Endothelins and airways - A short review

Research Communications in Molecular Pathology and Pharmacology

Volumn 119, Issue 1-6, 2006, Pages 3-51

  Polikepahad, Sumanth ^a,b   Moore, Rustin M ^a,c   Venugopal, Changaram S ^a  

^a LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Airway diseases; Airway hyperreactivity; Airway inflammation; Airway remodeling; Asthma; Bronchiectasis; Bronchoconstriction; COPD; Endothelin (ET); Equine airways; ET biosynthesis; ET clearance; ET mechanism of action; ET metabolism; ET receptors; Lungs

Indexed keywords

ADENYLATE CYCLASE; ARACHIDONIC ACID; CALCIUM ION; CHYMASE; CYTOKINE; ENDOTHELIN; ENDOTHELIN 1; ENDOTHELIN 2; ENDOTHELIN 3; ENDOTHELIN A RECEPTOR; ENDOTHELIN B RECEPTOR; ENDOTHELIN RECEPTOR; ENZYME; GELATINASE A; GUANYLATE CYCLASE; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL; PHOSPHOLIPASE A2; PHOSPHOLIPASE D; PROSTANOID; PROTEIN KINASE C; SARAFOTOXIN S6B; SARAFOTOXIN S6C; SODIUM PROTON EXCHANGE PROTEIN;

AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ARACHIDONIC ACID METABOLISM; ASTHMA; BIOCHEMISTRY; BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY; BIOSYNTHESIS; BRONCHIECTASIS; BRONCHIOLITIS OBLITERANS; BRONCHOSPASM; BRONCHUS HYPERREACTIVITY; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; CLEARANCE; CRYSTAL STRUCTURE; GENE STRUCTURE; HUMAN; HYPOXIA; LUNG BLOOD VESSEL; LUNG CLEARANCE; LUNG DEVELOPMENT; LUNG FIBROSIS; METABOLISM; MITOGENESIS; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN DEGRADATION; RECEPTOR INTRINSIC ACTIVITY; REGULATORY MECHANISM; SHORT SURVEY; SUMMER PASTURE ASSOCIATED OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ANIMALS; ENDOTHELINS; HUMANS; LUNG; LUNG DISEASES; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; PROTEIN ISOFORMS;

EID: 35348927410     PISSN: 10780297     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Short Survey

References (228)

1. Hickey, K.A., Rubanyi, G., Paul, R.J. and Highsmith, R.F. Characterization of a coronary vasoconstrictor produced by cultured endothelial cells. Am J Physiol, 248(5 Pt 1): C550-56, 1985.
2. Yanagisawa, M., Inoue, A., Ishikawa, T., Kasuya, Y., Kimura, S., Kumagaye, S., Nakajima, K., T.X., Sakakibara, S., Goto, K. and Masaki, T. Primary structure, synthesis, and biological activity of rat endothelin, an endothelium-derived vasoconstrictor peptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 85(18): 6964-67, 1988.
3. Inoue, A., Yanagisawa, M., Kimura, S., Kasuya, Y., Miyauchi, T., Goto, K. and Masaki T. The human endothelin family: three structurally and pharmacologically distinct isopeptides predicted by three separate genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 86(8): 2863-67, 1989.
4. Saida, K., Mitsui, Y. and Ishida, N. A novel peptide, vasoactive intestinal contractor, of a new (endothelin) peptide family: Molecular cloning, expression, and biological activity J Biol Chem, 264(25): 14613-16, 1989.
5. Kishi, F., Minami, K., Okishima, N., Murakami, M., Mori, S., Yano, M., Niwa, Y., Nakaya, Y. and Kido, H. Novel 31-amino-acid-length endothelins cause constriction of vascular smooth muscle. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 248(2): 387-90, 1998.
6. Goldie, R.G., D'Aprile, A.C., Self, G.J., Rigby, P.J. and Henry, P.J. Influence of endothelin-1(1-31) on smooth muscle tone and cholinergic nerve-mediated contraction in rat isolated trachea. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 36(5 Suppl 1): S228-31, 2000.
7. Kloog, Y. and Sokolovsky, M. Similarities in mode and sites of action of sarafotoxins and endothelins. Trends Pharmacol Sci, 10(6): 212-14, 1989.
8. Ohlstein, E.H. and Ruffolo, R.R., Jr. Introduction: Endothelin receptors. In: Endothelin receptors: from the gene to the human. Ed, Robert R. Ruffolo, Jr., pp 1-14, 1995, CRC press, New York, USA.
9. Kasuya, Y., Kobayashi, H. and Uemura, H. Endothelin-like immunoreactivity in the nervous system of invertebrates and fish. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 17 Suppl 7: S463-66, 1991.
10. Zhang, J., Leontovich, A. and Sarras, M.P., Jr. Molecular and functional evidence for early divergence of an endothelin-like system during metazoan evolution: analysis of the Cnidarian, hydra. Development, 128(9): 1607-15, 2001.
11. Kohidai, L. and Csaba, G. Effects of the mammalian vasoconstrictor peptide, endothelin-1, on Tetrahymena pyriformis GL, and the immunocytological detection of endogenous endothelin-like activity. Comp Biochem Physiol C Pharmacol Toxicol Endocrinol, 111(2): 311-6, 1995.
12. White, S.R., Hathaway, D.P., Umans, J.G., Tallet, J., Abrahams, C. and Leff, A.R. Epithelial modulation of airway smooth muscle response to endothelin-1. Am Rev Respir Dis, 144(2):373-8, 1991.
13. D'Orleans-Juste, P., Plante, M., Honore, J.C., Carrier, E. and Labonte, J. Synthesis and degradation of endothelin-1. Can J Physiol Pharmacol, 81(6):503-510, 2003.
14. Fagan, K.A., McMurtry, I.F. and Rodman, D.M. Role of endothelin-1 in lung disease. Respir Res, 2 (2): 90-101, 2001.
15. 125I] endothelin binding sites in the region of the carotid bifurcation and brainstem of the cat: possible baro- and chemoreceptor involvement. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 17 (Suppl 7): S385-89, 1991.
16. Dube, J., Chakir, J., Dube, C., Grimard, Y., Laviolette, M. and Boulet, L.P. Synergistic action of endothelin (ET)-1 on the activation of bronchial fibroblast isolated from normal and asthmatic subjects. Int J Exp Pathol, 81(6): 429-37, 2000.
17. Battistini, B., Chailler, P., D'Orleans-Juste, P, Briere, N. and Sirois, P. Growth regulatory properties of endothelins. Peptides, 14(2): 385-99, 1993.
18. Battistini, B., Berthiaume, N., Kelland, N.F., Webb, D.J. and Kohan, D.E. Profile of past and current clinical trials involving endothelin receptor antagonists: the novel "-sentan" class of drag. Exp Biol Med, 231(6): 653-95, 2006.
19. Rubanyi, G.M. and Polokoff, M.A. Endothelins: molecular biology, biochemistry, pharmacology, physiology, and pathophysiology. Pharmacol Rev, 46(3): 325-415, 1994.
20. Sakamoto, A., Yanagisawa, M., Sawamura, T., Enoki, T., Ohtani, T., Sakurai, T., Nakao, K., Toyo-oka, T. and Masaki, T. Distinct subdomains of human endothelin receptors determine their selectivity to endothelin-A-selective antagonist and endothelin-B-selective agonists. J Biol Chem, 268(12): 8547-53, 1993.
21. Bloch, K.D., Friedrich, S.P., Lee, M.E., Eddy, R.L., Shows, T.B. and Quertermous, T. Structural organization and chromosomal assignment of the gene encoding endothelin. Biol Chem, 264(18): 10851-57, 1989.
22. Arinami, T., Ishikawa, M., Inoue, A., Yanagisawa, M., Masaki, T., Yoshida, M.C. and Hamaguchi, H. Chromosomal assignments of the human endothelin family genes: the endothelin-1 gene (EDNl) to 6p23-p24, the endothelin-2 gene (EDN2) to 1p34, and the endothelin-3 gene (EDN3) to 20q13.2-q13.3. Am J Hum Genet, 48(5): 990-996, 1991.
23. Inoue, A., Yanagisawa, M., Takuwa, Y., Mitsui, Y., Kobayashi, M. and Masaki, T. The human preproendothelin-1 gene: Complete nucleotide sequence and regulation of expression. J Biol Chem, 264(25): 14954-59, 1989b.
24. Bloch, K.D., Eddy, R.L., Shows, T.B. and Quertermous, T. cDNA cloning and chromosomal assignment of the gene encoding endothelin-3. J Biol Chem, 264(30): 18156-61, 1989.
25. Wilson, D.B., Dorfman, D.M. and Orkin SH. A nonerythroid GATA-binding protein is required for function of the human preproendothelin-1 promoter in endothelial cells. Mol Cell Biol, 10(9): 4854-62, 1990.
26. Reily, M.D. and Dunbar, J.B., Jr. The conformation of endothelin-1 in aqueous solution: NMR-derived constraints combined with distance geometry and molecular dynamics calculations. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 178(2): 570-77, 1991.
27. Hewage, C.M., Jiang, L., Parkinson, J.A., Ramage, R. and Sadler, I.H. Solution structure determination of endothelin-1 in methanol/water by NMR and molecular modeling methods. Pept Sci, 3(6): 415-28, 1997.
28. Calas, B., Harricane, M.C., Guimard, L., Heitz, F., Mendre, C., Chabrier, P.E. and Bennes, R. Endothelin 1: conformation and aggregation. Pept Res, 5(2): 97-101, 1992.
29. Denault, J.B., Claing, A., D'Orleans-Juste, P., Sawamura, T., Kido, T., Masaki, T. and Leduc, R. Processing of proendothelin-1 by human furin convertase. FEBS Lett, 362(3): 276-280, 1995.
30. Blais, V., Fugere, M., Denault, J.B., Klarskov, K., Day, R. and Leduc, R. Processing of proendothelin-1 by members of the subtilisin-like pro-protein convertase family. FEBS Lett, 524(1-3): 43-48, 2002.
31. Itoh, Y., Yanagisawa, M., Ohkubo, S., Kimura, C., Kosaka, T., Inoue, A., Ishida, N., Mitsui, Y., Onda, H., Fujino, M. and Masaki, T. Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNA encoding the precursor of a human endothelium-derived vasoconstrictor peptide, endothelin: identity of human and porcine endothelin. FEBS Lett, 231(2): 440-444, 1988.
32. Kimura, S., Kasuya, Y., Sawamura, T., Shinimi, O., Sugita, Y., Yanagisawa, M., Goto, K. and Masaki T. Conversion of big endothelin-1 to 21-residue endothelin-1 is essential for expression of full vasoconstrictor activity: structure-activity relationships of big endothelin-1. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 13 Suppl 5:S5-7; discussion S18, 1989.
33. Johnson, G.D., Swenson, H.R., Ramage, R. and Ahn, K. Mapping the active site of endothelin-converting enzyme-1 through subsite specificity and mutagenesis studies: a comparison with neprilysin. Arch Biochem Biophys, 398(2): 240-48, 2002.
34. Korth, P., Bohle, R.M., Corvol, P. and Pinet, F. Cellular distribution of endothelin-converting enzyme-1 in human tissues. J Histochem Cytochem, 47(4): 447-462, 1999.
35. Yoshioka, S., Fujiwara, H., Yamada, S., Tatsumi, K., Nakayama, T., Higuchi, T., Inoue, T., Maeda, M. and Fujii, S. Endothelin-converting enzyme-1 is expressed on human ovarian follicles and corpora lutea of menstrual cycle and early pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 83(11): 3943-50, 1998.
36. Naomi, S., Iwaoka, T., Disashi, T., Inoue, J., Kanesaka, Y., Tokunaga, H. and Tomita, K. Endothelin-1 inhibits endothelin-converting enzyme-1 expression in cultured rat pulmonary endothelial cells. Circulation, 97(3): 234-36, 1998.
37. Valdenaire, O., Lepailleur-Enouf, D., Egidy, G., Thouard, A., Barret, A., Vranckx, R., Tougard, C. and Michel, J.B. A fourth isoform of endothelin-converting enzyme (ECE-1) is generated from an additional promoter molecular cloning and characterization. Eur J Biochem, 264(2): 341-49, 1999.
38. Muller, L., Barret, A., Etienne, E., Meidan, R., Valdenaire, O., Corvol, P. and Tougard C. Heterodimerization of endothelin-converting enzyme-1 isoforms regulates the subcellular distribution of this metalloprotease. J Biol Chem, 278(1): 545-55, 2003.
39. Emoto, N. and Yanagisawa, M. Endothelin-converting enzyme-2 is a membrane-bound, phosphoramidon-sensitive metalloprotease with acidic pH optimum. J Biol Chem, 270(25): 15262-68, 1995.
40. Ikeda, S., Emoto, N., Alimsardjono, H., Yokoyama, M. and Matsuo M. Molecular isolation and characterization of novel four subisoforms of ECE-2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 293(1): 421-26, 2002.
41. Hasegawa, H., Hiki, K., Sawamura, T., Aoyama, T., Okamoto, Y., Miwa, S., Shimohama, S., Kimura, J. and Masaki, T. Purification of a novel endothelin-converting enzyme specific for big endothelin-3. FEBS Lett, 428(3): 304-8, 1998.
42. Yanagisawa, H., Hammer, R.E., Richardson, J.A., Emoto, N., Williams, S.C., Takeda, S., Clouthier, D.E. and Yanagisawa, M. Disruption of ECE-1 and ECE-2 reveals a role for endothelin-converting enzyme-2 in murine cardiac development. J Clin Invest, 105(10): 1373-82, 2000.
43. Wypij, D.M., Nichols, J.S., Novak, P.J., Stacy, D.L., Berman, J. and Wiseman, J.S. Role of mast cell chymase in the extracellular processing of big-endothelin-1 to endothelin-1 in the perfused rat lung. Biochem Pharmacol, 43(4): 845-53, 1992.
44. Fernandez-Patron, C., Radomski, M.W. and Davidge, S.T. Vascular matrix metalloproteinase-2 cleaves big endothelin-1 yielding a novel vasoconstrictor. Circ Res, 85(10): 906-11, 1999.
45. Maggi, C.A., Giuliani, S., Patacchini, R., Rovero, P., Giachetti, A. and Meli, A. The activity of peptides of the endothelin family in various mammalian smooth muscle preparations. Eur J Pharmacol, 174(1): 23-31, 1989.
46. Lin, H.Y., Kaji, E.H., Winkel, G.K, Ives, H.E. and Lodish, H.F. Cloning and functional expression of a vascular smooth muscle endothel in 1 receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 88(8): 3185-89, 1991.
47. Sakamoto A, Yanagisawa M, Sakurai T, Takuwa Y, Yanagisawa H, Masaki T (1991) Cloning and functional expression of human cDNA for the ETB endothelin receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 178(2): 656-63, 1991.
48. Karne, S., Jayawickreme, C.K. and Lerner, M.R. Cloning and characterization of an endothelin-3 specific receptor (ETC receptor) from Xenopus laevis dermal melanophores. J Biol Chem, 268(25): 19126-33, 1993.
49. Ruiz-Opazo, N., Hirayama, K., Akimoto, K. and Herrera, V.L. Molecular characterization of a dual endothelin-1/Angiotensin II receptor. Mol Med, 4(2): 96-108, 1998.
50. Lecoin, L., Sakurai, T., Ngo, M.T., Abe, Y., Yanagisawa, M., and Le Douarin N.M. Cloning and characterization of a novel endothelin receptor subtype in the avian class. Proc Natl Acad Sci, USA 95(6):3024-29, 1998.
51. Nambi, P., Pullen, M. and Kumar, C. Identification of a novel endothelin receptor in Xenopus laevis liver. Neuropeptides, 26(3): 181-5, 1994.
52. Bergsma, D.J., Elshourbagy, N. and Kumar, C. Chapter 3: Molecular biology of endothelin receptors. In: Endothelin receptors: from the gene to the human. Ed, Robert R. Ruffolo, Jr., pp 37-57, 1995, CRC press, New York, USA.
53. Masaki, T. Possible role of endothelin in endothelial regulation of vascular tone. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol, 35: 235-55, 1995.
54. Ozaki, S., Ohwaki, K., Ihara, M., Ishikawa, K. and Yano, M. Coexpression studies with endothelin receptor subtypes indicate the existence of intracellular cross-talk between ET(A) and ET(B) receptors. J Biochem (Tokyo), 121(3): 440-47, 1997.
55. Clark, K.L. and Pierre, L. Characterization of endothelin receptors in rat renal artery in vitro. Br J Pharmacol, 114(4):785-90, 1995.
56. Hay, D.W., Luttmann, M.A., Pullen, M.A. and Nambi, P. Functional and binding characterization of endothelin receptors in human bronchus: evidence for a novel endothelin B receptor subtype? J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 284(2): 669-77, 1998.
57. Henry, P.J. and King, S.H. Typical endothelin ETA receptors mediate atypical endothelin-1-induced contractions in sheep isolated tracheal smooth muscle. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 289(3): 1385-90, 1999.
58. Kyte, J. and Doolittle, R.F. A simple method for displaying the hydropathic character of a protein. J Mol Biol, 157(1): 105-132, 1982.
59. Davenport, A.P. Update on endothelin receptor nomenclature. Pharmacol Rev, 54 (2): 219-26, 2002.
60. Pollock, D.M., Keith, T.L. and Highsmith RF. Endothelin receptors and calcium signaling. FASEB J, 9: 1196-1204, 1995.
61. Ohlstein, E.H., Arleth, A., Bryan, H., Elliot, J.D. and Sung, C.P. The selective endothelin ETA receptor antagonist BQ123 antagonizes endothelin-1-mediated mitogenesis. Eur J Pharmacol, 225: 347-350, 1992.
62. Hirata, Y., Emori, T. and Eguchi, S. Endothelin receptor subtype B mediates synthesis of nitric oxide by cultured bovine endothelial cells. J Clin Invest, 91: 1367-1373, 1993.
63. Shichiri M, Kato M, Marumo F. and Hirata, Y. Endothelin-1 as an autocrine/paracrine apoptosis survival factor for endothelial cells. Hypertension, 30: 1198-1203, 1997.
64. Luscher, T. F. and Barton, M. Endothelins and endothelin receptor antagonists: therapeutic considerations for a novel class of cardiovascular drugs. Circulation, 102(19): 2434-40, 2000.
65. Fukuroda, T., Fujikawa, T., Ozaki, S., Ishikawa, K., Yano, M. and Nishikibe, M. Clearance of circulating endothelin-1 by ETB receptors in rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 199(3): 1461-5, 1994.
66. Ozaki, S., Ohwaki, K., Ihara, M., Fukuroda, T., Ishihara, K. and Yano, M. ETB-mediated regulation of extracellular levels of endothelin-1 in cultured endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 209: 483-489, 1995.
67. Elshourbagy, N.A., Korman, D.R., Wu, H.L., Sylvester, D.R., Lee, J.A., Nuthalaganti, P., Bergsma, D.J., Kumar, C.S. and Nambi, P. Molecular characterization and regulation of the human endothelin receptors. J Biol Chem, 268(6): 3873-79, 1993.
68. Ohlstein, E.H., Nambi, P. and Ruffolo, R.R. Jr. Endothelin receptor subclassification. In: Endothelin receptors: from the gene to the human. Ed, Robert R. Ruffolo, Jr., pp 15-35, 1995, CRC press, New York, USA.
69. Yang, G.C., Croaker, D., Zhang, A.L., Manglick, P., Cartmill, T. and Cass, D. A dinucleotide mutation in the endothelin-B receptor gene is associated with lethal white foal syndrome (LWFS); a horse variant of Hirschsprung's disease. Hum Mol Genet, 7(6): 1047-52, 1998.
70. Saito, Y., Mizuno, T., Itakura, M., Suzuki, Y., Ito, T., Hagiwara, H. and Hirose, S. Primary structure of bovine endothelin ETB receptor and identification of signal peptidase and metal proteinase cleavage sites. J Biol Chem, 266(34): 23433-7, 1991.
71. Kemp, B.E. and Pearson, R.B. Protein kinase recognition sequence motifs. Trends Biochem Sci, 15(9): 342-46, 1990.
72. Hirata, Y., Yoshimi, H., Emori, T., Shichiri, M., Marumo, F., Watanabe, T.X., Kumagaye, S., Nakajima, K., Kimura, T. and Sakakibara, S. Receptor binding activity and cytosolic free calcium response by synthetic endothelin analogs in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 160(1): 228-34, 1989.
73. Marsault, R., Vigne, P., Breittmayer, J.P. and Frelin, C. Kinetics of vasoconstrictor action of endothelins. Am J Physiol, 261(6Pt 1): C987-93, 1991.
74. Hocher, B., Rubens, C., Hensen, J., Gross, P. and Bauer, C. Intracellular distribution of endothelin-1 receptors in rat liver cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 184(1): 498-503, 1992.
75. Marsault, R., Feolde, E. and Frelin C. Receptor externalization determines sustained contractile responses to endothelin-1 in the rat aorta. Am J Physiol, 264(3 Pt 1): C687-93, 1993.
76. Hosoda, K., Nakao, K., Hiroshi-Arai, Suga, S., Ogawa, Y., Mukoyama, M., Shirakami, G., Saito, Y., Nakanishi, S. and Imura, H. Cloning and expression of human endothelin-1 receptor cDNA. FEBS Lett, 287(1-2): 23-26, 1991.
77. Ogawa, Y., Nakao, K., Arai, H., Nakagawa, O., Hosoda, K., Suga, S., Nakanishi, S. and Imura, H. Molecular cloning of a non-isopeptide-selective human endothelin receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 178(1): 248-55, 1991.
78. Shyamala, V., Moulthrop, T.H., Stratton-Thomas, J. and Tekamp-Olson P. Two distinct human endothelin B receptors generated by alternative splicing from a single gene. Cell Mol Biol Res, 40(4): 285-96, 1994.
79. Yahiaoui, L., Villeneuve, A., Valderrama-Carvajal, H., Burke, F. and Fixman, E.D. Endothelin-1 regulates proliferative responses, both alone and synergistically with PDGF, in rat tracheal smooth muscle cells. Cell Physiol Biochem, 17(1-2): 37-46, 2006.
80. Wang, J., Oldner, A., Winskog, C., Edston, E. and Walther, S.M. Effects of endothelin receptor antagonism in acute lung injury induced by chlorine gas. Crit Care Med, 34(6): 1731-37, 2006.
81. Habre, W., Petak, F., Ruchonnet-Metrailler, I., Donati, Y., Toisa, J.F., Lele, E., Albu, G. and Beghetti, M., Barazzone-Argiroffo, C. The role of endothelin-1 in hyperoxia-induced lung injury in mice. Respir Res, 7: 45-55, 2006.
82. Egashira, K., Pipers, F.S., Rush, J.E. and Morgan, J.P. Effects of calcium channel blockers on coronary vasoconstriction induced by endothelin-1 in closed chest pigs. J Am Coll Cardiol, 16(5): 1296-303, 1990.
83. Little, P.J., Neylon, C.B., Tkachuk, V.A. and Bobik A. Endothelin-1 and endothelin-3 stimulate calcium mobilization by different mechanisms in vascular smooth muscle. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 183(2): 694-700, 1992.
84. Gardner, J. P., Tokudome, G., Tomonari, H., Maher, E., Hollander, D. and Aviv, A. Endothelin-induced calcium responses in human vascular smooth muscle cells. Am. J Physiol - Cell Physiology, 262 (1): C148-C155, 1992.
85. Nishimura, J., Moreland, S., Ahn, H.Y., Kawase, T., Moreland, R.S. and Van, B.C. Endothelin increases myofilament calcium sensitivity in alpha toxic permeabilized rabbit mesenteric artery. Cir Res, 71: 951-59, 1992.
86. + exchange, c-fos expression, and mitogenesis in rat mesangial cells. J Clin Invest, 83(2): 708-12, 1989.
87. Bialecki, R.A., Izzo, N.J. Jr. and Colucci, W.S. Endothelin-1 increases intracellular calcium mobilization but not calcium uptake in rabbit vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 164(1): 474-79, 1989.
88. MacNulty, E.E., Plevin, R. and Wakelam MJ. Endothelin stimulates phosphatidyl-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate and phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis in Rat-1 cells. Biochem Soc Trans, 18(3): 482-83, 1990.
89. Nishizuka, Y. The family of protein kinase C for signal transduction. JAMA, 262(13): 1826-33, 1989.
90. Barman, S.A. and Marrero, M.B. Mechanism of endothelin-1 activation of MAP kinases in neonatal pulmonary vascular smooth muscle. Lung, 183(6): 425-39, 2005.
91. Abdel-Latif, A.A. and Zhang, Y.W. Species differences in the effects of endothelin-1 on myo-inositol trisphosphate accumulation, cyclic AMP formation and contraction of isolated iris sphincter of rabbit and other species. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 32(8): 2432-38, 1991.
92. Busch, T., Petersen, B., Deja, M., Donaubauer, B., Laudi, S., Jaumann, S., Bercker, S., Boemke, W. and Kaisers, U. Endothelin-1 influences the efficacy of inhaled nitric oxide in experimental acute lung injury. Exp Biol Med, 231(6): 974-78, 2006.
93. Donaubauer, B., Busch, T., Lachmann, R., Deja, M., Petersen, B., Francis, R., Trager, A., Ebsen, M., Boemke, W. and Kaisers, U. Low-dose inhalation of an endothelin-A receptor antagonist in experimental acute lung injury: ET-1 plasma concentration and pulmonary inflammation. Exp Biol Med, 231(6): 960-66, 2006.
94. ++ activity in neural cell lines. Eur J Neurosci, 2(9):769-775, 1990.
95. Edwards, R.M., Pullen, M. and Nambi, P. Activation of endothelin ET-B receptors increases glomerular cGMP via an L-arginine-dependent pathway. Am J Physiol, (Renal), 263 (6):1020-F1025, 1992.
96. Faisy, C., Pinto, F., Danel, C., Naline, E., Risse, P.A., Leroy, I., Israel-Biet, D., Fagon, J.Y., Candenas, M.L. and Advenier, C. Beta (2)-adrenoceptor agonist modulates endothelin-1 receptors in human isolated bronchi. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 34(4): 410-16, 2006.
97. Ninomiya, H., Yu, X.Y., Hasegawa, S. and Spannhake, E.W. Endothelin-1 induces stimulation of prostaglandin synthesis in cells obtained from canine airways by bronchoalveolar lavage. Prostaglandins, 43(5): 401-11, 1992.
98. + exchanger. J Membr Biol, 90(1): 1-12, 1986.
99. Komuro, I., Kurihara, H., Sugiyama, T., Yoshizumi, M., Takaku, F. and Yazaki, Y. Endothelin stimulates c-fos and c-myc expression and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. FEBS Lett, 238(2): 249-52, 1989.
100. Pribnow, D., Muldoon, L.L., Fajardo, M., Theodor, L., Chen, L.Y. and Magun, B.E. Endothelin induces transcription of fos/jun family genes: a prominent role for calcium ion. Mol Endocrinol, 6(7): 1003-12, 1992.
101. ++/ calmodulin-dependent protein kinases propagate signals from endothelin-1 receptors to the c-fos promoter. Mol Cell Biol, 16(10): 5915-23, 1996.
102. Koide, M., Kawahara, Y., Tsuda, T., Ishida, Y., Shii, K., Yokoyama, M. Endothelin-1 stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation and the activities of two mitogen-activated protein kinases in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. J Hypertens, 10(10): 1173-82, 1992.
103. Janakidevi, K., Fisher, M.A., Del Vecchio, P.J., Tiruppathi, C., Figge, J. and Malik, A.B. Endothelin-1 stimulates DNA synthesis and proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol, 263(6 Pt 1): C1295-301, 1992.
104. Gossl, M. and Lerman, A. Endothelin: beyond a vasoconstrictor. Circulation, 113(9): 1156-58, 2006.
105. Simonson, M.S., Wang, Y., Herman, W.H. Nuclear signaling by endothelin-1 requires Src protein-tyrosine kinases. J Biol Chem, 271(1): 77-82, 1996.
106. Granstrom, B.W., Xu, C.B., Nilsson, E., Vikman, P. and Edvinsson, L. (2006) Smoking particles enhance endothelin-A and endothelin-B receptor-mediated contractions by enhancing translation in rat bronchi. BMC Pulm Med, 6: 6
107. Wesson, D.E., Simoni, J. and Green, D.F. Reduced extracellular pH increases endothelin-1 secretion by human renal microvascular endothelial cells. J Clin Invest, 101(3): 578-83, 1998.
108. Maeda, S., Miyauchi, T., Sakai, S., Kobayashi, T., Iemitsu, M., Goto, K., Sugishita, Y. and Matsuda, M. Prolonged exercise causes an increase in endothelin-1 production in the heart in rats. Am J Physiol, 275(6 Pt 2): H2105-12, 1998.
109. Michael, J.R. and Markewitz, B.A. Endothelins and the lung. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 154 (3 Pt 1): 555-581, 1996.
110. Barnes, P.J. Endothelins and pulmonary diseases. J Appl Physiol, 77(3): 1051-59, 1994.
111. Boulanger, C.M., Tanner, F.C. and Bea, M.L. Oxidized low density lipoproteins induce mRNA expression and release of endothelin from human and porcine endothelium. Circ Res, 70:1191-1197, 1992.
112. Akashita, M., Ohchi, Y. and Miyoshi, H. Estrogen inhibits endothelin-1 production and c-fos gene expression in rat aorta. Atherosclerosis, 125: 27-38, 1996.
113. Barton, M., Carmona, R. and Morawietz, H. Obesity is associated with tissue-specific activation of renal angiotensin converting enzyme in vivo: evidence for a regulatory role of endothelin. Hypertension, 35: 329-336, 2000.
114. Hendricks-Munoz, K.D., Gerrets, R.P. and Higgins, R.D. Cocaine-stimulated endothelin-1 release is decreased by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in cultured endothelial cells. Cardiovasc Res, 31:117-123, 1996.
115. Barton, M., Lattmann, T. and Shaw, S. Aging, a cardiovascular risk factor, markedly increases expression of endothelin-1 in vivo independent of blood pressure and endothelin-1 clearance. J Am Coll Cardiol, 33(suppl A): 225, 1999.
116. Matsuura, A., Yamochi, W., Hirata, K., Kawashima, S. and Yokoyama, M. Stimulatory interaction between vascular endothelial growth factor and endothelin-1 on each gene expression. Hypertension, 32: 89-95, 1998.
117. Corder, R., Carrier, M. and Khan, N. Cytokine regulation of endothelin-1 release from bovine aortic endothelial cells. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 26(suppl 3): S56-S58, 1995.
118. Schwarting, A., Schlaak, J., Lotz, J., Pfers, I., Mayer, B.K. and Mayer, W. Endothelin-1 modulates the expression of adhesion molecules on fibroblast-like synovial cells (FLS). Scand J Rheumatol, 25: 246-256, 1996.
119. Wada, A., Tsutamato, T., Maeda, Y., Kanamodri, T., Matsuda, Y. and Kinoshita, M. Endogenous atrial natriuretic peptide inhibits endothelin-1 secretion in dogs with severe congestive heart failure. Am J Physiol, 270: H1819-H1824, 1996.
120. 2 and prostacyclin inhibit the production and secretion of endothelin from cultured endothelial cells. J Biol Chem, 269(16): 11938-44, 1994.
121. Morey, A.K., Razandi, M., Pedram, A., Hu, R.M., Prins, B.A. and Levin, E.R. Oestrogen and progesterone inhibit the stimulated production of endothelin-1. Biochem J, 330 (3): 1097-105, 1998.
122. Takeda, Y., Itoh, Y., Yoneda, T., Miyamori, I. and Takeda, R. Cyclosporine A induces endothelin-1 release from cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Eur J Pharmacol, 233(2-3): 299-301, 1993.
123. Kanse, S.M., Takahashi, K., Warren, J.B., Ghatei, M. and Bloom SR. Glucocorticoids induce endothelin release from vascular smooth muscle cells but not endothelial cells. Eur J Pharmacol, 199(1): 99-101, 1991.
124. Nagai, M., Kamide, K., Rakugi, H., Takiuchi, S., Imai, M., Kida, I., Matsukawa, N., Higaki, J. and Ogihara, T. Role of endothelin-1 induced by insulin in the regulation of vascular cell growth. Am J Hypertens, 16(3): 223-28, 2003.
125. Li, L., Galligan, J.J., Fink, G.D. and Chen, A.F. Vasopressin induces vascular superoxide via endothelin-1 in mineralocorticoid hypertension. Hypertension, 41(3 Pt 2): 663-68, 2003.
126. Masaki, T. The discovery, the present state, and the future prospects of endothelin. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 13 Suppl 5: S1-18, 1989.
127. Eguchi, S., Hirata, Y., Imai, T. and Marumo, F. Endothelin-1 as an autocrine growth factor for endothelial cells. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 26 Suppl 3: S279-83, 1995.
128. Ehrenreich, H., Anderson, R.W., Fox, C.H., Rieckmann, P., Hoffman, G.S., Travis, W.D., Coligan, J.E., Kehrl, J.H. and Fauci, A.S. Endothelins, a peptide with potent vasoactive properties, is produced by human macrophages. J Exp Med, 172(6): 1741-48, 1990.
129. Fujisaki, H., Ito, H., Hirata, Y., Tanaka, M., Hata, M., Lin, M., Adachi, S., Akimoto, H., Marumo, F. and Hiroe, M. Natriuretic peptides inhibit angiotensin II-induced proliferation of rat cardiac fibroblasts by blocking endothelin-1 gene expression. J Gin Invest, 96(2): 1059-65, 1995.
130. Ito, H., Hirata, Y., Adachi, S., Tanaka, M., Tsujino, M., Koike, A., Nogami, A., Murumo, F. and Hiroe, M. Endothelin-1 is an autocrine/paracrine factor in the mechanism of angiotensin 11-induced hypertrophy in cultured rat cardiomyocytes. J Clin Invest, 92(1): 398-403, 1993.
131. Sessa, W.C., Kaw, S., Hecker, M., Vane, J.R. The biosynthesis of endothelin-1 by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 174(2): 613-18, 1991.
132. Hahn, A.W., Resink, T.J., Scott-Burden, T., Powell, J., Dohi, Y. and Buhler, F.R. Stimulation of endothelin mRNA and secretion in rat vascular smooth muscle cells: a novel autocrine function. Cell Regul, 1(9): 649-59, 1990.
133. Nakamura, T., Ebihara, I., Fukui, M., Osada, S., Tomino, Y., Masaki, T., Goto, K., Furuichi, Y. and Koide H. Renal expression of mRNAs for endothelin-1, endothelin-3 and endothelin receptors in NZB/W F1 mice. Ren Physiol Biochem, 16(5): 233-43, 1993.
134. Lee, S., Zambas, E.D., Marsh, W.L. and Redman, C.M. Molecular cloning and primary structure of Kell blood group protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 88(14): 6353-57, 1991.
135. Benatti, L., Fabbrini, M.S. and Patrono, C. Regulation of endothelin-1 biosynthesis. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 714:109-21, 1994.
136. Anggard, E., Galton, S., Rae, G., Thomas, R., McLoughlin, L., de Nucci, G. and Vane, J.R. The fate of radioiodinated endothelin-1 and endothelin-3 in the rat. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 13 (Suppl 5): S46-74, 1989.
137. Fagny, C., Micheal, A., Leonard, I., Berkenboom, G., Fontaine, J. and Deschodt-Lanckman, M. In vitro degradation of endothelin-1 by endopeptidase 24.11 (enkephalinase). Peptides, 12(4): 773-78, 1991.
138. Turner, A.J. and Tanzawa, K. Mammalian membrane metallopeptidases: NEP, ECE, KELL, and PEX. FASEB J, 11(5): 355-64, 1997.
139. Sirvio, M.L., Saijonmaa, O., Metsarinne, K., Fyhrquist, F. Degradation of endothelin-1 by extracts of rat lung, kidney, and liver. Regul Pept, 55(3): 219-25, 1995.
140. Connelly, J.C., Skidgel, R.A., Schulz, W.W., Johnson, A.R. and Erdos, E.G. Neutral endopeptidase 24.11 in human neutrophils: cleavage of chemotactic peptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci, 82(24): 8737-41, 1985.
141. Johnson, A.R., Ashton, J., Schulz, W.W. and Erdos, E.G. Neutral metalloendopeptidase in human lung tissue and cultured cells. Am Rev Respir Dis, 132(3): 564-8, 1985.
142. Janas, J., Sitkiewicz, D., Januszewicz, A., Szczesniak, C., Grenda, R. and Janas, R.M. Endothelin-1 inactivating peptidase in the human kidney and urine. J Hypertens, 18(4): 475-83, 2000.
143. Parker, J.D., Thiessen, J.J., Reilly, R., Tong, J.H., Stewart, D.J. and Pandey, A.S. Human endothelin-1 clearance kinetics revealed by a radiotracer technique. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 289(1): 261-65, 1999.
144. Dupuis, J., Goresky, C.A. and Fournier, A. Pulmonary clearance of circulating endothelin-1 in dogs in vivo: exclusive role of ETB receptors. J Appl Physiol, 81(4): 1510-15, 1996.
145. Dupuis, J., Rouleau, J.L. and Cernacek, P. Reduced pulmonary clearance of endothelin-1 contributes to the increase of circulating levels in heart failure secondary to myocardial infarction. Circulation, 98(16): 1684-87, 1998.
146. Aubin, P., Le Brun, G., Moldovan, F., Villette, J.M., Creminon, C., Dumas, J., Homyrda, L., Soliman, H., Azizi, M. and Fiet, K. Sandwich-type enzyme immunoassay for big endothelin-I in plasma: concentrations in healthy human subjects unaffected by sex or posture. J Clin Chem, 43(1): 64-70, 1997.
147. Dupuis, J., Schwab, A.J., Simard, A., Cernacek, P., Stewart, D.J. and Goresky, C.A. Kinetics of endothelin-1 binding in the dog liver microcirculation in vivo. Am J Physiol, 277(4 Pt 1): G905-14, 1999.
148. Giaid, A., Polak, J.M., Gaitonde, V., Hamid, Q.A., Moscoso, G., Legon, S., Uwanogho, D., Roncalli, M., Shinmi, O. and Sawamura, T. Distribution of endothelin-like immunoreactivity and mRNA in the developing and adult human lung. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 4(1): 50-8, 1991.
149. McKay, K.O., Armour, C.L. and Black, J.L. Endothelin-3 increases transmission in the rabbit pulmonary parasympathetic nervous system. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 22 Suppl 8:S181-4, 1993.
150. Saleh, D., Furukawa, K., Tsao, M.S., Maghazachi, A., Corrin, B., Yanagisawa, M., Barnes, P.J. and Giaid, A. Elevated expression of endothelin-1 and endothelin-converting enzyme-1 in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: possible involvement of proinflammatory cytokines. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 16(2): 187-93, 1997.
151. Blouquit, S., Sari, A., Lombet, A., D'herbomez, M,, Naline, E., Matran, R. and Chinet, T. Effects of endothelin-1 on epithelial ion transport in human airways. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 29(2): 245-51, 2003.
152. Shimura, S., Ishihara, H., Satoh, M., Masuda, T., Nagaki, N., Sasaki, H. and Takishima T. (1992) Endothelin regulation of mucus glycoprotein secretion from feline tracheal submucosal glands. Am J Physiol, 262(2 Pt 1):L208-13, 1992.
153. Boichot, E., Carre, C., Lagente, V., Pons, F., Mencia-Huerta, J.M. and Braquet, P. Endothelin-1 and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in the guinea pig. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 17 (Suppl 7): S329-31, 1991.
154. Finnes, F., Lyberg, T., Christensen, G. and Skjonsberg, O.H. Effect of endothelin antagonism on the production of cytokines in eosinophilic airway inflammation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, 280(4): L659-65, 2001.
155. Endo, T., Uchida, Y., Matsumoto, H., Suzuki, N., Nomura, A., Hirata, F. and Hasegawa, S. Regulation of endothelin-1 synthesis in cultured guinea pig airway epithelial cells by various cytokines. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 186(3): 1594-99, 1992.
156. McKay, K.O., Black, J.L., Diment, L.M. and Armour, C.L. Functional and autoradiographic studies of endothelin-1 and endothelin-2 in human bronchi, pulmonary arteries, and airway parasympathetic ganglia. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 17 Suppl 7: S206-9, 1991.
157. Abraham, W.M., Ahmed, A., Cortes, A., Spinella, M. J., Malik, A.B. and Andersen, T.T. A specific endothelin-1 antagonist blocks inhaled endothelin-1-induced bronchoconstriction in sheep. J Appl Physiol, 74(5): 2537-42, 1993.
158. Yap, E.Y., Battistini, B. and McKay, K.O. Contraction to big endothelin-1, big endothelin-2 and big endothelin-3, and endothelin-converting enzyme inhibition in human isolated bronchi. Br J Pharmacol, 129(1): 170-76, 2000.
159. Hay, D.W., Hubbard, W.C. and Undem, B.J. Endothelin-induced contraction and mediator release in human bronchus. Br J Pharmacol, 110(1): 392-98, 1993.
160. Glassberg, M.K., Ergul, A., Wanner, A. and Puett, D. Endothelin-1 promotes mitogenesis in airway smooth muscle cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 10(3): 316-21, 1994.
161. Noveral, J.P., Rosenberg, S.M., Anbar, R.A., Pawlowski, NA. and Grunstein, M.M. Role of endothelin-1 in regulating proliferation of cultured rabbit airway smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol, 263(3 Pt 1): L317-24, 1992.
162. Peacock, A.J., Dawes, K.E, Shock, A., Gray, A.J., Reeves, J.T. and Laurent, G.J. Endothelin-1 and endothelin-3 induce chemotaxis and replication of pulmonary artery fibroblasts. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 7(5): 492-99, 1992.
163. Kizawa, Y., Ohuchi, N., Saito, K., Kusama, T., Murakami, H. Effects of endothelin-1 and nitric oxide on proliferation of cultured guinea pig bronchial smooth muscle cells. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol, 128(4): 495-501, 2001.
164. Panittieri, R.A. Jr., Goldie, R.G., Rigby, P.J., Eszterhas, A.J. and Hay, D.W. Endothelin-1-induced potentiation of human airway smooth muscle proliferation: an ETA receptor-mediated phenomenon. Br J Pharmacol, 118(1): 191-97, 1996.
165. Yang, Z., Krasnici, N., Luscher, T.F. Endothelin-1 potentiates human smooth muscle cell growth to PDGF: effects of ETA and ETB receptor blockade. Circulation, 100(1): 5-8, 1999.
166. 2- production in human alveolar macrophages. Am J Physiol, 261(6 Pt 1): L478-84, 1991.
167. Zouki, C., Baron, C., Fournier, A. and Filep, J.G. Endothelin-1 enhances neutrophil adhesion to human coronary artery endothelial cells: role of ET(A) receptors and platelet-activating factor. Br J Pharmacol, 127(4): 969-79, 1999.
168. Oonuma, H., Nakajima, T., Nagata, T., Iwasawa, K., Wang, Y., Hazama, H., Morita, Y., Yamamoto, K., Nagai, R. and Omata, M. Endothelin-1 is a potent activator of nonselective cation currents in human bronchial smooth muscle cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 23(2): 213-21, 2000.
169. White, S.R., Hathaway, D.P., Umans, J.G. and Leff, A.R. Direct effects on airway smooth muscle contractile response caused by endothelin-1 in guinea pig trachealis. Am Rev Respir Dis, 145(2 Pt 1): 491-93, 1992.
170. Chan, T.S., Lin, C.X., Chan, W.Y., Chung, S.S. and Chung, S.K. Mouse pre-proendothelin-1 gene cDNA cloning, sequence analysis and determination of sites of expression during embryonic development. Eur J Biochem, 234(3): 819-26, 1995.
171. Krymskaya, V.P. and Panettieri, R.A. Jr. Endothelins and pulmonary development. Basic Appl Myol, 8 (6): 429-440, 1998.
172. Takimoto, M., Oda, K., Fruh, T., Takai, M., Okada, T. and Sasaki, Y. ETA and ETB receptors cooperate in DNA synthesis via opposing regulations of cAMP in human lung cell line. Am J Physiol, 271(3 Pt 1): L366-73, 1996.
173. McKay, K.O., Armour, C.L. and Black, J.L. Endothelin receptors and activity differ in human, dog, and rabbit lung. Am J Physiol, 270(1 Pt 1): L37-43, 1996.
174. McKay, K.O., Johnson, P.R., Black, J.L. and Armour, C.L. Parasympathetic neurotransmission in rabbit isolated bronchus is modulated at prejunctional sites via endothelin-B receptor stimulation. Respirology, 5(4): 343-53, 2000.
175. Goldie, R.G., Grayson, P.S., Knott, P.G., Self, G.J. and Henry, P.J. Predominance of endothelin-A (ETA) receptors in ovine airway smooth muscle and their mediation of ET-1-induced contraction. Br J Pharmacol, 112(3): 749-56, 1994.
176. Henry, P.J. Endothelin receptor distribution and function in the airways. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol, 26(2): 162-67, 1999.
177. Goldie, R.G., D'Aprile, A.C., Cvetkovski, R., Rigby, P.J. and Henry, P.J. Influence of regional differences in ETA and ETB receptor subtype proportions on endothelin-1-induced contractions in porcine isolated trachea and bronchus. Br J Pharmacol, 117(4): 736-42, 1996.
178. Goldie, R.G., Henry, P.J., Knott, P.G., Self, G.J., Luttmann, M.A. and Hay, D.W. Endothelin-1 receptor density, distribution, and function in human isolated asthmatic airways. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 152(5 Pt 1): 1653-58, 1995.
179. Hay, D.W. Putative mediator role of endothelin-1 in asthma and other lung diseases. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol, 26(2): 168-71, 1999.
180. Knott, P.G., D'Aprile, A.C., Henry, P.J., Hay, D.W. and Goldie, R.G. Receptors for endothelin-1 in asthmatic human peripheral lung. Br J Pharmacol, 114(1): 1-3, 1995.
181. Knott, P.G., Fernandes, L.B., Henry, P.J. and Goldie, R.G. Influence of endothelin-1 on cholinergic nerve-mediated contractions and acetylcholine release in rat isolated tracheal smooth muscle. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 279(3):1142-7, 1996.
182. Fernandes, L.B., Henry, P.J., Spalding, L.J., Cody, S.H., Pudney, C.J. and Goldie, R.G. Immunocytochemical detection of endothelin receptors in rat cultured airway nerves. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 31: S222-24, 1998.
183. Sabater, J.R., Otero, R., Abraham, W.M., Wanner, A., O'Riordan, T.G. Endothelin-1 depresses tracheal mucus velocity in ovine airways via ET-A receptors. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 154(2 Pt 1):341-5, 1996.
184. Marini, M., Carpi, S., Bellini, A., Patalano, F. and Mattoli, S. Endothelin-1 induces increased fibronectin expression in human bronchial epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 27: 220(3):896-9, 1996.
185. Sen, N., Grunstein, M.M. and Chander, A. Stimulation of lung surfactant secretion by endothelin-1 from rat alveolar type II cells. Am J Physiol, 266(3 Pt 1):L255-62, 1994.
186. Roland, M., Bhowmik, A., Sapsford, R.J., Seemungal, T.A., Jeffries, D.J., Warner, T.D. and Wedzicha, J.A. Sputum and plasma endothelin-1 levels in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax, 56(1): 30-5, 2001.
187. Haak, T., Jungmann, E., Raab, C. and Usadel, K.H. Elevated endothelin-1 levels after cigarette smoking. Metabolism, 43(3): 267-69, 1994.
188. Fujii, T., Otsuka, T., Tanaka, S., Kanazawa, H., Hirata, K., Kohno, M., Kurihara, N. and Yoshikawa, J. Plasma endothelin-1 level in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: relationship with natriuretic peptide. Respiration, 66(3): 212-19, 1999.
189. Allen, S.W., Chatfield, B.A., Koppenhafer, S.A., Schaffer, M.S., Wolfe, R.R. and Abman, S.H. Circulating immunoreactive endothelin-1 in children with pulmonary hypertension. Association with acute hypoxic pulmonary vasoreactivity. Am Rev Respir Dis, 148(2): 519-22, 1993.
190. Nikolaou, E., Trakada, G., Prodromakis, E., Efremidis, G., Pouli, A., Koniavitou, A., Spiropoulos, K. Evaluation of arterial endothelin-1 levels, before and during a sleep study, in patients with bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiration, 70(6):606-10, 2003.
191. Reichenberger F, Schauer J, Kellner K, Sack U, Stiehl P. and Winkler, J. Different expression of endothelin in the bronchoalveolar lavage in patients with pulmonary diseases. Lung, 179(3): 163-74, 2001.
192. Sofia, M., Mormile, M., Faraone, S., Carratu, P., Alifano, M., Di Benedetto, G. and Carratu, L. Increased 24-hour endothelin-1 urinary excretion in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiration, 61(5): 263-68, 1994.
193. Cases, E., Vila, J.M., Medina, P., Aldasoro, M., Segarra, G. and Lluch, S. Increased responsiveness of human pulmonary arteries in patients with positive bronchodilator response. Br J Pharmacol, 119(7): 1337-40, 1996.
194. Venugopal, C.S., Polikepahad, S., Holmes, E.P., Vanden Heuvel, J., Leas, T.L. and Moore, R.M. Endothelin receptor alterations in equine airway hyperreactivity. Can J Vet Res, 70: 50-57, 2006.
195. Polikepahad, S., Paulsen, D.B., Moore, R.M., Costa, L.R.R. and Venugopal, C.S. Immunohistochemical determination of expression of endothelin receptors in bronchial smooth muscle and epithelium of healthy horses and horses affected by summer pasture-associated obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Vet Res, 67 (2): 348-357, 2006.
196. Venugopal, C.S., Polikepahad, S., Holmes, E., Heuvel, J.V., Leas, T. and Moore, R.M. Evidence for the involvement of endothelin-B receptors in equine Summer Pasture Associated Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (SPAOPD). The FASEB Journal, 18 (4): 172.3, 2004.
197. Polikepahad, S., Moore, R.M., Koch, C., Holmes, E. and Venugopal, C.S. Effects of epithelial denudation on endothelin-1 induced brocnhoconstriction in clinically healthy and Summer Pasture Associated Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (SPAOPD) affected horses. The FASEB Journal, 18 (4): 172.1, 2004.
198. Salmon, M., Liu, Y.C., Mak, J.C., Rousell, J., Huang, T.J., Hisada, T., Nickiin, P.L., Fan Chung, K. Contribution of upregulated airway endothelin-1 expression to airway smooth muscle and epithelial cell DNA synthesis after repeated allergen exposure of sensitized Brown-Norway rats. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 23(5): 618-25, 2000.
199. Redington, A.E., Springall, D.R., Ghatei, M.A., Lau, L.C., Bloom, S.R., Holgate, S.T., Polak, J.M. and Howarth, P.H. Endothelin in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and its relation to airflow obstruction in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 151(4): 1034-39, 1995.
200. Chalmers, G.W., Little, S.A., Patel, K.R. and Thomson, N.C. Endothelin-1-induced bronchoconstriction in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 156(2 Pt 1): 382-88, 1997.
201. Noguchi, K., Ishikawa, K., Yano, M., Ahmed, A., Cortes, A. and Abraham, W.M. Endothelin-1 contributes to antigen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness. J Appl Physiol, 79(3): 700-05, 1995.
202. Chalmers, G.W., MacLeod, K.J., Thomson, L.J., Little, S.A., Patel, K.R., McSharry, C. and Thomson, N.C. Sputum cellular and cytokine responses to inhaled endothelin-1 in asthma. Clin Exp Allergy, 29(11): 1526-31, 1999.
203. 2. Eur J Pharmacol, 214(2-3): 119-25, 1992.
204. Vittori, E., Marini, M., Fasoli, A., De Franchis, R., Mattoli, S. Increased expression of endothelin in bronchial epithelial cells of asthmatic patients and effect of corticosteroids. Am Rev Respir Dis, 146(5Pt 1): 1320-25, 1992.
205. Fujitani, Y., Trifilieff, A., Tsuyuki, S., Coyle, A.J. and Bertrand, C. Endothelin receptor antagonists inhibit antigen-induced lung inflammation in mice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 155(6): 1890-94, 1997.
206. Moller, S., Uddman, R., Granstrom, B. and Edvinsson, L. Altered ratio of endothelin ET (A) and ET (B) receptor mRNA in bronchial biopsies from patients with asthma and chronic airway obstruction. Eur J Pharmacol, 365(1): R1-3, 1999.
207. Chen, W.Y., Yu, J. and Wang, J.Y. Decreased production of endothelin-1 in asthmatic children after immunotherapy. Asthma, 32(1): 29-35, 1995.
208. Aoki, T., Kojima, T., Ono, A., Unishi, G., Yoshijima, S., Kameda-Hayashi, N., Yamamoto, C., Hirata, Y. and Kobayashi, Y. Circulating endothelin-1 levels in patients with bronchial asthma. Ann Allergy, 73(4): 365-69, 1994.
209. Sofia, M., Mormile, M., Faraone, S., Alifano, M., Zofra, S., Romano, L. and Carratu, L. Increased endothelin-like immunoreactive material on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with bronchial asthma and patients with interstitial lung disease. Respiration, 60(2): 89-95, 1993.
210. Kraft, M., Beam, W.R., Wenzel, S.E., Zamora, M.R., O'Brien, R.F. and Martin, R.J. Blood and bronchoalveolar lavage endothelin-1 levels in nocturnal asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 149(4Pt 1): 946-52, 1994.
211. Laitinen, L.A., Laitinen, A. and Haahtela, T. Airway mucosal inflammation even in patients with newly diagnosed asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis, 147(3): 697-704, 1993.
212. Candenas, M.L., Naline, E., Sarria, B. and Advenier, C. Effect of epithelium removal and of enkephalin inhibition on the bronchoconstrictor response to three endothelins of the human isolated bronchus. Eur J Pharmacol, 210(3): 291-97, 1992.
213. Dosanjh, A. and Zuraw, B. Endothelin-1 (ET-1) decreases human bronchial epithelial cell migration and proliferation: implications for airway remodeling in asthma. J Asthma, 40(8):883-6, 2003.
214. Helset, E., Lindal, S., Olsen, R., Myklebust, R. and Jorgensen, L. Endothelin-1 causes sequential trapping of platelets and neutrophils in pulmonary microcirculation in rats. Am J Physiol, 271(4 Pt 1): L538-46, 1996.
215. Zheng, L., Tipoe, G., Lam, W.K., Ho, J.C., Shum, I., Ooi, G.C., Leung, R. and Tsang, K.W. Endothelin-1 in stable bronchiectasis. Eur Respir J, 16(1): 146-49, 2000.
216. Charpin, J.M., Stern, M., Lebrun, G., Aubin, P., Grenet, D. and Israel-Biet, D. Increased endothelin-1 associated with bacterial infection in lung transplant recipients. Transplantation, 71(12):1840-7, 2001.
217. Schersten, H., Hedner, T., McGregor, C.G., Miller, V.M., Martensson, G., Riise, G.C., Nilsson, F.N. Increased levels of endothelin-1 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with lung allografts. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 111(1): 253-58, 1996.
218. Takeda, S., Sawa, Y., Minami, M., Kaneda, Y., Fujii, Y., Shirakura, R., Yanagisawa, M. and Matsuda, H. Experimental bronchiolitis obliterans induced by in vivo HVJ-liposome-mediated endothelin-1 gene transfer. Ann Thorac Surg, 63(6): 1562-67, 1997.
219. Mutsaers, S.E., Foster, M.L., Chambers, R.C., Laurent, G.J. and McAnulty, R.J. Increased endothelin-1 and its localization during the development of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 18(5): 611-9, 1998.
220. Hocher, B., Schwarz, A., Fagan, K.A., Thone-Reineke, C., El-Hag, K., Kusserow, H., Elitok, S., Bauer, C., Neumayer, H.H., Rodman, D.M. and Theuring, F. Pulmonary fibrosis and chronic lung inflammation in ET-1 transgenic mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 23(1): 19-26, 2000.
221. Giaid, A., Michel, R.P., Stewart, D.J., Sheppard, M., Corrin, B. and Hamid, Q. Expression of endothelin-1 in lungs of patients with cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. Lancet, 19: 341(8860), 1550-4, 1993.
222. Michael, J.R., Markewitz, B.A. and Kohan, D.E. Oxidant stress regulates basal endothelin-1 production by cultured rat pulmonary endothelial cells. Am J Physiol, 273(4 Pt 1): L768-74, 1997.
223. Hughes, A.K., Stridden:, P.K., Padilla, E. and Kohan, D.E. Effect of reactive oxygen species on endothelin-1 production by human mesangial cells. Kidney Int, 49(1): 181-89, 1996.
224. Langleben, D., DeMarchie, M., Laporta, D., Spanier, A.H., Schlesinger, R.D. and Stewart, D.J. Endothelin-1 in acute lung injury and the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis, 148(6Pt 1): 1646-50, 1993.
225. Okada, M., Yamashita, C., Okada, M., Okada, K. Contribution of endothelin-1 to warm ischemia/reperfusion injury of the rat lung. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 152(6 Pt 1): 2105-10, 1995.
226. Yamashita, K., Discher, D.J., Hu, J., Bishopric, N.H. and Webster, K.A. Molecular regulation of the endothelin-1 gene by hypoxia. Contributions of hypoxia-inducible factor-1, activator protein-1, GATA-2, and p300/CBP. J Biol Chem, 276(16): 12645-53, 2001.
227. 125I-endothelin in the rat: importance of pulmonary clearance. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 167(3): 1191-95, 1990.
228. Westcott, J.Y., Henson, J., McMurtry, I.F., O'Brien, R.F. Uptake and metabolism of endothelin in the isolated perfused rat lung. Exp Lung Res, 16(5): 521-32, 1990.