera E, Palosuo T. The association of c-reactive protein, serum amyloid a and fibrinogen with prevalent coronary heart disease -baseline findings of the PAIS project. Atherosclerosis 2001; 156:451-6.
11. Browning LM, Jebb SA, Mishra GD y cols. Elevated sialic acid, but not CRP, predicts features of the metabolic syndrome independently of BMI in women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2004; 28:1004-10.
12. Trayhurn P, Wood IS. Signalling role of adipose tissue: adipokines and inflammation in obesity. Biochem Soc Trans 2005; 33:1078-81.
13. Van Oostrom AJ, Alipour A, Plokker TW, Sniderman AD, Cabezas MC. The metabolic syndrome in relation to complement component 3 and postprandial lipemia in patients from an outpatient lipid clinic and healthy volunteers. Atherosclerosis 2007; 190:167-73.
14. Xydakis AM, Case CC, Jones PH y cols. Adiponectin, inflammation, and the expression of the metabolic syndrome in obese individuals: the impact of rapid weight loss through caloric restriction. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89:2697-703.
15. Monzillo LU, Hamdy O, Horton ES y cols. Effect of lifestyle modification on adipokine levels in obese subjects with insulin resistance. Obes Res 2003; 11:1048-54.
16. Xu H, Barnes GT, Yang Q y cols. Chronic inflammation in fat plays a crucial role in the development of obesity-related insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 2003; 112:1821-30.
17. Hukshorn CJ, Lindeman JH, Toet KH y cols. Leptin and the proinflammatory state associated with human obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89:43-8.
18. Cottam DR, Mattar SG, Barinas-Mitchell E y cols. The chronic inflammatory hypothesis for the morbidity associated with morbid obesity: implications and effects of weight loss. Obes Surg 2004; 14:589-600.
19. Thorand B, Baumert J, Chambless L y cols. Elevated markers of endothelial dysfunction predict type 2 diabetes mellitus in middle-aged men and women from the general population. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006; 26:398-405.
20. Bruun JM, Helge JW, Richelsen B, Stallknecht B. Diet and exercise reduce low-grade inflammation and macrophage infiltration in adipose tissue but not in skeletal muscle in severely obese subjects. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006; 290:961-7.
21. Fernández-Real JM, Vayreda M, Richart C y cols. Circulating interleukin 6 levels, blood pressure, and insulin sensitivity in apparently healthy men and women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86:1154-9.
22. Pradhan AD, Manson JE, Rifai N, Buring JE, Ridker PM. Creactive protein, interleukin 6, and risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. Jama 2001; 286:327-34.
23. Vozarova B, Fernández-Real JM, Knowler WC y cols. The interleukin-6 (-174) G/C promoter polymorphism is associated with type-2 diabetes mellitus in Native Americans and Caucasians. Hum Genet 2003; 112:409-13.
24. Krogh-Madsen R, Plomgaard P, Moller K, Mittendorfer B, Pedersen BK. Influence of TNF-alpha and IL-6 infusions on insulin sensitivity and expression of IL-18 in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006; 291:108-14.
25. Goyenechea E, Parra MD, Martínez JA. Implicación de la IL-6 y su polimorfismo -174G > C en el control del peso corporal y en las complicaciones metabólicas asociadas a la obesidad [Role of IL-6 and its -174G > C polymorphism in weight management and in the metabolic comorbidities associated with obesity]. An Sist Sanit Navar 2005; 28:357-66.
26. Yudkin JS, Kumari M, Humphries SE, Mohamed-Ali V. Inflammation, obesity, stress and coronary heart disease: is interleukin-6 the link? Atherosclerosis 2000; 148:209-14.
27. Schorr U, Blaschke K, Turan S, Distler A, Sharma AM. Relationship between angiotensinogen, leptin and blood pressure levels in young normotensive men. J Hypertens 1998; 16:1475-80.
28. Fruhbeck G, Gómez-Ambrosi J, Muruzábal FJ, Burrell MA. The adipocyte: a model for integration of endocrine and metabolic signaling in energy metabolism regulation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2001; 280:827-47.
29. Peterson MC: Circulating transforming growth factor beta-1: a partial molecular explanation for associations between hypertension, diabetes, obesity, smoking and human disease involving fibrosis. Med Sci Monit 2005; 11:229-32.
30. Birgel M, Gottschling-Zeller H, Rohrig K, Hauner H. Role of cytokines in the regulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression and secretion in newly differentiated subcutaneous human adipocytes. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000; 20:1682-7.
31. Alessi MC, Bastelica D, Morange P y cols. Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, transforming growth factor-beta1, and BMI are closely associated in human adipose tissue during morbid obesity. Diabetes 2000; 49:209-14.
32. Mertens I, Van Gaal LF. Obesity, haemostasis and the fibrinolytic system. Obes Rev 2002; 3:85-101.
33. Kanaya AM, Wassel Fyr C, Vittinghoff E y cols. Adipocytokines and incident diabetes mellitus in older adults: the independent effect of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166:350-6.
34. Mertens I, Verrijken A, Michiels JJ, Van der Planken M, Ruige JB, Van Gaal LF. Among inflammation and coagulation markers, PAI-1 is a true component of the metabolic syndrome. Int J Obes 2006; 30:1308-14.
35. Skurk T, Kolb H, Muller-Scholze S, Rohrig K, Hauner H, Herder C. The proatherogenic cytokine interleukin-18 is secreted by human adipocytes. Eur J Endocrinol 2005; 152:863-8.
36. Esposito K, Nappo F, Marfella R y cols. Inflammatory cytokine concentrations are acutely increased by hyperglycemia in humans: role of oxidative stress. Circulation 2002; 106:2067-72.
37. Aso Y, Okumura K, Takebayashi K, Wakabayashi S, Inukai T. Relationships of plasma interleukin-18 concentrations to hyperhomocysteinemia and carotid intimal-media wall thickness in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003; 26:2622-7.
38. Hung J, McQuillan BM, Chapman CM, Thompson PL, Beilby JP. Elevated interleukin-18 levels are associated with the metabolic syndrome independent of obesity and insulin resistance. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005; 25:1268-73.
39. Solomon A, Martínez JA. Participación del sistema nervioso y del tracto gastrointestinal en la homeostasis energética. Rev Med Univ Navarra 2006; 50:27-37.
40. Otero M, Nogueiras R, Lago F, Diéguez C, Gómez-Reino JJ, Gualillo O. Chronic inflammation modulates ghrelin levels in humans and rats. Rheumatology 2004; 43:306-10.
41. Grinspoon S, Gulick T, Askari H y cols. Serum leptin levels in women with anorexia nervosa. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81:3861-3.
42. Fantuzzi G, Faggioni R. Leptin in the regulation of immunity, inflammation, and hematopoiesis. J Leukoc Biol 2000; 68:437-46.
43. Merabet E, Dagogo-Jack S, Coyne DW y cols. Increased plasma leptin concentration in end-stage renal disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82:847-50.
44. Calikoglu M, Sahin G, Unlu A y cols. Leptin and TNF-alpha levels in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and their relationship to nutritional parameters. Respiration 2004; 71:45-50.
45. Yang YM, Sun TY, Liu XM. The role of serum leptin and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in malnutrition of male chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Chin Med J 2006; 119:628-33.
46. Gualillo O, Eiras S, Lago F, Diéguez C, Casanueva FF. Elevated serum leptin concentrations induced by experimental acute inflammation. Life Sci 2000; 67:2433-41.
47. Rosenbaum M, Leibel RL. The role of leptin in human physiology. N Engl J Med 1999; 341:913-5.
48. Arner P. Resistin: yet another adipokine tells us that men are not mice. Diabetologia 2005; 48:2203-5.
49. Steppan CM, Bailey ST, Bhat S y cols. The hormone resistin links obesity to diabetes. Nature 2001; 409:307-12.
50. Pang SS, Le YY. Role of resistin in inflammation and inflammation-related diseases. Cell Mol Immunol 2006; 3:29-34.
51. McTernan PG, Kusminski CM, Kumar S. Resistin. Curr Opin Lipidol 2006; 17:170-5.
52. Iqbal N, Seshadri P, Stern L y cols. Serum resistin is not associated with obesity or insulin resistance in humans. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2005; 9:161-5.
53. Chen CC, Li TC, Li CI, Liu CS, Wang HJ, Lin CC. Serum resistin level among healthy subjects: relationship to anthropometric and metabolic parameters. Metabolism 2005; 54:471-5.
54. Pagano C, Marin O, Calcagno A y cols. Increased serum resistin in adults with prader-willi syndrome is related to obesity and not to insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90:4335-40.
55. Utzschneider KM, Carr DB, Tong J y cols. Resistin is not associated with insulin sensitivity or the metabolic syndrome in humans. Diabetologia 2005; 48:2330-3.
56. Norata GD, Ongari M, Garlaschelli K, Raselli S, Grigore L, Catapano AL. Plasma resistin levels correlate with determinants of the metabolic syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol 2007; 156:279-84.
57. Stejskal D, Adamovska S, Bartek J, Jurakova R, Proskova J. Resistin - concentrations in persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus and in individuals with acute inflammatory disease. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2003; 147:63-9.
58. Lehrke M, Reilly MP, Millington SC, Iqbal N, Rader DJ, Lazar MA. An inflammatory cascade leading to hyperresistinemia in humans. PLoS Med 2004; 1:45.
59. Bo S, Gambino R, Pagani A y cols. Relationships between human serum resistin, inflammatory markers and insulin resistance. Int J Obes 2005; 29:1315-20.
60. Dvorakova-Lorenzova A, Suchanek P, Havel PJ y cols. The decrease in C-reactive protein concentration after diet and physical activity induced weight reduction is associated with changes in plasma lipids, but not interleukin-6 or adiponectin. Metabolism 2006; 55:359-65.
61. Garanty-Bogacka B, Syrenicz M, Syrenicz A, Gebala A, Walczak M. Relation of acute-phase reaction and endothelial activation to insulin resistance and adiposity in obese children and adolescents. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2005; 26:473-9.
62. Tchernof A, Nolan A, Sites CK, Ades PA, Poehlman ET. Weight loss reduces C-reactive protein levels in obese postmenopausal women. Circulation 2002; 105:564-9.
63. Poitou C, Viguerie N, Cancello R y cols. Serum amyloid A: production by human white adipocyte and regulation by obesity and nutrition. Diabetologia 2005; 48:519-28.
64. Manley PN, Ancsin JB, Kisilevsky R. Rapid recycling of cholesterol: the joint biologic role of C-reactive protein and serum amyloid A. Med Hypotheses 2006; 66:784-92.
65. Urieli-Shoval S, Linke RP, Matzner Y. Expression and function of serum amyloid A, a major acute-phase protein, in normal and disease states. Curr Opin Hematol 2000; 7:64-9.
66. McCarty MF. Interleukin-6 as a central mediator of cardiovascular risk associated with chronic inflammation, smoking, diabetes, and visceral obesity: down-regulation with essential fatty acids, ethanol and pentoxifylline. Med Hypotheses 1999; 52:465-77.
67. Browning LM, Krebs JD, Jebb SA. Discrimination ratio analysis of inflammatory markers: implications for the study of inflammation in chronic disease. Metabolism 2004; 53:899-903.
68. Wildman RP, Muntner P, Chen J, Sutton-Tyrrell K, He J. Relation of inflammation to peripheral arterial disease in the national health and nutrition examination survey, 1999-2002. Am J Cardiol 2005; 96:1579-83.
69. Crook MA, Miell J, Ameerally P y cols. Serum sialic acid, a reputed cardiovascular risk factor, is related to serum leptin concentrations in Fijians. Clin Chim Acta 2003; 331:1-5.
70. Gavella M, Lipovac V, Car A, Vucic M. Baseline diene conjugation in LDL lipids from newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Metab 2002; 28:391-6.
71. Gavella M, Lipovac V, Car A, Vucic M, Sokolic L, Rakos R. Serum sialic acid in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance and in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients. Acta Diabetol 2003; 40:95-100.
72. Kerr R, Stirling D, Ludlam CA. Interleukin 6 and haemostasis. Br J Haematol 2001; 115:3-12.
73. Maresca G, Di Blasio A, Marchioli R, Di Minno G. Measuring plasma fibrinogen to predict stroke and myocardial infarction: an update. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999; 19:1368-77.
74. Ditschuneit HH, Flechtner-Mors M, Adler G. Fibrinogen in obesity before and after weight reduction. Obes Res 1995; 3:43-8.
75. Vázquez LA, Pazos F, Berrazueta JR y cols. Effects of changes in body weight and insulin resistance on inflammation and endothelial function in morbid obesity after bariatric surgery. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90:316-22.
76. Wexler DJ, Hu FB, Manson JE, Rifai N, Meigs JB. Mediating effects of inflammatory biomarkers on insulin resistance associated with obesity. Obes Res 2005; 13:1772-83.
77. Meigs JB, O'Donnell C J, Tofler GH y cols. Hemostatic markers of endothelial dysfunction and risk of incident type 2 diabetes: the Framingham Offspring Study. Diabetes 2006; 55:530-7.
78. Mousa SA. Elevation of plasma von Willebrand factor and tumor necrosis factor-a in obese subjects and their reduction by the low molecular weight heparin tinzaparin. Int Angiol 2005; 24:278-81.
79. Couillard C, Ruel G, Archer WR y cols. Circulating levels of oxidative stress markers and endothelial adhesion molecules in men with abdominal obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90:6454-9.
80. Wang HW, Babic AM, Mitchell HA, Liu K, Wagner DD. Elevated soluble ICAM-1 levels induce immune deficiency and increase adiposity in mice. Faseb J 2005; 19:1018-20.
81. Witkowska AM. Soluble ICAM-1: a marker of vascular inflammation and lifestyle. Cytokine 2005; 31:127-34.
82. Weyer C, Yudkin JS, Stehouwer CD, Schalkwijk CG, Pratley RE, Tataranni PA. Humoral markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in relation to adiposity and in vivo insulin action in Pima Indians. Atherosclerosis 2002; 161:233-42.
83. Ito H, Ohshima A, Inoue M y cols. Weight reduction decreases soluble cellular adhesion molecules in obese women. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2002; 29:399-404.
84. Calabresi L, Gomaraschi M, Villa B, Omoboni L, Dmitrieff C, Franceschini G. Elevated soluble cellular adhesion molecules in subjects with low HDL-cholesterol. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002; 22:656-61.
85. Straczkowski M, Lewczuk P, Dzienis-Straczkowska S, Kowalska I, Stepien A, Kinalska I. Elevated soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 levels in obesity: relationship to insulin resistance and tumor necrosis factor-alpha system activity. Metabolism 2002; 51:75-8.
86. Miller MA, Cappuccio FP. Cellular adhesion molecules and their relationship with measures of obesity and metabolic syndrome in a multiethnic population. Int J Obes 2006; 30:1176-82.
87. Glowinska B, Urban M, Peczynska J, Florys B. Soluble adhesion molecules (sICAM-1, sVCAM-1) and selectins (sE selectin, sP selectin, sL selectin) levels in children and adolescents with obesity, hypertension, and diabetes. Metabolism 2005; 54:1020-6.
88. Serrano-Martínez M, Palacios M, Martínez-Losa E y cols. A Mediterranean dietary style influences TNF-alpha and VCAM-1 coronary blood levels in unstable angina patients. Eur J Nutr 2005; 44:348-54.
89. Choy LN, Rosen BS, Spiegelman BM. Adipsin and an endogenous pathway of complement from adipose cells. J Biol Chem 1992; 267:12736-41.
90. Sahu A, Lambris JD. Structure and biology of complement protein C3, a connecting link between innate and acquired immunity. Immunol Rev 2001; 180:35-48.
91. Muscari A, Sbano D, Bastagli L y cols. Effects of weight loss and risk factor treatment in subjects with elevated serum C3, an inflammatory predictor of myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol 2005; 100:217-23.
92. Engstrom G, Hedblad B, Eriksson KF, Janzon L, Lindgarde F. Complement C3 is a risk factor for the development of diabetes: a population-based cohort study. Diabetes 2005; 54:570-5.
93. Onat A, Uzunlar B, Hergenc G y cols. Cross-sectional study of complement C3 as a coronary risk factor among men and women. Clin Sci 2005; 108:129-35.
94. Engstrom G, Hedblad B, Janzon L, Lindgarde F. Weight gain in relation to plasma levels of complement factor 3: results from a population-based cohort study. Diabetologia 2005; 48:2525-31.
95. Van Oostrom AJ, Plokker HW, Van Asbeck BS y cols. Effects of rosuvastatin on postprandial leukocytes in mildly hyperlipidemic patients with premature coronary sclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2006; 185:331-9.
96. Cianflone K, Xia Z, Chen LY. Critical review of acylation-stimulating protein physiology in humans and rodents. Biochim Biophys Acta 2003; 1609:127-43.
97. Sniderman AD, Maslowska M, Cianflone K. Of mice and men (and women) and the acylation-stimulating protein pathway. Curr Opin Lipidol 2000; 11:291-6.
98. Havel PJ. Control of energy homeostasis and insulin action by adipocyte hormones: leptin, acylation stimulating protein, and adiponectin. Curr Opin Lipidol 2002; 13:51-9.
99. Xia Z, Sniderman AD, Cianflone K. Acylation-stimulating protein (ASP) deficiency induces obesity resistance and increased energy expenditure in ob/ob mice. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:45874-9.
100. Cianflone K, Lu H, Smith J, Yu W, Wang H. Adiponectin, acylation stimulating protein and complement C3 are altered in obesity in very young children. Clin Endocrinol 2005; 62:567-72.
101. Hanusch-Enserer U, Cauza E, Spak M y cols. Acute-phase response and immunological markers in morbid obese patients and patients following adjustable gastric banding. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2003; 27:355-61.
102. Miner JL. The adipocyte as an endocrine cell. J Anim Sci 2004; 82:935-41.
103. Saleh J, Summers LK, Cianflone K, Fielding BA, Sniderman AD, Frayn KN. Coordinated release of acylation stimulating protein (ASP) and triacylglycerol clearance by human adipose tissue in vivo in the postprandial period. J Lipid Res 1998; 39:884-91.
104. Havel PJ. Update on adipocyte hormones: regulation of energy balance and carbohydrate/lipid metabolism. Diabetes 2004; 53:143-51.
105. Scantlebury T, Sniderman AD, Cianflone K. Regulation by retinoic acid of acylation-stimulating protein and complement C3 in human adipocytes. Biochem J 2001; 356:445-52.
106. Trayhurn P. Endocrine and signalling role of adipose tissue: new perspectives on fat. Acta Physiol Scand 2005; 184:285-93.
107. Friedrichs WE, Navarijo-Ashbaugh AL, Bowman BH, Yang F. Expression and inflammatory regulation of haptoglobin gene in adipocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995; 209:250-6.
108. Fain JN, Bahouth SW, Madan AK. Haptoglobin release by human adipose tissue in primary culture. J Lipid Res 2004; 45:536-42.
109. Taes YE, De Bacquer D, De Backer G, Delanghe JR. Haptoglobin and body mass index. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90:594.
110. Heliovaara MK, Teppo AM, Karonen SL, Tuominen JA, Ebeling P. Plasma IL-6 concentration is inversely related to insulin sensitivity, and acute-phase proteins associate with glucose and lipid metabolism in healthy subjects. Diabetes Obes Metab 2005; 7:729-36.
111. Chiellini C, Santini F, Marsili A y cols. Serum haptoglobin: a novel marker of adiposity in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89:2678-83.
112. Engstrom G, Hedblad B, Stavenow L y cols. Incidence of obesity-associated cardiovascular disease is related to inflammation-sensitive plasma proteins: a population-based cohort study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24:1498-502.
113. Delanghe JR, Langlois MR, De Bacquer D y cols. Discriminative value of serum amyloid A and other acute-phase proteins for coronary heart disease. Atherosclerosis 2002; 160:471-6.
114. Todorov PT, McDevitt TM, Meyer DJ, Ueyama H, Ohkubo I, Tisdale MJ. Purification and characterization of a tumor lipid-mobilizing factor. Cancer Res 1998; 58:2353-8.
115. Russell ST, Zimmerman TP, Domin BA, Tisdale MJ. Induction of lipolysis in vitro and loss of body fat in vivo by zinc-alpha2-glycoprotein. Biochim Biophys Acta 2004; 1636:59-68.
116. Bing C, Bao Y, Jenkins J y cols. Zinc-alpha2-glycoprotein, a lipid mobilizing factor, is expressed in adipocytes and is upregulated in mice with cancer cachexia. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2004; 101:2500-5.
117. Bao Y, Bing C, Hunter L, Jenkins JR, Wabitsch M, Trayhurn P. Zinc-alpha2-glycoprotein, a lipid mobilizing factor, is expressed and secreted by human (SGBS) adipocytes. FEBS Lett 2005; 579:41-7.
118. Gohda T, Makita Y, Shike T y cols. Identification of epistatic interaction involved in obesity using the KK/Ta mouse as a Type 2 diabetes model: is Zn-alpha2 glycoprotein-1 a candidate gene for obesity? Diabetes 2003; 52:2175-81.
119. Vasudevan AR, Wu H, Xydakis AM y cols. Eotaxin and obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91:256-61.
120. Fukuhara A, Matsuda M, Nishizawa M y cols. Visfatin: a protein secreted by visceral fat that mimics the effects of insulin. Science 2005; 307:426-30.
121. Sethi JK, Vidal-Puig A. Visfatin: the missing link between intra-abdominal obesity and diabetes? Trends Mol Med 2005; 11:344-7.
122. Arner P. Visfatin - a true or false trail to type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91:28-30.
123. Hammarstedt A, Pihlajamaki J, Rotter Sopasakis V y cols. Visfatin is an adipokine, but it is not regulated by thiazolidinediones. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91:1181-4.
124. Haider DG, Schindler K, Schaller G, Prager G, Wolzt M, Ludvik B. Increased plasma visfatin concentrations in morbidly obese subjects are reduced after gastric banding. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91:1578-81.
125. Chen MP, Chung FM, Chang DM y cols. Elevated plasma level of visfatin/pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91:295-9.
126. Curat CA, Wegner V, Sengenes C y cols. Macrophages in human visceral adipose tissue: increased accumulation in obesity and a source of resistin and visfatin. Diabetologia 2006; 49:744-7.
127. Tatemoto K, Hosoya M, Habata Y y cols. Isolation and characterization of a novel endogenous peptide ligand for the human APJ receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 251:471-6.
128. Kleinz MJ, Davenport AP. Emerging roles of apelin in biology and medicine. Pharmacol Ther 2005; 107:198-211.
129. Boucher J, Masri B, Daviaud D y cols. Apelin, a newly identified adipokine up-regulated by insulin and obesity. Endocrinology 2005; 146:1764-71.
130. Heinonen MV, Purhonen AK, Miettinen P y cols. Apelin, orexin-A and leptin plasma levels in morbid obesity and effect of gastric banding. Regul Pept 2005; 130:7-13.
131. Castan-Laurell I, Boucher J, Dray C, Daviaud D, Guigne C, Valet P. Apelin, a novel adipokine over-produced in obesity: friend or foe? Mol Cell Endocrinol 2005; 245:7-9.
132. Sunter D, Hewson AK, Dickson SL. Intracerebroventricular injection of apelin-13 reduces food intake in the rat. Neurosci Lett 2003; 353:1-4.
133. Sorhede Winzell M, Magnusson C, Ahren B. The apj receptor is expressed in pancreatic islets and its ligand, apelin, inhibits insulin secretion in mice. Regul Pept 2005; 131:12-7.
134. Lee DK, George SR, O'Dowd BF. Unravelling the roles of the apelin system: prospective therapeutic applications in heart failure and obesity. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2006; 27:190-4.
135. Janciauskiene S, Larsson S, Larsson P, Virtala R, Jansson L, Stevens T. Inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-mediated human monocyte activation, in vitro, by alpha1-antitrypsin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 321:592-600.
136. Moraga F, Janciauskiene S. Activation of primary human monocytes by the oxidized form of alpha1-antitrypsin. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:7693-700.
137. Subramaniyam D, Glader P, Von Wachenfeldt K, Burneckiene J, Stevens T, Janciauskiene S. C-36 peptide, a degradation product of alpha1-antitrypsin, modulates human monocyte activation through LPS signaling pathways. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2006; 38:563-75.
138. Janciauskiene S, Moraga F, Lindgren S. C-terminal fragment of alpha1-antitrypsin activates human monocytes to a proinflammatory state through interactions with the CD36 scavenger receptor and LDL receptor. Atherosclerosis 2001; 158:41-51.
139. Hida K, Wada J, Zhang H y cols. Identification of genes specifically expressed in the accumulated visceral adipose tissue of OLETF rats. J Lipid Res 2000; 41:1615-22.
140. Hida K, Wada J, Eguchi J y cols. Visceral adipose tissue-derived serine protease inhibitor: a unique insulin-sensitizing adipocytokine in obesity. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2005; 102:10610-5.
141. Kloting N, Berndt J, Kralisch S y cols. Vaspin gene expression in human adipose tissue: association with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 339:430-6.
142. Yang RZ, Lee MJ, Hu H y cols. Identification of omentin as a novel depot-specific adipokine in human adipose tissue: possible role in modulating insulin action. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006; 290:1253-61.
143. Schaffler A, Neumeier M, Herfarth H, Furst A, Scholmerich J, Buchler C. Genomic structure of human omentin, a new adipocytokine expressed in omental adipose tissue. Biochim Biophys Acta 2005; 1732:96-102.
144. Kralisch S, Klein J, Bluher M, Paschke R, Stumvoll M, Fasshauer M. Therapeutic perspectives of adipocytokines. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2005; 6:863-72.
145. Craig RL, Chu WS, Elbein SC. Retinol binding protein 4 as a candidate gene for type 2 diabetes and prediabetic intermediate traits. Mol Genet Metab 2007; 90:338-44.
146. Yang Q, Graham TE, Mody N y cols. Serum retinol binding protein 4 contributes to insulin resistance in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Nature 2005; 436:356-62.
147. Lee DC, Lee JW, Im JA. Association of serum retinol binding protein 4 and insulin resistance in apparently healthy adolescents. Metab Clin Exp 2007; 56:327-31.
148. Fox PL, Mazumder B, Ehrenwald E, Mukhopadhyay CK. Ceruloplasmin and cardiovascular disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2000; 28:1735-44.
149. Uriu-Adams JY, Keen CL. Copper, oxidative stress, and human health. Mol Aspects Med 2005; 26:268-98.
150. Shukla N, Maher J, Masters J, Angelini GD, Jeremy JY. Does oxidative stress change ceruloplasmin from a protective to a vasculopathic factor? Atherosclerosis 2006; 187:238-50.
151. Giurgea N, Constantinescu MI, Stanciu R, Suciu S, Muresan A. Ceruloplasmin -acute-phase reactant or endogenous antioxidant? The case of cardiovascular disease. Med Sci Monit 2005; 11:48-51.
152. Cignarelli M, DePergola G, Picca G y cols. Relationship of obesity and body fat distribution with ceruloplasmin serum levels. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1996; 20:809-13.
153. Kim CH, Park JY, Kim JY y cols. Elevated serum ceruloplasmin levels in subjects with metabolic syndrome: a population-based study. Metabolism 2002; 51:838-42.
154. Exner M, Hermann M, Hofbauer R, Hartmann B, Kapiotis S, Gmeiner B. Homocysteine promotes the LDL oxidase activity of ceruloplasmin. FEBS Lett 2002; 531:402-6.
155. Kopp HP, Krzyzanowska K, Mohlig M, Spranger J, Pfeiffer AF, Schernthaner G. Effects of marked weight loss on plasma levels of adiponectin, markers of chronic subclinical inflammation and insulin resistance in morbidly obese women. Int J Obes (Lond) 2005; 29:766-71.
156. Gilardini L, McTernan PG, Girola A y cols. Adiponectin is a candidate marker of metabolic syndrome in obese children and adolescents. Atherosclerosis 2006; 189:401-7.
157. Haemmerle G, Zimmermann R, Hayn M y cols. Hormone-sensitive lipase deficiency in mice causes diglyceride accumulation in adipose tissue, muscle, and testis. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:4806-15.
158. Zimmermann R, Strauss JG, Haemmerle G y cols. Fat mobilization in adipose tissue is promoted by adipose triglyceride lipase. Science 2004; 306:1383-6.
159. Villena JA, Roy S, Sarkadi-Nagy E, Kim KH, Sul HS. Desnutrin, an adipocyte gene encoding a novel patatin domain-containing protein, is induced by fasting and glucocorticoids: ectopic expression of desnutrin increases triglyceride hydrolysis. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:47066-75.