Dry processes to develop wheat fractions and products with enhanced nutritional quality

Journal of Cereal Science

Volumn 46, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 327-347

  Hemery, Youna ^a   Rouau, Xavier ^a   Lullien Pellerin, Valérie ^a   Barron, Cécile ^a   Abecassis, Joël ^a  

^a UMR IATE   (France)

Author keywords

Aleurone; Bran; Debranning; Dry processing; Fractionation; Ingredient; Milling; Nutritional quality; Wheat; Whole grain

Indexed keywords

TRITICUM AESTIVUM;

EID: 35548941182     PISSN: 07335210     EISSN: 10959963     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2007.09.008     Document Type: Article

References (164)

1. Abecassis J., Berthiaux H., Chaurand M., and Mabille F. Séparation et classification. In: Melcion J.P., and Ilari J.L. (Eds). Technologie des Pulvérulents dans les IAA (2003), TEC & DOC, Paris, France 433-467
2. Amrein T.M., Gränicher P., Arrigon E., and Amadò R. In vitro digestibility and colonic fermentability of aleurone isolated from wheat bran. Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft und Technology 36 (2003) 451-460
3. Ando H., Sugi K., Watanabe K., Morita N., and Mitsunaga T. Distribution of food components in each fraction of wheat grain. Food Science and Technology Research 8 (2002) 10-13
4. Antoine C., Lullien-Pellerin V., Abecassis J., and Rouau X. Nutritional interest of the wheat seed aleurone layer. Sciences des Aliments 22 (2002) 545-556
5. Antoine C., Peyron S., Mabille F., Lapierre C., Bouchet B., Abecassis J., and Rouau X. Individual contribution of grain outer layers and their cell wall structure to the mechanical properties of wheat bran. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 51 (2003) 2026-2033
6. Antoine C., Castellon J., Toureille A., Rouau X., and Dissado L. Comparison of constitutive wheat bran tissues by dielectric spectroscopy and effect of their moisture content. Polymer International 53 (2004) 2169-2177
7. Antoine C., Peyron S., Lullien-Pellerin V., Abecassis J., and Rouau X. Wheat bran tissue fractionation using biochemical markers. Journal of Cereal Science 39 (2004) 387-393
8. Bacic A., and Stone B.A. Chemistry and organization of aleurone cell wall components from wheat and barley. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 8 (1981) 475-495
9. Baldwin P.M., Bertrand D., Novales B., Bouchet B., Collobert G., and Gallant D.J. Chemometric labeling of cereal tissues in multichannel fluorescence microscopy images using discriminant analysis. Analytical Chemistry 69 (1997) 4339-4348
10. Barron C., Surget A., and Rouau X. Relative amounts of tissues in mature wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain and their carbohydrate and phenolic acid composition. Journal of Cereal Science 45 (2007) 88-96
11. Behrens, R., Bohm, A., 2004. Method for the electric contact charging of a mixture containing aleurone and shell particles. International Patent WO2004016354. Applicant, Bühler A.G.
12. Beta T., Nam S., Dexter J.E., and Sapirstein H.D. Phenolic content and antioxidant activity of pearled wheat and roller-milled fractions. Cereal Chemistry 82 (2005) 390-393
13. Bohm, A., Buri, R., 2004. Composition comprising aleurone, method of administering the same, and method of manufacturing the same. US Patent Application Publication US 2004/0258776 A1. Applicant, Buhler A.G.
14. Bohm, A., Kratzer, A., 2005. Method for isolating aleurone particles. US Patent Application Publication US 2005/0103907 A1. Applicant, Buhler A.G.
15. Bohm, A., Bogoni, C., Behrens, R., Otto, T., 2003. Method for the extraction of aleurone from bran. US Patent Application Publication US 2003/0175384 A1. Applicant, Buhler A.G.
16. Bonnet A. Les déplacements de protéines par turboséparation. Industries des Céréales 27 (1984) 9-14
17. Brown G. Branscan: mesure de la pureté de la farine. Industries des Céréales 112 (1999) 40-45
18. Buri R.C., von Reding W., and Gavin M.H. Description and characterization of wheat aleurone. Cereal Foods World 49 (2004) 274-282
19. Chakraborty M., Hareland G.A., Manthey F.A., and Berglund L.R. Evaluating quality of yellow alkaline noodles made from mechanically abraded sprouted wheat. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 83 (2003) 487-495
20. Chamayou A., and Fages J. Broyage dans les industries agroalimentaires. In: Melcion J.P., and Ilari J.L. (Eds). Technologie des Pulvérulents dans les IAA (2003), TEC & DOC, Paris, France 375-406
21. Chambin O., Jannin V., Champion D., Chevalier C., Rochat-Gonthier M.H., and Pourcelot Y. Influence of cryogenic grinding on properties of a self-emulsifying formulation. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 278 (2004) 79-89
22. Charalampopoulos D., Wang R., Pandiella S.S., and Webb C. Application of cereals and cereal components in functional foods: a review. International Journal of Food Microbiology 79 (2002) 131-141
23. Chen Y., Ross A.B., Aman P., and Kamal-Eldin A. Alkylresorcinols as markers of whole grain wheat and rye in cereal products. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 52 (2004) 8242-8246
24. Cheng Z.H., Su L., Moore J., Zhou K.Q., Luther M., Yin J.J., and Yu L.L. Effects of post-harvest treatment and heat stress on availability of wheat antioxidants. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 54 (2006) 5623-5629
25. Courcoux P., Devaux M.F., and Bouchet B. Simultaneous decomposition of multivariate images using three-way data analysis. Application to the comparison of cereal grains by congocal laser scanning microscopy. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 62 (2002) 103-113
26. de Lisio L. Image analysis applied to the cereal industry: the equipment proposed by the Canadian Maztech MicroVision. Tecnica Molitoria 52 (2001) 131-144
27. Desvignes C., Olive C., Lapierre C., Rouau X., Pollet B., and Lullien-Pellerin V. Effects of calcium chloride treatments on wheat grain peroxidase activity and outer layer mechanical properties. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 86 (2006) 1596-1603
28. Desvignes C., Chaurand M., Dubois M., Sadoudi A., Abecassis J., and Lullien-Pellerin V. Changes in common wheat grain milling behavior and tissue mechanical properties following ozone treatment. Journal of Cereal Science (2007) 10.1016/j.jcs.2007.04.004
29. Dexter J.E., and Wood P.J. Recent applications of debranning of wheat before milling. Trends in Food Science & Technology 7 (1996) 35-41
30. Dexter J.E., Symons S.J., and Martin D.G. Enhancement of durum wheat quality by preprocessing and an evaluation of fluorescence imaging as a rapid technique for monitoring preprocessing efficiency. Association of Operative Millers-Bulletin (1994) 6415-6420
31. Dexter J.E., Martin D.G., Sadaranganey G.T., Michaelides J., Mathieson N., Tkac J.J., and Marchylo B.A. Preprocessing-effects on durum wheat milling and spaghetti-making quality. Cereal Chemistry 71 (1994) 10-16
32. Dexter J.E., Symonds S.J., Martin D.G., and Preston K.R. Preprocessing: effects on the milling and end-use quality of common wheats. Association of Operative Millers-Bulletin (1994)
33. Dintzis F.R., Lehrfeld J., Nelsen T.C., and Finney P.L. Phytate content of soft wheat brans as related to kernel size, cultivar, location, and milling and flour quality parameters. Cereal Chemistry 69 (1992) 577-581
34. Einfeldt J., Meissner D., and Kwasniewski A. Polymerdynamics of cellulose and other polysaccharides in solid state-secondary dielectric relaxation processes. Progress in Polymer Science 26 (2001) 1419-1472
35. Einfeldt J., Meissner D., and Kwasniewski A. Contributions to the molecular origin of the dielectric relaxation processes in polysaccharides-the high temperature range. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 320 (2003) 40-55
36. Esposito F., Arlotti G., Bonifati A.M., Napolitano A., Vitale D., and Fogliano V. Antioxidant activity and dietary fibre in durum wheat bran by-products. Food Research International 38 (2005) 1167-1173
37. Eugster W. Advantages commerciaux réalisés grâce au process de décorticage "Peeling". Industrie des Céréales 143 (2005) 31-32
38. Eugster, W., Gerschwiler, O., 2006. Method and installation for cleaning cereal. US Patent Application Publication US 2006/0147591 A1. Applicant, Bühler AG.
39. Evers A., and Erdentug A. Speck counting in durum semolinas. Getreide, Mehl und Brot 57 (2003) 82-84
40. Evers A.D., and Reed M. Some novel observations by scanning electron microscopy on the seed coat and nucellus of the mature wheat grain. Cereal Chemistry 65 (1988) 81-85
41. Feillet P. Le grain de blé, Composition et Utilisation (2000), INRA Editions, Paris
42. Fincher G.B., and Stone B.A. Cell walls and their components in cereal grain technology. In: Pomeranz Y. (Ed). Advances in Cereal Sciences vol. 8 (1986), American Association of Cereal Chemists, St. Paul, MN 207-295
43. Findlay, C.J., 2006. Nutraceutical fractions from cereal grains. International Patent Application WO 2006/105651 A1. Applicant, 1289620 Ontario Inc.
44. Fleurat-Lessard F., Chaurand M., Marchegay G., and Abecassis J. Effects of processing on the distribution of pirimiphos-methyl residues in milling fractions of durum wheat. Journal of Stored Products Research 43 (2007) 384-395
45. Fulcher R.G., O'Brien T.P., and Lee J.W. Studies on the aleurone layer. I. Conventional and fluorescence microscopy of the cell wall with emphasis on phenol-carbohydrate complexes in wheat. Australian Journal of Biological Science 25 (1972) 23-34
46. Gerschwiller, O., Eugster, W., Zwahlen, U., 2006. Method and device for husking and degerminating cereals. US Patent Application Publication US 2006/0053764 A1. Applicant, Buhler A.G.
47. Giesfeldt, J.E.T., 1988. Process for separating fiber from dry-milled corn. US Patent 4 738 772. Applicant, CPG International Inc.
48. Glenn G.M., and Johnston R.K. Moisture-dependant changes in mechanical properties of isolated wheat bran. Journal of Cereal Science 15 (1992) 223-236
49. Godon, B., 1991. Composition biochimique des céréales. In: Godon, B., Willm, C. (Eds.), Les Industries de Première Transformation des Céréales. Paris, pp. 77-94.
50. Goswami T.K., and Singh M. Role of feed rate and temperature in attrition grinding of cumin. Journal of Food Engineering 59 (2003) 285-290
51. Gouveia S.T., Lopes G.S., Fatibello-Filho O., Nogueira A.R.A., and Nobrega J.A. Homogenization of breakfast cereals using cryogenic grinding. Journal of Food Engineering 51 (2002) 59-63
52. Gray D.A., Auerbach R.H., Hill S., Wang R., Campbell G.M., Webb C., and South J.B. Enrichment of oat antioxidant activity by dry milling and sieving. Journal of Cereal Science 32 (2000) 89-98
53. Greffeuille V., Abecassis J., Bar L'Helgouac'h C., and Lullien-Pellerin V. Differences in the aleurone layer fate between hard and soft common wheats at grain milling. Cereal Chemistry 82 (2005) 138-143
54. Greffeuille V., Abecassis J., Lapierre C., and Lullien-Pellerin V. Bran size distribution at milling and mechanical and biochemical characterization of common wheat grain outer layers: a relationship assessment. Cereal Chemistry 83 (2006) 641-646
55. Gys W., Gebruers K., Sorensen J.F., Courtin C.M., and Delcour J.A. Debranning of wheat prior to milling reduces xylanase but not xylanase inhibitor activities in wholemeal and flour. Journal of Cereal Science 39 (2004) 363-369
56. Gys W., Courtin C.M., and Delcour J.A. Reduction of xylanase activity in flour by debranning retards syruping in refrigerated doughs. Journal of Cereal Science 39 (2004) 371-377
57. Harland B.F., and Morris E.R. Phytate: a good or a bad food component?. Nutrition Research 15 (1995) 733-754
58. Haros M., Rosell C.M., and Benedito C. Improvement of flour quality through carbohydrases treatment during wheat tempering. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 50 (2002) 4126-4130
59. Hartley R.D., Morrison W.H., Himmelsbach D.S., and Borneman W.S. Cross-linking of cell wall phenolic arabinoxylans in graminaceous plants. Phytochemistry 29 (1990) 3705-3709
60. Hemery, Y., Pacheco, M.A., Rouau, X., 2007. Influence of temperature and moisture content on the mechanical properties and grinding behaviour of wheat bran (poster). In: Consumer Driven Cereal Innovation: Where Science Meets Industry. Cereal and Europe Spring Meeting, Montpellier, France, 2-4 May 2007.
61. Higashiyama Y., and Asano K. Recent progress in electrostatic separation technology. Particulate Science and Technology (1998) 77-90
62. Hinton J.J.C. The distribution of ash in the mature wheat kernel. Cereal Chemistry 36 (1959) 19-31
63. Jarvis M.C., Briggs S.P.H., and Knox J.P. Intercellular adhesion and cell separation in plants. Plant, Cell and Environment 26 (2003) 977-989
64. Jayarajah C.N., Tang H.-R., Robertson J.A., and Selvendran R.R. Dephytinisation of wheat bran and the consequences for fibre matrix non-starch polysaccharides. Food Chemistry 58 (1997) 5-12
65. Jensen S.A., Munck L., and Martens H. The botanical constituents of wheat and wheat milling fractions. I. Quantification by autofluorescence. Cereal Chemistry 59 (1982) 477-484
66. Jones J.A. Grain-based foods and health. Cereal Foods World 51 (2006) 108-113
67. Kahlon T.S. Bioavailability of vitamin-A and vitamin-E as influenced by wheat bran and bran particle size. Cereal Chemistry 63 (1986) 490-493
68. Kahlon T.S. The new food guide pyramid: recommendations on grains, fruits, and vegetables. Cereal Foods World 51 (2006) 104-107
69. Kilborn R.H. Energy consumption during flour milling-description of two measuring systems and the influence of wheat hardness on energy requirements. Cereal Chemistry 59 (1982) 284-288
70. Knuckles B.E., and Chiu M.C.M. Beta-glucan enrichment of barley fractions by air classification and sieving. Journal of Food Science 60 (1995) 1070-1074
71. Knuckles B.E., Chiu M.M., and Betschart A.A. Beta-glucan-enriched fractions from laboratory scale dry milling and sieving of barley and oats. Cereal Chemistry 69 (1992) 198-202
72. Kozubek A., and Tyman J.H.P. Resorcinolic lipids, the natural non-isoprenoid phenolic amphiphiles and their biological activity. Chemical Reviews 99 (1999) 1-26
73. Laca A., Mousia Z., Diaz M., Webb C., and Pandiella S.S. Distribution of microbial contamination within cereal grains. Journal of Food Engineering 72 (2006) 332-338
74. Landberg, R., Kamal-Eldin, A., Salmenkallio-Marttila, M., Rousset, M., Aman, P., 2007. Localization of alkylresorcinols in barley, wheat and rye kernels. Journal of Cereal Science, in press.
75. Laux, J., Von Reding, W., Widmer, G., 2006. Aleurone product and corresponding production method. US Patent Application Publication US 2006/0177529 A1. Applicant, Buhler A.G.
76. Leenhardt F., Lyan B., Rock E., Boussard A., Potus J., Chanliaud E., and Remesy C. Genetic variability of carotenoid concentration, and lipoxygenase and peroxidase activities among cultivated wheat species and bread wheat varieties. European Journal of Agronomy 25 (2006) 170-176
77. Lempereur I., Rouau X., and Abecassis J. Genetic and agronomic variation in arabinoxylan and ferulic acid content of durum wheat (Triticum durum L.) grains and its milling fractions. Journal of Cereal Science 25 (1997) 103-110
78. Lempereur I., Surget A., and Rouau X. Variability in dehydrodiferulic acid composition of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) and distribution in milling fractions. Journal of Cereal Science 28 (1998) 251-258
79. Letang C., Samson M.F., Lasserre T.M., Chaurand M., and Abecassis J. Production of starch with very low protein content from soft and hard wheat flours by jet milling and air classification. Cereal Chemistry 79 (2002) 535-543
80. Li S., Ge S., Huang Z., Wang Q., Zhao H., and Pan H. Cryogenic grinding technology for traditional Chinese herbal medicine. Cryogenics 31 (1991) 136-137
81. Liang S.B., and Yao Y.C. A novel cryogenic grinding system for recycling scrap tire peels. Advanced Powder Technology 11 (2000) 187-197
82. Liu Z.H., Wang H.Y., Wang X.E., Zhang G.P., Chen P.D., and Liu D.J. Phytase activity, phytate, iron, and zinc contents in wheat pearling fractions and their variation across production locations. Journal of Cereal Science 45 (2007) 319-326
83. Liyana-Pathirana C.M., and Shahidi F. Antioxidant properties of commercial soft and hard winter wheats (Triticum aestivum L.) and their milling fractions. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 86 (2006) 477-485
84. Liyana-Pathirana C., Dexter J., and Shahidi F. Antioxidant properties of wheat as affected by pearling. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 54 (2006) 6177-6184
85. Lopez H.W., Leenhardt F., Coudray C., and Remesy C. Minerals and phytic acid interactions: is it a real problem for human nutrition?. International Journal of Food Science and Technology 37 (2002) 727-739
86. Lorenz K. Mineral composition of United States and Canadian wheats and wheat blends. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 25 (1977) 806-809
87. Lucas P.W., Darvell B.W., Lee P.K.D., Yuen T.D.B., and Choong M.F. The toughness of plant cell walls. Philosophical Transactions, Royal Society of London-Biological Sciences 348 (1995) 363-372
88. Mabille F., Gril J., and Abecassis J. Mechanical properties of wheat seed coats. Cereal Chemistry 78 (2001) 231-235
89. MacAdam J.W., and Grabber J.H. Relationship of growth cessation with the formation of diferulate cross-links and p-coumaroylated lignins in tall fescue leaf blades. Planta 215 (2002) 785-793
90. Mandalari G., Faulds C.B., Sancho A.I., Saija A., Bisignano G., LoCurto R., and Waldron K.W. Fractionation and characterisation of arabinoxylans from brewers' spent grain and wheat bran. Journal of Cereal Science 42 (2005) 205-212
91. Martinez-Tome M., Murcia M.A., Frega N., Ruggieri S., Jimenez A.M., Roses F., and Parras P. Evaluation of antioxidant capacity of cereal brans. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 52 (2004) 4690-4699
92. Mathew S., and Abraham T.E. Ferulic acid: an antioxidant found naturally in plant cell walls and feruloyl esterases involved in its release and their applications. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology 24 (2004) 59-83
93. Matthews, P., 2005. Corn degermination machine. US Patent Application Publication US 2005/0226979 A1. Applicant, Satake, USA, Inc.
94. McGee, B.C., 1995. The PeriTec process and its application to durum wheat milling. Bulletin, Association of Operative Millers, March 1995.
95. McGee B.C. A new rollermill and debranner for use in a compact mill. Bulletin, Association of Operative Millers (1996) 6674-6675
96. Mehra S.K., and Eckhoff S.R. Single-stage short-duration tempering of corn for dry-milling. Cereal Chemistry 74 (1997) 484-488
97. Mihalcioiu, A.F., 2005. Measurement techniques and virtual instruments for the study of electrostatic processes. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Poitiers, France, 203pp.
98. Moore J., Cheng Z., Su L., and Yu L. Effects of solid-state enzymatic treatments on the antioxidant properties of wheat bran. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 54 (2006) 9032-9045
99. Mousia Z., Edherly S., Pandiella S.S., and Webb C. Effect of wheat pearling on flour quality. Food Research International 37 (2004) 449-459
100. Mpofu A., Sapirstein H.D., and Beta T. Genotype and environmental variation in phenolic content, phenolic acid composition, and antioxidant activity of hard spring wheat. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 54 (2006) 1265-1270
101. Müller, R., 1991. Apparatus for shelling and de-germinating corn. US Patent 5 036 757. Applicant, Buhler A.G.
102. Müller, R., 1997. Method and apparatus for the scoring of and the preparation for milling of cereals. US Patent 5 650 018. Applicant, Buhler A.G.
103. Nemeth E., Albrecht V., Schubert G., and Simon F. Polymer tribo-electric charging: dependence on thermodynamic surface properties and relative humidity. Journal of Electrostatics 58 (2003) 3-16
104. Ng A., Parker M.L., Parr A.J., Saunders P.K., Smith A.C., and Waldron K.W. Physicochemical characteristics of onion (Allium cepa L.) tissues. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 48 (2000) 5612-5617
105. Nomura T., Satoh T., and Masuda H. The environment humidity effect on the tribo-charge of powder. Powder Technology 135-136 (2003) 43-49
106. Nystrom L., Paasonen A., Lampi A.-M., and Piironen V. Total plant sterols, steryl ferulates and steryl glycosides in milling fractions of wheat and rye. Journal of Cereal Science 45 (2007) 106-115
107. O'Dell B.L., De Boland A.R., and Koirtyohann S.R. Distribution of phytate and nutritionally important elements among the morphological components of cereal grains. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 20 (1972) 718-723
108. Oury F.X., Leenhardt F., Remesy C., Chanliaud E., Duperrier B., Balfourier F., and Charmet G. Genetic variability and stability of grain magnesium, zinc and iron concentrations in bread wheat. European Journal of Agronomy 25 (2006) 177-185
109. Pandiella, S.S., Mousia, Z., Laca, A., Diaz, M., Webb, C., 2005. Debranning technology to improve cereal-based foods. In: Cauvain, S.P., Salmon, S.S., Young, L.S. (Eds.), Using Cereal Science and Technology for the Benefit of Consumers. Proceedings of the 12th International ICC Cereal and Bread Congress, Harrogate, UK, 23-26 May 2004, pp. 236-240.
110. Parker M.L., Ng A., and Waldron K.W. The phenolic acid and polysaccharide composition of cell walls of bran layers of mature wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Avalon) grains. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 85 (2005) 2539-2547
111. Peyron, S., Mabille, F., Rouau, X., Autran, J.C., Abecassis, J., 2000. Relationship between the structure and the rheological properties of durum wheat bran. In: Abecassis, J., Autran, J.C., Feillet, P. (Eds.), Durum Wheat, Semolina and Pasta Quality. Recent Achievements and New Trends, Montpellier, 27.11.2001, pp. 113-117.
112. Peyron S., Abecassis J., Autran J.C., and Rouau X. Enzymatic oxidative treatments of wheat bran layers: effects on ferulic acid composition and mechanical properties. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 49 (2001) 4694-4699
113. Peyron S., Surget A., Mabille F., Autran J.C., Rouau X., and Abecassis J. Evaluation of tissue dissociation of durum wheat grain (Triticum durum desf.) generated by the milling process. Journal of Cereal Science 36 (2002) 199-208
114. Peyron S., Abecassis J., Autran J.C., and Rouau X. Influence of UV exposure on phenolic acid content, mechanical properties of bran, and milling behavior of durum wheat (Triticum durum desf.). Cereal Chemistry 79 (2002) 726-731
115. Peyron S., Chaurand M., Rouau X., and Abecassis J. Relationship between bran mechanical properties and milling behaviour of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.). Influence of tissue thickness and cell wall structure. Journal of Cereal Science 36 (2002) 377-386
116. Pomeranz Y. Chemical composition of kernel structures. In: Pomeranz Y. (Ed). Wheat: Chemistry and Technoloy vol. 4 (1988), AACC, St. Paul, MN 97-158
117. Posner, E.S., Li, Y.Z., 1991a. Method of separating wheat germ from whole wheat. US Patent 4 986 997. Applicant, Kansas State University Research.
118. Posner E.S., and Li Y.Z. A technique for separation of wheat germ by impacting and subsequent grinding. Journal of Cereal Science 13 (1991) 49-70
119. Pujol R., Letang C., Lempereur I., Chaurand M., Mabille F., and Abecassis J. Description of a micromill with instrumentation for measuring grinding characteristics of wheat grain. Cereal Chemistry 77 (2000) 421-427
120. Pussayanawin V., Wetzel D.L., and Fulcher R.G. Fluorescence detection and measurement of ferulic acid in wheat milling fractions by microscopy and HPLC. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 36 (1988) 515-520
121. Qu H., Madl R.L., Takemoto D.J., Baybutt R.C., and Wang W. Lignans are involved in the antitumor activity of wheat bran in colon cancer SW480 cells. Journal of Nutrition 135 (2005) 598-602
122. Ralph J., Quideau S., Grabber J.H., and Hatfield R.D. Identification and synthesis of new ferulic dehydrodimers present in grass cell walls. Journal of Chemical Society 1 (1994) 3485-3498
123. Rhodes D.I., and Stone B.A. Proteins in walls of wheat aleurone cells. Journal of Cereal Science 36 (2002) 83-101
124. Rhodes D.I., Sadek M., and Stone B.A. Hydroxycinnamic acids in walls of wheat aleurone cells. Journal of Cereal Science 36 (2002) 67-81
125. Rouau, X., Abecassis, J., Barron, C., Chaurand, M., Desvignes, C., Greffeuille, V., Hemery, Y., Lullien-Pellerin, V., Mabille, F., Martelli, M., Sadoudi, A., Samson, M.F., 2007. Development of new dry fractionation processes of wheat grain to address consumers' demand for healthy foods and ingredients. In: Consumer Driven Cereal Innovation: Where Science meets Industry. Cereal and Europe Spring Meeting, Montpellier, France, 2-4 May 2007.
126. Satake, S., Takeshi, I., Yoshihiro, T., 1995. Vertical pearling machines and apparatus for preliminary treatment prior to flour milling using such pearling machines. US Patent 5 390 589. Applicant, Satake Corporation.
127. Satake, S., Kanemoto, S., Matsumoto, N., Kato, A., Tokui, Y., Takashita, S., Shitadera, K., Maehara, H., 1998a. Method and apparatus for carrying out pre-treatment of wheat grains for flour milling. US Patent 5 773 066. Applicant, Satake Eng Co Ltd.
128. Satake, S., Kanemoto, S., Matsumoto, N., Tokui, Y., 1998b. Pretreatment process in flour milling method. US Patent 5 846 591. Applicant, Satake Engineering Co, Ltd.
129. Saulnier L., Guillon F., Sado P.-E., and Rouau X. Plant cell wall polysaccharides in storage organs: xylans (food applications). In: Kamerling J., Boons G.-J., Lee Y., Suzuki A., Taniguchi N., and Voragen A.G.J. (Eds). Comprehensive Glycoscience vol. 2 (2007), Elsevier Science Ltd., Oxford 653-689 (Chapter 20)
130. Schopfer P., Lapierre C., and Nolte T. Light-controlled growth of the maize seedling mesocotyl: mechanical cell-wall changes in the elongation zone and related changes in lignification. Physiologia Plantarum 111 (2001) 83-92
131. Schwarz P.B., Kunerth W.H., and Youngs V.L. The distribution of lignin and other fiber components within hard red spring wheat bran. Cereal Chemistry 65 (1988) 59-64
132. Schweiggert U., Carle R., and Schieber A. Conventional and alternative processes for spice production-a review. Trends in Food Science & Technology 18 (2007) 260-268
133. Sekhon K.S., Singh N., and Nagi H.P.S. Effect of pearling and blending on the bread-making properties of sprout-damaged wheat. Cereal Foods World 37 (1992) 715-716
134. Singh K.K., and Goswami T.K. Design of a cryogenic grinding system for spices. Journal of Food Engineering 39 (1999) 359-368
135. Singh K.K., and Goswami T.K. Cryogenic grinding of cloves. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation 24 (2000) 57-71
136. Slavin J.L., Martini M.C., Jacobs D.R., and Marquart L. Plausible mechanisms for the protectiveness of whole grains. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 70 (1999) 459S-463S
137. Song H.P., Delwiche S.R., and Line M.J. Moisture distribution in a mature soft wheat grain by three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of Cereal Science 27 (1998) 191-197
138. Stone, B.A., Minifie, J., 1988. Recovery of aleurone cells from wheat bran. US Patent 4,746,073, Applicant, La Trobe University, Australia.
139. Surget A., and Barron C. Histologie du grain de blé. Industrie des Céréales 145 (2005) 3-7
140. Symons S.J., and Dexter J.E. Estimation of milling efficiency: prediction of flour refinement by the measurement of pericarp fluorescence. Cereal Chemistry 69 (1992) 137-141
141. Symons S.J., and Dexter J.E. Relationship of flour aleurone fluorescence to flour refinement for some Canadian hard common wheat classes. Cereal Chemistry 70 (1993) 137-141
142. Symons S.J., and Dexter J.E. Aleurone and pericarp fluorescence as estimators of mill stream refinement for various Canadian wheat classes. Journal of Cereal Science 23 (1996) 73-83
143. Tan K.S., Hoson T., Masuda Y., and Kamisaka S. Effect of ferulic and P-coumaric acids on Oryza coleoptile growth and the mechanical properties of cell walls. Journal of Plant Physiology 140 (1992) 460-465
144. Tkac, J.J., 1988. Method and apparatus for the treatment of wheat kernels. European Patent Application 0 295 774 A2. Applicant, Tkac & Timm Enterprises Ltd.
145. Tkac, J.J., 1992. Process for removing bran layers from wheat kernels. US Patent 5 082 680. Applicant, Tkac & Timm Enterprises Ltd.
146. Tkac, J.J., 1993. Dietary fibre composition. US Patent 5 240 733. Applicant, Tkac & Timm Enterprises Ltd.
147. Tkac, J.J., 1995. By-product fractions from debranned wheat. US Patent 5 387 430. Applicant, Tkac & Timm Enterprises Ltd.
148. Topping, D., 2007. Cereal complex carbohydrates and their contribution to human health. Journal of Cereal Science, in press, doi:10.1016/j.jcs.2007.06.004.
149. Touchard G., Sammartino S., Artana G., Putier F., and Watanabe S. Caractérisation électrique des milieux granulaires. In: Melcion J.P., and Ilari J.L. (Eds). Technologie des Pulvérulents dans les IAA (2003), TEC & DOC, Paris, France 119-153
150. Tsoubeli M.N., Davis E.A., and Gordon J. Dielectric properties and water mobility for heated mixtures of starch, milk protein and water. Cereal Chemistry 72 (1995) 64-69
151. Van Bommel, B.G., 2002. Method of removing the fibrous shells from cereal grains. US Patent 6 368 649. Applicant, Cargill BV.
152. Wakabayashi K., Soga K., Kamisaka S., and Hoson T. Changes in levels of cell wall constituents in wheat seedlings grown under continuous hypergravity conditions. Advances in Space Research 36 (2005) 1292-1297
153. Wakabayashi K., Soga K., Kamisaka S., and Hoson T. Increase in the level of arabinoxylan-hydroxycinnamate network in cell walls of wheat coleoptiles grown under continuous hypergravity conditions. Physiologia Plantarum 125 (2005) 127-134
154. Waldron K.W., Ng A., Parker M.L., and Parr A.J. Ferulic acid dehydrodimers in the cell walls of Beta vulgaris and their possible role in texture. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 74 (1997) 221-228
155. Wellman, W., 1992. Wheat milling process. US Patent 5 089 282. Applicant, ConAgra Inc.
156. Wellman, W., 1993. Wheat milling process and milled wheat product. US Patent 5 194 287. Applicant, ConAgra Inc.
157. Whitney S.E.C., Gothard M.G.E., Mitchell J.T., and Gidley M.J. Roles of cellulose and xyloglucan in determining the mechanical properties of primary plant cell walls. Plant Physiology 121 (1999) 657-663
158. Wilczek M., Bertling J., and Hintemann D. Optimised technologies for cryogenic grinding. International Journal of Mineral Processing 74 (2004) S425-S434
159. Willm C. Que faut-il penser de la turbo-séparation aujourd'hui?. Industries des Céréales 35 (1985) 23-31
160. Wu Y.V., and Doehlert D.C. Enrichment of beta-glucan in oat bran by fine grinding and air classification. Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft und-Technologie-Food Science and Technology 35 (2002) 30-33
161. Wu Y.V., and Stringfellow A.C. Air classification of flours from wheat with varying hardness: protein shifts. Cereal Chemistry 69 (1992) 188-191
162. Yang G.Y., and Shamsuddin A.M. IP6-induced growth inhibition and differentiation of HT-29 human colon cancer cells: involvement of intracellular inositol phosphates. Anticancer Research 15 (1995) 2479-2487
163. Yu L., Zhou K., and Parry J.W. Inhibitory effects of wheat bran extracts on human LDL oxidation and free radicals. LWT-Food Science and Technology 38 (2005) 463-470
164. Zhou K., Laux J.J., and Yu L. Comparison of Swiss red wheat grain and fractions for their antioxidant properties. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 52 (2004) 1118-1123