Endothelins and the lung

American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

Volumn 154, Issue 3 I, 1996, Pages 555-581

  Michael, John R ^a   Markewitz, Boaz A ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF UTAH HEALTH SCIENCES CENTER   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ENDOTHELIN; ENDOTHELIN 1; ENDOTHELIN 1 DERIVATIVE; ENDOTHELIN A RECEPTOR AGONIST; ENDOTHELIN B RECEPTOR AGONIST; ENDOTHELIN RECEPTOR; ENDOTHELIN RECEPTOR AGONIST; ENDOTHELIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; N ACETYLENDOTHELIN 1 [6-21][11,15 ALANINE]; SARAFOTOXIN S6C; SUCCINYLENDOTHELIN 1 [8-21][9 GLUTAMIC ACID 11,15 ALANINE];

ADULT RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME; ASTHMA; BLOOD VESSEL TONE; CIGARETTE SMOKING; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; HUMAN; HYPOXIC LUNG VASOCONSTRICTION; INFLAMMATION; LUNG DEVELOPMENT; LUNG FIBROSIS; LUNG INJURY; LUNG TUMOR; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; RESPIRATORY EPITHELIUM; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; XENOPUS;

EID: 0029793530     PISSN: 1073449X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.154.3.8810589     Document Type: Review

References (446)

1. Yanagisawa, M., H. Kurihara, S. Kimura, Y. Tomobe, M. Kobayashi, Y. Mitsui, Y. Yazaki, K. Goto, and T. Masaki. 1988. A novel potent vasoconstrictor peptide produced by vascular endothelial cells. Nature 332:411-415.
2. Barnes, P. J. 1994. Endothelins and pulmonary diseases. J. Appl. Physiol. 77:1051-1059.
3. Levin, E. R. 1995. Endothelins. N. Engl. J. Med. 333:356-363.
4. Rubanyi, G. M., and M. A. Polokoff. 1994. Endothelins: molecular biology, biochemistry, pharmacology, physiology, and pathophysiology. Pharmacol. Rev. 46:325-415.
5. Simonson, M. S. 1993. Endothelins: multifunctional renal peptides. Physiol. Rev. 73:375-411.
6. Arinami, T., M. Ishikawa, A. Inoue, M. Yanagisawa, T. Masaki, M. C. Yoshida, and H. Hamaguchi. 1991. Chromosomal assignments of the human endothelin family genes: the endothelin-1 gene (EDN-1) to 6p23-p24, the endothelin-2 gene (EDN-2) to 1p34, and the endothelin-3 gene (EDN-3) to 20q13.2-q13.3. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 48: 990-996.
7. Bloch, K. D., S. P. Friedrich, M.-E. Lee, R. L. Eddy, T. B. Shows, and T. Quertermous. 1989. Structural organization and chromosomal assignment of the gene encoding endothelin. J. Biol. Chem. 264: 10851-10857.
8. Hoehe, M. R., H. Ehrenreich, B. Otterud, L. Caenazzo, R. Plaetke, H. Zander, and M. Leppert. 1993. The human endothelin-1 gene (EDN1) encoding a peptide with potent vasoactive properties maps distal to HLA on chromosome arm 6p in close linkage to D6S89. Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 62:131-135.
9. Bloch, K. D., C. C. Hong, R. L. Eddy, T. B. Shows, and T. Quertermous. 1991. cDNA cloning and chromosomal assigment of the endothelin 2 gene: vasoactive intestinal contractor peptide is rat endothelin 2. Genomics 10:236-242.
10. Rao, V. V. N. G., C. Löffler, and I. Hansmann. 1991. The gene for the novel vasoactive peptide endothelin 3 (EDN3) is localized to human chromosome 20q13.2-qter. Genomics 10:840-841.
11. Bloch, K. D., R. L. Eddy, T. B. Shows, and T. Quertermous. 1989. cDNA cloning and chromosomal assignment of the gene encoding endothelin 3. J. Biol. Chem. 264:18156-18161.
12. Inoue, A., M. Yanagisawa, S. Kimura, Y. Kasuya, T. Miyauchi, K. Goto, and T. Masaki. 1989. The human endothelin family: three structurally and pharmacologically distinct isopeptides predicted by three separate genes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86:2863-2867.
13. Inoue, A., M. Yanagisawa, Y. Takuwa, Y. Mitsui, M. Kobayashi, and T. Masaki. 1989. The human preproendothelin-1 gene: complete nucleotide sequence and regulation of expression. J. Biol. Chem. 264:14954-14959.
14. Kimura, S., Y. Kasuya, T. Sawamura, O. Shinmi, Y. Sugita, M. Yanagisawa, K. Goto, and T. Masaki. 1989. Conversion of big endothelin-1 to 21-residue endothelin-1 is essential for expression of full vasoconstrictor activity: structure-activity relationships of big endothelin-1. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 13(Suppl. 5):S5-S7.
15. Xu, D., N. Emoto, A. Giaid, C. Slaughter, S. Kaw, D. deWit, and M. Yanagisawa. 1994. ECE-1: a membrane-bound metalloprotease that catalyzes the proteolytic activation of big endothelin-1. Cell 78:473-485.
16. Yorimitsu, K., K. Moroi, N. Inagaki, T. Saito, Y. Masuda, T. Masaki, S. Seino, and S. Kimura. 1995. Cloning and sequencing of a human endothelin converting enzyme in renal adenocarcinoma cells (ACHN) producing endothelin-2. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 208: 721-727.
17. Shimada, K., Y. Matsushita, K. Wakabayashi, M. Takahashi, A. Matsubara, Y. Iijima, and K. Tanzawa. 1995. Cloning and functional expression of human endothelin-converting enzyme cDNA. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 207:807-812.
18. Emoto, N., and M. Yanagisawa. 1995. Endothelin-converting enzyme-2 is a membrane-bound, phosphoramidon-sensitive metalloprotease with acidic pH optimum. J. Biol. Chem. 270:15262-15268.
19. Shimada, K., M. Takahashi, M. Ikeda, and K. Tanzawa. 1995. Identification and characterization of two isoforms of an endothelin-converting enzyme-1. FEBS Lett. 371:140-144.
20. Descombes, J.-J., P. Mennecier, D. Versluys, V. Baron, G. de Nanteuil, M. Laubie, and T. J. Verbeuren. 1995. S 17162 is a novel selective inhibitor of big endothelin-1 responses in the rat. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 26(Suppl. 3):S61-S64.
21. Trapani, A. J., S. De Lombaert, S. Kuzmich, and A. Y. Jeng. 1995. Inhibition of big ET-1-induced pressor response by an orally active dual inhibitor of endothelin-converting enzyme and neutral endopeptidase 24.11. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 26(Suppl. 3):S69-S71.
22. Harrison, V. J., R. Corder, E. E. Anggärd, and J. R. Vane. 1993. Evidence for vesicles that transport endothelin-1 in bovine aortic endothelial cells. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 22(Suppl. 8):S57-S60.
23. Yoshimoto, S., Y. Ishizaki, T. Sasaki, and S.-I. Murota. 1991. Effect of carbon dioxide and oxygen on endothelin production by cultured porcine cerebral endothelial cells. Stroke 22:378-383.
24. Wagner, O. F., G. Christ, J. Wojta, H. Vierhapper, S. Parzer, P. J. Nowotny, B. Schneider, W. Waldhäusl, and B. R. Binder. 1992. Polar secretion of endothelin-1 by cultured endothelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 267:16066-16068.
25. Noguchi, Y., Y. Uchida, T. Endo, H. Ninomiya, A. Nomura, T. Sakamoto, Y. Goto, S. Haraoka, T. Shimokama, T. Watanabe, and S. Hasegawa. 1995. The induction of cell differentiation and polarity of tracheal epithelium cultured on the amniotic membrane. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 210:302-309.
26. Nakamura, S., M. Naruse, K. Naruse, H. Demura, and H. Uemura. 1990. Immunocytochemical localization of endothelin in cultured bovine endothelial cells. Histochemistry 94:475-477.
27. Macarthur, H., T. D. Warner, E. G. Wood, R. Corder, and J. R. Vane. 1994. Endothelin-1 release from endothelial cells in culture is elevated both acutely and chronically by short periods of mechanical stretch. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 200:395-400.
28. Harrison, V. J., K. Barnes, A. J. Turner, E. Wood, R. Corder, and J. R. Vane. 1995. Identification of endothelin 1 and big endothelin 1 in secretory vesicles isolated from bovine aortic endothelial cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92:6344-6348.
29. B receptors in rats. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 199:1461-1465.
30. B blockade on ET-1-induced constriction in perfused rat lungs. Am. J. Physiol. 269:L668-L672.
31. Kiowski, W., G. Sütsch, P. Hunziker, P. Müller, J. Kim, E. Oechslin, R. Schmitt, R. Jones, and O. Bertel. 1995. Evidence for endothelin-1-mediated vasoconstriction in severe chronic heart failure. Lancet 346:732-736.
32. Ryan, U. S., R. Zhong, B. A. Hayes, G. Visner, and M. L. Sauther. 1993. Regulation of endothelin-1 expression in normal and transfected endothelial cells. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 22(Suppl. 8): S38-S41.
33. Markewitz, B. A., D. E. Kohan, and J. R. Michael. 1995. Hypoxia decreases endothelin-1 synthesis by rat lung endothelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. 269:L215-L220.
34. Kourembanas, S., L. P. McQuillan, G. K. Leung, and D. V. Faller. 1993. Nitric oxide regulates the expression of vasoconstrictors and growth factors by vascular endothelium under both normoxia and hypoxia. J. Clin. Invest. 92:99-104.
35. Goligorsky, M. S., H. Tsukahara, H. Magazine, T. T. Andersen, A. B. Malik, and W. F. Bahou. 1994. Termination of endothelin signaling: role of nitric oxide. J. Cell. Physiol. 158:485-494.
36. Abassi, Z. A., J. E. Tate, E. Golomb, and H. R. Keiser. 1992. Role of neutral endopeptidase in the metabolism of endothelin. Hypertension 20:89-95.
37. Abassi, Z., E. Golomb, and H. R. Keiser. 1992. Neutral endopeptidase inhibition increases the urinary excretion and plasma levels of endothelin. Metabolism 41:683-685.
38. Fagny, C., A. Michel, I. Leonard, G. Berkenboom, J. Fontaine, and M. Deschodt-Lanckman. 1991. In vitro degradation of endothelin-1 by endopeptidase 24.11 (enkephalinase). Peptides 12:773-778.
39. Sokolovsky, M., R. Galron, Y. Kloog, A. Bdolah, F. E. Indig, S. Blumberg, and G. Fleminger. 1990. Endothelins are more sensitive than sarafotoxins to neutral endopeptidase: possible physiological significance. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87:4702-4706.
40. Vijayaraghavan, J., A. G. Scicli, O. A. Carretero, C. Slaughter, C. Moomaw, and L. B. Hersch. 1990. The hydrolysis of endothelins by neutral endopeptidase 24.11 (enkephalinase). J. Biol. Chem. 265: 14150-14155.
41. Yamaguchi, T., H. Kohrogi, O. Kawano, M. Ando, and S. Araki. 1992. Neutral endopeptidase inhibitor potentiates endothelin-1-induced airway smooth muscle contraction. J. Appl. Physiol. 73: 1108-1113.
42. Itoh, K., R. Kase, M. Shimmoto, A. Satake, H. Sakuraba, and Y. Suzuki. 1995. Protective protein as an endogenous endothelin degradation enzyme in human tissues. J. Biol. Chem. 270:515-518.
43. Jackman, H. L., P. W. Morris, S. F. Rabito, G. B. Johansson, R. A. Skidgel, and E. G. Erdös. 1993. Inactivation of endothelin-1 by an enzyme of the vascular endothelial cells. Hypertension 21:925-928.
44. Lee, M.-E., K. D. Bloch, J. A. Clifford, and T. Quertermous. 1990. Functional analysis of the endothelin-1 gene promoter: evidence for an endothelial cell-specific cis-acting sequence. J. Biol. Chem. 265: 10446-10450.
45. Lee, M.-E., D. H. Temizer, J. A. Clifford, and T. Quertermous. 1991. Cloning of the GATA-binding protein that regulates endothelin-1 gene expression in endothelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 266:16188-16192.
46. Benatti, L., L. Bonecchi, L. Cozzi, and P. Sarmientos. 1993. Two preproendothelin 1 mRNAs transcribed by alternative promoters. J. Clin. Invest. 91:1149-1156.
47. O'Reilly, G., D. S. Charnock-Jones, I. T. Cameron, S. K. Smith, and A. P. Davenport. 1993. Endothelin-2 mRNA splice variants detected by RT-PCR in cultured human vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 22(Suppl. 8):S18-S21.
48. O'Reilly, G., D. S. Charnock-Jones, J. J. Morrison, I. T. Cameron, A. P. Davenport, and S. K. Smith. 1993. Alternatively spliced mRNAs for human endothelin-2 and their tissue distribution. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 193:834-840.
49. Arai, H., K. Nakao, K. Takaya, K. Hosoda, Y. Ogawa, S. Nakanishi, and H. Imura. 1993. The human endothelin-B receptor gene: structural organization and chromosomal assignment. J. Biol. Chem. 268:3463-3470.
50. Hosoda, K., K. Nakao, N. Tamura, H. Arai, Y. Ogawa, S.-I. Suga, S. Nakanishi, and H. Imura. 1992. Organization, structure, chromosomal assignment, and expression of the gene encoding the human endothelin-A receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 267:18797-18804.
51. Sakurai, T., M. Yanagisawa, Y. Takuwa, H. Miyazaki, S. Kimura, K. Goto, and T. Masaki. 1990. Cloning of a cDNA encoding a non-isopeptide-selective subtype of the endothelin receptor. Nature 348: 732-735.
52. Arai, H., S. Hori, I. Aramori, H. Ohkubo, and S. Nakanishi. 1990. Cloning and expression of a cDNA encoding an endothelin receptor. Nature 348:730-732.
53. Warner, T. D., G. H. Allcock, R. Corder, and J. R. Vane. 1993. Use of the endothelin antagonists BQ-123 and PD 142893 to reveal three endothelin receptors mediating smooth muscle contraction and the release of EDRF. Br. J. Pharmacol. 110:777-782.
54. Sudjarwo, S. A., M. Hori, M. Takai, Y. Urade, T. Okada, and H. Karaki. 1993. A novel subtype of endothelin B receptor mediating contraction in swine pulmonary vein. Life Sci. 53:431-437.
55. B receptors mediating venous smooth muscle contraction. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 200:627-633.
56. B receptors mediating tracheal smooth muscle contraction. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 207:668-674.
57. Uhlig, S., A. N. von Bethmann, R. L. Featherstone, and A. Wendel. 1995. Pharmacologie characterization of endothelin receptor responses in the isolated perfused rat lung. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 152:1449-1460.
58. Shyamala, V., T. H. M. Moulthrop, J. Stratton-Thomas, and P. Tekamp-Olson. 1994. Two distinct human endothelin B receptors generated by alternative splicing from a single gene. Cell Mol. Biol. Res. 40:285-296.
59. Miyamoto, Y., T. Yoshimasa, H. Arai, K. Takaya, Y. Ogawa, H. Itoh, and K. Nakao. 1995. Multiple transcripts of human endothelin-A receptor gene detected by reverse transcription and the polymerase chain reaction. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 26(Suppl. 3):S29-S31.
60. Cardell, L. O., R. Uddman, and L. Edvinsson. 1992. Evidence for multiple endothelin receptors in the guinea-pig pulmonary artery and trachea. Br. J. Pharmacol. 105:376-380.
61. Lippton, H. L., T. A. Hauth, G. A. Cohen, and A. L. Hyman. 1993. Functional evidence for different endothelin receptors in the lung. J. Appl. Physiol. 75:38-48.
62. Warner, T. D., H. H. H. W. Schmidt, and F. Murad. 1992. Interactions of endothelins and EDRF in bovine native endothelial cells: selective effects of endothelin-3. Am. J. Physiol. 262:H1600-H1605.
63. Yokokawa, K., M. Kohno, K. Yasunari, K.-I. Murakawa, and T. Takeda. 1991. Endothelin-3 regulates endothelin-1 production in cultured human endothelial cells. Hypertension 18:304-315.
64. Emori, T., Y. Hirata, and F. Marumo. 1990. Specific receptors for endothelin-3 in cultured bovine endothelial cells and its cellular mechanism of action. FEBS Lett. 263:261-264.
65. Karne, S., C. K. Jayawickreme, and M. R. Lerner. 1993. Cloning and characterization of an endothelin-3 specific receptor (ETc receptor) from Xenopus laevis dermal melanophores. J. Biol. Chem. 268: 19126-19133.
66. Kumar, C., V. Mwangi, P. Nuthulaganti, H. F. Wu, M. Pullen, K. Brun, H. Aiyar, R. A. Morris, R. Naughton, and P. Nambi. 1994. Cloning and characterization of a novel endothelin receptor from Xenopus heart. J. Biol. Chem. 269:13414-13420.
67. B receptor-mediated contraction of human and rat pulmonary resistance arteries and the effect of pulmonary hypertension on endothelin responses in the rat. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 26(Suppl. 3):S169-S176.
68. B receptor. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 184: 953-959.
69. Hay, D. W. P., M. A. Luttmann, W. C. Hubbard, and B. J. Undem. 1993. Endothelin receptor subtypes in human and guinea-pig pulmonary tissues. Br. J. Pharmacol. 110:1175-1183.
70. Markewitz, B. A., D. E. Kohan, and J. R. Michael. 1995. Endothelin-1 synthesis, receptors and signal transduction in a cloned rat alveolar epithelial cell line: evidence for an autocrine role. Am. J. Physiol. 268:L192-200.
71. Eguchi, S., Y. Hirata, T. Imai, and F. Marumo. 1993. Endothelin receptor subtypes are coupled to adenylate cyclase via different guanyl nucleotide-binding proteins in vasculature. Endocrinology 132: 524-529.
72. Stanimirovic, D. B., T. Yamamoto, S. Uematsu, and M. Spatz. 1994. Endothelin-1 receptor binding and cellular signal transduction in cultured human brain endothelial cells. J Neurochem. 62:592-601.
73. Takigawa, M., T. Sakurai, Y. Kasuya, Y. Abe, T. Masaki, and K. Goto. 1995. Molecular identification of guanine-nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins which couple to endothelin receptors. Eur. J. Biochem. 228:102-108.
74. Kanse, S. M., K. Takahashi, J. B. Warren, T. Perera, M. Porta, M. Ghatei, and S. R. Bloom. 1991. Production of endothelin by vascular smooth muscle cells. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 17(Suppl. 7): S113-S116.
75. A receptor mRNA and increases responsiveness to endothelin-1 of rat aortic smooth muscle cells in primary culture. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 188:719-726.
76. Bonin, P. D., R. J. Leadley, Jr., and L. A. Erickson. 1993. Growth factor-induced modulation of endothelin-1 binding to human smooth muscle cells. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 22(Suppl. 8):S125-S127.
77. Nambi, P., M. Pullen, H.-L. Wu, P. Nuthulaganti, N. Elshourbagy, and C. Kumar. 1992. Dexamethasone down-regulates the expression of endothelin receptors in vascular smooth muscle cells. J. Biol. Chem. 267:19555-19559.
78. Provencher, P. H., J. Saltis, and J. W. Funder. 1995. Glucocorticoids but not mineralocorticoids modulate endothelin-1 and angiotensin II binding in SHR vascular smooth muscle cells. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 52:219-225.
79. Wilson, C., and R. B. Hargreaves. 1994. Inhibition of the pharmacological effects of endothelin. In G. P. Ellis and D. K. Luscombe, editors. Progress in Medicinal Chemistry. Elsevier Science Publishing Co., New York. 371-410.
80. Lüscher, T. F., and R. R. Wenzel. 1995. Endothelin and endothelin antagonists: pharmacology and clinical implications. Agents Actions Suppl. 45:237-253.
81. Battistini, B., R. Botting, and T. D. Warner. 1995. Endothelin: a knockout in London. TiPS 16:217-222.
82. Cody, W. L., and A. M. Doherty. 1995. The development of potent peptide agonists and antagonists for the endothelin receptors. Biopolymers 37:89-104.
83. Enoki, T., S. Miwa, A. Sakamoto, T. Minowa, T. Komuro, S. Kobayashi, H. Ninomiya, and T. Masaki. 1995. Long-lasting activation of cation current by low concentration of endothelin-1 in mouse fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells of rabbit aorta. Br. J. Pharmacol. 115:479-485.
84. Zhang, H., M. Inazu, B. Weir, and E. Daniel. 1994. Endothelin-1 inhibits inward rectifier potassium channels and activates nonspecific cation channels in cultured endothelial cells. Pharmacology 49:11-22.
85. + channel by angiotensin II and endothelin-1. Biochem. Pharmacol. 49:1051-1056.
86. + channels and their modulation by endothelin-1 in rat pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells. Exp. Physiol. 80:815-824.
87. Simonson, M. S., J. M. Jones, and M. J. Dunn. 1992. Differential regulation of fos and jun gene expression and AP-1 cis-element activity by endothelin isopeptides: possible implications for mitogenic signaling by endothelin. J. Biol. Chem. 267:8643-8649.
88. Neyses, L., J. Nouskas, and H. Vetter. 1991. Inhibition of endothelin-1 induced myocardial protein synthesis by an antisense oligonucleotide against the early growth response gene-1. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 181:22-27.
89. Kujubu, D. A., B. S. Fletcher, B. C. Varnum, R. W. Lim, and H. R. Herschman. 1991. TIS10, a phorbol ester tumor promoter-inducible mRNA from Swiss 3T3 cells, encodes a novel prostaglandin synthase/cyclooxygenase homologue. J. Biol. Chem. 266:12866-12872.
90. Bobik, A., A. Grooms, J. A. Millar, A. Mitchell, and S. Grinpukel. 1990. Growth factor activity of endothelin on vascular smooth muscle. Am. J. Physiol. 258:C408-C415.
91. Komuro, I., H. Kurihara, T. Sugiyama, F. Takaku, and Y. Yazaki. 1989. Endothelin stimulates c-fos and c-myc expression and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. FEBS Lett. 238:249-252.
92. Muldoon, L. L., K. D. Rodland, M. L. Forsythe, and B. E. Magun. 1989. Stimulation of phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis, diacylglycerol release, and gene expression in response to endothelin, a potent new agonist for fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. J. Biol. Chem. 264: 8529-8536.
93. Hughes, A. K., E. Padilla, W. A. Kutchera, J. R. Michael, and D. E. Kohan. 1995. Endothelin-1 induction of cyclooxygenase-2 expression in rat mesangial cells. Kidney Int. 47:53-61.
94. Pribnow, D., L. L. Muldoon, M. Fajardo, L. Theodor, L.-Y. S. Chen, and B. E. Magun. 1992. Endothelin induces transcription of fos/jun family genes: a prominent role for calcium ion. Mol. Endocrinol. 6:1003-1012.
95. Glassberg, M. K., A. Ergul, A. Wanner, and D. Puett. 1994. Endothelin-1 promotes mitogenesis in airway smooth muscle cells. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 10:316-321.
96. + exchange, c-fos expression, and mitogenesis in rat mesangial cells. J. Clin. Invest. 83:708-712.
97. Iwasaki, S., T. Homma, Y. Matsuda, and V. Kon. 1995. Endothelin receptor subtype B mediates autoinduction of endothelin-1 in rat mesangial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 270:6997-7003.
98. Saito, S., Y. Hirata, T. Imai, and F. Marumo. 1995. Autocrine regulation of the endothelin-1 gene in rat endothelial cells. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 26(Suppl. 3):S84-S87.
99. Ong, A. C. M., T. P. Jowett, J. D. Firth, S. Burton, F. E. Karet, and L. G. Fine. 1995. An endothelin-1 mediated autocrine growth loop involved in human renal tubular regeneration. Kidney Int. 48:390-401.
100. A receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 10855-10860.
101. Hafström, I., B. Ringertz, T. Lundeberg, and J. Palmblad. 1993. The effect of endothelin, neuropeptide Y, calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P on neutrophil functions. Acta Physiol. Scand. 148:341-346.
102. Gomez-Garre, D., M. Guerra, E. Gonzalez, A. Lopez-Farre, A. Riesco, J. Escanero, and J. Egido. 1992. Aggregation of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes by endothelin: role of platelet-activating factor. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 224:167-172.
103. Halim, A., N. Kanayama, E. El Maradny, K. Maehara, and T. Terao. 1995. Activated neutrophil by endothelin-1 caused tissue damage in human umbilical cord. Thromb. Res. 77:321-327.
104. Uchida, Y., H. Ninomiya, T. Sakamoto, J. Y. Lee, T. Endo, A. Nomura, S. Hasegawa, and F. Hirata. 1992. ET-1 released histamine from guinea pig pulmonary but not peritoneal mast cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 189:1196-1201.
105. Millul, V., V. Lagente, O. Gillardeaux, E. Boichot, B. Dugas, J.-M. Mencia-Huerta, G. Bereziat, P. Braquet, and J. Masliah. 1991. Activation of guinea pig alveolar macrophages by endothelin-1. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 17(Suppl. 7):S233-S235.
106. 2· production in human alveolar macrophages. Am. J. Physiol. 261: L478-L484.
107. Ninomiya, H., X. Y. Yu, S. Hasegawa, and E. W. Spannhake. 1992. Endothelin-1 induces stimulation of prostaglandin synthesis in cells obtained from canine airways by bronchoalveolar lavage. Prostaglandins 43:401-411.
108. Jaffer, F. E., T. C. Knauss, E. Poptic, and H. E. Abboud. 1990. Endothelin stimulates PDGF secretion in cultured human mesangial cells. Kidney Int. 38:1193-1198.
109. Hahn, A. W., T. J. Resink, J. Bernhardt, F. Ferracin, and F. R. Buhler. 1991. Stimulation of autocrine platelet-derived growth factor AA-homodimer and transforming growth factor beta in vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 178:1451-1458.
110. McCarron, R. M., L. Wang, D. B. Stanimirovic, and M. Spatz. 1993. Endothelin induction of adhesion molecule expression on human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Neurosci. Lett. 156:31-34.
111. López-Farré, A., A. Riesco, G. Espinosa, E. Digiuni, M. R. Cernadas, V. Alvarez, M. Montón, F. Rivas, M. J. Gallego, J. Egido, S. Casado, and C. Caramelo. 1993. Effect of endothelin-1 on neutrophil adhesion to endothelial cells and perfused heart. Circulation 88:1166-1171.
112. B receptors. Br. J. Pharmacol. 115:227-236.
113. Helset, E., K. Ytrehus, T. Tveita, J. Kjaeve, and L. Jorgensen. 1994. Endothelin-1 causes accumulation of leukocytes in the pulmonary circulation. Circ. Shock 44:201-209.
114. Elferink, J. G. R., and B. M. de Koster. 1995. Stimulation and inhibition of neutrophil chemotaxis by endothelin-3. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 26(Suppl. 3):S142-S144.
115. Elferink, J. G. R., and B. M. de Koster. 1994. Endothelin-induced activation of neutrophil migration. Biochem. Pharmacol. 48:865-871.
116. 4. J. Surg. Res. 54:331-335.
117. McMillen, M. A., and B. E. Sumpio. 1995. Endothelins: polyfunctional cytokines. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 180:621-637.
118. Ishida, K., K. Takeshige, and S. Minakami. 1990. Endothelin-1 enhances superoxide generation of human neutrophils stimulated by the chemotactic peptide N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 173:496-500.
119. López-Farré, A., C. Caramelo, A. Esteban, M. L. Alberola, I. Millás, M. Montón, and S. Casado. 1995. Effects of aspirin on platelet-neutrophil interactions: role of nitric oxide and endothelin-1. Circulation 91:2080-2088.
120. Ehrenreich, H., R. W. Anderson, C. H. Fox, P. Rieckmann, G. S. Hoffman, W. D. Travis, J. E. Coligan, J. H. Kehrl, and A. S. Fauci. 1990. Endothelins, peptides with potent vasoactive properties, are produced by human macrophages. J. Exp. Med. 172:1741-1748.
121. Kaw, S., M. Hecker, and J. R. Vane. 1992. The two-step conversion of big endothelin 1 to endothelin 1 and degradation of endothelin 1 by subcellular fractions from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89:6886-6890.
122. Morita, T., H. Kurihara, M. Yoshizumi, K. Maemura, T. Sugiyama, R. Nagaui, and Y. Yazaki. 1993. Human polymorphonuclear leukocytes have dual effects on endothelin-1: the induction of endothelin-1 mRNA expression in vascular endothelial cells and modification of the endothelin-1 molecule. Heart Vessels 8:1-6.
123. Xin, X., Y. Cai, K. Matsumoto, and T. Agui. 1995. Endothelin-induced interleukin-6 production by rat aortic endothelial cells. Endocrinology 136:132-137.
124. Ruschitzka, F., J. Schrader, S. Luders, E. Schulz, C. Gronau, J. Talartschik, T. Eisenhauer, R. Verwiebe, G. Warneke, and F. Scheler. 1993. Effects of endothelin on coagulation, prostaglandins and hemodynamics. Contrib. Nephrol. 101:30-36.
125. Halim, A., N. Kanayama, E. El Maradny, K. Maehara, and T. Terao. 1993. Coagulation in vivo microcirculation and in vitro caused by endothelin-1. Thromb. Res. 72:203-209.
126. Yamamoto, C., T. Kaji, M. Sakamoto, and F. Koizumi. 1992. Effect of endothelin on the release of tissue plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 from cultured human endothelial cells and interaction with thrombin. Thromb. Res. 67:619-624.
127. Ohlstein, E. H., B. L. Storer, J. A. Butcher, C. Debouck, and G. Feuerstein. 1991. Platelets stimulate expression of endothelin mRNA and endothelin biosynthesis in cultured endothelial cells. Circ. Res. 69: 832-841.
128. Magazine, H. I., T. T. Andersen, C. A. Bruner, and A. B. Malik. 1994. Vascular contractile potency of endothelin-1 is increased in the presence of monocytes or macrophages. Am. J. Physiol. 266:H1620-H1625.
129. Noveral, J. P., S. M. Rosenberg, R. A. Anbar, N. A. Pawlowski, and M. M. Grunstein. 1992. Role of endothelin-1 in regulating proliferation of cultured rabbit airway smooth muscle cells. Am. J. Physiol. 263:L317-L324.
130. Hassoun, P. M., V. Thappa, M. J. Landman, and B. L. Fanburg. 1992. Endothelin 1: mitogenic activity on pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells and release from hypoxic endothelial cells. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 199:165-170.
131. Janakidevi, K., M. A. Fisher, P. J. Del Vecchio, C. Tiruppathi, J. Figge, and A. B. Malik. 1992. Endothelin-1 stimulates DNA synthesis and proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. Am. J. Physiol. 263:C1295-C1301.
132. A receptor antagonist, inhibits endothelin-1-mediated proliferation of human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 9:429-433.
133. Peacock, A. J., K. E. Dawes, A. Shock, A. J. Gray, J. T. Reeves, and G. J. Laurent. 1992. Endothelin-1 and endothelin-3 induce chemotaxis and replication of pulmonary artery fibroblasts. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 7:492-499.
134. Guarda, E., L. C. Katwa, P. R. Myers, S. C. Tyagi, and K. T. Weber. 1993. Effects of endothelins on collagen turnover in cardiac fibroblasts. Cardiovasc. Res. 27:2130-2134.
135. Kahaleh, M. B. 1991. Endothelin, an endothelial-dependent vasoconstrictor in scleroderma: enhanced production and profibrotic action. Arthritis Rheum. 34:978-983.
136. Vittori, E., M. Marini, A. Fasoli, R. De Franchis, and S. Mattoli. 1992. Increased expression of endothelin in bronchial epithelial cells of asthmatic patients and effect of corticosteroids. Am. Rev Respir. Dis. 146:1320-1325.
137. Mattoli, S., M. Mezzetti, G. Riva, L. Allegra, and A. Fasoli. 1990. Specific binding of endothelin on human bronchial smooth muscle cells in culture and secretion of endothelin-like material from bronchial epithelial cells. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 3:145-151.
138. Nakano, J., H. Takizawa, T. Ohtoshi, S. Shoji, M. Yamaguchi, A. Ishii, M. Yanagisawa, and K. Ito. 1994. Endotoxin and proinflammatory cytokines stimulate endothelin-1 expression and release by airway epithelial cells. Clin. Exp. Allergy 24:330-336.
139. Visner, G. A., E. D. Staples, S. E. Chesrown, E. R. Block, D. S. Zander, and H. S. Nick. 1994. Isolation and maintenance of human pulmonary artery endothelial cells in culture isolated from transplant donors. Am. J. Physiol. 267:L406-L413.
140. Seldeslagh, K. A., and J. M. Lauweryns. 1993. Endothelin in normal lung tissue of newborn mammals: immunocytochemical distribution and co-localization with serotonin and calcitonin gene-related peptide. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 41:1495-1502.
141. Giaid, A., J. M. Polak, V. Gaitonde, Q. A. Hamid, G. Moscoso, S. Legon, D. Uwanogho, M. Roncalli, O. Shinmi, T. Sawamura, S. Kimura, M. Yanagisawa, T. Masaki, and D. R. Springall. 1991. Distribution of endothelin-like immunoreactivity and mRNA in the developing and adult human lung. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 4:50-58.
142. Yu, J. C. M., and A. P. Davenport. 1995. Secretion of endothelin-1 and endothelin-3 by human cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. Br. J. Pharmacol. 114:551-557.
143. Resink, T. J., A. W. Hahn, T. Scott-Burden, J. Powell, E. Weber, and F. R. Buhler. 1990. Inducible endothelin mRNA expression and peptide secretion in cultured human vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 168:1303-1310.
144. Ergul, A., M. K. Glassberg, A. Wanner, and D. Puett. 1995. Characterization of endothelin receptor subtypes on airway smooth muscle cells. Exp. Lung Res. 21:453-468.
145. Rozengurt, N., D. R. Springall, and J. M. Polak. 1990. Localization of endothelin-like immunoreactivity in airway epithelium of rats and mice. J. Pathol. 160:5-8.
146. Lapone, J., P. D'Orléans-Juste, G. Singh, and P. Sirois. 1995. Dexamethasone and phosphoramidon inhibit endothelin release by cultured nonciliated bronchiolar epithelial (Clara) cells. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 26(Suppl. 3):S53-S55.
147. Mattoli, S., M. Soloperto, M. Marini, and A. Fasoli. 1991. Levels of endothelin in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with symptomatic asthma and reversible airflow obstruction. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 88:376-384.
148. Black, P. N., M. A. Ghatei, K. Takahashi, D. Bretherton-Watt, T. Krausz, C. T. Dollery, and S. R. Bloom. 1989. Formation of endothelin by cultured airway epithelial cells. FEBS Lett. 255:129-132.
149. Ehrenreich, H., P. R. Burd, M. Rottem, L. Hultner, J. B. Hylton, M. Garfield, J. E. Coligan, D. D. Metcalfe, and A. S. Fauci. 1992. Endothelins belong to the assortment of mast cell-derived and mast cell-bound cytokines. New Biol. 4:147-156.
150. Campbell, A. M., A. M. Vignola, P. Chanez, P. Godard, and J. Bousquet. 1994. Low-affinity receptor for IgE on human bronchial epithelial in asthma. Immunology 82:506-508.
151. Brink, C., V. Gillard, P. Roubert, J. M. Mencia-Huerta, P. E. Chabrier, P. Braquet, and J. Verley. 1991. Effects of specific binding sites of endothelin in human lung preparations. Pulmon. Pharmacol. 4: 54-59.
152. Power, R. F., J. Wharton, Y. Zhao, S. R. Bloom, and J. M. Polak. 1989. Autoradiographic localization of endothelin-1 binding sites in the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 13(Suppl. 5):S50-S56.
153. McKay, K. O., J. L. Black, L. M. Diment, and C. L. Armour. 1991. Functional and autoradiographic studies of endothelin-1 and endothelin-2 in human bronchi, pulmonary arteries, and airway parasympathetic ganglia. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 17(Suppl. 7):S206-S209.
154. Goldie, R. G., P. J. Henry, J. W. Paterson, J. M. H. Preuss, and P. J. Rigby. 1990. Contractile effects and receptor distributions for endothelin-1 (ET-1) in human and animal airways. Agents Actions Suppl. 31:229-232.
155. Wu, T., J. Mullol, R. D. Rieves, C. Logun, J. Hausfield, M. A. Kaliner, and J. H. Shelhamer. 1992. Endothelin-1 stimulates eicosanoids production in cultured human nasal mucosa. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 6:168-174.
156. Satoh, M., S. Shimura, H. Ishihara, M. Nagaki, H. Sasaki, and T. Takishima. 1992. Endothelin-1 stimulates chloride secretion across canine tracheal epithelium. Respiration 59:145-150.
157. Tamaoki, J., T. Kanemura, N. Sakai, K. Isono, K. Kobayashi, and T. Takizawa. 1991. Endothelin stimulates ciliary beat frequency and chloride
158. Ninomiya, H., X.-Y. Yu, Y. Uchida, S. Hasegawa, and E. W. Spannhake. 1995. Specific binding of endothelin-1 to canine tracheal epithelial cells in culture. Am. J. Physiol. 268:L424-L431.
159. Durham, S. K., N. L. Goller, J. S. Lynch, S. M. Fisher, and P. M. Rose. 1993. Endothelin receptor B expression in the rat and rabbit lung as determined by in situ hybridization using nonisotopic probes. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 22(Suppl. 8):S1-S3.
160. A receptor-mediated contractions to endothelin-1 attenuated by respiratory tract viral infection in mouse airways. Br. J. Pharmacol. 112:1188-1194.
161. B receptor mRNA: participation of cAMP. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 26(Suppl. 3):S272-S275.
162. Riccio, M. M., C. J. Reynolds, D. W. P. Hay, and D. Proud. 1995. Effects of intranasal administration of endothelin-1 to allergic and nonallergic individuals. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 152:1757-1764.
163. Murlas, C. G., A. Gulati, G. Singh, and F. Najmabadi. 1995. Endothelin-1 stimulates proliferation of normal airway epithelial cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 212:953-959.
164. Mattoli, S., M. Soloperto, M. Mezzetti, and A. Fasoli. 1991. Mechanisms of calcium mobilization and phosphoinositide hydrolysis in human bronchial smooth muscle cells by endothelin 1. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 5:424-430.
165. Nally, J. E., R. McCall, L. C. Young, M. J. O. Wakelam, N. C. Thomson, and J. C. McGrath. 1994. Mechanical and biochemical responses to endothelin-1 and endothelin-3 in bovine bronchial smooth muscle. Br. J. Pharmacol. 111:1163-1169.
166. Stewart, A. G., G. Grigoriadis, and T. Harris. 1994. Mitogenic actions of endothelin-1 and epidermal growth factor in cultured airway smooth muscle. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 21:277-285.
167. Malarkey, K., E. R. Chilvers, M. F. Lawson, and R. Plevin. 1995. Stimulation by endothelin-1 of mitogen-activated protein kinases and DNA synthesis in bovine tracheal smooth muscle cells. Br. J. Pharmacol. 116:2267-2273.
168. Tomlinson, P. R., J. W. Wilson, and A. G. Stewart. 1994. Inhibition by salbutamol of the proliferation of human airway smooth muscle cells grown in culture. Br. J. Pharmacol. 111:641-647.
169. Candenas, M.-L., E. Naline, B. Sarria, and C. Advenier. 1992. Effect of epithelium removal and of enkephalin inhibition on the bronchoconstrictor response to three endothelins of the human isolated bronchus. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 210:291-297.
170. Advenier, C., B. Sarria, E. Naline, L. Puybasset, and V. Lagente. 1990. Contractile activity of three endothelins (ET-1, ET-2, ET-3) on the human isolated bronchus. Br. J. Pharmacol. 100:168-172.
171. Hay, D. W. P., W. C. Hubbard, and B. J. Undem. 1993. Endothelin-induced contraction and mediator release in human bronchus. Br. J. Pharmacol. 110:392-398.
172. Hemsén, A., A. Franco-Cereceda, R. Matran, A. Rudehill, and J. M. Lundberg. 1990. Occurrence, specific binding sites and functional effects of endothelin in human cardiopulmonary tissue. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 191:319-328.
173. McKay, K. O., J. L. Black, and C. L. Armour. 1991. The mechanism of action of endothelin in human lung. Br. J. Pharmacol. 102:422-428.
174. Advenier, C., V. Lagente, Y. Zhang, and E. Naline. 1992. Contractile activity of big endothelin-1 on the human isolated bronchus. Br. J. Pharmacol. 106:883-887.
175. Knott, P. G., A. C. D'Aprile, P. J. Henry, D. W. P. Hay, and R. G. Goldie. 1995. Receptors for endothelin-1 in asthmatic human peripheral lung. Br. J. Pharmacol. 114:1-3.
176. Laitinen, L. A., M. Heino, A. Laitinen, T. Kava, and T. Haahtela. 1985. Damage of the airway epithelium and bronchial reactivity in patients with asthma. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 131:599-606.
177. Goldie, R. G., P. J. Henry, P. G. Knott, G. J. Self, M. A. Luttmann, and D. W. P. Hay. 1995. Endothelin-1 receptor density, distribution, and function in human isolated asthmatic airways. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 152:1653-1658.
178. Grunstein, M. M., S. M. Rosenberg, C. M. Schramm, and N. A. Pawlowski. 1991. Mechanisms of action of endothelin 1 in maturing rabbit airway smooth muscle. Am. J. Physiol. 260:L434-L443.
179. Barman, S. A., J. L. Ardell, and A. E. Taylor. 1993. Effect of endothelin-1 on canine airway blood flow. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 22(Suppl. 8):S274-S277.
180. Hemsén, A. 1991. Biochemical and functional characterization of endothelin peptides with special reference to vascular effects. Acta Physiol. Scand. 142(Suppl. 602):1-61.
181. Matran, R., K. Alving, A. Hemsén, and J. M. Lundberg. 1990. Endothelin-1 increases airway mucosa blood flow in the pig. Agents Actions Suppl. 31:237-241.
182. A receptors. Br. J. Pharmacol. 109:880-886.
183. Valentin, J.-P., D. G. Gardner, E. Wiedemann, and M. H. Humphreys. 1991. Modulation of endothelin effects on blood pressure and hematocrit by atrial natriuretic peptide. Hypertension 17:864-869.
184. B receptors. Br. J. Pharmacol. 114:563-569.
185. McKay, K. O., C. L. Armour, and J. L. Black. 1993. Endothelin-3 increases transmission in the rabbit pulmonary parasympathetic nervous system. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 22(Suppl. 8):S181-S184.
186. B receptor, inhibits cholinergic nerve-mediated contractions in sheep trachea. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 26(Suppl. 3):S117-S119.
187. McLarty, A. J., V. M. Miller, H. D. Tazelaar, and C. G. A. McGregor. 1993. Bronchial contractions in transplanted lungs: influence of denervation, acute rejection, and the bronchial epithelium. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 106:797-804.
188. 2. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 214: 119-125.
189. Shimura, S., H. Ishihara, M. Satoh, T. Masuda, N. Nagaki, H. Sasaki, and T. Takishima. 1992. Endothelin regulation of mucus glycoprotein secretion from feline tracheal submucosal glands. Am. J. Physiol. 262:L208-L213.
190. Takuwa, N., Y. Takuwa, M. Yanagisawa, K. Yamashita, and T. Masaki. 1989. A novel vasoactive peptide endothelin stimulates mitogenesis through inositol lipid turnover in Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts. J. Biol. Chem. 264:7856-7861.
191. Guidry, C., and M. Hook. 1991. Endothelin produced by endothelial cells promotes collagen gel contraction by fibroblasts. J. Cell Biol. 115:873-880.
192. Appleton, I., A. Tomlinson, C. L. Chandler, and D. A. Willoughby. 1992. Effect of endothelin-1 on croton oil-induced granulation tissue in the rat: a pharmacologie and immunohistochemical study. Lab. Invest. 67:703-710.
193. Brewster, C. E. P., P. H. Howarth, R. Djukanovic, J. Wilson, S. T. Holgate, and W. R. Roche. 1990. Myofibroblasts and subepithelial fibrosis in bronchial asthma. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 3: 507-511.
194. Roche, W. R., R. Beasley, J. H. Williams, and S. T. Holgate. 1989. Subepithelial fibrosis in the bronchi of asthmatics. Lancet 1:520-524.
195. James, A. L., P. D. Paré, and J. C. Hogg. 1989. The mechanics of airway narrowing in asthma. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 139:242-246.
196. Noguchi, K., K. Ishikawa, M. Yano, A. Ahmed, A. Cortes, and W. M. Abraham. 1995. Endothelin-1 contributes to antigen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness. J. Appl. Physiol. 79:700-705.
197. Chen, W.-Y., J. Yu, and J.-Y. Wang. 1995. Decreased production of endothelin-1 in asthmatic children after immunotherapy. J. Asthma 32:29-35.
198. Sofia, M., M. Mormile, S. Faraone, P. Carratu, M. Alifano, G. Di Benedetto, and L. Carratu. 1994. Increased 24-hour endothelin-1 urinary excretion in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiration 61:263-268.
199. Kohan, D. E. 1993. Endothelins in the kidney: physiology and pathophysiology. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 22:493-510.
200. Nir, A., A. L. Clavell, D. Heublein, L. L. Aarhus, and J. C. Burnett, Jr. 1994. Acute hypoxia and endogenous renal endothelin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 4:1920-1924.
201. Aoki, T., T. Kojima, A. Ono, G. Unishi, S. Yoshijima, N. Kameda-Hayashi, C. Yamamoto, Y. Hirata, and Y. Kobayashi. 1994. Circulating endothelin-1 levels in patients with bronchial asthma. Ann. Allergy 73:365-369.
202. Smith, D. L., and R. D. Deshazo. 1993. Bronchoalveolar lavage in asthma: an update and perspective. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 148: 523-532.
203. Sofia, M., M. Mormile, S. Faraone, M. Alifano, S. Zofra, L. Romano, and L. Carratu. 1993. Increased endothelin-like immunoreactive material on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with bronchial asthma and patients with interstitial lung disease. Respiration 60: 89-95.
204. Redington, A. E., D. R. Springall, M. A. Ghatei, L. C. K. Lau, S. R. Bloom, S. T. Holgate, J. M. Polak, and P. H. Howarth. 1995. Endothelin in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and its relation to airflow obstruction in asthma. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 151:1034-1039.
205. Nomura, A., Y. Uchida, M. Kameyama, M. Saotome, K. Oki, and S. Hasegawa. 1989. Endothelin and bronchial asthma. Lancet 2: 747-748.
206. Kanazawa, H., N. Kurihara, K. Hirata, H. Fujiwara, H. Matsushita, and T. Takeda. 1992. Low concentration endothelin-1 enhanced histamine-mediated bronchial contractions of guinea pigs in vivo. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 187:717-721.
207. Calderón, E., C. E. Gómez-Sánchez, E. N. Cozza, M. Zhou, R. G. Coffey, R. F. Lockey, L. D. Prockop, and A. Szentivanyi. 1994. Modulation of endothelin-1 production by a pulmonary epithelial cell line, I: regulation by glucocorticoids. Biochem. Pharmacol. 48: 2065-2071.
208. Kraft, M., W. R. Beam, S. E. Wenzel, M. R. Zamora, R. F. O'Brien, and R. J. Martin. 1994. Blood and bronchoalveolar lavage endothelin-1 levels in nocturnal asthma. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 149: 947-952.
209. Springall, D. R., P. H. Howarth, H. Counihan, R. Djukanovic, S. T. Holgate, and J. M. Polak. 1991. Endothelin immunoreactivity of airway epithelium in asthmatic patients. Lancet 337:697-701.
210. Ackerman, V., S. Carpi, A. Bellini, G. Vassalli, M. Marini, and S. Mattoli. 1995. Constitutive expression of endothelin in bronchial epithelial cells of patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic asthma and modulation by histamine and interleukin-1. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 96:618-627.
211. Carpi, S., M. Marini, E. Vittori, G. Vassalli, and S. Mattoli. 1993. Bronchoconstrictive responses to inhaled ultrasonically nebulized distilled water and airway inflammation in asthma. Chest 104:1346-1351.
212. Andersson, S. E., C. Zackrisson, K. Behrens, A. Hemsén, K. Forsberg, M. Linden, and J. M. Lundberg. 1995. Effect of allergen provocation on inflammatory cell profile and endothelin-like immunoreactivity in guinea-pig airways. Allergy 50:349-358.
213. Haak, T., E. Jungmann, C. Raab, and K. H. Usadel. 1994. Elevated endothelin-1 levels after cigarette smoking. Metabolism 43:267-269.
214. Kiowski, W., L. Linder, K. Stoschitzky, M. Pfisterer, D. Burckhardt, F. Burkart, and F. R. Bühler. 1994. Diminished vascular response to inhibition of endothelium-derived nitric oxide and enhanced vasoconstriction to exogenously administered endothelin-1 in clinically healthy smokers. Circulation 90:27-34.
215. Shokeir, M. O., P. Paré, and J. L. Wright. 1994. Relationship of smoking to immunoreactive endothelin in the bronchiolar epithelial cells. Thorax 49:786-788.
216. Suzuki, N., Y. Ishii, and S. Kitamura. 1994. Effects of nicotine on production of endothelin and eicosanoid by bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids 50:193-197.
217. Giaid, A., R. P. Michel, D. J. Stewart, M. Sheppard, B. Corrin, and Q. Hamid. 1993. Expression of endothelin-1 in lungs of patients with cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. Lancet 341:1550-1554.
218. Kuwahara, M., M. Kuwahara, and N. Suzuki. 1992. Production of endothelin-1 and big-endothelin-1 by pleural mesothelial cells. FEBS Lett. 298:21-24.
219. Cambrey, A. D., N. K. Harrison, K. E. Dawes, A. M. Southcott, C. M. Black, R. M. du Bois, G. J. Laurent, and R. J. McAnulty. 1994. Increased levels of endothelin-1 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with systemic sclerosis contribute to fibroblast mitogenic activity in vitro. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 11:439-445.
220. Sen, N., M. M. Grunstein, and A. Chander. 1994. Stimulation of lung surfactant secretion by endothelin-1 from rat alveolar type II cells. Am. J. Physiol. 266:L255-L262.
221. Kurihara, Y., H. Kurihara, H. Suzuki, T. Kodama, K. Maemura, R. Nagai, H. Oda, T. Kuwaki, W.-H. Cao, N. Kamada, K. Jishage, Y. Ouchi, S. Azuma, Y. Toyoda, T. Ishikawa, M. Kumada, and Y. Yazaki. 1994. Elevated blood pressure and craniofacial abnormalities in mice deficient in endothelin-1. Nature 368:703-710.
222. Kurihara, Y., H. Kurihara, H. Oda, K. Maemura, R. Nagai, T. Ishikawa, and Y. Yazaki. 1995. Aortic arch malformations and ventricular septal defect in mice deficient in endothelin-1. J. Clin. Invest. 96:293-300.
223. Baynash, A. G., K. Hosoda, A. Giaid, J. A. Richardson, N. Emoto, R. E. Hammer, and M. Yanagisawa. 1994. Interaction of endothelin-3 with endothelin-B receptor is essential for development of epidermal melanocytes and enteric neurons. Cell 79:1277-1285.
224. Hosoda, K., R. E. Hammer, J. A. Richardson, A. G. Baynash, J. C. Cheung, A. Giaid, and M. Yanagisawa. 1994. Targeted and natural (piebald-lethal) mutations of endothelin-B receptor gene produce megacolon associated with spotted coat color in mice. Cell 79: 1267-1276.
225. McBride, J. T., D. R. Springall, R. J. D. Winter, and J. M. Polak. 1990. Quantitative immunocytochemistry shows calcitonin generelated peptide-like immunoreactivity in lung neuroendocrine cells is increased by chronic hypoxia in the rat. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 3:587-593.
226. Shichiri, M., Y. Hirata, T. Nakajima, K. Ando, T. Imai, M. Yanagisawa, T. Masaki, and F. Marumo. 1991. Endothelin-1 is an autocrine/paracrine growth factor for human cancer cell lines. J. Clin. Invest. 87:1867-1871.
227. MacNulty, E. E., R. Plevin, and M. J. Wakelam. 1990. Stimulation of the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and phosphatidylcholine by endothelin, a complete mitogen for Rat-1 fibroblasts. Biochem. J. 272:761-766.
228. Yeh, Y. C., E. R. Burns, J. Yeh, and H. W. Yeh. 1991. Synergistic effects of endothelin-1 (ET-1) and transforming growth factor alpha or epidermal growth factor (EGF) on DNA replication and G1 to S phase transition. Biosci. Rep. 11:171-180.
229. Dawes, K. E., A. J. Peacock, A. J. Gray, J. E. Bishop, and G. J. Laurent. 1994. Characterization of fibroblast mitogens and chemoattractants produced by endothelial cells exposed to hypoxia. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 10:552-559.
230. Zeballos, G. A., S. J. An, and J. M. Wu. 1991. Endothelin-1 secretion by human fibroblasts in culture: effects of cell density and IFNβ. Biochem. Int. 25:845-852.
231. Villaschi, S., and R. F. Nicosia. 1994. Paracrine interactions between fibroblasts and endothelial cells in a serum-free coculture model: modulation of angiogenesis and collagen gel contraction. Lab. Invest. 71:291-299.
232. Skalli, O., and G. Gabbiani. 1988. The biology of the myofibroblast relationship to wound contraction and fibrocontractive diseases. In R. A. F. Clark and P. M. Henson, editors. The Molecular and Cellular Biology of Wound Repair. Plenum Publishing Corp., New York. 373-402.
233. Stewart, D. J., D. Langleben, P. Cernacek, and K. Cianflone. 1990. Endothelin release is inhibited by coculture of endothelial cells with cells of vascular media. Am. J. Physiol. 259:H1928-H1932.
234. Fédérici, C., L. Camoin, C. Créminon, N. Chaverot, A. D. Strosberg, and P. O. Couraud. 1995. Cultured astrocytes release a factor that decreases endothelin-1 secretion by brain microvessel endothelial cells. J. Neurochem. 64:1008-1015.
235. Nagase, T., Y. Fukuchi, C. Jo, S. Teramoto, Y. Uejima, K. Ishida, T. Shimizu, and H. Orimo. 1990. Endothelin-1 stimulates arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase activity and oxygen radical formation in the rat distal lung. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 168:485-489.
236. Uguccioni, M., L. Pulsatelli, B. Grigolo, A. Facchini, L. Fasano, C. Cinti, M. Fabbri, G. Gasbarrini, and R. Meliconi. 1995. Endothelin-1 in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J. Clin. Pathol. 48:330-334.
237. Broekelmann, T. J., A. H. Limper, T. V. Colby, and J. A. McDonald. 1991. Transforming growth factor β1 is present at sites of extracellular matrix gene expression in human pulmonary fibrosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88:6642-6646.
238. Shaw, R. J., S. H. Benedict, R. A. F. Clark, and T. E. King, Jr. 1991. Pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis in interstitial lung disease: alveolar macrophage PDGF(B) gene activation and up-regulation by interferon gamma. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 143:167-173.
239. Vancheeswaran, R., T. Magoulas, G. Efrat, C. Wheeler-Jones, I. Olsen, R. Penny, and C. M. Black. 1994. Circulating endothelin-1 levels in systemic sclerosis subsets: a marker of fibrosis or vascular dysfunction? J. Rheumatol. 21:1838-1844.
240. Zamora, M. R., R. F. O'Brien, R. B. Rutherford, and J. V. Weil. 1990. Serum endothelin-1 concentrations and cold provocation in primary Raynaud's phenomenon. Lancet 336:1144-1147.
241. Kikuchi, K., T. Kadono, S. Sato, K. Tamaki, and K. Takehara. 1995. Impaired growth response to endothelin-1 in scleroderma fibroblasts. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 207:829-838.
242. Kawaguchi, Y., K. Suzuki, M. Hara, T. Hidaka, T. Ishizuka, M. Kawagoe, and H. Nakamura. 1994. Increased endothelin-1 production in fibroblasts derived from patients with systemic sclerosis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 53:506-510.
243. Smith, E. A. 1992. Connective tissue metabolism including cytokines in scleroderma. Curr. Opin. Rheumatol. 4:869-877.
244. Vancheeswaran, R., A. Azam, C. Black, and M. R. Dashwood. 1994. Localization of endothelin-1 and its binding sites in scleroderma skin. J. Rheumatol. 21:1268-1276.
245. Mallat, A., L. Fouassier, A.-M. Préaux, C. Serradeil-Le Gal, D. Raufaste, J. Rosenbaum, D. Dhumeaux, C. Jouneaux, P. Mavier, and S. Lotersztajn. 1995. Growth inhibitory properties of endothelin-1 in human hepatic myofibroblastic Ito cells: an endothelin B receptor-mediated pathway. J. Clin. Invest. 96:42-49.
246. Giaid, A., Q. A. Hamid, D. R. Springall, M. Yanagisawa, O. Shinmi, T. Sawamura, T. Masaki, S. Kimura, B. Corrin, and J. M. Polak. 1990. Detection of endothelin immunoreactivity and mRNA in pulmonary tumours. J. Pathol. 162:15-22.
247. Takahashi, K., F. Satoh, O. Murakami, K. Totsune, M. Sone, K. Itoi, M. Ohneda, and T. Mouri. 1993. Endothelin in ectopic ACTH-secreting bronchial carcinoid tumors. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 22 (Suppl. 8):S288-S290.
248. Murakami, O., K. Takahashi, M. Sone, K. Totsune, M. Ohneda, K. Itoi, K. Yoshinaga, and T. Mouri. 1993. An ACTH-secreting bronchial carcinoid: presence of corticotropin-releasing hormone, neuropeptide Y and endothelin-1 in the tumor tissue. Acta Endocrinol. 128:192-196.
249. Kanse, S. M., K. Takahashi, H.-C. Lam, A. Rees, J. B. Warren, M. Porta, P. Molinatti, M. Ghatei, and S. R. Bloom. 1991. Cytokine stimulated endothelin release from endothelial cells. Life Sci. 48: 1379-1384.
250. Ohlstein, E. H., A. Arleth, M. Ezekiel, S. Horohonich, M. A. Ator, M. M. Caltabiano, and C.-P. Sung. 1990. Biosynthesis and modulation of endothelin from bovine pulmonary arterial endothelial cells. Life Sci. 46:181-188.
251. Yamada, K., A. Goto, and T. Sugimoto. 1991. Effect of endogenous digitalis-like factor on endothelin secretion from bovine endothelial cells. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 17(Supp. 7):S163-S164.
252. Golden, C. L., J. P. Kohler, H. S. Nick, and G. A. Visner. 1995. Effects of vasoactive and inflammatory mediators on endothelin-1 expression in pulmonary endothelial cells. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 12:503-512.
253. Umekawa, T., Y. Matsumura, N. Yoshimura, S. Murata, K. Takada, Y. Tsukahara, M. Takaoka, and S. Morimoto. 1994. Platelets-induced stimulation of endothelin-1 production and inhibition by phosphoramidon. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 269:860-866.
254. Zaragoza, R., G. P. Budzik, T. P. Dillon, and T. J. Opgenorth. 1992. Effect of cell density on endothelin release from endothelial cells and phosphoramidon dependent inhibition. Biochem. Pharmacol. 44:851-856.
255. Imai, T., Y. Hirata, T. Emori, M. Yanagisawa, T. Masaki, and F. Marumo. 1992. Induction of endothelin-1 gene by angiotensin and vasopressin in endothelial cells. Hypertension 19:753-757.
256. 2 and prostacyclin inhibit the production and secretion of endothelin from cultured endothelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 269:11938-11944.
257. Barst, R. J., L. J. Rubin, M. D. McGoon, E. J. Caldwell, W. A. Long, and P. S. Levy. 1994. Survival in primary pulmonary hypertension with long-term continuous intravenous prostacyclin. Ann. Intern. Med. 121:409-415.
258. Giaid, A., M. Yanagisawa, D. Langleben, R. P. Michel, R. Levy, H. Shennib, S. Kimura, T. Masaki, W. P. Duguid, F. R. C. Path, and D. J. Stewart. 1993. Expression of endothelin-1 in the lungs of patients with pulmonary hypertension. N. Engl. J. Med. 328:1732-1739.
259. Giaid, A., and D. Saleh. 1995. Reduced expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in the lungs of patients with pulmonary hypertension. N. Engl. J. Med. 333:214-221.
260. Imai, T., Y. Hirata, T. Emori, and F. Marumo. 1993. Heparin has an inhibitory effect on endothelin-1 synthesis and release by endothelial cells. Hypertension 21:353-358.
261. Yokokawa, K., M. Kohno, H. Tahara, A. K. Mandal, K. Yasunari, K.-I. Murakawa, T. Horio, M. Ikeda, M. Minami, and T. Takeda. 1993. Effect of heparin on endothelin-1 production by cultured human endothelial cells. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 22(Suppl. 8): S46-S48.
262. Yoshizumi, M., H. Kurihara, T. Sugiyama, F. Takaku, M. Yanagisawa, T. Masaki, and Y. Yazaki. 1989. Hemodynamic shear stress stimulates endothelin production by cultured endothelial cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 161:859-864.
263. Kuchan, M. J., and J. A. Frangos. 1993. Shear stress regulates endothelin-1 release via protein kinase C and cGMP in cultured endothelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. 264:H150-H156.
264. Malek, A., and S. Izumo. 1992. Physiological fluid shear stress causes downregulation of endothelin-1 mRNA in bovine aortic endothelium. Am. J. Physiol. 263:C389-C396.
265. Hishikawa, K., T. Nakaki, T. Marumo, H. Suzuki, R. Kato, and T. Saruta. 1995. Pressure enhances endothelin-1 release from cultured human endothelial cells. Hypertension 25:449-452.
266. Yoshio, T., J. Masuyama, A. Mimori, A. Takeda, S. Minota, and S. Kano. 1995. Endothelin-1 release from cultured endothelial cells induced by sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Am. Rheum. Dis. 54:361-365.
267. Hahn, A. W. A., T. J. Resink, T. Scott-Burden, J. Powell, Y. Dohi, and F. R. Buhler. 1990. Stimulation of endothelin mRNA and secretion in rat vascular smooth muscle cells: a novel autocrine function. Cell Regul. 1:649-659.
268. B receptors in human vascular smooth muscle. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 22(Suppl. 8): S22-S25.
269. Fukuroda, T., M. Kobayashi, S. Ozaki, M. Yano, T. Miyauchi, M. Onizuka, Y. Sugishita, K. Goto, and M. Nishikibe. 1994. Endothelin receptor subtypes in human versus rabbit pulmonary arteries. J. Appl. Physiol. 76:1976-1982.
270. Hatakeyama, H., I. Miyamori, S. Yamagishi, Y. Takeda, R. Takeda, and H. Yamamoto. 1994. Angiotension II up-regulates the expression of type A endothelin receptor in human vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int. 34:127-134.
271. Kawaguchi, H., H. Sawa, and H. Yasuda. 1991. Effect of endothelin on angiotensin converting enzyme activity in cultured pulmonary artery endothelial cells. J. Hypertens. 9:171-174.
272. Marala, R. B., T. Duda, and R. K. Sharma. 1993. Interaction of atrial natriuretic factor and endothelin-1 signals through receptor guanylate cyclase in pulmonary artery endothelial cells. Mol. Cell Biochim. 120:69-80.
273. Kawai, N., R. M. McCarron, and M. Spatz. 1995. Endothelins stimulate sodium uptake into rat brain capillary endothelial cells through endothelin A-like receptors. Neurosci. Lett. 190:85-88.
274. - cotransporter of brain capillary endothelial cells: properties and regulation by endothelins, hyperosmolar solutions, calyculin A, and interleukin-1. J. Biol. Chem. 269:19925-19930.
275. Halim, A., N. Kanayama, E. El Maradny, K. Maehara, H. Masahiko, and T. Terao. 1994. Endothelin-1 increased immunoreactive von Willebrand factor in endothelial cells and induced micro thrombosis in rats. Thrombosis Res. 76:71-78.
276. Takagi, Y., M. Fukase, S. Takata, H. Yoshimi, O. Tokunaga, and T. Fujita. 1990. Autocrine effect of endothelin on DNA synthesis in human vascular endothelial cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 168:537-543.
277. B receptors promote proliferation and migration of endothelial cells. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 26(Suppl. 3):S284-S286.
278. Maemura, K., H. Kurihara, Y. Kurihara, R. Nagai, and Y. Yazaki. 1994. Isolation and characterization of vascular endothelial cells derived from mice lacking endothelin-1. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 201:538-545.
279. Fujitani, Y., H. Ninomiya, T. Okada, Y. Urade, and T. Masaki. 1995. Suppression of endothelin-1-induced mitogenic responses of human aortic smooth muscle cells by interleukin-1β. J. Clin. Invest. 95: 2474-2482.
280. Buchan, K. W., H. Magnusson, K. F. Rabe, M. J. Sumner, and I. S. Watts. 1994. Characterisation of the endothelin receptor mediating contraction of human pulmonary artery using BQ123 and Ro 46-2005. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 260:221-225.
281. McCulloch, K. M., M. Baird, and M. R. MacLean. 1994. Heterogenicity and distribution of endothelin receptors involved in vasoconstrictor responses to endothelin-1 in human pulmonary arteries (abstract). Br. J. Pharmacol. 113:161P.
282. 125I-endothelin-1 binding sites in human umbilical artery. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 249:299-305.
283. Bax, W. A., E. Bos, and P. R. Saxena. 1993. Heterogeneity of endothelin/sarafotoxin receptors mediating contraction of the human isolated saphenous vein. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 239:267-268.
284. Riezebos, J., I. S. Watts, and P. J. T. Vallance. 1994. Endothelin receptors mediating functional responses in human small arteries and veins. Br. J. Pharmacol. 111:609-615.
285. Bax, W. A., A. T. Bruinvels, E. Bos, and P. R. Saxena. 1993. Heterogeneity of endothelin/sarafotoxin receptors mediating contractions of the human isolated coronary artery (abstract). Circulation 88: 1-192.
286. Pussard, G., J.-P. Gascard, I. Gorenne, C. Labat, X. Norel, E. Dulmet, and C. Brink. 1995. Endothelin-1 modulates cyclic GMP production and relaxation in human pulmonary vessels. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 274:969-975.
287. Yang, Z., V. Richard, L. von Segesser, E. Bauer, P. Stulz, M. Turina, and T. F. Lüscher. 1990. Threshold concentrations of endothelin-1 potentiate contractions to norepinephrine and serotonin in human arteries: a new mechanism of vasospasm? Circulation 82:188-195.
288. Haynes, W. G., and D. J. Webb. 1994. Contribution of endogenous generation of endothelin-1 to basal vascular tone. Lancet 344:852-854.
289. Webb, D. J., and W. G. Haynes. 1993. Venoconstriction to endothelin-1 in humans is attenuated by local generation of prostacyclin but not nitric oxide. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 22(Suppl. 8):S317-S320.
290. B receptors cause vasoconstriction of human resistance and capacitance vessels in vivo. Circulation 92:357-363.
291. Haynes, W. G., M. F. Hand, H. A. Johnstone, P. L. Padfield, and D. J. Webb. 1994. Direct and sympathetically mediated venoconstriction in essential hypertension: enhanced responses to endothelin-1. J. Clin. Invest. 94:1359-1364.
292. Clozel, M. 1989. Endothelin sensitivity and receptor binding in the aorta of spontaneously hypertensive rats. J. Hypertension 7:913-917.
293. Mann, J., I. S. Farrukh, and J. R. Michael. 1991. Mechanisms by which endothelin 1 induces pulmonary vasoconstriction in the rabbit. J. Appl. Physiol. 71:410-416.
294. Cassin, S., V. Kristova, T. Davis, P. Kadowitz, and G. Gause. 1991. Tone-dependent responses to endothelin in the isolated perfused fetal sheep pulmonary circulation in situ. J. Appl. Physiol. 70:1228-1234.
295. Hasunuma, K., D. M. Rodman, R. F. O'Brien, and I. F. McMurtry. 1990. Endothelin 1 causes pulmonary vasodilation in rats. Am. J. Physiol. 259:H48-H54.
296. Lippton, H. L., G. A. Cohen, I. F. McMurtry, and A. L. Hyman. 1991. Pulmonary vasodilation to endothelin isopeptides in vivo is mediated by potassium channel activation. J. Appl. Physiol. 70: 947-952.
297. Crawley, D. E., S. F. Liu, P. J. Barnes, and T. W. Evans. 1992. Endothelin-3 is a potent pulmonary vasodilator in the rat. J. Appl. Physiol. 72:1425-1431.
298. de Nucci, G., R. Thomas, P. D'Orlean-Juste, E. Antunes, C. Walder, T. D. Warner, and J. R. Vane. 1988. Pressor effects of circulating endothelin are limited by its removal in the pulmonary circulation and by the release of prostacyclin and endothelium-derived relaxing factor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85:9797-9800.
299. Iijima, K., L. Lin, A. Nasjletti, and M. S. Goligorsky. 1991. Intracellular ramification of endothelin signal. Am. J. Physiol. 260:C982-C992.
300. B receptors coexist on rabbit pulmonary artery vascular smooth muscle mediating contraction. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 196:209-215.
301. B-receptor-mediated vasoconstriction in rat pulmonary arteries and arterioles. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 23:838-845.
302. B receptors mediate vascular smooth-muscle contraction. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 22(Suppl. 8):S144-S148.
303. B receptors mediate contraction to endothelin-1 in human blood vessels. Circulation 89:1203-1208.
304. Tippins, J. R., J. W. Antoniw, and A. Maseri. 1989. Endotoxin-1 is a potent constrictor in conductive and resistive coronary arteries. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 13(Suppl. 5):S177-S179.
305. Wiklund, N. P., A. Öhlén, and B. Cederqvist. 1989. Adrenergic neuromodulation by endothelin in guinea pig pulmonary artery. Neurosci. Lett. 101:269-273.
306. Pohl, U., and R. Busse. 1989. Differential vascular sensitivity to luminally and adventitially applied endothelin-1. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 13(Suppl. 5):S188-S190.
307. Kourembanas, S., P. A. Marsden, L. P. McQuillan, and D. V. Faller. 1991. Hypoxia induces endothelin gene expression and secretion in cultured human endothelium. J. Clin. Invest. 88:1054-1057.
308. Gertler, J. P., and V. H. Ocasio. 1993. Endothelin production by hypoxic human endothelium. J. Vasc. Surg. 18:178-184
309. Hieda, H. S., and C. E. Gomez-Sanchez. 1990. Hypoxia increases endothelin release in bovine endothelial cells in culture, but epinephrine, norepinephrine, serotonin, histamine and angiotensin II do not. Life Sci. 47:247-251.
310. Kagamu, H., T. Suzuki, M. Arakawa, and Y. Mitsui. 1994. Low oxygen enhances endothelin-1 (ET-1) production and responsiveness to ET-1 in cultured cardiac myocytes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 202:1612-1618.
311. Wiebke, J. L., C. Montrose-Rafizadeh, P. L. Zeitlein, and W. B. Guggino. 1992. Effect of hypoxia on endothelin-1 production by pulmonary vascular endothelial cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1134: 105-111.
312. Elton, T. S., S. Oparil, G. R. Taylor, P. H. Hicks, R.-H. Yang, H. Jin, and Y. F. Chen. 1992. Normobaric hypoxia stimulates endothelin-1 gene expression in the rat. Am. J. Physiol. 263:R1260-R1264.
313. Helset, E., J. Kjaeve, L. Bjertnaes, and J. M. Lundberg. 1995. Acute alveolar hypoxia increases endothelin-1 release but decreases release of calcitonin gene-related peptide in isolated perfused rat lungs. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 55:369-376.
314. Shirakami, G., K. Nakao, Y. Saito, T. Magaribuchi, M. Jougasaki, M. Mukoyama, H. Arai, K. Hosoda, S.-I. Suga, Y. Ogawa, T. Yamada, K. Mori, and H. Imura. 1991. Acute pulmonary alveolar hypoxia increases lung and plasma endothelin-1 levels in conscious rats. Life Sci. 48:969-976.
315. Perreault, T., D. J. Stewart, P. Cernacek, X. Wu, K. Ni, J. De Marte, and A. Giaid. 1993. Newborn piglet lungs release endothelin-1: effect of α-thrombin and hypoxia. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 71: 227-233.
316. Frostell, C. G., H. Blomqvist, G. Hedenstierna, J. Lundberg, and W. M. Zapol. 1993. Inhaled nitric oxide selectively reverses human hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction without causing systemic vasodilation. Anesthesiology 78:427-435.
317. Wong, J., P. A. Vanderford, J. W. Winters, R. Chang, S. J. Soifer, and J. R. Fineman. 1993. Endothelin-1 does not mediate acute hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in the intact newborn lamb. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 22(Suppl. 8):S262-S266.
318. Douglas, S. A., L. M. Vickery-Clark, and E. H. Ohlstein. 1993. Endothelin-1 does not mediate hypoxic vasoconstriction in canine isolated blood vessels: effect of BQ-123. Br. J. Pharmacol. 108:418-421.
319. Takeoka, M., T. Ishizaki, A. Sakai, S. W. Chang, K. Shigemori, T. Higashi, and G. Ueda. 1995. Effect of BQ123 on vasoconstriction as a result of either hypoxia or endothelin-1 in perfused rat lungs. Acta Physiol. Scand. 155:53-60.
320. Westcott, J. Y., J. Henson, L. F. McMurtry, and R. F. O'Brien. 1990. Uptake and metabolism of endothelin in the isolated perfused rat lung. Exp. Lung Res. 16:521-532.
321. Deleuze, P. H., S. Adnot, N. Shiiya, F. Roudot Thoraval, S. Eddahibi, P. Braquet, P. E. Chabrier, and D. Y. Loisance. 1992. Endothelin dilates bovine pulmonary circulation and reverses hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 19:354-360.
322. Wong, J., P. A. Vanderford, J. R. Fineman, R. Chang, and S. J. Soifer. 1993. Endothelin-1 produces pulmonary vasodilation in the intact newborn lamb. Am. J. Physiol. 265:H1318-H1325.
323. Liska, J., P. Holm, A. Öwall, and A. Franco-Cereceda. 1995. Endothelin infusion reduces hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in pigs in vivo. Acta Physiol. Scand. 154:489-498.
324. Plevin, R., N. A. Kellock, M. J. O. Wakelam, and R. Wadsworth. 1994. Regulation by hypoxia of endothelin-1-stimulated phospholipase D activity in sheep pulmonary artery cultured smooth muscle cells. Br. J. Pharmacol. 112:311-315.
325. Horio, T., M. Kohno, K. Yokokawa, K.-I. Murakawa, K. Yasunari, H. Fujiwara, N. Kurihara, and T. Takeda. 1991. Effect of hypoxia on plasma immunoreactive endothelin-1 concentration in anesthetized rats. Metabolism 40:999-1001.
326. Oparil, S., S. J. Chen, Q. C. Meng, T. S. Elton, M. Yano, and Y.-F. Chen. 1995. Endothelin-A receptor antagonist prevents acute hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension in the rat. Am. J. Physiol. 268: L95-L100.
327. Perrella, M. A., E. S. Edell, M. J. Krowka, D. A. Cortese, and J. C. Burnett, Jr. 1992. Endothelium-derived relaxing factor in pulmonary and renal circulations during hypoxia. Am. J. Physiol. 263: R45-R50.
328. Goerre, S., M. Wenk, P. Bärtsch, T. F. Lüscher, F. Niroomand, E. Hohenhaus, O. Oelz, and W. H. Reinhart. 1995. Endothelin-1 in pulmonary hypertension associated with high-altitude exposure. Circulation 91:359-364.
329. A-receptor antagonist prevents and reverses chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension in rat. Am. J. Physiol. 269:L690-L697.
330. Li, H., S. J. Chen, Y.-F. Chen, Q. C. Meng, J. Durand, S. Oparil, and T. S. Elton. 1994. Enhanced endothelin-1 and endothelin receptor gene expression in chronic hypoxia. J. Appl. Physiol. 77:1451-1459.
331. Li, H., T. S. Elton, Y. F. Chen, and S. Oparil. 1994. Increased endothelin receptor gene expression in hypoxic rat lung. Am. J. Physiol. 266:L553-L560.
332. Donahue, D. M., M.-E. Lee, H.-C. Suen, T. Quertermous, and J. C. Wain. 1994. Pulmonary hypoxia increases endothelin-1 gene expression in sheep. J. Surg. Res. 57:280-283.
333. Stelzner, T. J., R. F. O'Brien, M. Yanagisawa, T. Sakurai, K. Sato, S. Webb, M. Zamora, I. F. McMurtry, and J. H. Fisher. 1992. Increased lung endothelin-1 production in rats with idiopathic pulmonary hypertension. Am. J. Physiol. 262:L614-L620.
334. Ono, S., J. Y. Westcott, and N. F. Voelkel. 1992. PAF antagonists inhibit pulmonary vascular remodeling induced by hypobaric hypoxia in rats. J. Appl. Physiol. 73:1084-1092.
335. Wang, Y., Y. Coe, O. Toyoda, and F. Coceani. 1995. Involvement of endothelin-1 in hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in the lamb. J. Physiol. 482:421-434.
336. Eddahibi, S., B. Raffestin, M. Clozel, M. Levame, and S. Adnot. 1995. Protection from pulmonary hypertension with an orally active endothelin receptor antagonist in hypoxic rats. Am. J. Physiol. 268: H828-H835.
337. A-receptor antagonist, attenuates hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in rats. Am. J. Physiol. 266:H1327-H1331.
338. Adnot, S., B. Raffestin, S. Eddahibi, P. Braquet, and P.-E. Chabrier. 1991. Loss of endothelium-dependent relaxant activity in the pulmonary circulation of rats exposed to chronic hypoxia. J. Clin. Invest. 87:155-162.
339. MacLean, M. R., K. M. McCulloch, and M. Baird. 1995. Effects of pulmonary hypertension on vasoconstrictor responses to endothelin-1 and sarafotoxin S6c and on inherent tone in rat pulmonary arteries. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 26:822-830.
340. Eddahibi, S., D. Springall, M. Mannan, C. Carville, P.-E. Chabrier, M. Levanne, B. Raffestin, J. Polak, and S. Adnot. 1993. Dilator effect of endothelins in pulmonary circulation: changes associated with chronic hypoxia. Am. J. Physiol. 265:L571-L580.
341. Carville, C., B. Raffestin, S. Eddahibi, Y. Blouquit, and S. Adnot. 1993. Loss of endothelin-dependent relaxation in proximal pulmonary arteries from rats exposed to chronic hypoxia: effect of in vivo and in vitro supplmentation with L-arginine. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 22:889-896.
342. Katayose, D., M. Ohe, K. Yamauchi, M. Ogata, K. Shirato, H. Fujita, S. Shibahara, and T. Takishima. 1993. Increased expression of PDGF A- and B-chain genes in rat lungs with hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. Am. J. Physiol. 264:L100-L106.
343. Arcot, S. S., D. W. Lipke, M. N. Gillespie, and J. W. Olson. 1993. Alterations of growth factor transcripts in rat lungs during development of monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension. Biochem. Pharmacol. 46:1086-1091.
344. Giaid, A., D. J. Stewart, and R. P. Michel. 1993. Endothelin-1-like immunoreactivity in postobstructive pulmonary vasculopathy. J. Vasc. Res. 30:333-338.
345. Miyauchi, T., R. Yorikane, S. Sakai, T. Sakurai, M. Okada, M. Nishikibe, M. Yano, I. Yamaguchi, Y. Sugishita, and K. Goto. 1993. Contribution of endogenous endothelin-1 to the progression of cardiopulmonary alterations in rats with monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension. Circ. Res. 73:887-897.
346. Michel, R. P., and T. S. Hakim. 1991. Increased resistance in postobstructive pulmonary vasculopathy: structure-function relationship. J. Appl. Physiol. 71:601-610.
347. Okada, M., C. Yamashita, M. Okada, and K. Okada. 1995. Endothelin receptor antagonists in a beagle model of pulmonary hypertension: contribution to possible potential therapy? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 25:1213-1217.
348. Okada, M., C. Yamashita, M. Okada, and K. Okada. 1995. Role of endothelin-1 in beagles with dehydromonocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension. Circulation 92:114-119.
349. Gillespie, M. N., J. W. Olson, C. N. Reinsel, W. N. O'Connor, and R. J. Altiere. 1986. Vascular hyperresponsiveness in perfused lungs from monocrotaline-treated rats. Am. J. Physiol. 251:H109-H114.
350. Mansoor, A. M., M. Honda, K. Saida, Y. Ishinaga, T. Kuramochi, A. Maeda, T. Takabatake, and Y. Mitsui. 1995. Endothelin induced collagen remodeling in experimental pulmonary hypertension. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 215:981-986.
351. Shubeita, H. E., P. M. McDonough, A. N. Harris, K. U. Knowlton, C. C. Glembotski, J. H. Brown, and K. R. Chien. 1990. Endothelin induction of inositol phospholipid hydrolysis, sarcomere assembly, and cardiac gene expression in ventricular myocytes: a paracrine mechanism for myocardial cell hypertrophy. J. Biol. Chem. 265:20555-20562.
352. Andersson, S. E., S. Eirefelt, C. Zackrisson, A. Hemsén, M. Dahlbäck, and J. M. Lundberg. 1995. Regulatory effects of aerosolized budesonide and adrenalectomy on the lung content of endothelin-1 in the rat. Respiration 62:34-39.
353. Andersson, S. E., C. Zackrisson, A. Hemsén, and J. M. Lundberg. 1992. Regulation of lung endothelin content by the glucocorticosteroid budesonide. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 188: 1116-1121.
354. Cacoub, P., R. Dorent, P. Nataf, and A. Carayon. 1993. Endothelin-1 in pulmonary hypertension. N. Engl. J. Med. 329:1967-1968.
355. Cacoub, P., R. Dorent, G. Maistre, P. Nataf, A. Carayon, J. C. Piette, P. Godeau, C. Cabrol, and I. Gandjbakhch. 1993. Endothelin-1 in primary pulmonary hypertension and the Eisenmenger syndrome. Am. J. Cardiol. 71:448-450.
356. Stewart, D. J., R. D. Levy, P. Cernacek, and D. Langleben. 1991. Increased plasma endothein-1 in pulmonary hypertension: marker or mediator of disease? Ann. Intern. Med. 114:464-469.
357. Ferri, C., C. Bellini, C. De Angelis, L. De Siati, A. Perrone, G. Properzi, and A. Santucci. 1995. Circulating endothelin-1 concentrations in patients with chronic hypoxia. J. Clin. Pathol. 48:519-524.
358. Ishikawa, S., T. Miyauchi, S. Sakai, H. Ushinohama, K. Sagawa, N. Fusazaki, H. Kado, H. Sunagawa, S. Honda, H. Ueno, I. Yamaguchi, Y. Sugishita, and K. Goto. 1995. Elevated levels of plasma endothelin-1 in young patients with pulmonary hypertension caused by congenital heart disease are decreased after successful surgical repair. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 110:271-273.
359. Zhu, Z.-G., M.-S. Wang, Z.-B. Jiang, Z. Jiang, S.-X. Xu, C.-Y. Ren, and M.-X. Shi. 1994. The dynamic change of plasma endothelin-1 during the perioperative period in patients with rheumatic valvular disease and secondary pulmonary hypertension. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 108:960-968.
360. Chang, H., G.-J. Wu, S.-M. Wang, and C.-R. Hung. 1993. Plasma endothelin levels and surgically correctable pulmonary hypertension. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 55:450-458.
361. Cody, R. J. 1992. The potential role of endothelin as a vasoconstrictor substance in congestive heart failure. Eur. Heart J. 13:1573-1578.
362. Cody, R. J., G. J. Haas, P. F. Binkley, Q. Capers, and R. Kelley. 1992. Plasma endothelin correlates with the extent of pulmonary hypertension in patients with chronic congestive heart failure. Circulation 85:504-509.
363. Cody, R. J. 1993. Corrected data and analysis of hemodynamic variables influencing plasma endothelin. Circulation 87:1053-1054.
364. Weil, J. V., O. Castro, A. B. Malik, G. Rodgers, D. R. Bonds, and T. P. Jacobs. 1993. NHLBI Workshop Summary: pathogenesis of lung disease in sickle hemoglobinopathies. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 148:249-256.
365. Rybicki, A. C., S. Musto, G. I. Swinson, L. J. Benjamin, R. L. Nagel, and R. S. Schwartz. 1991. Increased levels of endothelin-1 in plasma of sickle cell anemia patients (abstract). Blood 78:202a.
366. Phelan, M., S. P. Perrine, M. Brauer, and D. V. Faller. 1995. Sickle erythrocytes, after sickling, regulate the expression of the endothelin-1 gene and protein in human endothelial cells in culture. J. Clin. Invest. 96:1145-1151.
367. Yamamoto, K., U. Ikeda, H. Mito, H. Fujikawa, H. Sekiguchi, and K. Shimada. 1994. Endothelin production in pulmonary circulation of patients with mitral stenosis. Circulation 89:2093-2098.
368. Tsutamoto, T., A. Wada, Y. Maeda, T. Adachi, and M. Kinoshita. 1994. Relation between endothelin-1 spillover in the lungs and pulmonary vascular resistance in patients with chronic heart failure. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 23:1427-1433.
369. Tsutamoto, T., T. Hisanaga, D. Fukai, A. Wada, Y. Maeda, K. Maeda, and M. Kinoshita. 1995. Prognostic value of plasma soluble intracellular adhesion molecule-1 and endothelin-1 concentration in patients with chronic congestive heart failure. Am. J. Cardiol. 76: 803-808.
370. Stewart, D. J. 1993. Endothelin in cardiopulmonary disease: factor paracrine vs neurohumoral. Eur. Heart J. 14(Suppl. 1):48-54.
371. Galatius-Jensen, S., H. Wroblewski, C. Emmeluth, P. Bie, S. Hausø, and J. Kastrup. 1994. Plasma endothelin-1 in chronic heart failure: a predictor of cardiac death? (abstract). Circulation 90:I-379.
372. Teerlink, J. R., B. M. Loffler, P. Hess, J. P. Maire, M. Clozel, and J. P. Clozel. 1994. Role of endothelin in the maintenance of blood pressure in conscious rats with chronic heart failure: acute effects of the endothelin receptor antagonist Ro 47-0203 (bosentan). Circulation 90:2510-2518.
373. Ino, T., M. Ohkubo, S. Shimazaki, K. Akimoto, K. Nishimoto, M. Iwahara, K. Yabuta, and Y. Hosoda. 1992. Plasma endothelin concentration: relation with vascular resistance and comparison before and after balloon dilatation procedures. Eur. J. Pediatr. 151:416-419.
374. Wang, Y., and F. Coceani. 1992. Isolated pulmonary resistance vessels from fetal lambs: contractile behavior and responses to indomethacin and endothelin-1. Circ. Res. 71:320-330.
375. Liben, S., D. J. Stewart, J. Demarte, and T. Perreault. 1993. Ontogeny of big endothelin-1 effects in the newborn piglet pulmonary vasculature. Am. J. Physiol. 265:H139-H145.
376. Ivy, D. D., J. P. Kinsella, and S. H. Abman. 1994. Physiologic characterization of endothelin A and B receptor activity in the ovine fetal pulmonary circulation. J. Clin. Invest. 93:2141-2148.
377. Jones, O. W., and S. H. Abman. 1994. Systemic and pulmonary hemodynamic effects of big endothelin-1 and phosphoramidon in the ovine fetus. Am. J. Physiol. 266:R929-R935.
378. Bradley, L. M., J. F. Czaja, and R. E. Goldstein. 1990. Circulatory effects of endothelin in newborn piglets. Am. J. Physiol. 259:H1613-H617.
379. Ziegler, J. W., D. D. Ivy, J. P. Kinsella, and S. H. Abman. 1995. The role of nitric oxide, endothelin, and prostaglandins in the transition of the pulmonary circulation. Clin. Perinatol. 22:387-403.
380. Steinhorn, R. H., S. L. Millard, and F. C. Morin, III. 1995. Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn: role of nitric oxide and endothelin in pathophysiology and treatment. Clin. Perinatol. 22: 405-428.
381. Coceani, F., L. Kelsey, and E. Seidlitz. 1992. Evidence for an effector role of endothelin in closure of the ductus arteriosus at birth. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 70:1061-1064.
382. Allen, S. W., B. A. Chatfield, S. A. Koppenhafer, M. S. Schaffer, R. R. Wolfe, and S. H. Abman. 1993. Circulating immunoreactive endothelin-1 in children with pulmonary hypertension: association with acute hypoxic pulmonary vasoreactivity. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 148:519-522.
383. Yoshibayashi, M., K. Nishioka, K. Nakao, Y. Saito, M. Matsumura, T. Ueda, S. Temma, G. Shirakami, H. Imura, and H. Mikawa. 1991. Plasma endothelin concentrations in patients with pulmonary hypertension associated with congenital heart defects: evidence for increased production of endothelin in pulmonary circulation. Circulation 84: 2280-2285.
384. Hopkins, R. A., C. Bull, S. G. Haworth, M. R. de Leval, and J. Stark. 1991. Pulmonary hypertensive crises following surgery for congenital heart defects in young children. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 5: 628-634.
385. Komai, H., I. T. Adatia, M. J. Elliott, M. R. de Levai, and S. G. Haworth. 1993. Increased plasma levels of endothelin-1 after cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with pulmonary hypertension and congenital heart disease. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 106:473-478.
386. Kirshbom, P. M., S. S. L. Tsui, L. R. DiBernardo, J. N. Meliones, D. A. Schwinn, R. M. Ungerleider, and J. W. Gaynor. 1995. Blockade of endothelin-converting enzyme reduces pulmonary hypertension after cardiopulmonary bypass and circulatory arrest. Surgery 118:440-445.
387. Filep, J. G., M. G. Sirois, A. Rousseau, A. Fournier, and P. Sirois. 1991. Effects of endothelin-1 on vascular permeability in the conscious rat: interactions with platelet-activating factor. Br. J. Pharmacol. 104:797-804.
388. Zimmerman, R. S., A. J. Martinez, M. Maymind, and R. W. Barbee. 1992. Effect of endothelin on plasma volume and albumin escape. Circ. Res. 70:1027-1034.
389. Lehoux, S., G. E. Plante, M. G. Sirois, P. Sirosis, and P. D'Orléans-Juste. 1992. Phosphoramidon blocks big-endothelin-1 but not endothelin-1 enhancement of vascular permeability in the rat. Br. J. Pharmacol. 107:996-1000.
390. Helset, E., J. Kjaeve, and A. Hauge. 1993. Endothelin-1-induced increases in microvascular permeability in isolated, perfused rat lungs requires leukocytes and plasma. Circ. Shock 39:15-20.
391. Barnard, J. W., S. A. Barman, W. K. Adkins, G. L. Longenecker, and A. E. Taylor. 1991. Sustained effects of endothelin-1 on rabbit, dog, and rat pulmonary circulations. Am. J. Physiol. 261:H479-H486.
392. Macquin-Mavier, I., M. Levame, N. Istin, and A. Harf. 1989. Mechanisms of endothelin-mediated bronchoconstriction in the guinea pig. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 250:740-745.
393. Rodman, D. M., T. J. Stelzner, M. R. Zamora, S. T. Bonvallet, M. Oka, K. Sato, R. F. O'Brien, and I. F. McMurtry. 1992. Endothelin-1 increases the pulmonary microvascular pressure and causes pulmonary edema in salt solution but not blood-perfused rat lungs. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 20:658-663.
394. Horgan, M. J., J. M. B. Pinheiro, and A. B. Malik. 1991. Mechanism of endothelin-1-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction. Circ. Res. 69:157-164.
395. Filep, J. G., E. Földes-Filep, A. Rousseau, P. Sirois, and A. Fournier. 1993. Vascular responses to endothelin-1 following inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis in the conscious rat. Br. J. Pharmacol. 110:1213-1221.
396. Ishizaki, T., K. Shigemori, T. Nakai, S. Miyabo, M. Hayakawa, T. Ozawa, N. F. Voelkel, and S.-W. Chang. 1995. Endotoxin-1 potentiates leukotoxin-induced edematous lung injury. J. Appl. Physiol. 79:1106-1111.
397. Nakahashi, T., K. Fukuo, T. Inoue, S. Morimoto, S. Hata, M. Yano, and T. Ogihara. 1995. Endothelin-1 enhances nitric oxide-induced cytotoxicity in vascular smooth muscle. Hypertension 25:744-747.
398. Simmet, T., S. Pritze, K. I. Thelen, and B. A. Peskar. 1992. Release of endothelin in the oleic acid-induced respiratory distress syndrome in rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 211:319-322.
399. Yegen, C., A. O. Aktan, O. Buyukgebiz, G. Haklar, A. S. Yalcin, R. Yalin, and S. Ercan. 1994. Effect of verapamil and iloprost (ZK 36374) on endothelin release after mesenteric ischemia-reperfusion injury. Eur. Surg. Res. 26:69-75.
400. Wang, D., M.-H. Li, K. Hsu, C.-Y. Shen, H. I. Chen, and Y.-C. Lin. 1992. Air embolism-induced lung injury in isolated rat lungs. J. Appl. Physiol. 72:1235-1242.
401. Morel, D. R., J. F. Pittet, K. Gunning, A. Hemsen, J. S. Lacroix, and J. M. Lundberg. 1991. Time course of plasma and pulmonary lymph endothelin-like immunoreactivity during sustained endotoxaemia in chronically instrumented sheep. Clin. Sci. 81:357-365.
402. Takahashi, K., A. Silva, J. Cohen, H.-C. Lam, M. A. Ghatei, and S. R. Bloom. 1990. Endothelin immunoreactivity in mice with gramnegative bacteraemia: relationship to tumour necrosis factor-α. Clin. Sci. 79:619-623.
403. Lundblad, R., and K.-E. Giercksky. 1995. Effect of volume support, antibiotic therapy, and monoclonal antiendotoxin antibodies on mortality raie and blood concentrations of endothelin and other mediators in fulminant intra-abdominal sepsis in rats. Crit. Care Med. 23:1382-1390.
404. Chang, H., G.-J. Wu, S.-M. Wang, and C.-R. Hung. 1993. Plasma endothelin level changes during hemorrhagic shock. J. Trauma 35: 825-833.
405. Kitajima, T., K. Tani, T. Yamaguchi, Y. Kubota, M. Okuhira, T. Mizuno, and K. Inoue. 1995. Role of endogenous endothelin in gastric mucosal injury induced by hemorrhagic shock in rats. Digestion 56:111-116.
406. Filep, J. G., S. Télémaque, B. Battistini, P. Sirois, and P. D'Orléans-Juste. 1993. Increased plasma levels of endothelin during anaphylactic shock in the guinea-pig. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 239:231-236.
407. Nakamura, S., R. Nishiyama, A. Serizawa, Y. Yokoi, S. Suzuki, H. Konno, S. Baba, and H. Muro. 1995. Hepatic release of endothelin-1 after warm ischemia: reperfusion injury and its hemodynamic effect. Transplantation 59:679-684.
408. Shennib, H., C. Serrick, D. Saleh, R. Adoumie, D. J. Stewart, and A. Giaid. 1995. Alterations in bronchoalveolar lavage and plasma endothelin-1 levels early after lung transplantation. Transplantation 59:994-998.
409. Aarino, P., P. Hämmäinen, F. Fyhrquist, and A. Harjula. 1994. Endothelin content of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from allotransplanted pigs is increased during unmodified rejection. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 107:216-219.
410. Scherstén, H., P. Aarino, J. C. Burnett, Jr., C. G. A. McGregor, and V. M. Miller. 1994. Endothelin-1 in bronchoalveolar lavage during rejection of allotransplanted lungs. Transplantation 57:159-161.
411. Vemulapalli, S., M. Rivelli, P. J. S. Chiu, M. delPrado, and J. A. Hey. 1992. Phosphoramidon abolishes the increases in endothelin-1 release induced by ischemia-hypoxia in isolated perfused guinea pig lungs. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 262:1062-1069.
412. Okada, M., C. Yamashita, M. Okada, and K. Okada. 1995. Contribution of endothelin-1 to warm ischemia/reperfusion injury of the rat lung. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 152:2105-2110.
413. Asakura, H., H. Jokaji, M. Saito, C. Uotani, I. Kumabashiri, E. Morishita, M. Yamazaki, and T. Matsuda. 1992. Role of endothelin in disseminated intravascular coagulation. Am. J. Hematol. 41:71-75.
414. 2 levels increase in patients with burns. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 180:318-322.
415. Ishibashi, M., N. Ito, M. Fujita, H. Furue, and T. Yamaji. 1994. Endothelin-1 as an aggravating factor of disseminated intravascular coagulation associated with malignant neoplasms. Cancer 73: 191-195.
416. Ihara, Y., N. Sagawa, M. Hasegawa, A. Okagaki, X. M. Li, K. Inamori, H. Itoh, T. Mori, Y. Saito, G. Shirakami, K. Nakao, and H. Imura. 1991. Concentrations of endothelin-1 in maternal and umbilical cord blood at various stages of pregnancy. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 17(Suppl. 7):S443-S445.
417. Boldt, J., T. Menges, D. Kuhn, C. Diridis, and G. Hempelmann. 1995. Alterations in circulating vasoactive substances in the critically ill: a comparison between survivors and non-survivors. Intensive Care Med. 21:218-225.
418. Vermes, I., A. Beishuizen, R. M. Hampsink, and C. Haanen. 1995. Dissociation of plasma adrenocorticotropin and cortisol levels in critically ill patients: possible role of endothelin and atrial natriuretic hormone. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 80:1238-1242.
419. Druml, W., H. Steltzer, W. Waldhäusl, K. Lenz, A. Hammerle, H. Vierhapper, S. Gasic, and O. F. Wagner. 1993. Endothelin-1 in adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 148:1169-1173.
420. Langleben, D., M. DeMarchie, D. Laporta, A. H. Spanier, R. D. Schlesinger, and D. J. Stewart. 1993. Endothelin-1 in acute lung injury and the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 148:1646-1650.
421. Mitaka, C., Y. Hirata, T. Nagura, Y. Tsunoda, and K. Amaha. 1993. Circulating endothelin-1 concentrations in acute respiratory failure. Chest 104:476-480.
422. Kojima, T., Y. Isozaki-Fukuda, M. Takedatsu, A. Ono, Y. Hirata, and Y. Kobayashi. 1992. Plasma endothelin-1 like immunoreactivity levels in neonates. Eur. J. Pediatr. 151:913-915.
423. Rosenberg, A. A., J. Kennaugh, S. L. Koppenhafer, M. Loomis, B. A. Chatfield, and S. H. Abman. 1993. Elevated immunoreactive endothelin-1 levels in newborn infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension. J. Pediatr. 123:109-114.
424. Kobayashi, H., and P. Puri. 1994. Plasma endothelin levels in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J. Pediatr. Surg. 29:1258-2161.
425. Nakamura, T., K. Kasai, Y. Sekiguchi, N. Banba, K. Takahashi, T. Emoto, Y. Hattori, and S.-I. Shimoda. 1991. Elevation of plasma endothelin concentrations during endotoxin shock in dogs. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 205:277-282.
426. Sugiura, M., T. Inagami, and V. Kon. 1989. Endotoxin stimulates endothelin-release in vivo and in vitro as determined by radioimmunoassay. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 161:1220-1227.
427. Lundblad, R., and K.-E. Giercksky. 1995. Endothelin concentrations in experimental sepsis: profiles of big endothelin and endothelin 1-21 in lethal peritonitis in rats. Eur. J. Surg. 161:9-16.
428. Weitzberg, E. 1993. Circulatory responses to endothelin-1 and nitric oxide: with special reference to endotoxin shock and nitric oxide inhalation. Acta Physiol. Scand. 611:1-72.
429. Nambi, P., M. Pullen, M. J. Slivjak, E. H. Ohlsten, R. Storer, and E. F. Smith, III. 1994. Endotoxin-mediated changes in plasma endothelin concentrations, renal endothelin receptor and renal function. Pharmacology 48:147-156.
430. Pernow, J., A. Hemsén, A. Hallén, and J. M. Lundberg. 1990. Release of endothelin-like immunoreactivity in relation to neuropeptide Y and catecholamines during endotoxin shock and asphyxia in the pig. Acta Physiol. Scand. 140:311-322.
431. Morel, D. R., J. S. Lacroix, A. Hemsen, D. A. Steinig, J.-F. Pittet, and J. M. Lundberg. 1989. Increased plasma and pulmonary lymph levels of endothelin during endotoxin shock. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 167:427-428.
432. Pernow, J., A. Hemsén, and J. M. Lundberg. 1989. Increased plasma levels of endothelin-like immunoreactivity during endotoxin administration in the pig. Acta Physiol. Scand. 137:317-318.
433. Weitzberg, E., J. M. Lundberg, and A. Rudehill. 1995. Inhibitory effects of diclofenac on the endotoxin shock response in relation to endothelin turnover in the pig. Acta Anesthesiol. Scand. 39:50-59.
434. Nambi, P., M. Pullen, M. Jugus, and M. Gellai. 1993. Rat kidney endothelin receptors in ischemia-induced acute renal failure. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 264:345-348.
435. Curzen, N. P., M. J. D. Griffiths, and T. W. Evans. 1995. Contraction to endothelin-1 in pulmonary arteries from endotoxin-treated rats is modulated by endothelium. Am. J. Physiol. 268:H2260-H2266.
436. Redl, H., G. Schlag, S. Bahrami, R. Kargl, W. Hartter, W. Woloszcuk, and J. Davies. 1994. Big-endothelin release in baboon bacteremia is partially TNF dependent. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 124:796-801.
437. Etienne, A., M. C. Pannetier, C. Soulard, and P. Braquet. 1990. Effects of endothelin on the lethality induced by platelet-activating factor or endotoxin in the mouse. Circ. Shock 32:77-81.
438. Morise, Z., M. Ueda, K. Aiura, M. Endo, and M. Kitajima. 1994. Pathophysiologic role of endothelin-1 in renal function in rats with endotoxin shock. Surgery 115:199-204.
439. Kohan, D. E. 1994. Role of endothelin and tumor necrosis factor in the renal response to sepsis. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 9(Suppl. 4): 73-77.
440. Gardiner, S. M., P. A. Kemp, J. E. March, and T. Bennett. 1995. Enhancement of the hypotensive and vasodilator effects of endotoxemia in conscious rats by the endothelin antagonist, SB 209670. Br. J. Pharmacol. 116:1718-1719.
441. Mitaka, C., Y. Hirata, K. Makita, T. Nagura, Y. Tsunoda, and K. Amaha. 1993. Endothelin-1 and atrial natriuretic peptide in septic shock. Am. Heart J. 126:466-468.
442. Voerman, H. J., C. D. A. Stehouwer, G. J. van Kamp, R. J. M. Strack van Schijndel, A. B. J. Groeneveld, and L. G. Thijs. 1992. Plasma endothelin levels are increased during septic shock. Crit. Care Med. 20:1097-1101.
443. Weitzberg, E., J. M. Lundberg, and A. Rudehill. 1991. Elevated plasma levels of endothelin in patients with sepsis syndrome. Circ. Shock 33:222-227.
444. Pittet, J.-F., D. R. Morel, A. Hemsen, K. Gunning, J.-S. Lacroix, P. M. Suter, and J. M. Lundberg. 1991. Elevated plasma endothelin-1 concentrations are associated with the severity of illness in patients with sepsis. Ann. Surg. 213:261-264.
445. Takakuwa, T., S. Endo, H. Nakae, M. Kikichi, T. Suzuki, K. Inada, and M. Yoshida. 1994. Plasma levels of TNF-α, endothelin-1 and thrombomodulin in patients with sepsis. Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. 84:261-269.
446. Klemm, P., T. D. Warner, T. Hohlfeld, R. Corder, and J. R. Vane. 1995. Endothelin 1 mediates ex vivo coronary vasoconstriction caused by exogenous and endogenous cytokines. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92:2691-2695.