Models for the distribution of terrestrial noble gases and evolution of the atmosphere

Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry

Volumn 47, Issue , 2002, Pages

  Porcelli, Donald ^a,b   Ballentine, Chris J ^a,c  

^a ETH ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33845806874     PISSN: 15296466     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.2138/rmg.2002.47.11     Document Type: Article

References (353)

1. Abbott DA, Burgess L, Longhi J, Smith WHF (1993) An empirical thermal history of the Earth's upper mantle. J Geophys Res 99:13835-13850
2. Ahrens TJ (1993) Impact erosion of terrestrial planetary atmospheres. Ann Rev Earth Planet Sci 21: 525-555
3. Ahrens TJ, O'Keefe JD, Lange MA (1989). Formation of atmospheres during accretion of the terrestrial planets. In Origin and evolution of planetary and satellite atmospheres. In Atreya SK, Pollack JB, Matthews MS (eds) University of Arizona Press, Tucson, p 328-385
4. Albarède (1998) Time-dependent models of U-Th-He and K-Ar evolution and the layering of mantle convection. Chem Geol 145:413-429
5. Allard P (1992) Global emissions of helium by subaerial volcanism. Geophys Res Lett 19:1479-1481
6. Allègre CJ (1997) Limitation on the mass exchange between the upper and lower mantle: the evolving convection regime of the Earth. Earth Planet Sci Lett 150:1-6
7. Allègre CJ, Staudacher T, Sarda P, Kurz M (1983) Constraints on evolution of Earth's mantle from rare gas systematics. Nature 303:762-766
8. Allègre CJ, Staudacher T, Sarda P (1986) Rare gas systematics: formation of the atmosphere, evolution and structure of the Earth's mantle. Earth Planet Sci Lett 87:127-150
9. Allègre CJ, Sarda P, Staudacher T (1993) Speculations about the cosmic origin of He and Ne in the interior of the Earth. Earth Planet Sci Lett 117:229-233
10. 3He dispersion and mantle convection. Geophys Res Lett 22:2325-2328
11. Allègre CJ, Poirier J-P, Humler E, Hofmann AW (1995b) The chemical composition of the Earth. Earth Planet Sci Lett 134:515-526
12. Allègre CJ, Hofmann AW, O'Nions RK (1996) The argon constraints on mantle structures. Geophys Res Lett 23:3555-3557
13. Althaus T, Niedermann S, Erzinger J (2000) Noble gas studies of fluids and gas exhalations in the East Carpathians, Romania. Chem Erde (Geochem) 60:189-207
14. Anders E, Grevesse N (1989) Abundances of the elements: meteoritic and solar. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 53:197-214
15. Anderson DL (1993) Helium-3 from the mantle - primordial signal or cosmic dust? Science 261:170-176
16. Anderson DL (1998a) The helium paradoxes. Proc Nail Acad Sci USA 95:4822-4827
17. Anderson DL (1998b) A model to explain the various paradoxes associated with mantle noble gas geochemistry. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:9087-9092
18. Anderson DL (2000a) The statistics of helium isotopes along the global spreading ridge system and the central limit system. Geophys Res Lett 27:2401-2404
19. Anderson DL (2000b) The statistics and distribution of helium in the mantle. Intl Geol Rev 42:289-311
20. Anderson DL (2001) A statistical test of the two reservoir model for helium isotopes. Earth Planet Sci Lett 193:77-82
21. Armstrong RL (1968) A model for the evolution of strontium and lead isotopes in a dynamic Earth. Rev Geophys 6:175-199
22. Armstrong RL (1991) The persistent myth of crustal growth. Austral J Earth Sci 38:613-630
23. Azbel YA, Tolstikhin IN (1993) Accretion and early degassing of the earth-Constraints from Pu-U-I-Xe isotopic systematics. Meteoritics 28:609-621.
24. Bach W, Niedermann S (1998) Atmospheric noble gases in volcanic glasses from the southern Lau Basin: origin from the subducting slab? Earth Planet Sci Lett 160:297-309
25. Ballentine CJ, Barfod DN (2000) The origin of air-like noble gases in MORB and OIB. Earth Planet Sci Lett 180:39-48
26. Ballentine CJ, Burnard PG (2002) Production and release of noble gases in the continental crust. Rev Mineral Geochem 47:481-538
27. Ballentine CJ, Lee D-C, Halliday AN (1997) Hafnium isotopic studies of the Cameroon line and new HIMU paradoxes. Chem Geol 139:111-124
28. Ballentine CJ, Porcelli D, Wieler R (2001) Technical comment on 'Noble gases in mantle plumes' by Trieloff et al. (2000). Science 291:2269a
29. Barfod DN, Ballentine CJ, Halliday AN, Fitton JG (1999) Noble gases in the Cameroon line and the He, Ne, and Ar isotopic compositions of high μ (HIMU) mantle. J Geophys Res 104:29509-29527
30. Batiza R (1982) Abundances, distribution and sizes of volcanoes in the Pacific Ocean and implications for the origin of non-hotspot volcanoes. Earth Planet Sci Lett 60:195-206
31. Becker TW, Kellogg JB, O'Connell RJ (1999) Thermal constraints on the survival of primitive blobs in the lower mantle. Earth Planet Sci Lett 171:351-365
32. Begemann R, Weber HW, Hintenberger H (1976) On the primordial abundance of argon-40. Astrophys J 203:L155-L157
33. Benkert J-P, Baur H, Signer P, Wieler R (1993) He, Ne, and Ar from solar wind and solar energetic particles in lunar ilmenites and pyroxenes. J Geophys Res 98: 13147-13162
34. Bematowicz TJ, Podosek FA, Honda M, Kramer FE (1984) The atmospheric inventory of xenon and noble gases in shales: the plastic bag experiment. J Geophys Res 89:4597-4611
35. Bernatowicz TJ, Kennedy BM, Podosek FA (1985) Xe in glacial ice and the atmospheric inventory of noble gases. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 49:2561-2564.
36. Bijwaard H, Spakman W (1999) Tomographic evidence for a narrow whole mantle plume below Iceland. Earth Planet Sci Lett 166:121-126
37. Bina CR, Silver PG (1990) Constraints on lower mantle composition and temperature from density and bulk sound velocity profiles. Geophys Res Lett 17:1153-1156
38. Blichert-Toft J, Albarède F (1997) The Lu-Hf isotope geochemistry of chondrites and the evolution of the mantle-crust system. Earth Planet Sci Lett 148:243-258
39. Brantley SL, Koepenick KW (1995) Measured carbon dioxide emissions from Oldoinyo Lengai and the skewed distribution of passive volcanic fluxes. Geology 23:933-936
40. Brazzle RH, Pravdivtseva OV, Meshik AP, Hohenberg CM (1999) Verification and interpretation of the I-Xe chronometer. Geochem Cosmochim Acta 63:739-760
41. Broadhurst CL, Drake MJ, Hagee BE, Bernatowicz TJ (1992) Solubility and partitioning of Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe in minerals and synthetic basaltic melts. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 56:709-723
42. Brown H (1949) Rare gases and the formation of the Earth's atmosphere. In The atmospheres of the Earth and planets. Kuiper GP (ed) University of Chicago Press, Chicago, p 258-266
43. Buffett BA, Huppert HE, Lister JR, Woods AW (1996) On the thermal evolution of the Earth's core. J Geophys Res 101:7989-8006
44. Burnard PG (1999) Origin of argon-lead isotopic correlation in basalts. Science 286:871a
45. 4He mantle Ar isotopic composition. J Geophys Res 99:17709-17715
46. Burnard PG, Graham D, Turner G (1997) Vesicle specific noble gas analyses of popping rock: implications for primordial noble gases in Earth. Science 276:568-571
47. Burnard PG, Harrison D, Turner G, and Nesbitt R (2002) The degassing and contamination of noble gases in mid-Atlantic Ridge basalts. Geochem Geophys Geosystems (in press)
48. Busemann H, Baur H, Wieler R (2000) Primordial noble gases in "Phase Q" in carbonaceous and ordinary chondrites studied by closed system stepped etching. Meteoritics Planet Sci 35:949-973
49. Cadogan PH (1977) Paleaoatmospheric argon in Rhynie chert. Nature 268:38-41
50. Caffee MW, Hudson GU, Velsko C, Huss GR, Alexander Jr EC, Chivas AR (1999) Primordial noble cases from Earth's mantle: identification of a primitive volatile component. Science 285:2115-2118
51. Caldwell WA, Nguyen JH, Pfrommer BG, Mauri F, Louie SG, Jeanloz R (1997) Structure, bonding, and geochemistry of xenon at high pressures. Science 227:930-933
52. Carroll MR, Draper DS (1994) Noble gases as trace elements in magmatic processes. Chem Geol 117: 37-56
53. Chabot NL, Drake, MJ (1999) Potassium solubility in metal: the effects of composition at 15 kbar and 1900 degrees C on partitioning between iron alloys and silicate melts. Earth Planet Sci Lett 172:323-335
54. Chamorro-Perez EM, Gillet P, Jambon A, Badro J, McMillan P (1998) Low argon solubility in silicate melts at high pressure. Nature 393:352-355
55. Chamorro-Perez EM, Brooker RA, Wartho J-A, Wood BJ, Kelley SP, Blundy JD (2001) Ar and K partitioning between clinopyroxene and silicate melt to 8 GPa. Geochim Cosmochim Acta in press
56. Chauvel C, Hofmann AW, Vidal P (1992) HIMU-EM: the French Polynesian connection. Earth Planet Sci Lett 110:99-119
57. Chopelas A, Boehler R (1992) Thermal expansivity in the lower mantle. Geophys Res Lett 19:1347-1350
58. Christensen UR, Hofmann AW (1994) Segregation of subducted oceanic crust in the convecting mantle. J Geophys Res 99:19867-19884
59. Christensen UR, Yuen DA (1985) Layered convection induced by phase transitions. J Geophys Res 90:10291-10300
60. 3He in the sea: evidence for terrestrial primordial helium. Earth Planet Sci Lett 6:213-220
61. Coltice N, Ricard Y (1999) Geochemical observations and one layer mantle convection. Earth Planet Sci Lett 174:125-137
62. Coltice N, Albarède F, Gillet P (2000) K-40-Ar-40 constraints on recycling continental crust into the mantle. Science 288:845-847
63. 3He in deep water on the east Pacific rise. Earth Planet Sci Lett 26:125-132
64. Creager KC, Jordan TH (1986) Slab penetration into the lower mantle beneath the Marianas and other island arcs of the northwest Pacific. J Geophys. Res 91:3573-3589
65. Crisp JA (1984) Rates of magma emplacment and volcanic output. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 89: 3031-3049
66. Davies GF (1984) Geophysical and isotopic constraints on mantle convection: an interim synthesis. J Geophys Res 89:6016-6040
67. Davies GF (1988a) Ocean bathymetry and mantle convection, 1. Large-scale flow and hotspots. J Geophys Res 93:10467-10480
68. Davies GF (1988b) Ocean bathymetry and mantle convection, 2. Small-scale flow. J Geophys Res 93:10481-10488
69. Davies GF (1995) Punctuated tectonic evolution of the earth. Earth Planet Sci Lett 136:363-379
70. Davies GF (1998) Topography: a robust constraint on mantle fluxes. Chem Geol 145:479-489
71. Davies GF (1999) Geophysically constrained mantle mass flows and the Ar-40 budget: a degassed lower mantle? Earth Planet Sci Lett 166:149-162
72. Davies GF, Richards MA (1992) Mantle convection. J Geol 100:151-206
73. De Paolo DJ (1980) Crustal growth and mantle evolution: inferences from models of element transport and Nd and Sr isotopes. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 44:1185-1196
74. Déruelle B, Dreibus G, Jambon A (1992) Iodine abundances in oceanic basalts: implications for Earth dynamics. Earth Planet Sci Lett 108:217-227
75. Dixon ET (2002) Interpretation of helium and neon isotopic heterogeneity in Icelandic basalts. Earth Planet Sci Lett (submitted)
76. Dixon JE, Stolper EM (1995) An experimental study of water and carbon dioxide solubilities in mid-ocean ridge basaltic liquids. 2. Applications to degassing. J Petrol 36:1633-1646
77. Dixon ET, Honda M, McDougall I, Campbell IH, Sigurdsson I (2000) Preservation of near-solar neon isotopic ratios in Icelandic basalts. Earth Planet Sci Lett 180:309-324
78. Doe BR, Zartman RE (1979) Plumbotectonics I. the Phanerozoic. In Geochemistry of hydrothermal ore deposits. Barnes HL (ed) Wiley, New York, p 22-70
79. Dreibus G, Wänke H (1989) Supply and loss of volatile constituents during accretion of terrestrial planets. In Origin and evolution of planetary and satellite atmospheres. Atreya SK, Pollack JB, Matthews MS (eds) University of Arizona Press, Tucson, p 268-288
80. Dunai T, Porcelli D (2002) The storage and transport of noble gases in the subcontinental lithosphere. Rev Mineral Geochem 47:371-409
81. Dymond J, Hogan L (1973) Noble gas abundance patterns in deep sea basalts - primordial gases from the mantle. Earth Planet Sci Lett 20:131-139
82. Eiler JM, Farley KA, Stolper EM (1998) Correlated helium and lead isotope variations in Hawaiian lavas. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 62:1977-1984
83. Fabryka-Martin J, Bentley H, Elmore D, Airey PL (1985) Natural iodine-129 as an environmental tracer. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 49:337-347
84. Farley KA, Craig H (1994) Atmospheric argon contamination of ocean island basalt olivine phenocrysts. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 58:2509-2517
85. Farley KA, Neroda E (1998) Noble gases in the earth's mantle. Ann Rev Earth Planet Sci 26:189-218
86. Farley KA, Natland JH, Craig II (1992) Binary mixing of enriched and undegassed (primitive?) mantle components (He, Sr, Nd, Pb) in Samoan lavas. Earth Planet Sci Lett 111:183-199
87. Farley KA, Maier-Reimer E, Schlosser P, Broecker WS (1995) Constraints on mantle He-3 fluxes and deep-sea circulation from an oceanic general circulation model. J Geophys Res 100:3829-3839
88. Ferrachat S, Ricard Y (1998) Regular vs. chaotic mantle mixing. Earth Planet Sci Lett 155: 75-86
89. Ferrachat S, Ricard Y (2001) Mixing properties in the Earth's mantle: effects of the viscosity stratification and of ocean crust segregation. Geochem Geophys Geosys 2:U1-U17
90. Fisher DE (1978) Terrestrial potassium abundances as limits to models of atmospheric evolution. In Terrestrial rare gases. Ozima M, Alexander Jr EC (eds) Japan Scientific Societies Press, Tokyo, p 173-183
91. Fisher DE (1985) Noble gases from oceanic island basalts do not require an undepleted mantle source. Nature 316:716-718
92. Flynn GJ (2001) Atmospheric entry heating of interplanetary dust. In Accretion of extraterrestrial matter throughout Earth's history. Peucker-Ehrenbrink B, Schmilz (eds) Kluwer, New York, p 107-127
93. Galer SJG, Mezger K (1998) Metamorphism, denudation and sea level in the Archean and cooling of the Earth. Precamb Res 92:389-412
94. Galer SJG, O'Nions RK (1985) Residence time of thorium, uranium and lead in the mantle with implications for mantle convection. Nature 316:778-782
95. Gamo T, Ishibashi J-I, Sakai H, Tilbrook B (1987) Methane anomalies in seawater above the Loihi seamount summit area, Hawaii. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 51:2857-2864
96. Gamero EJ (2000) Heterogeneity in the lowermost mantle. Ann Rev Earth Planet Sci 28:509-537
97. Gast PW (1960) Limitations on the composition of the upper mantle. J Geophys Res 65:1287-1297
98. Glatzmaier GA, Schubert G (1993) 3-dimensional spherical-models of layered and whole mantle convection. J Geophys Res 98:21969-21976
99. Goes S, Spakman W, Bijwaard H (1999) A lower mantle source for central European volcanism. Science 286:1928-1931
100. Graham DW (2002) Noble gases in MORB and OIB: observational constraints for the characterization of mantle source reservoirs. Rev Mineral Geochem 47:247-318
101. Graham DW, Lupton F, Albarède F, Condomines M (1990) Extreme temporal homogeneity of helium isotopes at Piton de la Fournaise, Réunion Island. Nature 347:545-548
102. Graham DW, Lupton JE, Spera FJ, Christie DM (2001) Upper-mantle dynamics revealed by helium isotope variations along the southeast Indian ridge. Nature 409:701-703
103. Grand SP (1987) Tomographic inversion for shear velocity beneath the North American plate. J Geophys Res 92:14065-14090
104. Grand SP (1994) Mantle shear structure beneath the Americas and surrounding oceans. J Geophys Res 99:66-78
105. Griffiths RW, Hackney RI, van der Hilst RD (1995) A laboratory investigation of effects of trench migration on the descent of subducting slabs. Earth Planet Sci Lett 133:1-17
106. Gurnis M, Davies GF (1986) The effect of depth dependent viscosity on convecting mixing in the mantle and the possible survival of primitive mantle. Geophys Res Lett 13: 541-544
107. Hagee B, Bernatowicz TJ, Podosek FA, Johnson ML, Burnett DS, Tatsumoto M (1990) Actiniae abundances in ordinary chondrites. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 54:2847-2858
108. Hager BH (1984) Subducted slabs and the geoid; constraints on mantle rheology and flow. J Geophys Res 89:6003-6016
109. Hager BH, Richards MA (1989) Long-wavelength variations in the Earth's geoid: physical models and dynamic implications. Phil Trans R Soc Lond A328:309-327
110. Halliday AN, Porcelli D (2001) In search of lost planets-the paleocosmochemistry of the inner solar system. Earth and Planet Sci Lett 192:545-559
111. Hamano Y, Ozima M (1978) Earth-atmosphere evolution model based on Ar isotopic data. In Terrestrial rare gases. Ozima M, Alexander Jr. EC (eds) Japan Scientific Societies Press, Tokyo, p 155-171
112. Hanan BB, Graham DW (1996) Lead and helium isotope evidence from oceanic basalts for a common deep source of mantle plumes. Science 272:991-995
113. 39Ar geochronological and electron microprobe investigation of an Archaean pyroxenite and its bearing on ancient atmospheric compositions. Can J Earth Sci 22:947-958
114. Hanyu T, Kaneoka I (1998) Open system behavior of helium in case of the HIMU source area. Geophys Res Lett 25:687-690
115. Hanyu T, Dunai TJ, Davies GR, Kaneoka I, Nohda S, Uto K (2001) Noble gas study of the Reunion hotspot: evidence for distinct less-degassed mantle sources. Earth Planet Sci Lett 193:83-98
116. Harper CL, Jacobsen SB (1996) Noble gases and Earth's accretion. Science 273:1814-1818
117. Harrison D, Burnard P, Turner G (1999) Noble gas behavior and composition in the mantle: constraints from the Iceland plume. Earth Planet Sci Lett 171:199-207
118. Harrison D, Burnard PG, Trieloff M, Turner G (2002) Resolving atmospheric contaminants in mantle noble gas analysis. Geochem Geophys Geosystems (in press)
119. Hart R, Dymond J, Hogan L (1979) Preferential formation of the atmosphere-sialic crust system from the upper mantle. Nature 278:156-159
120. Hart SR, Staudigel H (1982) The control of alkalies and uranium in seawater by ocean crust alteration. Earth Planet Sci Lett 58:202-212
121. Hart SR, Staudigel H (1989) Isotopic characterization and identification of recycled components. In Crust/mantle recycling at convergence zones. Hart SR, Gülen L (eds) Kiewer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, p 15-28
122. Hart SR, Hauri EH, Oschmann LA, Whitehead JA (1992) Mantle plumes and entrainment: isotopic evidence. Science 256:517-520
123. Hauri EH, Whitehead JA, Hart SR (1994) Fluid dynamic and geochemical aspects of entrainment in mantle plumes. J Geophys Res 99:24275-24300
124. Helffrich GR, Wood BJ (2001) The Earth's mantle. Nature 412:501-507
125. Helmberger DV, Wen L, Ding X (1998) Seismic evidence that the source of the Iceland hotspot lies at the core-mantle boundary. Nature 396:251-255
126. 21Ne produced in planetesimals. Proc Lunar Sci Conf 7:3411-3419
127. Hilton DR, Hammerschmidt K, Loock G, Friedrichsen H (1993) Helium and argon isotope systematics of the central Lau Basin and Valu Fa ridge: Evidence of crust-mantle interactions in a back-arc basin. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 57:2819-2841
128. Hilton DR, Barling J, Wheller OE (1995) Effect of shallow-level contamination on the helium isotope systematics of ocean-island lavas. Nature 373:330-333
129. Hilton DR, McMurty GM, Kreulen R (1997) Evidence for extensive degassing of the Hawaiian mantle plume from helium-carbon relationships at Kilauea volcano. Geophys Res Lett 24:3065-3068
130. Hilton DR, Grönvold K, Sveinbjomsdottir AE, Hammerschmidt K (1998) Helium isotope evidence for offaxis degassing of the Icelandic hotspot. Chem Geol 149:173-187
131. Hilton DR, Grönvold K, MacPherson CG, Castillo PR (1999) Extreme He-3/He-4 ratios in northwest Iceland: constraining the common component in mantle plumes. Earth Planet Set Left 173:53-60
132. Hilton DR, Thirlwall MF, Taylor RN, Murton BJ, Nichols A (2000) Controls on magmatic degassing along the Reykjanes Ridge with implications for the helium paradox. Earth Planet Sci Lett 183:43-50
133. Hilton DR, Fischer TP, Marty B (2002) Noble gases in subduction zones and volatile recycling. Rev Mineral Geochem 47:319-370
134. Hiyagon H (1994) Retention of helium in subducted interplanetary dust particles-Reply. Science 265:1893
135. Hiyagon H, Ozima M (1986) Partition of gases between olivine and basalt melt. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 50:2045-2057
136. Hiyagon H, Ozima M, Marty B, Zashu S, Sakai H (1992) Noble gases in submarine glasses from mid-oceanic ridges and Loihi Seamount-constraints on the early history of the Earth. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 56:1301-1316
137. Hofmann AW (1997) Mantle geochemistry: the message from oceanic volcanism. Nature 385:219-229
138. Hofmann AW, Jochum KP, Seufert M, White WM (1986) Nb and Pb in oceanic basalts: new constraints on mantle evolution. Earth Planet Sci Lett 79:33-45
139. Hohenberg CM, Podosek FA, Reynolds JH (1967) Xenon-iodine dating: sharp isochronism in chondrites. Science 156:233-236
140. 2 in MORB magmas and the carbon content of the mantle. Chem Geol 147:89-97
141. Honda M, McDougall I (1993) Solar noble gases in the Earth-the systematics of helium-neon isotopes in mantle-derived samples. Lithos 30:257-265
142. Honda M, McDougall I (1998) Primordial helium and neon in the Earth - a speculation on early degassing. Geophys Res Lett 25:1951-1954
143. Honda M, Patterson DB (1999) Systematic elemental fractionation of mantle-derived helium, neon, and argon in mid-oceanic ridge glasses. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 63:2863-2874
144. Honda M, McDougall I, Patterson DB, Doulgeris A, Clague DA (1991) Possible solar noble-gas component in Hawaiian basalts. Nature 349:149-151
145. Honda M, McDougall I, Patterson DB, Doulgeris A, Clague DA (1993) Noble gases in submarine pillow basalt glasses from Loihi and Kilauea, Hawaii - a solar component in the Earth. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 57:859-874
146. 244Pu as inferred from the St. Severin chondrite. Proc 19th Lunar Planet Sci Conf, p 547-557
147. Hunt DL, Kellogg LH (2001) Quantifying mixing and age variations of heterogeneities in models of mantle convection: role of depth-dependent viscosity. J Geophys Res 106:6747-6759
148. Hunten DM, Pepin RO, Walker JCG (1987) Mass fractionation in hydrodynamic escape. Icarus 69:532-549
149. Hurley PM, Rand JR (1969) Pre-drift continental nuclei. Science 164:1229-1242
150. Igarashi G (1995) Primitive Xe in the Earth. In Volatiles in the Earth and solar system. Farley KA (ed) Am Inst Phys Conf Proc 341:70-80
151. 4 and some geophysical implications. J Geophys Res 94:10637-10646
152. Ivins ER, Sammis CG, Yoder CF (1993) Deep mantle viscosity structure with prior estimate and satellite constraint. J Geophys Res 98:4579-4609
153. Jacobsen S, Harper CJ (1996) Accretion and early differentiation history of the Earth based on extinct radionuclides. In Earth processes: reading the isotopic code. Basu A, Hart SR (eds) American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., Geophys Monograph 95:47-74
154. Jacobsen S, Wasserburg GJ (1979) The mean age of the mantle and crustal reservoirs. J Geophys Res 84:218-234
155. Jarvis GT (1993) Effects of curvature on 2-dimensional models of mantle convection-cylindrical polar coordinates. J Geophys Res 98:4477-4485
156. Javoy M, Pineau F (1991) The volatiles record of a popping rock from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 14-degrees-N-Chemical and isotopic composition of gas trapped in the vesicles. Earth Planet Sci Lett 107:598-611
157. 3He fluxes and to the terrestrial heat budget. In Isotopes of noble gases as tracers in environmental studies. Loosli H, Mazor E (eds) Intl Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria, p 219-240.
158. Jeanloz RE (1989) Density and composition of the lower mantle. Phil Trans Roy Soc Lond 328:377-389
159. Jephcoat AP (1998) Rare-gas solids in the Earth's deep interior. Nature 393:355-358
160. Jochum KP, Hofmann AW, Ito E, Seufert HM, White WM (1983) K, U, and Th in mid-ocean ridge basalt glasses and heat production, K/U and K/Rb in the mantle. Nature 306:431-436
161. Kamijo K, Hashizume K, Matsuda J-I (1998) Noble gas constraints on the evolution of the atmospheremantle system. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 62:2311-2321
162. Kaneoka I (1998) Noble gas signatures in the Earth's interior-coupled or decoupled behavior among each isotope systematics and problems related to their implication. Chem Geol 147:61-76
163. Kaneoka I, Takaoka N, Upton BGJ (1986) Noble gas systematics in basalts and a dunite nodule from Reunion and Grand Comore Islands, Indian Ocean. Chem Geol 59:35-42
164. Kàrason H, van der Hilst RD (2001) Tomographic imaging of the lowermost mantle with differential times of refracted and diffracted core phases (PKP, P-diff). J Geophys Res 106:6569-6587
165. Kaufmann G, Lambeck K (2000) Mantle dynamics, postglacial rebound and the radial viscosity profile. Phys Earth Planet Intl 121:301-324
166. Kellogg LH (1992) Mixing in the Mantle. Ann Rev Earth Planet Sci 20:365-388
167. Kellogg LH, Wasserburg GJ (1990) The role of plumes in mantle helium fluxes. Earth Planet Sci Lett 99:276-289
168. Kellogg LH, Hager BH, van der Hilst RD (1999) Compositional stratification in the deep mantle. Science 283:1881-1884
169. Kennett BLN, van der Hilst RD (1998) Seismic structure of the mantle: from subduction zone to craton. In The Earth's mantle: composition, structure and evolution. Jackson I (ed) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p 381-404
170. Kido M, Yuen DA, Cadek O, Nakakuki T (1998) Mantle viscosity derived by genetic algorithm using oceanic geoid and seismic tomography for whole-mantle versus blocked-flow situations. Phys Earth Planet Intl 107:107-326
171. Kinkaid C, Olson P (1987) An experimental study of subduction and slab migration. J Geophys Res 92:13832-13840
172. Krummenacher D, Merrihue CM, Pepin RO, Reynolds JH (1962) Meteoritic krypton and barium versus the general isotopic anomalies in meteoritic xenon. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 26:231-249
173. Kunz J (1999) Is there solar argon in the Earth's mantle? Nature 399:649-650
174. Kunz J, Staudacher T, Allègre CJ (1998) Plutonium-fission xenon found in Earth's mantle. Science 280:877-880
175. Kurz MD, Jenkins WJ (1981) The distribution of helium in oceanic basalt glasses. Earth Planet Sci Lett 53:41-54
176. Kurz MD, Jenkins WJ, Hart SR (1982) Helium isotopic systematics of oceanic islands and mantle heterogeneity. Nature 297:43-46
177. Kurz MD, Jenkins WJ, Hart SR, Clague D (1983) Helium isotopic variations in volcanic rocks from Loihi Seamount and the island of Hawaii. Earth Planet Sci Lett 66:388-406
178. Lay T, Williams Q, Gamero EJ (1998) The core mantle boundary layer and deep Earth dynamics. Nature 392:461-468
179. Leya I, Wieler R (1999) Nucleogenic production of Ne isotopes in Earth's crust and upper mantle induced by alpha particles from the decay of U and Th. J Geophys Res 104:15439-15450
180. Lithgow-Bertelloni C, Richards MA (1998) The dynamics of Cenozoic and Mesozoic plate motions. Rev Geophys 36:27-78
181. Lupton JE (1983) Terrestrial inert gases: isotope tracer studies and clues to primordial components in the mantle. Ann Rev Earth Planet Sci 11:371-414
182. Lupton JE (1996) A far-field hydrothermal plume from Loihi Seamount. Science 272:976-979
183. 3He in oceanic basalts, evidence for terrestrial primordial helium. Earth Planet Sci Lett 26:133-139
184. Machatel P, Weber P (1991) Intermittent layered convection in a model with an endothermic phase change at 670 km. Nature 350:55-57
185. 4He ratios in the Manus backarc basin: implications for mantle mixing and the origin of plumes in the western Pacific Ocean. Geology 26:1007-1010
186. 4He in Jupiter's atmosphere. Space Sci Rev 84:251-263
187. Mamyrin BA, Tolstikhin IN (1984) Helium Isotopes in Nature. Elsevier, Amsterdam
188. Manga M (1996) Mixing of heterogeneities in the mantle: effect of viscosity differences. Geophys Res Lett 23:403-406
189. Martel DJ, Deák J, Dövenyi P, Horváth F, O'Nions RK, Oxburgh ER, Stegna L, Stute M (1989) Leakage of helium from the Pannonian Basin. Nature 432:908-912
190. Marti K, Mathew KJ (1998) Noble-gas components in planetary atmospheres and interiors in relation to solar wind and meteorites. Proc Indian Acad Sci (Earth Planet Sci) 107:425-431
191. Marty B, Allé P (1994) Neon and argon isotopic constraints on Earth-atmosphere evolution. In Noble gas geochemistry and cosmochemistry. Matsuda J-I (ed) Terra Scientific Publishing Co., Tokyo, p 191-204.
192. 3He in volatile fluxes from the solid Earth: implications for carbon geodynamics. Earth Planet Sci Lett 83:16-26
193. Marty B, Lussiez P (1993) Constraints on rare gas partition coefficients from analysis of olivine-glass from a picritic mid-ocean ridge basalt. Chem Geol 106:1-7
194. 36Ar ratio of the undepleted mantle; a re-evaluation. Geophys Res Lett 22:1937-1940
195. Matsuda J, Matsubara K (1989) Noble gases in silica and their implication for the terrestrial "missing" Xe. Geophys Res Lett 16:81-84
196. Matsuda J-I, Nagao K (1986) Noble gas abundances in a deep-sea core from eastern equatorial Pacific. Geochem J 20:71-80
197. Matsuda J, Sudo M, Ozima M, Ito K, Ohtaka O, Ito E (1993) Noble gas partitioning between metal and silicate under high pressures. Science 259:788-790
198. McCulloch MT, Bennett VC (1998) Early differentiation of the Earth: an isotopic perspective In The Earth's mantle: composition structure and evolution. Jackson I (ed) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p 127-158
199. McDougall I, Honda M (1998) Primordial solar noble gas component in the Earth: consequences for the origin and evolution of the Earth and its atmosphere. In The Earth's mantle; composition, structure, and evolution. Jackson I (ed) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p 159-187
200. McKenzie D, Richter FM (1981) Parameterized thermal convection in a layered region and the thermal history of the Earth. J Geophys Res 86:11667-11680
201. Mitrovica JX (1996) Haskell [1935] revisited. J Geophys Res 101:555-569
202. Mitrovica JX, Forte AM (1995) Pleistocene glaciation and the Earth's precession constant. Geophys J Intl 121:21-32
203. Mizuno H, Nakazawa K, Hayashi C (1980) Dissolution of the primordial rare gases into the molten Earth's material. Earth Planet Sci Lett 50:202-210
204. Moreira M, Allègre CJ (1998) Helium-neon systematics and the structure of the mantle. Chem Geol 147:53-59
205. Moreira M, Sarda P (2000) Noble gas constraints on degassing processes. Earth Planet Sci Lett 176: 375-386
206. Moreira M, Staudacher T, Sarda P, Schilling JG, Allègre CJ (1995) A primitive plume neon component In MORE - the Shona Ridge anomaly, South Atlantic (51-52-degrees-S). Earth Planet Sci Lett 133: 367-377
207. Moreira M, Kunz J, Allègre CJ (1998) Rare gas systematics in popping rock: isotopic and elemental compositions in the upper mantle. Science 279:1178-1181
208. Moreira M, Breddam K, Curtice J, Kurz MD (2001) Solar neon in the Icelandic mantle: new evidence for an undegassed lower mantle. Earth Planet Sci Lett 185:15-23
209. Morrison P, Pine J (1955) Radiogenic origin of the helium isotopes in rock. Ann NY Acad Sci 62:69-92
210. Muramatsu YW, Wedepohl KH (1998) The distribution of iodine in the earth's crust. Chem Geol 147: 201-216
211. Musselwhite DS, Drake MJ, Swindle TD (1989) Early outgassing of the Earth's mantle: implications of mineral/melt partitioning of I. Lunar Planet Sci XX:748-749
212. Newsom HE, White WM, Jochum KP, Hofmann AW (1986) Siderophile and chalcophile element abundances in oceanic basalts, Pb isotope evolution and growth of the Earth's core. Earth Planet Sci Lett 80:299-313
213. Niedermann S, Bach W, Erzinger J (1997) Noble gas evidence for a lower mantle component in MORBs from the southern East Pacific Rise: decoupling of helium and neon isotope systematics. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 61:2697-2715
214. 2 bearing silicate liquids at moderate pressure II. the extended ionic porosity (EIP) model. Earth Planet Sci Lett 183:499-512
215. Ohtani E, Maeda M (2001) Density of basaltic melt at high pressure and stability of the melt at the base of the lower mantle. Earth Planet Sci Lett 193:69-75
216. O'Nions RK (1987) Relationships between chemical and convective layering in the earth. J Geol Soc Lond 144:259-274
217. O'Nions RK, Oxburgh ER (1983) Heat and helium in the Earth. Nature 306:429-431
218. O'Nions RK, Oxburgh ER (1988) Helium, volatile fluxes and the development of continental crust. Earth Planet Sci Lett 90:331-347
219. O'Nions RK, Tolstikhin IN (1994) Behaviour and residence times of lithophile and rare gas tracers in the upper mantle. Earth Planet Sci Lett 124:131-138
220. O'Nions RK, Tolstikhin IN (1996) Limits on the mass flux between lower and upper mantle and stability of layering. Earth Planet Sci Lett 139:213-222
221. O'Nions RK, Evenson NM, Hamilton PJ (1979) Geochemical modeling of mantle differentiation and crustal growth. J Geophys Res 84:6091-6101
222. O'Nions RK, Carter, SR, Evensen, NM, Hamilton, PJ (1981) Upper mantle geochemistry. In The sea. Vol 7. Emiliani C (ed) Wiley, New York, p 49-71
223. Ott U (2002) Noble gases in meteorites-trapped components. Rev Mineral Geochem 47:71-100
224. Owen T, Bar Nun A, Kleinfeld I (1992) Possible cometary origin of heavy noble gases in the atmospheres of Venus, Earth and Mars. Nature 358:43-46
225. Ozima M (1973) Was the evolution of the atmosphere continuous or catastrophic? Nature Phys Sci 246: 41-12
226. Ozima M (1975) Ar isotopes and Earth-atmosphere evolution models. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 39: 1127-1134
227. Ozima M (1994) Noble gas state in the mantle. Rev Geophys 32:405-426
228. Ozima M, Alexander Jr EC (1976) Rare gas fractionation patterns in terrestrial samples and the Earthatmosphere evolution model. Rev Geophys Space Phys 14:385-390
229. Ozima M, Igarashi G (2000) The primordial noble gases in the Earth: a key constraint on Earth evolution models. Earth Planet Sci Lett 176:219-232
230. Ozima M, Kudo K (1972) Excess argon in submarine basalts and an earth-atmosphere evolution model. Nature Phys Sci 239:23-24
231. Ozima M, Podosek FA (1983) Noble Gas Geochemistry. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
232. Ozima M, Podosek FA (1999) Formation age of Earth from I-129/I-127 and Pu-244/U-238 systematics and the missing Xe. J Geophys Res 104:25493-25499
233. Ozima M, Podosek FA (2001) Noble Gas Geochemistry 2nd ed. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
234. Ozima M, Zahnle K (1993) Mantle degassing and atmospheric evolution - noble gas view. Geochem J 27:185-200
235. Ozima M, Podozek FA, Igarashi G (1985) Terrestrial xenon isotope constraints on the early history of the Earth. Nature 315:471-474
236. 244Pu fission Xe in the mantle and mantle degassing chronology. In Primitive solar nebula and origin of planets. Oya H (ed) Terra Scientific Publishing Co, Tokyo, p 503-517
237. Parsons B (1981) The rates of plate creation and consumption. Geophys J Roy Astron Soc 67:437-448
238. Patterson DB, Honda M, McDougall I (1990) Atmospheric contamination: a possible source for heavy noble gases basalts from Loihi seamount, Hawaii. Geophys Res Lett 17:705-708
239. Pepin RO (1991) On the origin and early evolution of terrestrial planet atmospheres and meteoritic volatiles. Icarus 92:1-79
240. Pepin RO (1997) Evolution of Earth's noble gases: consequences of assuming hydrodynamic loss driven by giant impact. Icarus 126:148-156
241. Pepin RO (1998) Isotopic evidence for a solar argon component in the Earths mantle. Nature 394:664-667
242. Pepin RO (2000) On the isotopic composition of primordial xenon in terrestrial planet atmospheres. Space Sci Rev 92:371-395
243. Pepin RO, Phinney D (1976) The formation intereal of the Earth. Lunar Sci VII:682-684
244. Pepin RO, Porcelli D (2002) Origin of noble gases in the terrestrial planets. Rev Mineral Geochem 47:191-246
245. Pepin RO, Becker RH, Schlutter DJ (1999) Irradiation records in regolith materials, I. isotopic compositions of solar-wind neon and argon in single lunar mineral grains. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 63:2145-2162
246. 2 well gas revisited. J Geophys Res 83:2313-2319
247. Phipps Morgan J, Morgan WJ (1999) Two-stage melting and the geochemical evolution of the mantle: a recipe for mantle plum pudding. Earth Planet Sci Lett 170:215-239
248. Phipps Morgan J, Shearer PM (1993) Seismic constraints on mantle flow and topography of the 660-km discontinuity - evidence for whole-mantle convection. Nature 365:506-511
249. Podosek FA, Honda M, Ozima M (1980) Sedimentary noble gases. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 44: 1875-1884
250. Podosek FA, Woolum DS, Cassen P, Nichols RH (2000) Solar gases in the Earth by solar wind irradiation? 10th Annual Goldschmidt Conf, Oxford
251. Pollack HN, Hurter SJ, Johnson JR (1993) Heat flow from the Earth's interior: analysis of the global data set. Rev Geophys 31:267-280
252. Porcelli D, Halliday AN (2001) The core as a possible source of mantle helium. Earth Planet Sci Lett 192:45-56
253. Porcelli D, Pepin RO (2000) Rare gas constraints on early Earth history. In Origin of the Earth and Moon. Canup RM, Righter K (eds) University of Arizona Press, Tucson, p 435-458
254. Porcelli D, Wasserburg GJ (1995a) Mass transfer of xenon through a steady-state upper mantle. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 59:1991-2007
255. Porcelli D, Wasserburg GJ (1995b) Mass transfer of helium, neon, argon, and xenon through a steady-state upper mantle. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 59:4921-4937
256. Porcelli D, Stone JOH, O'Nions RK (1986) Rare gas reservoirs and Earth degassing. Lunar Planet Sci XVII:674-675
257. Porcelli DR, Woolum D, Cassen P (2001) Deep Earth rare gases: initial inventories, capture from the solar nebula, and losses during Moon formation. Earth Planet Sci Lett 193:237-251
258. Porcelli D, Ballentine CJ, Wieler R (2002) An introduction to noble gas geochemistry and cosmochemistry. Rev Mineral Geochem 47:1-18
259. Poreda RJ, Parley KA (1992) Rare gases in Samoan xenoliths. Earth Planet Sci Lett 113:129-144
260. Puster P, Jordan TH (1997) How stratified is mantle convection? J Geophys Res 102:7625-7646
261. Reymer A, Schubert G (1984) Phanerozoic addition rates to the continental crust. Tectonics 3:63-77
262. Ricard Y, Wuming B (1991) Inferring the viscosity and 3-D density structure of the mantle from geoid, topography and plate velocities. Geophys J Intl 105:561-571
263. Ricard Y, Richards MA, Lithgow-Bertelloni C, Le Stunff Y (1993) A geodynamic model of mantle density heterogeneity. J Geophys Res 98:21895-21909
264. Rison W (1980) Isotopic studies of rare gases in igneous rocks: implications for the mantle and atmosphere. PhD Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley
265. Rison W, Craig H (1983) Helium isotopes and mantle volatiles in Loihi Seamount and Hawaiian Island basalts and xenoliths. Earth Planet Sci Lett 66:407-426
266. Ritter JRR, Jordan M, Christensen UR, Achauer U (2001) A mantle plume below the Eifel volcanic fields, Germany. Earth Planet Sci Lett 186:7-14
267. Rocholl A, Jochum, KP (1993) Th, U and other trace elements in carbonaceous chondrites - implications for the terrestrial and solar system Th/U ratios. Earth Planet Sci Lett 117:265-278
268. Rubey WW (1951) Geological history of seawater. Bull Geol Soc Am 62:1111-1148
269. Rudnick R, Fountain DM (1995) Nature and composition of the continental crust: a lower crustal perspective. Rev Geophys 33:267-309
270. Russell SA, Lay T, Gamero EJ (1998) Seismic evidence for small-scale dynamics in the lowermost mantle at the root of the Hawaiian hotspot. Nature 369:225-258
271. Sano Y, Williams S (1996) Fluxes of mantle and subducted carbon along convergent plate boundaries. Geophys Res Lett 23:2746-2752
272. Sarda P, Graham DW (1990) Mid-ocean ridge popping rocks: implications for degassing at ridge crests. Earth Planet Sci Lett 97:268-289
273. 36Ar in MORE glasses: constraints on atmosphere and mantle evolution. Earth Planet Sci Lett 72:357-375
274. Sarda P, Staudacher T, Allègre CJ (1988) Neon isotopes in submarine basalts. Earth Planet Sci Lett 91: 73-88
275. Sarda P, Moreira M, Staudacher T (1999) Argon-lead isotopic correlation in Mid-Atlantic ridge basalts. Science 283:666-668
276. Sarda P, Moreira M, Staudacher T, Schilling JG, Allègre CJ (2000) Rare gas systematics on the southernmost Mid-Atlantic Ridge: constraints on the lower mantle and the Dupal source. J Geophys Res 105:5973-5996
277. Sasaki S (1991) Off-disk penetration of ancient solar wind. Icarus 91:29-38
278. 2-He atmosphere. Earth Planet Sci Lett 89:323-334
279. Schilling J-G, Unni CK, Bender ML (1978) Origin of chlorine and bromine in the oceans. Nature 273: 631-636
280. Schlosser P, Winckler G (2002) Noble gases in the ocean and ocean floor. Rev Mineral Geochem 47: 701-730
281. Schmalzl J, Houseman GA, Hansen U (1996) Mixing in vigorous, time-dependent three-dimensional convection and application to Earth's mantle. J Geophys Res 101: 21847-21858
282. Schubert G (1992) Numerical-models of mantle convection. Ann Rev Fluid Mechanics 24: 359-394
283. Schwartzman DW (1973) Argon degassing and the origin of the sialic crust. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 37:2479-2495
284. 4He ratio in the Earth's mantle reservoirs for the first 2 Ga. Earth Planet Sci Lett 188:211-219
285. 4He lavas from the Manus Back-Arc Basin: a new perspective on He-Ne decoupling. Earth Planet Sci Lett 194:53-66
286. Shen Y, Solomon SC, Bjamason IT, Wolfe CJ (1998) Seismic evidence for a lower-mantle origin of the Iceland plume. Nature 395:62-65
287. Silver PG, Carlson RW, Olson P (1988) Deep slabs, geochemical heterogeneity, and the large-scale structure of mantle convection - investigation of an enduring paradox. Ann Rev Earth Planet Sci 16:477-541
288. Sleep NH (1990) Hotspots and mantle plumes: some phenomenology. J Geophys Res 95:6715-6736
289. Staudacher T (1987) Upper mantle origin for Harding County well gases. Nature 325:605-607
290. Staudacher T, Allègre CJ (1982) Terrestrial xenology. Earth Planet Sci Lett 60:389-406
291. Staudacher T, Allègre CJ (1988) Recycling of oceanic crust and sediments: the noble gas subduction barrier. Earth Planet Sci Lett 89:173-183
292. Staudacher T, Kurz MD, Allègre CJ (1986) New noble-gas data on glass samples from Loihi seamount and Hualalai and on dunite samples from Loihi and Reunion Island. Chem Geol 56:193-205
293. Staudacher T, Sarda P, Allègre CJ (1989) Noble gases in basalt glasses from a Mid-Atlantic Ridge topographic high at 14°N: geodynamic consequences. Earth Planet Sci Lett 96:119-133
294. Steinbach V, Yuen D, Zhao W (1993) Instabilities from phase transition and the time scales of mantle thermal evolution. J Geophys Res 20:1119-1122
295. Steinberger B (2000) Plumes in a convecting mantle: models and observations for individual hotspots. J Geophys Res 105:11127-11152
296. Stixrude L, Hemley RJ, Fei Y, Mao HK (1992) Thermoelasticity of silicate perovskite and magnesiowüstite and stratification of the Earth's mantle. Science 257:1099-1101
297. Stuart FM (1994) Speculations about the cosmic origin of He and Ne in the interior of the Earth - comment. Earth Planet Sci Lett 122:245-247
298. Stute M, Sonntag C, Deak J, Schlosser P (1992) Helium in deep circulating groundwater in the Great Hungarian Plain - glow dynamics and crustal and mantle helium fluxes. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 56:2051-2067
299. Sudo M, Ohtaka O, Matsuda J-I (1994) Noble gas partitioning between metal and silicate under high pressures: the case of iron and peridotite. In Noble gas geochemistry and cosmochemistry. Matsuda J-I (ed) Terra Scientific Publishing Co., Tokyo, p 355-372
300. Suess HE (1949) The abundance of noble gases in the Earth and the cosmos. J Geol 57:600-607 (in German)
301. Tackley PJ (1998) Self-consistent generation of tectonic plates in three-dimensional mantle convection. Earth Planet Sci Lett 157:9-22
302. Tackley PJ (2000) Mantle convection and plate tectonics: toward an integrated physical and chemical theory. Science 288:2002-2007
303. Tackley PJ, Stevenson DJ, Glatzmaier GA (1993) Effects of an endothermic phase transition at 670-km depth on spherical mantle convection. Nature 361:699-704
304. Tackley PJ, Stevenson DJ, Glatzmaier GA, Schubert G (1994) Effects of multiple phase transitions in a three dimensional model of convection in the Earth's mantle. J Geophys Res 99:15877-15902
305. Taylor SR, McLennan SM (1985) The Continental Crust: Its Composition and Evolution. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford
306. 129Xe on the outgassing of the atmosphere. J Geophys Res 85:4374-4378
307. Tolstikhin IN (1975) Helium isotopes in the Earth's interior and in the atmosphere: a degassing model of the Earth. Earth Planet Sci Lett 26:88-96
308. Tolstikhin IN (1978) A review: some recent advances in isotope geochemistry. In Terrestrial rare pases. Alexander Jr EC, Ozima M (eds) Japan Scientific Society Press, Tokyo, p33-62
309. Tolstikhin IN, Marly B (1998) The evolution of terrestrial volatiles: a view from helium, neon, argon and nitrogen isotope modeling. Chem Geol 147:27-52
310. Tolstikhin IN, O'Nions RK (1994) The Earths missing xenon - a combination of early degassing and of rare gas loss from the atmosphere. Chem Geol 115:1-6
311. Torgersen T (1989) Terrestrial helium degassing fluxes and the atmospheric helium budget: implications with respect to the degassing processes of continental crust. Chem Geol 79:1-14
312. Trieloff M, Kunz J, Clague DA, Harrison D, Allègre CJ (2000) The nature of pristine noble gases in mantle plumes. Science 288:1036-1038
313. Trieloff M, Kunz J, Clague DA, Harrison D, Allègre CJ (2001) Reply to comment on noble gases in mantle plumes. Science 291:2269a
314. Trieloff M, Kunz J, Allègre CJ (2002) Noble gas systematics of the Réunion mantle plume source and the origin of primordial noble gases in Earth's mantle. Earth Planet Sci Lett 200:297-313
315. Trompert R and Hansen U (1998) Mantle convection simulations with rheologies that generate plate-like behaviour. Nature 395: 686-689
316. 4He ratios at hotspot volcanoes. In Noble gas geochemistry and cosmochemistry. Matsuda J (ed) Terra Scientific Publishing Co., Tokyo, p 77-88
317. Turcotte DL, Schubert G (1988) Tectonic implications of radiogenic noble gases in planetary atmospheres. Icarus 74:36-46
318. Turcotte DL, Paul D, White WM (2001) Thorium-uranium systematics require layered mantle convection. J Geophys Res 106:4265-4276
319. Turekian KK (1959) The terrestrial economy of helium and argon. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 17:37-43
320. 40Ar systematics. In From mantle to meteorites. Gopolan K, Gaur VK, Somayajulu BLK, MacDougall JD (eds) Indian Acad Sci, Bangalore, p 147-152
321. Turner G (1989) The outgassing history of the Earth's atmosphere. J Geol Soc Lond 146:147-154
322. Valbracht PJ, Staudacher T, Malahoff A, Allègre CJ (1997) Noble gas systematics of deep rift zone glasses from Loihi Seamount, Hawaii. Earth Planet Sci Lett 150:399-411
323. van der Hilst RD, Kàrason II (1999) Compositional heterogeneity in the bottom 1000 kilometers of Earth's mantle: toward a hybrid convection model. Science 283:1885-1888
324. van der Hilst RD, Widiyantoro S, Engdahl ER (1997) Evidence for deep mantle circulation from global tomography. Nature 386:578-584
325. van der Voo R, Spakman W, Bijwaard H (1999a) Mesozoic subducted slabs under Siberia. Nature 397: 246-249
326. van der Voo R, Spakman W, Bijwaard H (1999b) Tethyan subducted slabs under India. Earth Planet Sci Lett 171:7-20
327. van Keken P, Zhong SJ (1999) Mixing in a 3D spherical model of present-day mantle convection. Earth Planet Sci Lett 171: 533-547
328. van Keken PE, Yuen DA, van den Berg AP (1994) Implications for mantle dynamics from the high melting temperature of perovskite. Science 264:1437-1440
329. van Keken PE, Ballentine CJ (1998) Whole-mantle versus layered mantle convection and the role of a high viscosity lower mantle in terrestrial volatile evolution. Earth Planet Sci Lett 156:19-32
330. van Keken PE, Ballentine CJ (1999) Dynamical models of mantle volatile evolution and the role of phase transitions and temperature-dependent rheology. J Geophys Res 104:7137-7151
331. van Keken PE, Ballentine CJ, Porcelli D (2001) A dynamical investigation of the heat and helium imbalance. Earth Planet Sci Lett 188:421-443.
332. van Keken PE, Hauri EH, Ballentine CJ (2002) Mixing in the mantle and the creation, preservation and destruction of mantle heterogeneity. Ann Rev Earth Planet Sci in press
333. Van Schmus WR (1995) Natural radioactivity of the crust and mantle. In Global earth physics: a handbook of physical constants. Ahrens TJ (ed) American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, p 283-291
334. Vidale JE, Schubert G, Earle PS (2001) Unsuccessful initial search for a mid-mantle chemical boundary with seismic arrays. Geophys Res Lett 28:859-862
335. von Huene R, Scholl DW (1991) Observations at convergent margins concerning sediment subduction, subduction erosion, and the growth of continental crust. Rev Geophys 29:279-312
336. Wacker JF, Anders E (1984) Trapping of xenon in ice: implications for the origin of the Earth's noble gases. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 48:2373-2380
337. Walker D (2000) Core participation in mantle geochemistry: Geochemical Society Ingerson Lecture, GSA Denver, October 1999. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 64:2897-2911
338. 3 perovskite: constraints on the composition of the lower mantle. Phys Earth Planet Inter 83:13-40
339. Wänke H, Dreibus G, Jagoutz E (1984) Mantle chemistry and accretion history of the Earth. In Archaean geochemistry. Kröner A, Hanson GN, Goodwin AM (eds) Springer-Verlag, Berlin, p 1-24
340. Wasserburg GJ, MacDonald GJF, Hoyle F, Fowler WA (1964) Relative contributions of uranium, thorium, and potassium to heat production in the Earth. Science 143:465-467
341. Wedepohl KH (1995) The composition of the continental crust. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 59:1217-1232
342. Wen LX, Anderson DL (1997) Layered mantle convection: A model for geoid and topography. Earth Planet Sci Lett 146:367-377
343. Wetherill G (1975) Radiometrie chronology of the early solar system. Ann Rev Nuclear Sci 25:283-328
344. Wieler R (2002) Noble gases in the solar system. Rev Mineral Geochem 47:21-70
345. Williams SN, Schaefer SJ, Calvache MIV, Lopez D (1992) Global carbon dioxide emission to the atmosphere by volcanoes. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 56:1765-1770
346. Woolum DS, Cassen P, Porcelli D, Wasserburg GJ (2000) Incorporation of solar noble gases from a nebula-derived atmosphere during magma ocean cooling. Lunar Planet. Sci. XXX
347. Yatsevich I, Honda M (1997) Production of nucleogenic neon in the Earth from natural radioactive decay. J Geophys Res 102:10291-10298
348. Yi W, Halliday AN, Lee D-C, Rehkämper M. (1995) Indium and tin in basalts, sulfide and the mantle. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 59:5081-5090
349. Zhao D (2001) Seismic structure and origin of hotspots and mantle plumes. Earth Planet Sci Lett 192: 251-265
350. Zhang Y (1997) Mantle degassing and origin of the atmosphere. Proc. 30th Geol Congr (Beijing) 1:61-78
351. Zhang Y, Zindler A (1989) Noble gas constraints on the evolution of the Earth's atmosphere. J Geophys Res 94:13719-13737
352. Zhong S, Gurnis K (1995) Mantle convection with plates and mobile faulted plate margins. Science 267:838-843
353. Zindler A, Hart SR (1986) Chemical geodynamics. Ann Rev Earth Planet Sci 14:493-571