The History of Planetary Degassing as Recorded by Noble Gases

Treatise on Geochemistry

Volumn 4-9, Issue , 2003, Pages 281-318

  Porcelli, D ^a   Turekian, K K ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^b YALE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEGASSING; EARTH ATMOSPHERE; ISOTOPES; LONG TERM EVOLUTION (LTE);

CHEMICAL SPECIES; DIFFERENTIATION PROCESS; ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; ISOTOPIC SIGNATURES; LOW-YIELD; NUCLEAR PROCESS; PLANETARY DIFFERENTIATION; RADIOGENICS; SOLAR NEBULA; SOLID EARTH;

INERT GASES;

EID: 34548553364     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B0-08-043751-6/04181-5     Document Type: Chapter

References (283)

1. Ahrens T.J. Impact erosion of terrestrial planetary atmospheres. Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 1993, 21:525-555.
2. Ahrens T.J., O'Keefe J.D., Lange M.A. Formation of atmospheres during accretion of the terrestrial planets. Origin and Evolution of Planetary and Satellite Atmospheres 1989, 328-385. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. S.K. Atreya, J.B. Pollack, M.S. Matthews (Eds.).
3. Albarède F. Time-dependent models of U-Th-He and K-Ar evolution and the layering of mantle convection. Chem. Geol. 1998, 145:413-429.
4. Allègre C.J. Limitation on the mass exchange between the upper and lower mantle: the evolving convection regime of the Earth. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1997, 150:1-6.
5. Allègre C.J., Staudacher T., Sarda P., Kurz M. Constraints on evolution of Earth's mantle from rare gas systematics. Nature 1983, 303:762-766.
6. Allègre C.J., Staudacher T., Sarda P. Rare gas systematics: formation of the atmosphere, evolution and structure of the Earth's mantle. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1986, 87:127-150.
7. Allègre C.J., Poirier J.-P., Humler E., Hofmann A.W. The chemical composition of the Earth. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1995, 134:515-526.
8. Allègre C.J., Hofmann A.W., O'Nions R.K. The argon constraints on mantle structures. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1996, 23:3555-3557.
9. Armstrong R.L. The persistent myth of crustal growth. Austral. J. Earth Sci. 1991, 38:613-630.
10. Aronson J.L., Hower J. Mechanism of burial metmorphism of argillaceous sediment: 2. Radiogenic argon evidence. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 1976, 87:738-744.
11. Ballentine C.J., Burnard P.G. Production, release, and transport of noble gases in the continental crust. Rev. Mineral. Geochem. 2002, 47:481-538.
12. Ballentine C.J., van Keken P.E., Porcelli D., Hauri E.K. Numerical models, geochemistry and the zero-paradox noble-gas mantle. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London A 2002, 360:2611-2631.
13. Batiza R. Abundances, distribution and sizes of volcanoes in the Pacific Ocean and implications for the origin of non-hotspot volcanoes. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1982, 60:195-206.
14. Bebout G.E. The impact of subduction-zone metamorphism on mantle-ocean chemical cycling. Chem. Geol. 1995, 126:191-218.
15. Bebout G.E., Fogel M. Nitrogen isotope composition of metasedimentary rocks in the Catalina Schist, California: implications for metorphic devolitization histor. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1992, 56:2839-2849.
16. Begemann R., Weber H.W., Hintenberger H. On the primordial abundance of argon-40. Astrophys. J. 1976, 203:L155-L157.
17. Bell D.R., Ihinger P.D. The isotopic composition of hydrogen in nominally anhydrous mantle minerals. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2000, 64:2109-2118.
18. Benkert J.-P., Baur H., Signer P., Wieler R. He, Ne, and Ar from solar wind and solar energetic particles in lunar ilmenites and pyroxenes. J. Geophys. Res. 1993, 98:13147-13162.
19. Bercovici D. and Karato S.-I. (2003) Whole-mantle convection and the transition-zone water filter. Nature 425, 39-44.
20. 4He distribution in the Great Artesian Basin of Australia. J. Geophys. Res. 1999, 104:12999-13011.
21. Bijwaard H., Spakman W. Tomographic evidence for a narrow whole mantle plume below Iceland. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1999, 166:121-126.
22. Blum J.D. Isotopic decay data. Global Earth Physics: A Handbook of Physical Constants 1995, 271-282. American Geophysical Union. T.J. Ahrens (Ed.).
23. Bogard D.D. A reappraisal of the Martian Ar-36/Ar-38 ratio. J. Geophys. Res. 1997, 102:1653-1661.
24. Bogard D.D., Clayton R.N., Marti K., Owen T., Turner G. Martian volatiles: isotopic composition, origin, and evolution. Space Sci. Rev. 2001, 96:425-458.
25. 14N in octahedral growth form diamonds. Chem. Geol. 1994, 116:43-59.
26. Brazzle R.H., Pravdivtseva O.V., Meshik A.P., Hohenberg C.M. Verification and interpretation of the I-Xe chronometer. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1999, 63:739-760.
27. Broadhurst C.L., Drake M.J., Hagee B.E., Bernatowicz T.J. Solubility and partitioning of Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe in minerals and synthetic basaltic melts. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1992, 56:709-723.
28. Brooker R.A., Du Z., Blundy J.D., Kelley S.P., Allan N.L., Wood B.J., Chamorro E.M., Wartho J.-A., Purton J.A. The "zero charge" partitioning behaviour of noble gases during mantle melting. Nature 2003, 423:738-741.
29. Brown H. Rare gases and the formation of the Earth's atmosphere. The Atmospheres of the Earth and Planets 1949, 258-266. University of Chicago Press. G.P. Kuiper (Ed.).
30. Buffett B.A., Huppert H.E., Lister J.R., Woods A.W. On the thermal evolution of the Earth's core. J. Geophys. Res. 1996, 101:7989-8006.
31. Burnard P.G., Graham D., Turner G. Vesicle specific noble gas analyses of Popping Rock: implications for primordial noble gases in Earth. Science 1997, 276:568-571.
32. Cadogan P.H. Paleaoatmospheric argon in Rhynie chert. Nature 1977, 268:38-41.
33. Caffee M.W., Hudson G.U., Velsko C., Huss G.R., Alexander E.C., Chivas A.R. Primordial noble cases from Earth's mantle: identification of a primitive volatile component. Science 1999, 285:2115-2118.
34. Carr M.H. Mars: a water-rich planet?. Icarus 1986, 68:187-216.
35. Cartigny P., Harris J.W., Javoy M. Eclogitic diamond formation at Jwaneng: no room for a recycled component. Science 1998, 280:1421-1424.
36. Cartigny P., Jendrzejewski N., Pineau F., Petit E., Javoy M. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2001, 194:241-257.
37. Chabot N.L., Drake M.J. Potassium solubility in metal: the effects of composition at 15 kbar and 1900 degrees C on partitioning between iron alloys and silicate melts. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1999, 172:323-335.
38. Chamorro-Perez E.M., Brooker R.A., Wartho J.-A., Wood B.J., Kelley S.P., Blundy J.D. Ar and K partitioning between clinopyroxene and silicate melt to 8 GPa. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2002, 66:507-519.
39. Chaussidon M., Jambon A. Boron content and isotopic composition of oceanic basalts: geochemical and cosmochemical implications. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1994, 121:277-291.
40. 3He in the sea: evidence for terrestrial primordial helium. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1969, 6:213-220.
41. Cogley J.C. Continental margins and the extent and number of the continents. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 1984, 22:101-122.
42. Coltice N., Ricard Y. Geochemical observations and one layer mantle convection. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1999, 174:125-137.
43. 40Ar constraints on recycling continental crust into the mantle. Science 2000, 288:845-847.
44. Craig H., Lupton J.E. Primordial neon, helium, and hydrogen in oceanic basalts. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1976, 31:369-385.
45. 3He in deep water on the East Pacific Rise. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1975, 2:125-132.
46. Creager K.C., Jordan T.H. Slab penetration into the lower mantle beneath the Marianas and other island arcs of the northwest Pacific. J. Geophys. Res. 1986, 91:3573-3589.
47. Crisp J.A. Rates of magma emplacement and volcanic output. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 1984, 89:3031-3049.
48. Dauphas N., Marty B. Heavy nitrogen in carbonatities of the Kola Peninsula: a possible signature of the deep mantle. Science 1999, 286:2488-2490.
49. Dauphas N., Robert F., Marty B. The late asteroidal and cometary bombardment of Earth as recorded in water deuterium to protium ratio. Icarus 2000, 148:508-512.
50. Davies G.F. Geophysically constrained mantle mass flows and the Ar-40 budget: a degassed lower mantle?. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1999, 166:149-162.
51. Deloule E., Albarède F., Sheppard S.M.F. Hydrogen isotope heterogeneities in the mantle from ion probe analysis of amphiboles from ultramafic rocks. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1991, 105:543-553.
52. Déruelle B., Dreibus G., Jambon A. Iodine abundances in oceanic basalts: implications for Earth dynamics. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1992, 108:217-227.
53. 2: Natural Variations Archean to Present 1985, 602-611. American Geophysical Union. E.T. Sundquist, W.S. Broecker (Eds.).
54. Dixon J.E., Stolper E.M. An experimental study of water and carbon dioxide solubilities in mid-ocean ridge basaltic liquids: 2. Applications to degassing. J. Petrol. 1995, 36:1633-1646.
55. Doe B.R., Zartman R.E. Plumbotectonics: I. The Phanerozoic. Geochemistry of Hydrothermal Ore Deposits 1979, 22-70. Wiley. H.L. Barnes (Ed.).
56. Donahue T.M. Evolution of water reservoirs on Mars from D/H ratios in the atmosphere and crust. Nature 1995, 374:432-434.
57. Donahue T.M., Pollack J.B. Origin and evolution of the atmosphere of Venus. Venus 1983, 1003-1036. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. D. Hunten, L. Colin, T. Donahue, V. Moroz (Eds.).
58. Donahue T.M., Hoffman J.H., Hodges R.R., Watson A.J. Venus was wet: a measurement of the ratio of deuterium to hydrogen. Science 1982, 216:630-633.
59. Dreibus G., Wänke H. Supply and loss of volatile constituents during accretion of terrestrial planets. Origin and Evolution of Planetary and Satellite Atmospheres 1989, 268-288. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. S.K. Atreya, J.B. Pollack, M.S. Matthews (Eds.).
60. Dymond J., Hogan L. Noble gas abundance patterns in deep sea basalts-Primordial gases from the mantle. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1973, 20:131-139.
61. Eikenberg J., Signer P., Wieler R. U-Xe, U-Kr, and U-Pb systematics for dating uranium minerals and investigations of the production of nucleogenic neon and argon. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1993, 57:1053-1069.
62. England P.C., Thompson A.B. Pressure-temperature-time paths of regional metamorphism: I. Heat transfer during evolution of regions of thickened continental crust. J. Petrol. 1984, 25:894-928.
63. Etheridge M.A., Wall V.J., Cox S.F., Vernon R.H. High fluid pressures during regional metamorphism and deformation: implications for mass transport and deformation mechanisms. J. Geophys. Res. 1984, 89:4344-4358.
64. Farley K.A., Basu A.R., Craig H. He, Sr, and Nd isotopic variations in lavas from the Juan Fernandez archipelago. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 1993, 115:75-87.
65. Farley K.A., Maier-Reimer E., Schlosser P., Broecker W.S. Constraints on mantle He-3 fluxes and deep-sea circulation from an oceanic general circulation model. J. Geophys. Res. 1995, 100:3829-3839.
66. Fisher D.E. Terrestrial potassium abundances as limits to models of atmospheric evolution. Terrestrial Rare Gases 1978, 173-183. Japan Scientific Societies Press. M. Ozima (Ed.).
67. Fisher D.E. Noble gases from oceanic island basalts do not require an undepleted mantle source. Nature 1985, 316:716-718.
68. Galer S.J.G., O'Nions R.K. Residence time of thorium, uranium, and lead in the mantle with implications for mantle convection. Nature 1985, 316:778-782.
69. Gamo T., Ishibashi J.-I., Sakai H., Tilbrook B. Methane anomalies in seawater above the Loihi seamount summit area, Hawaii. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1987, 51:2857-2864.
70. Gast P.W. Limitations on the composition of the upper mantle. J. Geophys. Res. 1960, 65:1287-1297.
71. Geiss J., Buehler F., Cerutti H., Eberhardt P., Filleaux C.H. Solar wind composition experiments. Apollo 15 Preliminary Sci. Report 1972, chap. 15.
72. Goes S., Spakman W., Bijwaard H. A lower mantle source for central European volcanism. Science 1999, 286:1928-1931.
73. Grady M.M., Wright I.P., Carr L.P., Pillinger C.T. Compositional differences in estatite chondrites based on carbon and nitrogen stable isotope measurements. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1986, 50:2799-2813.
74. Graham D.W. Noble gases in MORB and OIB: observational constraints for the characterization of mantle source reservoirs. Rev. Mineral. Geochem. 2002, 47:247-318.
75. Graham D.W., Lupton F., Albarède F., Condomines M. Extreme temporal homogeneity of helium isotopes at Piton de la Fournaise, Réunion Island. Nature 1990, 347:545-548.
76. Grand S.P. Tomographic inversion for shear velocity beneath the North American plate. J. Geophys. Res. 1987, 92:14065-14090.
77. Grand S.P. Mantle shear structure beneath the Americas and surrounding oceans. J. Geophys. Res. 1994, 99:66-78.
78. Haendel D., Mühle K., Nitzsche H., Stiehl G., Wand U. Isotopic variations of the fixed nitrogen in metamorphic rocks. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1986, 50:749-758.
79. Hagee B., Bernatowicz T.J., Podosek F.A., Johnson M.L., Burnett D.S., Tatsumoto M. Actinide abundances in ordinary chondrites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1990, 54:2847-2858.
80. Hall A. Ammonium in spilitized basalts of southwest England and its implications for the recycling of nitrogen 1989.
81. Halliday A.N., Porcelli D. In search of lost planets-the paleocosmochemistry of the inner solar system. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2001, 192:545-559.
82. Hamano Y., Ozima M. Earth-atmosphere evolution model based on Ar isotopic data. Terrestrial Rare Gases 1978, 155-171. Japan Scientific Societies Press. M. Ozima (Ed.).
83. 39Ar geochronological and electron microprobe investigation of an Archaean pyroxenite and its bearing on ancient atmospheric compositions. Can. J. Earth Sci. 1985, 22:947-958.
84. Hanyu T., Kaneoka I. Open system behavior of helium in case of the HIMU source area. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1998, 25:687-690.
85. Harrison D., Burnard P., Turner G. Noble gas behaviour and composition in the mantle: constraints from the Iceland plume. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1999, 171:199-207.
86. Hart R., Dymond J., Hogan L. Preferential formation of the atmosphere-sialic crust system from the upper mantle. Nature 1979, 278:156-159.
87. Hart S.R., Staudigel H. The control of alkalies and uranium in seawater by ocean crust alteration. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1982, 58:202-212.
88. Hashizume K., Chaussidon M., Marty B., Robert F. Solar wind record on the moon: deciphering presolar from planetary nitrogen. Science 2000, 290:1142-1145.
89. Hauri E. SIMS analysis of volatiles in silicate glasses: 2. Isotopes and abundances in Hawaiian melt inclusions. Chem. Geol. 2002, 183:115-141.
90. Heaton T.H.E. Rates and sources of 4He accumulation in groundwater. Hydrol. Sci. J. 1984, 29:29-47.
91. Helmberger D.V., Wen L., Ding X. Seismic evidence that the source of the Iceland hotspot lies at the core-mantle boundary. Nature 1998, 396:251-255.
92. Hilton D.R., McMurty G.M., Kreulen R. Evidence for extensive degassing of the Hawaiian mantle plume from helium-carbon relationships at Kilauea volcano. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1997, 24:3065-3068.
93. 3He ratios signal rapid changes in magma chemistry at Loihi seamount, Hawaii. Nature 1998, 396:359-362.
94. Hilton D.R., Grönvold K., Sveinbjornsdottir A.E., Hammerschmidt K. Helium isotope evidence for off-axis degassing of the Icelandic hotspot. Chem. Geol. 1998, 149:173-187.
95. Hilton D.R., Thirlwall M.F., Taylor R.N., Murton B.J., Nichols A. Controls on magmatic degassing along the Reykjanes Ridge with implications for the helium paradox. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2000, 183:43-50.
96. Hilton D.R., Fischer T.P., Marty B. Noble gases in subduction zones and volatile recycling. Rev. Mineral. Geochem. 2002, 47:319-370.
97. Hiyagon H., Ozima M. Partition of gases between olivine and basalt melt. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1986, 50:2045-2057.
98. Hiyagon H., Ozima M., Marty B., Zashu S., Sakai H. Noble gases in submarine glasses from mid-oceanic ridges and Loihi Seamount-Constraints on the early history of the Earth. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1992, 56:1301-1316.
99. Hoefs J. Carbon. Handbook of Geochemistry 1969.
100. Hofmann A.W. Chemical differentiation of the Earth: the relationship between mantle, continental crust, and oceanic crust. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1988, 90:297-314.
101. Hoffman J.H., Hodges R.R., Donahue T.M., McElroy M.B. Composition of the Venus lower atmosphere from the Pioneer Venus mass spectrometer. J. Geophys. Res. 1980, 85:7882-7890.
102. Hohenberg C.M., Podosek F.A., Reynolds J.H. Xenon-iodine dating: sharp isochronism in chondrites. Science 1967, 156:233-236.
103. 2 in MORB magmas and the carbon content of the mantle. Chem. Geol. 1998, 147:89-97.
104. Honda M., McDougall I. Solar noble gases in the Earth-the systematics of helium-neon isotopes in mantle-derived samples. Lithos 1993, 30:257-265.
105. Honda M., McDougall I. Primordial helium and neon in the Earth-a speculation on early degassing. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1998, 25:1951-1954.
106. Honda M., McDougall I., Patterson D.B., Doulgeris A., Clague D.A. Possible solar noble-gas component in Hawaiian basalts. Nature 1991, 349:149-151.
107. Honda M., McDougall I., Patterson D.B., Doulgeris A., Clague D.A. Noble gases in submarine pillow basalt glasses from Loihi and Kilauea, Hawaii-a solar component in the Earth. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1993, 57:859-874.
108. 244Pu as inferred from the St. Severin chondrite. Proc. 19th Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 1989, 547-557.
109. Hunt J.M. Distribution of carbon in crust of Earth. Bull. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. 1972, 56:2273-2277.
110. Hunten D.M., Pepin R.O., Walker J.C.G. Mass fractionation in hydrodynamic escape. Icarus 1987, 69:532-549.
111. Hurley P.M. K-Ar dating of sediments. Potassium Argon Dating 1966, 134-151. Springer. O.A. Schaeffer, J. Zähringer (Eds.).
112. Hurley P.M., Rand J.R. Pre-drift continental nuclei. Science 1969, 164:1229-1242.
113. Hurley P.M., Brookins D.G., Pinson W.H., Hart S.R., Fairbairn H.W. K-Ar age studies of Mississippi and other river sediments. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 1961, 72:1807-1816.
114. Hutchins K.S., Jakosky B.M. Evolution of martian atmospheric argon: implications for sources of volatiles. J. Geophys. Res. 1996, 101:14933-14949.
115. Ito E., Harris D.M., Anderson A.T. Alteration of oceanic crust and geologic cycling of chlorine and water. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1983, 47:1613-1624.
116. Jambon A. Earth degassing and large-scale geochemical cycling of volatile elements. Rev. Mineral. 1994, 30:479-517.
117. Jambon A., Zimmermann J.L. Water in oceanic basalts-evidence for dehydration of recycled crust. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1990, 101:323-331.
118. Jaupart C., Sclater J.G., Simmons G. Heat flow studies: constraints on the distribution of uranium, thorium, and potassium in the continental crust. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1981, 52:328-344.
119. Javoy M. The birth of the Earth's atmosphere: the behavior and fate of its major elements. Chem. Geol. 1998, 147:11-25.
120. Javoy M., Pineau F. The volatiles record of a "Popping Rock" from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 14 ° N: chemical and isotopic composition of gas trapped in the vesicles. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1991, 107:598-611.
121. Javoy M., Pineau F., Demaiffe D. Nitrogen and carbon isotopic composition in the diamonds of Mbuji Mayi (Zaire). Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1984, 68:399-412.
122. Jochum K.P., Hofmann A.W., Ito E., Seufert H.M., White W.M. K, U, and Th in mid-ocean ridge basalt glasses and heat production, K/U and K/Rb in the mantle. Nature 1983, 306:431-436.
123. Kaula W.M. Venus: a contrast in evolution to Earth. Science 1990, 247:1191-1196.
124. Kaula W.M. Constraints on Venus evolution from radiogenic argon. Icarus 1999, 139:32-39.
125. 2 records from sites in the SIO air sampling network 2000.
126. Kellogg L.H., Wasserburg G.J. The role of plumes in mantle helium fluxes. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1990, 99:276-289.
127. Kellogg L.H., Hager B.H., van der Hilst R.D. Compositional stratification in the deep mantle. Science 1999, 283:1881-1884.
128. Kerridge J.F. Carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen in carbonaceous chondrites: abundances and isotopic compositions in bulk samples. Geochim. Cosmochim Acta 1985, 49:1707-1714.
129. Kingsley R.H., Schilling J.-G. Carbon in Mid-Atlantic Ridge basalt glasses from 28-degrees-N to 63-degrees-N-evidence for a carbon-enriched azores mantle plume. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1995, 129:31-53.
130. Korenaga J., Kelemen P.B. Major element heterogeneity in the mantle source of the North Atlantic igneous province. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2000, 184:251-268.
131. Krummenacher D., Merrihue C.M., Pepin R.O., Reynolds J.H. Meteoritic krypton and barium versus the general isotopic anomalies in meteoritic xenon. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1962, 26:231-249.
132. Kunz J. Is there solar argon in the Earth's mantle?. Nature 1999, 399:649-650.
133. Kunz J., Staudacher T., Allègre C.J. Plutonium-fission xenon found in Earth's mantle. Science 1998, 280:877-880.
134. Kurz M.D., Jenkins W.J., Hart S.R. Helium isotopic systematics of oceanic islands and mantle heterogeneity. Nature 1982, 297:43-46.
135. Kyser T.K., O'Neil J.R. Hydrogen isotope systematics of submarine basalts. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1984, 48:2123-2133.
136. Lécuyer C., Gillet P., Robert F. The hydrogen isotope composition of seawater and the global water cycle. Chem. Geol. 1998, 45:249-261.
137. Lécuyer C., Simon L., Guyot F. Comparison of carbon, nitrogen, and water budgets on Venus and the Earth. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2000, 181:33-40.
138. Li Y.-H. Geochemical mass balance among lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. Am. J. Sci. 1972, 272:119-137.
139. Lupton J.E. A far-field hydrothermal plume from Loihi Seamount. Science 1996, 272:976-979.
140. 3He in oceanic basalts, evidence for terrestrial primordial helium. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1975, 26:133-139.
141. Magaritz M., Taylor H.P. Oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon isotope studies of the Franciscan Formation Coast Ranges, California. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1976, 40:215-234.
142. 4He in Jupiter's atmosphere. Space Sci. Rev. 1998, 84:251-263.
143. Mamyrin B.A., Tolstikhin I.N., Anufriev G.S., Kamensky I.L. Anomalous isotopic composition of helium in volcanic gases. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 1969, 184:1197-1199. (in Russian).
144. Marti K., Mathew K.J. Noble-gas components in planetary atmospheres and interiors in relation to solar wind and meteorites. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Earth Planet. Sci.) 1998, 107:425-431.
145. Martel D.J., Deak J., Dovenyi P., Horvath F., O'Nions R.K., Oxburgh E.R., Stegna L., Stute M. Leakage of helium from the Pannonian Basin. Nature 1989, 432:908-912.
146. Martin J.-M., Meybeck M. Elemental mass-balance of material carried by major world rivers. Mar. Chem. 1979, 7:173-206.
147. Marty B., Dauphas N. The nitrogen record of crust-mantle interaction and mantle convection from Archean to present. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2003, 206:397-410.
148. Marty B., Humbert F. Nitrogen and argon isotopes in oceanic basalts. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1997, 152:101-112.
149. 3He in volatile fluxes from the solid Earth-implications for carbon geodynamics. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1987, 83:16-26.
150. Marty B., Marti K. Signatures of early differentiation on Mars. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2002, 196:251-263.
151. Marty B., Zimmermann L. Volatiles (He, C, N, Ar) in mid-ocean ridge basalts: assessment of shallow-level fractionation and characterization of source composition. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1999, 63:3619-3633.
152. Marty B., Tolstikhin I., Kamensky I.L., Nivin V., Balaganskaya E., Zimmermann J.-L. Plume-derived rare gases in 380 Ma carbonatities from the Kola region (Russia) and the argon isotopic composition of the deep mantle. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1998, 164:179-192.
153. Mathew K.J., Marti K. Early evolution of martian volatiles: nitrogen and noble gas components in ALH84001 and Chassigny. J. Geophys. Res. 2001, 106:1401-1422.
154. Mathew K.J., Marti K. Martian atmospheric and interior volatiles in the meteorite Nakhla. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2002, 199:7-20.
155. Mathew K.J., Kim J.S., Marti K. martian atmospheric and indigenous components of xenon and nitrogen in the Shergotty, Nakhla, and Chassigny group meteorites. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 1998, 33:655-664.
156. 36Ar ratio of the undepleted mantle: a re-evaluation. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1995, 22:1937-1940.
157. Matsuda J.-I., Nagao K. Noble gas abundances in a deep-sea core from eastern equatorial Pacific. Geochem. J. 1986, 20:71-80.
158. Mattey D.P., Carr R.H., Wright I.P., Pillinger C.T. Carbon isotopes in submarine basalts. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1984, 70:196-206.
159. Mazor E. Stagnant aquifer concept: 1. Large scale artesian systems-Great Artesian Basin, Australia. J. Hydrol. 1995, 173:219-240.
160. McCulloch M.T. The role of subducted slabs in an evolving Earth. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1993, 115:89-100.
161. McDonough W.F., Sun S.S. The composition of the Earth. Chem. Geol. 1995, 120:223-253.
162. 39Ar Method 1999, Oxford University Press.
163. McLennan S.M., Taylor S.R. Heat flow and the chemical composition of continental crust. J. Geol. 1996, 104:369-377.
164. Milliman J.D., Meade R.H. World-wide delivery of river sediment to the oceans. J. Geol. 1983, 91:1-21.
165. Moreira M., Sarda P. Noble gas constraints on degassing processes. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2000, 176:375-386.
166. Moreira M., Kunz J., Allègre C.J. Rare gas systematics in Popping Rock: isotopic and elemental compositions in the upper mantle. Science 1998, 279:1178-1181.
167. Morgan P. The thermal structure and thermal evolution of the continental lithosphere. Phys. Chem. Earth 1984, 15:107-193.
168. Morgan J.P. Thermal and rare gas evolution of the mantle. Chem. Geol. 1998, 145:431-445.
169. Morrison P., Pine J. Radiogenic origin of the helium isotopes in rock. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1955, 62:69-92.
170. Muramatsu Y.W., Wedepohl K.H. The distribution of iodine in the Earth's crust. Chem. Geol. 1998, 147:201-216.
171. Musselwhite D.S., Drake M.J. Early outgassing of Mars: implications from experimentally determined solubility of iodine in silicate magmas. Icarus 2000, 148:160-175.
172. Musselwhite D.S., Drake M.J., Swindle T.D. Early outgassing of Mars supported by differential water solubility of iodine and xenon. Nature 1991, 352:697-699.
173. Namiki N., Solomon S.C. Volcanic degassing of argon and helium and the history of crustal production on Venus. J. Geophys. Res. 1998, 103:3655-3677.
174. Nier A.O., McElroy M.B. Composition and structure of Mars' upper atmosphere: results from the neutral mass spectrometers on Viking 1 and 2. J. Geophys. Res. 1977, 82:4341-4349.
175. Nyblade A.A., Pollack H.N. A global analysis of heat flow from Precambrian terrains: implications for the thermal structure of Archean and Proterozoic lithosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 1993, 98:12207-12218.
176. O'Nions R.K., Oxburgh E.R. Heat and helium in the Earth. Nature 1983, 306:429-431.
177. O'Nions R.K., Oxburgh E.R. Helium, volatile fluxes and the development of continental crust. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1988, 90:331-347.
178. O'Nions R.K., Tolstikhin I.N. Behaviour and residence times of lithophile and rare gas tracers in the upper mantle. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1994, 124:131-138.
179. O'Nions R.K., Carter S.R., Evensen N.M., Hamilton P.J. Upper mantle geochemistry. The Sea 1981, vol. 7:49-71. Wiley. C. Emiliani (Ed.).
180. Ott U. Noble gases in SNC meteorites: Shergotty, Nakhla, Chassigny. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1988, 52:1937-1948.
181. Owen T., Biemann K., Rushneck D.R., Biller J.E., Howarth D.W., Lafleur A.L. The composition of the atmosphere at the surface of Mars. J. Geophys. Res. 1977, 82:4635-4639.
182. Owen T., Maillard J.P., Debergh C., Lutz B. Deuterium on Mars: the abundance of HDO and the value of D/H. Science 1988, 240:1767-1770.
183. Owen T., Bar Nun A., Kleinfeld I. Possible cometary origin of heavy noble gases in the atmospheres of Venus, Earth, and Mars. Nature 1992, 358:43-46.
184. Owen T., Mahaffay P.R., Niemann H.B., Atreya S., Wong M. Astrophys. J. 2001, 553:L77-L79.
185. Ozima M. Was the evolution of the atmosphere continuous or catastrophic?. Nature Phys. Sci. 1973, 246:41-42.
186. Ozima M. Ar isotopes and Earth-atmosphere evolution models. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1975, 39:1127-1134.
187. Ozima M., Kudo K. Excess argon in submarine basalts and an Earth-atmosphere evolution model. Nature Phys. Sci. 1972, 239:23-24.
188. Ozima M., Podosek F.A. Noble Gas Geochemistry 1983, Cambridge University Press.
189. Ozima M., Podosek F.A. Noble Gas Geochemistry 2001, Cambridge University Press. 2nd edn.
190. Ozima M., Podozek F.A., Igarashi G. Terrestrial xenon isotope constraints on the early history of the Earth. Nature 1985, 315:471-474.
191. Parsons B. The rates of plate creation and consumption. Geophys. J. Roy. Astron. Soc. 1981, 67:437-448.
192. Patterson D.B., Honda M., McDougall I. Atmospheric contamination: a possible source for heavy noble gases basalts from Loihi Seamount, Hawaii. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1990, 17:705-708.
193. Pepin R.O. On the origin and early evolution of terrestrial planet atmospheres and meteoritic volatiles. Icarus 1991, 92:1-79.
194. Pepin R.O. Isotopic evidence for a solar argon component in the Earths mantle. Nature 1998, 394:664-667.
195. Pepin R.O. On the isotopic composition of primordial xenon in terrestrial planet atmospheres. Space Sci. Rev. 2000, 92:371-395.
196. Pepin R.O., Carr M. Major issues and outstanding questions. Mars 1992, 120-143. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. H.H. Kieffer, B.M. Jakosky, C.W. Snyder, M.S. Matthews (Eds.).
197. Pepin R.O., Phinney D. The formation interval of the Earth. Lunar Sci. 1976, VII:682-684.
198. Pepin R.O., Porcelli D. Origin of noble gases in the terrestrial planets. Rev. Mineral. Geochem. 2002, 47:191-246.
199. Peters K.E., Sweeney R.E., Kaplan I.R. Correlation of carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios in sedimentary organic matter. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1978, 23:598-604.
200. Pfennig G., Klewe-Nebenius H., Seelann-Eggebert W. Karlsruhe Chart of the Nuclide 1998, Institut für Instrumentelle Analytik, Karlsruhe. 6th edn. (revised reprint).
201. 2 well gas revisited. J. Geophys. Res. 1978, 83:2313-2319.
202. oN, Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1994, 123:179-198.
203. Podosek F.A., Honda M., Ozima M. Sedimentary noble gases. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1980, 44:1875-1884.
204. Pollack H.N., Hurter S.J., Johnson J.R. Heat flow from the Earth's interior: analysis of the global data set. Rev. Geophys. 1993, 31:267-280.
205. Porcelli D., Ballentine B.J. Models for the distribution of terrestrial noble gases and evolution of the atmosphere. Rev. Mineral. Geochem. 2002, 47:411-480.
206. Porcelli D., Halliday A.N. The core as a possible source of mantle helium. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2001, 192:45-56.
207. Porcelli D., Pepin R.O. Rare gas constraints on early Earth history. Origin of the Earth and Moon 2000, 435-458. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. R.M. Canup, K. Righter (Eds.).
208. Porcelli D., Wasserburg G.J. Mass transfer of xenon through a steady-state upper mantle. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1995, 59:1991-2007.
209. Porcelli D., Wasserburg G.J. Mass transfer of helium, neon, argon, and xenon through a steady-state upper mantle. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1995, 59:4921-4937.
210. Porcelli D., Woolum D., Cassen P. Deep Earth rare gases: initial inventories, capture from the solar nebula, and losses during Moon formation. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2001, 193:237-251.
211. Porcelli D., Ballentine C.J., Wieler R. An introduction to noble gas geochemistry and cosmochemistry. Rev. Mineral. Geochem. 2002, 47:1-18.
212. Porcelli D., Pepin R. O., Ballentine C. J., and Halliday A. (2003) Xe and degassing of the Earth (in preparation).
213. Poreda R.J., Farley K.A. Rare gases in Samoan xenoliths. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1992, 113:129-144.
214. Poreda R., Schilling J.G., Craig H. Helium and hydrogen isotopes in ocean ridge basalts north and south of Iceland. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1986, 78:1-17.
215. 13C relations. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1992, 56:4221-4228.
216. 238U. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1994, 128:653-670.
217. Reymer A., Schubert G. Phanerozoic addition rates to the continental crust. Tectonics 1984, 3:63-77.
218. Rison W., Craig H. Helium isotopes and mantle volatiles in Loihi Seamount and Hawaiian Island basalts and xenoliths. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1983, 66:407-426.
219. Rocholl A., Jochum K.P. Th, U, and other trace elements in carbonaceous chondrites-implications for the terrestrial and solar system Th/U ratios. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1993, 117:265-278.
220. Ronov A.B., Yaroshevsky A.A. Chemical composition of the Earth's crust. Am. Geophys. Union Geophys. Mon. Ser. 1969, 13:37-57.
221. Ronov A.B., Yaroshevsky A.A. A new model for the chemical structure of the Earth's crust. Geochem. Int. 1976, 13:89-121.
222. Rubey W.W. Geological history of seawater. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am. 1951, 62:1111-1148.
223. Rudnick R., Fountain D.M. Nature and composition of the continental crust: a lower crustal perspective. Rev. Geophys. 1995, 33:267-309.
224. Rudnick R.L., McDonough W.F., O'Connell R.J. Thermal structure, thickness, and composition of continental lithosphere. Chem. Geol. 1998, 145:395-412.
225. Russell S.A., Lay T., Garnero E.J. Seismic evidence for small-scale dynamics in the lowermost mantle at the root of the Hawaiian hotspot. Nature 1998, 369:225-258.
226. Sano Y., Williams S. Fluxes of mantle and subducted carbon along convergent plate boundaries. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1996, 23:2746-2752.
227. Sano Y., Takahata N., Nishio Y., Marty B. Nitrogen recycling in subduction zones. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1998, 25:2289-2292.
228. 36Ar in MORB glasses: constraints on atmosphere and mantle evolution. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1985, 72:357-375.
229. Sarda P., Staudacher T., Allègre C.J. Neon isotopes in submarine basalts. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1988, 91:73-88.
230. Sarda P., Moreira M., Staudacher T., Schilling J.G., Allègre C.J. Rare gas systematics on the southernmost Mid-Atlantic Ridge: constraints on the lower mantle and the Dupal source. J. Geophys. Res. 2000, 105:5973-5996.
231. 2-He atmosphere. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1988, 89:323-334.
232. Sasaki S., Tajika E. Degassing history and evolution of volcanic activities of terrestrial planets based on radiogenic noble gas degassing models. AIP Conf. Proc. 341 1995, 186-199. K.A. Farley (Ed.).
233. Schilling J.-G., Unni C.K., Bender M.L. Origin of chlorine and bromine in the oceans. Nature 1978, 273:631-636.
234. Schwartzman D.W. Argon degassing and the origin of the sialic crust. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1973, 37:2479-2495.
235. Shen Y., Solomon S.C., Bjarnason I.T., Wolfe C.J. Seismic evidence for a lower-mantle origin of the Iceland plume. Nature 1998, 395:62-65.
236. Sleep N.H., Zahnle K. Carbon dioxide cycling and implications for climate on ancient Earth. J. Geophys. Res. 2001, 106:1373-1399.
237. 2O storage and recycling in the mantle. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1996, 137:45-55.
238. Sobolev A.V., Hofmann A.W., Nikogosian I.K. Recycled oceanic crust observed in "ghost plagioclase" within the source of Mauna Loa lavas. Nature 2000, 404:986-990.
239. Staudacher T. Upper mantle origin for Harding County well gases. Nature 1987, 325:605-607.
240. Staudacher T., Allègre C.J. Terrestrial xenology. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1982, 60:389-406.
241. Staudacher T., Allègre C.J. Recycling of oceanic crust and sediments: the noble gas subduction barrier. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1988, 89:173-183.
242. o N: geodynamic consequences. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1989, 96:119-133.
243. Stute M., Sonntag C., Deak J., Schlosser P. Helium in deep circulating groundwater in the Great Hungarian Plain-Glow dynamics and crustal and mantle helium fluxes. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1992, 56:2051-2067.
244. Suess H.E. The abundance of noble gases in the Earth and the cosmos. J. Geol. 1949, 57:600-607. (in German).
245. Swindle T.D. Martian noble gases. Rev. Mineral. Geochem. 2002, 47:171-190.
246. Swindle T.D., Jones J.H. The xenon isotopic composition of the primordial martian atmosphere: contributions from solar and fission components. J. Geophys. Res. 1997, 102:1671-1678.
247. 40Ar degassing model. J. Geophys. Res. 1996, 101:7543-7554.
248. Taylor S.R., McLennan S.M. The Continental Crust: Its Composition and Evolution 1985, Blackwell.
249. Taylor H.P., Sheppard S.M.F. Rev. Mineral 1986.
250. Thompson A.B. Water in the Earth's upper mantle. Nature 1992, 358:295-302.
251. 129Xe on the outgassing of the atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 1980, 85:4374-4378.
252. Tolstikhin I.N. Helium isotopes in the Earth's interior and in the atmosphere: a degassing model of the Earth. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1975, 26:88-96.
253. 4He in the Great Artesian Basin, Australia. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1985, 49:1211-1218.
254. 4He degassing flux. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1985, 49:2445-2452.
255. 40Ar in the Great Artesian Basin, Australia. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1989, 92:43-56.
256. Trieloff M., Kunz J., Clague D.A., Harrison D., Allègre C.J. The nature of pristine noble gases in mantle plumes. Science 2000, 288:1036-1038.
257. Trull T., Nadeau S., Pineau F., Polvé M., Javoy M. C-He systematics in hotspot xenoliths: implications for mantle carbon contents and carbon recycling. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1993, 118:43-64.
258. Turcotte D.L., Schubert G. Geodynamics 1982, Wiley.
259. Turcotte D.L., Schubert G. Tectonic implications of radiogenic noble gases in planetary atmospheres. Icarus 1988, 74:36-46.
260. Turekian K.K. The terrestrial economy of helium and argon. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1959, 17:37-43.
261. 40Ar systematics. From Mantle to Meteorites 1990, 147-152. Indian Academy of Sciences. K. Gopolan, V.K. Gaur, B.L.K. Somayajulu, J.D. MacDougall (Eds.).
262. Turekian K.K., Clark S.P. Inhomogeneous accumulation of the Earth from the primitive solar nebula. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1969, 6:346-348.
263. Turekian K.K., Clark S.P. The non-homogeneous accumulation model for terrestrial planet formation and the consequences for the atmosphere of Venus. J. Atmos. Sci. 1975, 32:1257-1261.
264. Turner G. The outgassing history of the Earth's atmosphere. J. Geol. Soc. London 1989, 146:147-154.
265. Valbracht P.J., Staudacher T., Malahoff A., Allègre C.J. Noble gas systematics of deep rift zone glasses from Loihi Seamount, Hawaii. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1997, 150:399-411.
266. van der Hilst R.D., Widiyantoro S., Engdahl E.R. Evidence for deep mantle circulation from global tomography. Nature 1997, 386:578-584.
267. van Keken P.E., Ballentine C.J., Porcelli D. A dynamical investigation of the heat and helium imbalance. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2001, 188:421-443.
268. Veizer J., Jansen S.L. Basement and sedimentary recycling and continental evolution. Am. J. Sci. 1979, 87:341-370.
269. Veizer J., Jansen S.L. Basement and sedimentary recycling: 2. Time dimension to global tectonics. J. Geol. 1985, 93:625-643.
270. Vidale J.E., Schubert G., Earle P.S. Unsuccessful initial search for a mid-mantle chemical boundary with seismic arrays. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2001, 28:859-862.
271. Volkov V.P., Frenkel M.Y. The modelling of Venus degassing in terms of K-Ar system. Earth Moon Planets 1993, 62:117-129.
272. Von Huene R., Scholl D.W. Observations at convergent margins concerning sediment subduction, subduction erosion, and the growth of continental crust. Rev. Geophys. 1991, 29:279-316.
273. von Zahn U., Kumar S., Niemann H., Prinn R. Composition of the Venus atmosphere. Venus 1983, 299-430. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. D. Hunten, L. Colin, T. Donahue, V. Moroz (Eds.).
274. Wänke H., Dreibus G. Chemical composition and accretion history of terrestrial planets. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London 1988, A325:545-557.
275. Wänke H., Dreibus G., Jagoutz E. Mantle chemistry and accretion history of the Earth. Archaean Geochemistry 1984, 1-24.
276. Weaver B.L., Tarney J. Empirical approach to estimating the composition of the continental crust. Nature 1984, 310:575-577.
277. Weaver C.E., Wampler J.M. K, Ar, Illite burial. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 1970, 81:3423-3430.
278. Wedepohl K.H. The composition of the continental crust. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1995, 59:1217-1232.
279. Wetherill G. Radiometric chronology of the early solar system. Ann. Rev. Nuclear Sci. 1975, 25:283-328.
280. Wollast R., Mackenzie F.T. The global cycle of silica. Silicon Geochemistry and Biogeochemistry 1983, 39-76. Academic Press. S.R. Aston (Ed.).
281. Wood B.J. Carbon in the core. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1993, 117:593-607.
282. Zhao D. Seismic structure and origin of hotspots and mantle plumes. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2001, 192:251-265.
283. Zhang Y., Zindler A. Distribution and evolution of carbon and nitrogen in Earth. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1993, 117:331-345.