Predictors of organizational commitment in India: Strategic HR roles, organizational learning capability and psychological empowerment

International Journal of Human Resource Management

Volumn 18, Issue 10, 2007, Pages 1782-1811

  Bhatnagar, Jyotsna ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TURKU   (Finland)

Author keywords

Indian strategic HRM; Organizational commitment; Organizational learning capability; Psychological empowerment; Strategic HR roles

Indexed keywords

EID: 35548951735     PISSN: 09585192     EISSN: 14664399     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09585190701570965     Document Type: Article

References (230)

1. Agarwal, R. and Ferratt, T. W. (1999) Coping with Labor Scarcity in IT: Strategies and Practices for Effective Recruitment and Retention, Pinnaflex, Cincinnati, OH
2. Agarwala, T. (2003) Innovative Human Resource Practices and Organizational Commitment: An Empirical Investigation. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 14:2, p. 175.
3. Ahluwalia, M. S. (1994) India's Quiet Economic Revolution. The Columbia Journal of World Business, 29:1, pp. 6-12.
4. Akhilesh, K. B. and Nagaraj, D. R. (1990) Human Resource Management 2000, Wiley Eastern, New Delhi
5. Alatrista, J. and Arrowsmith, J. (2004) Managing Employee Commitment in the Not-for-Profit Sector. Personnel Review, 33:5, pp. 536-548.
6. Allen, M. W. (1992) Communication and Organizational Commitment: Perceived Organizational Support as a Mediating Factor. Communication Quarterly, 40, pp. 357-367.
7. Allen, N. J. and Meyer, J. P. (1990) The Measurement and Antecedents of Affective, Continuance, and Normative Commitment to the Organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63, pp. 8-18.
8. Amba-Rao, S. C. (1994) US HRM Principles: Cross-Country Comparisons and Two Case Applications in India. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 5:3, pp. 755-778.
9. Amba-Rao, S. C. (1994) Human Resource Management Practices in India: An Exploratory Study. Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, 30:2, pp. 190-202.
10. Amba-Rao, S. C., Petrick, J. A., Gupta, J. N. D. and Von der Embse, T. J. (2000) Comparative Performance Appraisal Practices and Management Values among Foreign and Domestic Firms in India. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 11:1, pp. 60-89.
11. Amsa, P. and Punekar, V. B. (1985) A Value Based Conceptual Model of Commitment to Work: An Empirical Validation. Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, 21:1, pp. 16-29.
12. Angle, H. L. and Perry, J. L. (1981) An Empirical Assessment of Organizational Commitment and Organizational Effectiveness. Administrative Science Quarterly, 27, pp. 1-14.
13. Armstrong, G. (2005) Differentiation Through People: How Can HR Move Beyond Business Partner?. Human Resource Management, 44:2, pp. 195-199.
14. Armstrong, M. (2001) A Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice, Kogan Page, London
15. Arthur, J. B. (1994) Effects of Human Resource Systems on Manufacturing Performance and Turnover. Academy of Management Journal, 37, pp. 670-687.
16. Bae, K. and Chung, C. (1997) Cultural Values and Work Attitudes of Korean Industrial Workers in Comparison with those of the United States and Japan. Work and Occupations, 24, pp. 80-96.
17. Baird, M. (2004) Comparing Cases: Studies of Commitment Systems in Australia and the United States. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 15:3, pp. 433-440.
18. Balaji, C. (1986) Towards a New Measure of Organizational Commitment. Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, 21, pp. 271-286.
19. (1998) Leading Change through Human Resources: Towards a Globally Competitive India, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi
20. Balasubramanian, A. G. (1994) Evolution of Personnel Function in India: A Re-examination Part I. Management and Labour Studies, 19:4, pp. 196-210.
21. Balasubramanian, A. G. (1995) Evolution of Personnel Function in India: A Re-examination Part II. Management and Labour Studies, 20:1, pp. 5-14.
22. Bateman, T. S. and Strasser, S. (1984) Longitudinal Analysis of the Antecedents of Organizational Commitment. Academy of Management Journal, 27:1, pp. 95-112.
23. Bar-Hayim, A. and Berman, G. S. (1992) The Dimensions of Organizational Commitment. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13, pp. 379-387.
24. Barling, J., Fullager, C. and Kelloway, E. K. (1992) The Union and Its Members: A Psychological Approach, Oxford University Press, New York
25. Baruch, Y. (1998) The Rise and Fall of Organisational Commitment. Human Systems Management, 17, pp. 135-143.
26. Baruch, Y. and Budhwar, P. (2006) A Comparative Study of Career Management Practices in Britain and India. International Business Review, 15:1, pp. 84-101.
27. Becker, T. E. (1992) Foci and Bases of Commitment: Are they Distinctions Worth Making?. Academy of Management Journal, 35, pp. 232-244.
28. Benkhoff, B. (1997) Disentangling Organisational Commitment: The Dangers of OCQ for Research and Policy. Personnel Review, 26:12, pp. 114-131.
29. Bhal, K. T. (2002) Perceived Role of Human Resource Management in Indian Organizations: An Empirical Study. Global Business Review, 3:1
30. Bhatnagar, J. (2004) New Dimensions of Strategic HRM: HRIS Managed Talent Management and Application of HR Six Sigma. Emerging Asia, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Dehli
31. Bhatnagar, J. (2005) The Power of Psychological Empowerment as an Antecedent to Organizational Commitment in Indian Managers. Human Resource Development International, 8:4, pp. 419-433.
32. Bhatnagar, J. and Sharma, A. (2004) The Four Pillars of the Proposed Strategic HRM Dimensions Model, Organizational Commitment, Strategic HR Roles Organizational learning capability, Psychological Empowerment. Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, 40:1, pp. 409-424.
33. Bhatnagar, J. and Sharma, A. (2005) The Indian Perspective of Strategic HR Roles and Organizational Learning Capability. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 16:9, pp. 1711-1739.
34. Blau, G. J. (1985) The Measurement and Prediction of Career Commitment. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 58, pp. 277-288.
35. Blau, P. M. (1964) Exchange and Power in Social Life, Wiley, New York
36. Bontis, N., Crossan, M. M. and Hulland, J. (2002) Managing an Organizational Learning System by Aligning Stocks and Flows. Journal of Management Studies, 39, p. 4.
37. Boselie, P., Paauwe, J. and Janson, P. (2001) Human Resource Management and Performance: Lessons from the Netherlands. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 12:7, pp. 1107-1125.
38. Brockbank, W. (1999) If HR were Strategically Proactive: Present and Future Directions in HR's Contribution to Competitive Advantage. Human Resource Management, 38:4, pp. 337-352.
39. Brooks (2002) cited in Hislop, D. (2003) Linking Human Resource Management and Knowledge Management via Commitment: A Review and Research Agenda. Employee Relations, 25:2, pp. 182-202.
40. Budhwar, P. (2000) Determinants of HRM Policies and Practices in India: An Empirical Study. Global Business Review, 1:2, pp. 231-247.
41. Budhwar, P. (2001) Doing Business in India. Thunderbird International Business Review, 43:4, pp. 549-568.
42. Budhwar, P. and Boyne, G. (2004) Human Resource Management in the Indian Public and Private Sectors: An Empirical Comparison. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 15:2, pp. 346-370.
43. Budhwar, P. and Sparrow, P. (1997) Evaluating Levels of Strategic Integration and Devolvement of Human Resource Management in India. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 8:4, pp. 476-494.
44. Budhwar, P. and Sparrow, P. (1998) National Factors Determining Indian and British HRM Practices: An Empirical Study. Management International Review, 38, pp. 105-121.
45. Budhwar, P. S., Luthar, H. and Bhatnagar, J. (2006) Dynamics of HRM Systems in BPOs Operating in India. Journal of Labor Research, 27:3, pp. 339-360.
46. Cabrera, Á., Collins, W. C. and Salgado, J. F. (2006) Determinants of Individual Engagement in Knowledge Sharing. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 17:2, pp. 245-264.
47. Campion, M. A. and Lord, R. G. (1982) A Control Systems Conceptualization of the Goal-Setting and Changing Process. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 30, pp. 265-287.
48. Carson, K., Carson, P., Roe, C., Birkenmeier, B. and Philips, J. (1999) Four Commitment Profiles and their Relationships to Empowerment, Service Recovery, and Work Attitudes. Public Personnel Management, 28:1, pp. 1-13.
49. Cascio, W. F. (2005) From Business Partner to Driving Business Success: The Next Step in the Evolution of HR Management. Human Resource Management, 44:2, pp. 159-163.
50. Chandna, P. and Krishnan, V. R. (2003) Proceedings of 40th Annual Meeting of the Eastern Academy of Management, Baltimore, MD
51. Chatterjee, A. (1992) Commitment, Cognitive Appraisal and Stress. Productivity, 33, pp. 393-400.
52. Cleland, J., Pajo, K. and Toulson, P. (2000) Move It or Lose It: An Examination of the Evolving Role of the Human Resource Professional in New Zealand. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 11:1, pp. 143-160.
53. Conner, J. and Ulrich, D. (1996) Human Resource Roles: Creating Value, Not Rhetoric. Human Resource Planning, 19:3, pp. 38-48.
54. Daley, D. (1988) Profile of the Uninvolved Worker: An Examination of Employee Attitudes Toward Management Practices. International Journal of Public Administration, 11:1, pp. 65-90.
55. Das, R. (1996) Deregulation and Liberalisation in India: The Managerial Response. Journal of General Management, 21:3, pp. 48-58.
56. Davenport, T. H. and Prusak, L. (1998) Working Knowledge: How Organizations Manage What They Know, Harvard Business School Press, Cambridge, MA
57. DeCotiis, T. A. and Summers, T. P. (1987) A Path Analysis of a Model of the Antecedents and Consequences of Organizational Commitment. Human Relations, 40:7, pp. 445-470.
58. Dvir, T., Kass, N. and Shamir, B. (2004) The Emotional Bond: Vision And Organizational Commitment among High-Tech Employees. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 17:2, pp. 126-143.
59. Eisenberger, R., Fasolo, P. and Davis-LaMastro, V. (1990) Perceived Organizational Support and Employee Diligence, Commitment, and Innovation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, pp. 51-59.
60. Ellinger, A. D., Ellinger, A. E., Yang, B. and Howton, S. W. (2003) Making the Business Case for the Learning Organization Concept The Problem and the Solution. Advances in Developing Human Resource, 5:2, pp. 163-172.
61. Gallie, D., White, M., Cheng, Y. and Tomlinson, M. (1998) Restructuring the Employment Relationship, Clarendon Press, Oxford
62. Garvin, D. (1993) Building a Learning Organization. Harvard Business Review, pp. 78-91.
63. Glazer, S., Daniel, S. C. and Short, K. M. (2004) A Study of the Relationship between Organizational Commitment and Human Values in Four Countries. Human Relations, 57:3, pp. 323-345.
64. Goh, S. C. (2003) Improving Organizational Learning Capability: Lessons from Two Case Studies. The Learning Organization, 10:4, pp. 216-227.
65. Goh, S. C. and Richards, G. R. (1997) Benchmarking the Learning Capability of Organizations. European Management Journal, 15:5, pp. 575-583.
66. Gordon, M. E., Philpot, J. W., Burt, R. E., Thompson, C. A. and Spiller, W. E. (1980) Commitment to the Union: Development of a Measure and an Examination of its Correlates. Journal of Applied Psychology, 65, pp. 479-499.
67. Gratton, L. (2000) The Living Strategy, Pearsons Education Limited, Great Britain
68. Gratton, L., Hailey, V. Hope, Stiles, P. and Truss, P. (1999) Strategic Human Resource Management, Oxford University Press, Oxford
69. Guest, D. E. (1987) Human Resource Management and Industrial Relations. Journal of Management Studies, 24, pp. 503-521.
70. Guest, D. E. (1997) Human Resource Management and Performance: A Review and Research Agenda. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 3:8, pp. 263-276.
71. Guest, D. E. (1999) Human Resource Management: The Workers' Verdict. Human Resource Management Journal, 3:9, pp. 5-25.
72. Guest, D. E. (2001) Human Resource Management: When Research Confronts Theory. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 12:7, pp. 1092-1106.
73. Guest, D. and Conway, N. (1997) Employee Motivation and the Psychological Contract, IPD, London
74. Guest, D. and Conway, N. (1999) How Dissatisfied Are British Workers? A Survey of Surveys, IPD, London
75. Guest, D. and Conway, N. (2001) Organizational Change and the Psychological Contract, IPD, London
76. Gupta, K. S. (2002) Empowerment Inventory. The 2002 Annual: 1, Training, John Wiley and Sons, New York
77. Guzzo, R. A., Noonan, K. A. and Elron, E. (1994) Expatriate Managers and the Psychological Contract. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, pp. 617-626.
78. Harel, G. H. and Tzafrir, S. S. (1999) The Effect of Human Resource Management Practices on the Perceptions of Organizational and Market Performance of the Firm. Human Resource Management, 38, pp. 185-200.
79. Hislop, D. (2003) Linking Human Resource Management and Knowledge Management via Commitment: A Review and Research Agenda. Employee Relations, 25:2, pp. 182-202.
80. Homans, G. C. (1961) Social Behaviorism, Harcourt Brace and World, New York
81. Hunt, S. D. and Morgan, R. M. (1994) Organizational Commitment: One of Many Commitments or Key Mediating Construct?. Academy of Management Journal, 37, p. 1587.
82. Huselid, M. (1995) The Impact of Human Resource Management Practices on Turnover, Productivity and Corporate Financial Performance. Academy of Management Journal, 38, pp. 635-670.
83. Hutchison, S. and Garstka, M. L. (1996) Sources of Perceived Organizational Support: Goal Setting and Feedback. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 26, pp. 1351-1366.
84. Ichniowski, C., Shaw, K. and Prennushi, G. (1997) The Effects of Human Resource Management Practices on Productivity: A Study of Steel Finishing Lines. The American Economic Review, 87:3, pp. 291-313.
85. Iyer, H. (2000) HRD and Empowerment. Perspectives on HRD and OD in Indian Organizations, Academy of HRD, Hyderabad
86. Jackson, S. E. and Schuler, R. S. (2000) Managing Human Resources Perspective: A Partnership Role, South Western College Publishing, Ohio
87. Jaros, S. T., Jermier, J. M., Koehler, J. W. and Sincich, T. (1993) Effects of Continuance, Affective, and Moral Commitment on the Withdrawal Process: An Evaluation of Eight Structural Equation Models. Academy of Management Journal, 36, pp. 951-995.
88. Kalleberg, A. L. and Moody, J. W. (1994) Human Resource Management and Organizational Performance. American Behavioral Scientist, 37, pp. 948-962.
89. Kandula, S. R. (2001) Strategic Human Resource Management, Prentice Hall, New Delhi
90. Kanter, R. M. (1977) Men and Women of the Corporation, Basic Books, New York
91. Kim, W. C. and Mauborgne, R. A. (1993) Procedural Justice, Attitudes, and Subsidiary Top Management Compliance with Multinationals' Corporate Strategic Decisions. Academy of Management Journal, 36, pp. 502-526.
92. Knoop, R. (1994) Organizational Commitment and Individual Values. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 78, pp. 200-202.
93. Kraimer, M. L., Seibert, S. E. and Liden, R. C. (1999) Psychological Empowerment as a Multidimensional Construct: A Test of Construct Validity. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 24:5, pp. 54-64.
94. Krishna, A. and Monappa, A. (1994) Economic Restructuring and Human Resource Management. Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, 31:4, pp. 490-549.
95. Koffman, F. and Senge, P. (1993) Communities of Commitment: The Heart of Learning Organizations. Organizational Dynamics, 22:2, pp. 4-23.
96. Kozlowski, S. W. J., Chao, G. T., Smith, E. M. and Hedlund, J. (1993) Organizational Downsizing: Strategies, Interventions, and Research Implications. International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, pp. 263-332. Wiley, London
97. Kulkarni, A. V. (1976) Job Involvement and Perceived Importance of Job Factors. Indian Psychological Review, 13:2, pp. 35-40.
98. Laschinger, H. K. S., Finegan, J., Shamian, J. and Wilk, P. (2001) Impact of Structural and Psychological Empowerment on Job Strain in Nursing Work Settings: Expanding Kanter's Model. Journal of Nursing Administration, 31, pp. 260-272.
99. Laschinger, H. K. S., Finegan, J. E., Shamian, J. and Wilk, P. (2004) A Longitudinal Analysis of the Impact of Workplace Empowerment on Work Satisfaction. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25, pp. 527-545.
100. Lawler III., E. E. (1988) Choosing an Involvement Strategy. Academy of Management Executive, 2, pp. 197-204.
101. Lawler, J., Jain, H., Ratnam, C.S. Venkata and Atmiyanandana, V. (1995) Human Resource Management in Developing Economies: A Comparison of India and Thailand. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 6:2, pp. 319-346.
102. Lee, A. M. (1971) An Empirical Analysis of Organizational Identification. Academy of Management Journal, 14, pp. 482-519.
103. Legge, K. (1995) Human Resource Management: Rhetorics and Realities, Macmillan, Basingstoke
104. Lepak, D. P. and Snell, S. A. (2002) Examining the Human Resource Architecture: The Relationships Among Human Capital, Employment, and Human Resource Configurations. Journal of Management, 28:4, pp. 517-543.
105. Lin, S. -C. and Chang, J. -N. (2005) Goal Orientation and Organizational Commitment as Explanatory Factors of Employees' Mobility. Personnel Review, 34:3, pp. 331-353.
106. Lincoln, J. R. and Kallenberg, A. (1985) Work Organization and Workforce Commitment: A Study of Plants and Employees in the US and Japan. American Sociological Review, 50, pp. 738-760.
107. Locke, E. A., Latham, G. P. and Erez, M. (1988) The Determinants of Goal Commitment. Academy of Management Review, 13, pp. 23-39.
108. Lok, P. and Crawford, J. (2001) Antecedents of Organizational Commitment and the Mediating Role of Job Satisfaction. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 16:8, pp. 594-5613.
109. Lok, P. and Crawford, J. (2004) The Effect of Organisational Culture and Leadership Style on Job Satisfaction and Organisational Commitment: A Cross-National Comparison. Journal of Management Development, 23:4, pp. 321-338.
110. Looise, J. K. and Paauwe, J. (2001) HR Research in the Netherlands: Imitation and Innovation. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 12:7, pp. 1203-1217.
111. MacDuffie, J. P. (1995) Human Resource Bundles and Manufacturing Performance: Flexible Production Systems in the World Auto Industry. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 48, pp. 197-221.
112. Mankidy, J. (1995) Changing Perspectives of Worker Participation in India with Particular Reference to the Banking Industry. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 33, pp. 443-458.
113. (1994) Corporate Ethics, Allied Publishers, New Delhi
114. Mathieu, J. and Zajac, D. (1990) A Review of Meta-Analysis of the Antecedents, Correlates and Consequences of Organizational Commitment. Psychological Bulletin, 108:2, pp. 171-194.
115. Mayer, R. C. and Schoorman, F. D. (1992) Predicting Participation and Production Outcomes through a Two-Dimensional Model of Organizational Commitment. Academy of Management Journal, 35, pp. 671-684.
116. Mayer, R. C. and Schoorman, F. D. (1998) Differentiating Antecedents of Organizational Commitment: A Test of March and Simon's Model. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 19, pp. 15-28.
117. McDermott, K., Laschinger, H. K. S. and Shamian, J. (1996) Work Empowerment and Organizational Commitment. Nursing Management, 27:5, pp. 44-48.
118. McEvoy, M. G. (1997) Organizational Change and Outdoor Management Education. Human Resource Management, 36, pp. 235-250.
119. Meyer, J. P. and Allen, N. J. (1984) Testing the "Side-Bet Theory" of Organizational Commitment: Some Methodological Considerations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69, pp. 372-378.
120. Meyer, J. P. and Allen, N. J. (1991) A Three-Component Conceptualization of Organizational Commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1, pp. 61-89.
121. Meyer, J. and Allen, N. (1997) Commitment in the Workplace: Theory Research and Application, Sage, London
122. Meyer, J. P. and Herscovitch, L. (2001) Commitment in the Workplace: Toward a General Model. Human Resource Management Review, 11:3, pp. 299-326.
123. Meyer, J. P. and Smith, C. (2000) HRM Practices and Organizational Commitment: Test of a Mediation Model. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 17:4, pp. 319-331.
124. Meyer, J. P., Allen, N. J. and Smith, C. A. (1993) Commitment to Organizations and Occupations: Extension and Test of a Three-Component Conceptualization. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, pp. 538-551.
125. Meyer, J. P., Irving, P. G. and Allen, N. J. (1998) Examination of the Combined Effects of Work Values and Early Work Experiences on Organizational Commitment. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 19, pp. 29-52.
126. Miceli, M. P. and Mulvey, P. W. (2000) Consequences of Satisfaction with Pay Systems: Two Field Studies. Industrial Relations, 39, pp. 62-87.
127. Mishra, K. E., Spreitzer, G. M. and Mishra, A. K. (1998) Preserving Employee Morale During Downsizing. Sloan Management Review, 29:2, pp. 83-95.
128. Mohan, R. P. and Shrivastava, R. C. (1986) Organizational Commitment in Relation to Certain Job Attitudes. Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, 21:4, pp. 462-472.
129. Morrow, P. (1993) The Theory and Measurement of Work Commitment, JAI Press, Greenwich
130. Mowday, R. T., Porter, L. W. and Steers, R. M. (1982) Employee Organization Linkages: The Psychology of Commitment, Absenteeism and Turnover, Academic Press, New York
131. Mowday, R. T., Steers, R. M. and Porter, L. X. (1979) The Measurement of Organizational Commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 14, pp. 224-247.
132. Nadler, D. A. (1998) Champions of Change, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA
133. Near, J. P. (1989) Organizational Commitment among Japanese and US Workers. Organization Studies, 10, pp. 281-300.
134. Niehoff, B. P., Enz, C. A. and Grover, R. A. (1990) The Impact of Top-Management Actions on Employee Attitudes and Perceptions. Group and Organization Studies, 15:3, pp. 337-352.
135. Ogilvie, J. (1986) The Role of Human Resource Management Practices in Predicting Organizational Commitment. Group and Organizational Studies, 11, pp. 335-359.
136. O'Reilly, C. A. and Chatman, J. (1986) Organizational Commitment and Psychological Attachment: The Effects of Compliance, Identification, and Internalization on Pro-Social Behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, pp. 492-499.
137. Örtenblad, A. (2002) A Typology of the Idea of Learning Organization. Management Learning, 33, pp. 213-230.
138. Ostroff, C. and Bowen, D. E. (2000) Moving HR to a Higher Level: HR Practices and Organizational Effectiveness. Multilevel Theory, Research, and Methods in Organizations: Foundations, Extensions, and New Directions, pp. 211-266. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA
139. Pandey, A. (1995) Role Efficacy and Role Stress Relationship: Some Experience with Workers. Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, 31:2, pp. 193-210.
140. Paauwe, J. (1994) Organiseren: Een Grensoverschrijdende Passie, Alphen aanden Rijn: Samson Bedrijfsinformatie, Oratie
141. Paauwe, J. (1998) HRM and Performance: The Linkage between Resources and Institutional Context, Erasmus Universiteit, RIBES working paper, Rotterdam
142. Paauwe, J. and Richardson, R. (1997) Introduction to the Special Issue on HRM and Performance. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 3:8, pp. 257-262.
143. Pare, G., Tremblay, M. and Lalonde, P. (2000) The Impact of Human Resource Management Practices on IT Personnel Commitment, Citizen Behaviours and Turnover Intentions. Hautes Études Commerciales de Montréal, Working paper, Montreal
144. Pareek, U. (1993) Making Organizational Roles Effective, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi
145. Pareek, U. and Rao, T. V. (1981) Designing and Managing Human Resource Systems, Oxford University Press and IBH, New Delhi
146. Parikh, I. J. and Garg, P. K. (1990) Indian Organisations: Value Dilemmas in Managerial Roles. Management in Developing Countries, pp. 175-190. Routledge, London
147. Parker, L. E. and Price, R. H. (1994) Empowered Managers and Empowered Workers: The Effects of Managerial Support and Managerial Perceived Control on Workers' Sense of Control Over Decision Making. Human Relations, 47:8, pp. 911-928.
148. Pattanayak, B. (2001) Human Resource Management, Prentice Hall, New Delhi
149. Payne, S. C. and Huffman, A. H. (2005) A Longitudinal Examination of the Influence of Mentoring on Organizational Commitment and Turnover. Academy of Management Journal, 48:1, pp. 158-168.
150. Paul, A. K. and Anantharaman, R. N. (2004) Influence of HRM Practices on Organizational Commitment: A Study among Software Professionals in India. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 15:1, pp. 77-88.
151. Pearson, C. A. L. and Chong, J. (1997) Contributions of Job Content and Social Information on Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction: An Exploration in a Malaysian Nursing Context. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 70, pp. 357-374.
152. Pedler, M., Burgoyne, J. and Boydell, T. (1991) The Learning Company: A Strategy for Sustainable Development, McGraw-Hill, New York
153. Penley, L. E. and Gould, S. (1988) Etzioni's Model of Organizational Involvement: A Perspective for Understanding Commitment to Organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 9, pp. 43-59.
154. Podsakoff, P. E. and Organ, D. (1986) Self-Reports in Organizational Research: Problems and Prospects. Journal of Management, 12:4, pp. 531-544.
155. Popper, M. and Lipshitz, R. (1998) Organizational Learning Mechanisms: A Structural and Cultural Approach to Organizational Learning. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 34:2, pp. 161-179.
156. Popper, M. and Lipshitz, R. (2000) Organizational Learning: Mechanisms, Culture and Feasibility. Management Learning, 31, pp. 181-196.
157. Price, A. (1997) Human Resource Management in a Business Context, International Thomson Business Press, London
158. Prokesch, S. E. (1997) Unleashing the Power of Learning: An Interview with British Petroleum's John Browne. Harvard Business Review, 75:5, pp. 147-168.
159. Ramnarayan, S. (1996) Organizational Learning Capability. Measuring Organizational Climate, Academy of HRD, Ahmedabad
160. Ramnarayan, S. (1998) Kindling Learning Processes in Organizations. Organization Development: Interventions and Strategies, Sage, New Delhi
161. Rao, T. V. (1999) HRD Audit, Sage, New Delhi
162. Rao, T. V. and Abraham, S. J. E. (1986) Human Resource Development Climate in Indian Organisations. Recent Experiences in Human Resource Development, pp. 70-77. Oxford University Press and IBH, New Delhi
163. (1994) HRD in the New Economic Environment, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi
164. Rao, V. K. R. V. (1964) The Role of the Public Enterprise in the Indian Economy. Indian Journal of Public Administration, 10, pp. 420-421.
165. Rashid, M., Zabid, A., Sambasivan, M. and Johari, J. (2005) The Influence of Corporate Culture and Organisational Commitment on Performance. Journal of Management Development, 22:8, pp. 708-728.
166. Rayton, B. A. (2006) Examining the Interconnection of Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment: An Application of the Bivariate Probit Model. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 17:1, pp. 139-154.
167. Riketta, M. (2002) Attitudinal Organizational Commitment and Job Performance: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 23:3, pp. 257-266.
168. Rizzo, J. R., House, R. J. and Lirtzman, S. J. (1970) Role Conflict and Ambiguity in Complex Organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 15, pp. 150-163.
169. Robertson, M. and O'Malley-Hammersley, G. (2000) Knowledge Management Practices within a Knowledge-Intensive Firm: The Significance of the People Management Dimension. Journal of European Industrial Training, 24:2, pp. 241-253.
170. Roca-Puig, V., Beltrán-Martén, I., Escrig-Tena, A. B. and Bou-Llusar, J. C. (2005) Strategic Flexibility as a Moderator of the Relationship between Commitment to Employees and Performance in Service Firms. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 16:11, pp. 2075-2093.
171. Roehling, M. V., Boswell, W. R., Caligiuri, P., Feldman, D., Graham, M. E., Guthrie, J. P., Morishima, M. and Tansky, J. W. (2005) The Future of HR Management: Research Needs and Directions. Human Resource Management, 44:2, pp. 207-216.
172. Rosete, D. (2006) The Impact of Organisational Values and Performance Management Congruency on Satisfaction and Commitment. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 44:1, pp. 7-24.
173. Sahay, S. and Walsham, G. (1997) Social Structure and Managerial Agency in India. Organisation Studies, 18, pp. 415-444.
174. Saini, D. S. (2000) Introduction. Human Resource Management: Perspectives for the New Era, Response, New Delhi
175. Saini, D. S. (2005) The Indian Business Scene, Challenges of Change, and Capacity-Building Through People-Management Strategy. Vision, 9:4, pp. 101-102.
176. Saini, D. S. and Budhwar, P. S. (2004) Managing Human Resources in Asia, Routledge, New York
177. Saiyadain, M. S. (1990) Human Resource Management, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi
178. Sayeed, O. B. (1985) Job Stress and Role Making Behaviour. Managerial Psychology, 6:1, pp. 35-57.
179. Sayeed, O. B. (2001) Organisational Commitment and Conflict-Studies in Healthy Organisational Processes, Sage, New Delhi
180. Scarbrough, H. and Carter, C. (2000) Investigating Knowledge Management, CIPD, London
181. (1999) Strategic Human Resource Management, Blackwell, Oxford
182. Settoon, R. P., Bennett, N. and Liden, R. C. (1996) Social Exchange in Organizations: Perceived Organizational Support, Leader-Member Exchange, and Employee Reciprocity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, pp. 219-227.
183. Senge, P. (1990) The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of The Learning Organisation, Century, London
184. Silveria, D. M. (1988) Human Resource Development: The Indian Experience, New India Publications, New Delhi
185. Sharma, A. (1977) Kautilya and Management. Indian Management, p. 399.
186. Shepard, J. and Mathews, B. (2000) Employee Commitment: Academic Versus Practitioner Perspectives. Employee Relations, 22:6, pp. 55-75.
187. Shore, L. M. and Tetrick, L. E. (1991) A Construct Validity Study of the Survey of Perceived Organizational Support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, pp. 637-743.
188. Shore, L. M. and Wayne, S. J. (1993) Commitment and Employee Behavior: Comparison of Affective Commitment and Continuance Commitment with Perceived Organizational Support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, pp. 774-780.
189. Singh, B. K., Agarwala, U. N. and Malhan, N. K. (1981) The Nature of Managerial Role Conflict. Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, 17:1, pp. 1-26.
190. Singh, K. (2003) The Effect of Human Resources Practices on Firm Performance in India. Human Resource Development International, 6:1, pp. 101-117.
191. Singh, K. (2003) Strategic HR Orientation and Firm Performance in India. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 14:4, pp. 530-543.
192. Singh, P. and Das, G. S. (1978) Organizational Culture and its Impact on Commitment to Work. Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, 13:4, pp. 511-524.
193. Sinha, J. B. P. (1990) Work Culture in Indian Context, Sage, New Delhi
194. Snell, S. A. and Dean Jr, J. W. (1992) Integrated Manufacturing and Human Resource Management: A Human Capital Perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 35, pp. 467-504.
195. Sodhi, J. S. (1994) Emerging Trends in Industrial Relations and Human Resource Management in Indian Industry. Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, 30:1, pp. 19-37.
196. Som, A. (2003) Building Sustainable Organisations through Restructuring: The Role of Organisational Character in France and India. International Journal of Human Resource Development and Management, 3:1, pp. 2-16.
197. Sommer, S. M., Bae, S. and Luthans, F. (1996) Organizational Commitment across Cultures: The Impact of Antecedents on Korean Employees. Human Relations, 49, pp. 977-993.
198. Sparrow, P. R. and Budhwar, P. (1997) Competition and Change: Mapping the Indian HRM Recipe against the World Wide Patterns. Journal of World Business, 32, pp. 224-242.
199. Spector, P. E. (1987) Method Variance as an Artifact in Self-reported Affect and Perceptions at Work: Myth or Significant Problem?. Journal Of Applied Psychology, 72:3, pp. 438-443.
200. Spreitzer, G. M. (1995) Psychological Empowerment in the Workplace: Dimensions, Measurement, and Validation. Academy of Management Journal, 38, pp. 1442-1465.
201. Spreitzer, G. M. (1996) Social Structural Characteristics of Psychological Empowerment. Academy of Management Journal, 39, pp. 483-504.
202. Spreitzer, G. M. and Quinn, R. E. (1996) Empowering Middle Managers to be Transformational Leaders. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 32, pp. 237-261.
203. Spreitzer, G. M., Kizolas, M. A. and Nason, S. W. (1997) A Dimensional Analysis of Relationship between Psychological Empowerment, Effectiveness and Strain. Journal of Management, 23:5, pp. 679-704.
204. Stinglhamber, F. and Vandenberghe, C. (2003) Organizations and Supervisors as Sources of Support and Targets of Commitment: A Longitudinal Study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24, pp. 251-270.
205. Storey, J. and Barnett, E. (2000) Knowledge Management Initiatives: Learning from Failure. Journal of Knowledge Management, 4:2, pp. 145-156.
206. Tayeb, M. H. (1988) Organisations and National Culture, Sage, London
207. Terziovski, M., Howell, A., Sohal, A. and Morrison, M. M. (2000) Establishing Mutual Dependence between TQM and the Learning Organization: A Multiple Case Study Analysis. The Learning Organization, 7:1, pp. 23-31.
208. Thyagi, S. (1994) The Giant Awakens: An Interview with Professor Jagdish Bhagwati on Economic Reforms in India. The Columbia Journal of World Business, 29:1, pp. 14-22.
209. Tjosvold, D., Sasaki, S. and Moy, J. W. (1998) Developing Commitment in Japanese Organizations in Hong Kong: Interdependence, Interaction, Relationship, and Productivity. Small Group Research, 29, pp. 560-582.
210. Tsui, A. S., Pearce, J. L., Porter, L. W. and Tripoli, A. M. (1997) Alternative Approaches to the Employee Organization Relationship: Does Investment in Employees Pay Off?. Academy of Management Journal, 40, pp. 1089-1121.
211. Ulrich, D. (1997) Human Resource Champions, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA
212. Ulrich, D. and Lake, D. (1990) Organizational Capability: Competing from the Inside/Out, Wiley, New York
213. Ulrich, D., Jick, T. and Von Glinnow, M. A. (1993) High Impact Learning: Building and Diffusing Learning Capability. Organizational Dynamics, 22:2, pp. 52-66.
214. Vashishtha, A. and Mishra, P. C. (1999) Social Support as Related to Organizational Commitment of Supervisors. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 25:1, pp. 71-74.
215. Ratnam, C.S. Venkata (1992) Managing People: Strategies for Success, Global Business, New Delhi
216. Ratnam, C.S. Venkata (1995) Economic Liberalization and the Transformation of Industrial Relations Policies in India. Employment Relations in the Growing Asian Economies, Routledge, London
217. Ratnam, C.S. Venkata and Shrivastava, B. K. (1981) Personnel Management and Human Resources, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi
218. Virmani, B. and Guptan, S. (1991) Indian Management, Vision Books, New Delhi
219. Walton, J. (1999) Strategic Human Resource Development, Prentice Hall, London
220. Wyatt, Watson (1999) Work USA 2000: Employee Commitment and the Bottom Line, Watson Wyatt, Bethesda, MD
221. Wayne, S. J., Shore, M. and Liden, R. C. (1997) Perceived Organizational Support and Leader-Member Exchange: A Social Exchange Perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 40, pp. 82-111.
222. Whitener, E. M. (2001) Do "High Commitment" Human Resource Practices Affect Employee Commitment? A Cross-Level Analysis using Hierarchical Linear Modeling. Journal of Management, 27, pp. 515-535.
223. Williams, J. D., Han, S. and Qualls, W. J. (1998) A Conceptual Model and Study of Cross-Cultural Business Relationships. Journal of Business Research, 42, pp. 135-143.
224. Wilson, B. and Laschinger, H. K. S. (1994) Staff Nurses' Perception of Job Empowerment and Organizational Commitment: A Test of Kanter's Theory of Structural Power in Organizations. Journal of Nursing Administration, 24:4, pp. 39-45.
225. Wimalasiri, J. S. (1995) An Examination of the Influence of Human Resource Practices, Organization Commitment, and Job Satisfaction on Work Performance. International Journal of Management, 12, pp. 352-363.
226. Wright, P. M. and Snell, S. A. (2005) Partner or Guardian? HR's Challenge in Balancing Value and Values. Human Resource Management, 44:2, pp. 177-182.
227. Wood, S. and de Menezes, L. (1998) 'High Commitment Management in the UK: Evidence from the Workplace Industrial Relations Survey and Employers' Manpower and Skills Practices Survey'. Human Relations, 5, pp. 485-515.
228. Yang, B., Watkins, K. E. and Marsick, V. J. (2004) The Construct of the Learning Organization: Dimensions, Measurement, and Validation. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 15:1, pp. 31-55.
229. Youndt, M. A., Snell, S. A., Dean Jr, J. W. and Lepak, D. P. (1996) Human Resource Management, Manufacturing Strategy, and Firm Performance. Academy of Management Journal, 9:4, pp. 836-866.
230. Zeffane, R. (1994) Patterns of Organizational Commitment and Perceived Management Style: A Comparison of Public and Private Sector Employees. Human Relations, 47, pp. 977-1010.