A lower mantle source for central European volcanism

Science

Volumn 286, Issue 5446, 1999, Pages 1928-1934

  Goes, Saskia ^a,b   Spakman, Wim ^a   Bijwaard, Harmen ^a  

^a UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^b ETH ZURICH   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CENOZOIC; MANTLE SOURCE; RIFTING; SEISMIC TOMOGRAPHY; VELOCITY STRUCTURE; VOLCANISM;

ARTICLE; DYNAMICS; EUROPE; GEOLOGY; MODEL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; VELOCITY; VOLCANO;

EUROPE;

EID: 0033521134     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.286.5446.1928     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. P. Ziegler, Tectonophysics 208, 91 (1992).
2. J. Ulrych and E. Pivec, Chem. Erde 57, 311 (1997); H. J. Lippolt, Geol. jahrb. D52, 113 (1982); H. Downes, in Alkaline Igneous Rocks, J. G. Fitton and B. G. J. Upton, Eds., Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Publ. 30, 517 (Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, 1987).
3. J. Ulrych and E. Pivec, Chem. Erde 57, 311 (1997); H. J. Lippolt, Geol. jahrb. D52, 113 (1982); H. Downes, in Alkaline Igneous Rocks, J. G. Fitton and B. G. J. Upton, Eds., Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Publ. 30, 517 (Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, 1987).
4. J. Ulrych and E. Pivec, Chem. Erde 57, 311 (1997); H. J. Lippolt, Geol. jahrb. D52, 113 (1982); H. Downes, in Alkaline Igneous Rocks, J. G. Fitton and B. G. J. Upton, Eds., Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Publ. 30, 517 (Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, 1987).
5. L. Ahorner, B. Baier, K. P. Bonjer, in Plateau Uplift: The Rhenish Shield - A Case History, K. Fuchs et al., Eds., (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1983), pp. 187-197; B. Müller et al., J. Geophys. Res. 97, 11, 783 (1992).
6. L. Ahorner, B. Baier, K. P. Bonjer, in Plateau Uplift: The Rhenish Shield - A Case History, K. Fuchs et al., Eds., (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1983), pp. 187-197; B. Müller et al., J. Geophys. Res. 97, 11, 783 (1992).
7. H. Mälzer, in Proceedings 3rd Workshop on the European Geotraverse (EGT) Project - The Central Segment, R. Freeman, S. Müller, G. Calcagnile, Eds., (European Science Foundation, Strasbourg, 1986), pp. 249-254; H. Mälzer, G. Hein, K. Zippelt, in Plateau Uplift: The Rhenish Shield - A Case History, K. Fuchs et al., Eds., (Springer- Verlag, Berlin, 1983), pp. 164-176.
8. H. Mälzer, in Proceedings 3rd Workshop on the European Geotraverse (EGT) Project - The Central Segment, R. Freeman, S. Müller, G. Calcagnile, Eds., (European Science Foundation, Strasbourg, 1986), pp. 249-254; H. Mälzer, G. Hein, K. Zippelt, in Plateau Uplift: The Rhenish Shield - A Case History, K. Fuchs et al., Eds., (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1983), pp. 164-176.
9. J. H. Illies, Tectonophysics 29, 251 (1975); A. M. C. Sengör, Geology 4, 779 (1976).
10. J. H. Illies, Tectonophysics 29, 251 (1975); A. M. C. Sengör, Geology 4, 779 (1976).
11. R. A. Duncan, N. Petersen, R. B. Hargraves, Nature 239, 82 (1972); C. Froidevaux, R. Brousse, H. Bellon, Nature 248, 749 (1974).
12. R. A. Duncan, N. Petersen, R. B. Hargraves, Nature 239, 82 (1972); C. Froidevaux, R. Brousse, H. Bellon, Nature 248, 749 (1974).
13. K. Hoernle, Y. Zhang, D. Graham, Nature 374, 34 (1995).
14. M. Granet, M. Wilson, U. Achauer, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 136, 281 (1995).
15. R. Oyarzun et al., Geology 25, 727 (1997).
16. M. Gölke and D. Coblentz, Tectonophysics 266, 11 (1996); G. Grünthal and D. Stromeyer, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 11,805 (1992); J. J. P. Loohuis, M. J. R. Wortel, P. Th. Meijer, Geophys. Res. Abs. 1, 85 (1999).
17. M. Gölke and D. Coblentz, Tectonophysics 266, 11 (1996); G. Grünthal and D. Stromeyer, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 11,805 (1992); J. J. P. Loohuis, M. J. R. Wortel, P. Th. Meijer, Geophys. Res. Abs. 1, 85 (1999).
18. M. Gölke and D. Coblentz, Tectonophysics 266, 11 (1996); G. Grünthal and D. Stromeyer, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 11,805 (1992); J. J. P. Loohuis, M. J. R. Wortel, P. Th. Meijer, Geophys. Res. Abs. 1, 85 (1999).
19. M. Wilson and H. Downes, Tectonophysics 208, 173 (1992); M. Wilson, J. M. Rosenbaum, E. A. Dunworth, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 119, 181 (1995); K. H. Wedepohl and A. Baumann, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 136, 225 (1999).
20. M. Wilson and H. Downes, Tectonophysics 208, 173 (1992); M. Wilson, J. M. Rosenbaum, E. A. Dunworth, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 119, 181 (1995); K. H. Wedepohl and A. Baumann, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 136, 225 (1999).
21. M. Wilson and H. Downes, Tectonophysics 208, 173 (1992); M. Wilson, J. M. Rosenbaum, E. A. Dunworth, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 119, 181 (1995); K. H. Wedepohl and A. Baumann, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 136, 225 (1999).
22. 4He) reservoir [for example, P. J. Tackley et al., Nature, 361, 699 (1993); P. E. van Keken and C. J. Ballentine, J. Geophys. Res. 104, 7137 (1999)].
23. 4He) reservoir [for example, P. J. Tackley et al., Nature, 361, 699 (1993); P. E. van Keken and C. J. Ballentine, J. Geophys. Res. 104, 7137 (1999)].
24. 4He) reservoir [for example, P. J. Tackley et al., Nature, 361, 699 (1993); P. E. van Keken and C. J. Ballentine, J. Geophys. Res. 104, 7137 (1999)].
25. W. Spakman, S. van der Lee, R. D. van der Hilst, Phys. Earth Planet. Int. 79, 3 (1993).
26. A. Zielhuis and G. Nolet, Geophys. J. Int. 117, 695 (1994); H. Marquering and R. Snieder, Geophys. J. Int. 124, 283 (1996); S. Raikes and K. P. Bonjer, in Plateau Uplift: The Rhenish Shield - A Case History, K. Fuchs et al., Eds. (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1983), pp. 315-331.
27. A. Zielhuis and G. Nolet, Geophys. J. Int. 117, 695 (1994); H. Marquering and R. Snieder, Geophys. J. Int. 124, 283 (1996); S. Raikes and K. P. Bonjer, in Plateau Uplift: The Rhenish Shield - A Case History, K. Fuchs et al., Eds. (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1983), pp. 315-331.
28. A. Zielhuis and G. Nolet, Geophys. J. Int. 117, 695 (1994); H. Marquering and R. Snieder, Geophys. J. Int. 124, 283 (1996); S. Raikes and K. P. Bonjer, in Plateau Uplift: The Rhenish Shield - A Case History, K. Fuchs et al., Eds. (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1983), pp. 315-331.
29. H. Bijwaard, W. Spakman, E. R. Engdahl, J. Geophys. Res. 103, 30,055 (1998). The global mantle velocity model of Bijwaard et al. is based on the P, pP, and pwP travel time data set of E. R. Engdahl et al. [Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 88, 722 (1998)] and is computed using an irregular cell parameterization which adapts cell sizes to minimize ray sampling differences between adjacent cells. Under most of Europe, grid cells are 60 to 120 km in size. Cell size increases up to 300 km under the Atlantic and northern Africa. The tomographic model is supported by synthetic tests of the spatial resolution. So called "spike" tests [W. Spakman and G. Nolet, in: Mathematical Geophysics: A Survey of Recent Developments in Seismology and Geodynamics, N. J. Vlaar et al., Eds. (Reidel, Dordrecht, Netherlands, 1988)] were computed for a range of "spike" sizes between 0.6° and 6° to determine the image resolution at different spatial scales. "Layer cake" tests used synthetic input models derived from the structures recovered in the tomographic model to test lateral and vertical resolution of the recovered features.
30. H. Bijwaard, W. Spakman, E. R. Engdahl, J. Geophys. Res. 103, 30,055 (1998). The global mantle velocity model of Bijwaard et al. is based on the P, pP, and pwP travel time data set of E. R. Engdahl et al. [Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 88, 722 (1998)] and is computed using an irregular cell parameterization which adapts cell sizes to minimize ray sampling differences between adjacent cells. Under most of Europe, grid cells are 60 to 120 km in size. Cell size increases up to 300 km under the Atlantic and northern Africa. The tomographic model is supported by synthetic tests of the spatial resolution. So called "spike" tests [W. Spakman and G. Nolet, in: Mathematical Geophysics: A Survey of Recent Developments in Seismology and Geodynamics, N. J. Vlaar et al., Eds. (Reidel, Dordrecht, Netherlands, 1988)] were computed for a range of "spike" sizes between 0.6° and 6° to determine the image resolution at different spatial scales. "Layer cake" tests used synthetic input models derived from the structures recovered in the tomographic model to test lateral and vertical resolution of the recovered features.
31. H. Bijwaard, W. Spakman, E. R. Engdahl, J. Geophys. Res. 103, 30,055 (1998). The global mantle velocity model of Bijwaard et al. is based on the P, pP, and pwP travel time data set of E. R. Engdahl et al. [Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 88, 722 (1998)] and is computed using an irregular cell parameterization which adapts cell sizes to minimize ray sampling differences between adjacent cells. Under most of Europe, grid cells are 60 to 120 km in size. Cell size increases up to 300 km under the Atlantic and northern Africa. The tomographic model is supported by synthetic tests of the spatial resolution. So called "spike" tests [W. Spakman and G. Nolet, in: Mathematical Geophysics: A Survey of Recent Developments in Seismology and Geodynamics, N. J. Vlaar et al., Eds. (Reidel, Dordrecht, Netherlands, 1988)] were computed for a range of "spike" sizes between 0.6° and 6° to determine the image resolution at different spatial scales. "Layer cake" tests used synthetic input models derived from the structures recovered in the tomographic model to test lateral and vertical resolution of the recovered features.
32. E. Carminati et al., Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 160, 651 (1998).
33. M. Granet and J. Trampert, Geophys. J. Int. 99, 583 (1989).
34. In the upper mantle plume conduits are thought to be very narrow (50 to 300 km) (28), while lower mantle plumes are thought to be significantly wider (around a factor of 3 to 5 times wider than upper mantle plumes) (26) because of the higher viscosity of the lower mantle.
35. H. Bijwaard and W. Spakman, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 166, 121 (1999).
36. H. Bijwaard, thesis, Utrecht University, Netherlands (1999).
37. S. Grand, R. D. van der Hilst, S. Widiyantoro, GSA Today 7, 1 (1997); R. D. van der Hilst, S. Widiyantoro, E. R. Engdahl, Nature 386, 578 (1997).
38. S. Grand, R. D. van der Hilst, S. Widiyantoro, GSA Today 7, 1 (1997); R. D. van der Hilst, S. Widiyantoro, E. R. Engdahl, Nature 386, 578 (1997).
39. S. Goes, R. Govers, P. Vacher, J. Geophys. Res., in press.
40. The excess temperatures of plumes have been estimated to be 75 to 300°C in the upper mantle and 150 to 300°C in the lower mantle (19, 28).
41. S. Karato, Geophys. Res. Lett. 20, 1623 (1993).
42. D. L. Anderson, Nature 297, 391 (1982).
43. P. E. van Keken and C. W. Gable J. Geophys. Res. 100, 20,291 (1995); V. Steinbach and D.A. Yuen, Phys. Earth Planet. Int. 103, 85 (1997); T. Nakakuki, D. A. Yuen, S. Honda, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 146, 379-391, (1997); D. A. Yuen, L. Cserepes, B. A. Schroeder, Earth Planets Space 50, 1035 (1998); B. Steinberger and R. J. O'Connell, Geophys. J. Int. 132, 412 (1998).
44. P. E. van Keken and C. W. Gable J. Geophys. Res. 100, 20,291 (1995); V. Steinbach and D.A. Yuen, Phys. Earth Planet. Int. 103, 85 (1997); T. Nakakuki, D. A. Yuen, S. Honda, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 146, 379-391, (1997); D. A. Yuen, L. Cserepes, B. A. Schroeder, Earth Planets Space 50, 1035 (1998); B. Steinberger and R. J. O'Connell, Geophys. J. Int. 132, 412 (1998).
45. P. E. van Keken and C. W. Gable J. Geophys. Res. 100, 20,291 (1995); V. Steinbach and D.A. Yuen, Phys. Earth Planet. Int. 103, 85 (1997); T. Nakakuki, D. A. Yuen, S. Honda, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 146, 379-391, (1997); D. A. Yuen, L. Cserepes, B. A. Schroeder, Earth Planets Space 50, 1035 (1998); B. Steinberger and R. J. O'Connell, Geophys. J. Int. 132, 412 (1998).
46. P. E. van Keken and C. W. Gable J. Geophys. Res. 100, 20,291 (1995); V. Steinbach and D.A. Yuen, Phys. Earth Planet. Int. 103, 85 (1997); T. Nakakuki, D. A. Yuen, S. Honda, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 146, 379-391, (1997); D. A. Yuen, L. Cserepes, B. A. Schroeder, Earth Planets Space 50, 1035 (1998); B. Steinberger and R. J. O'Connell, Geophys. J. Int. 132, 412 (1998).
47. P. E. van Keken and C. W. Gable J. Geophys. Res. 100, 20,291 (1995); V. Steinbach and D.A. Yuen, Phys. Earth Planet. Int. 103, 85 (1997); T. Nakakuki, D. A. Yuen, S. Honda, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 146, 379-391, (1997); D. A. Yuen, L. Cserepes, B. A. Schroeder, Earth Planets Space 50, 1035 (1998); B. Steinberger and R. J. O'Connell, Geophys. J. Int. 132, 412 (1998).
48. B. L. N. Kennett, E. R. Engdahl, R. Buland, Geophys. J. Int. 122, 108 (1995).
49. R. White and D. McKenzie, J. Geophys. Res. 94, 7685 (1989); N. H. Sleep, J. Geophys. Res. 95, 6715 (1990); G. Ito, J. Lin, C.W. Gable, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 144, 53 (1996); H-C. Nataf and J. C. VanDecar, Nature 364, 115 (1993); J. C. VanDecar, D. E. James, M. Assumpçāo, Nature 378, 25 (1995); C. J. Wolfe et al., Nature 385, 245 (1997); Y. Shen et al., Nature 395, 62 (1998).
50. R. White and D. McKenzie, J. Geophys. Res. 94, 7685 (1989); N. H. Sleep, J. Geophys. Res. 95, 6715 (1990); G. Ito, J. Lin, C.W. Gable, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 144, 53 (1996); H-C. Nataf and J. C. VanDecar, Nature 364, 115 (1993); J. C. VanDecar, D. E. James, M. Assumpçāo, Nature 378, 25 (1995); C. J. Wolfe et al., Nature 385, 245 (1997); Y. Shen et al., Nature 395, 62 (1998).
51. R. White and D. McKenzie, J. Geophys. Res. 94, 7685 (1989); N. H. Sleep, J. Geophys. Res. 95, 6715 (1990); G. Ito, J. Lin, C.W. Gable, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 144, 53 (1996); H-C. Nataf and J. C. VanDecar, Nature 364, 115 (1993); J. C. VanDecar, D. E. James, M. Assumpçāo, Nature 378, 25 (1995); C. J. Wolfe et al., Nature 385, 245 (1997); Y. Shen et al., Nature 395, 62 (1998).
52. R. White and D. McKenzie, J. Geophys. Res. 94, 7685 (1989); N. H. Sleep, J. Geophys. Res. 95, 6715 (1990); G. Ito, J. Lin, C.W. Gable, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 144, 53 (1996); H-C. Nataf and J. C. VanDecar, Nature 364, 115 (1993); J. C. VanDecar, D. E. James, M. Assumpçāo, Nature 378, 25 (1995); C. J. Wolfe et al., Nature 385, 245 (1997); Y. Shen et al., Nature 395, 62 (1998).
53. R. White and D. McKenzie, J. Geophys. Res. 94, 7685 (1989); N. H. Sleep, J. Geophys. Res. 95, 6715 (1990); G. Ito, J. Lin, C.W. Gable, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 144, 53 (1996); H-C. Nataf and J. C. VanDecar, Nature 364, 115 (1993); J. C. VanDecar, D. E. James, M. Assumpçāo, Nature 378, 25 (1995); C. J. Wolfe et al., Nature 385, 245 (1997); Y. Shen et al., Nature 395, 62 (1998).
54. R. White and D. McKenzie, J. Geophys. Res. 94, 7685 (1989); N. H. Sleep, J. Geophys. Res. 95, 6715 (1990); G. Ito, J. Lin, C.W. Gable, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 144, 53 (1996); H-C. Nataf and J. C. VanDecar, Nature 364, 115 (1993); J. C. VanDecar, D. E. James, M. Assumpçāo, Nature 378, 25 (1995); C. J. Wolfe et al., Nature 385, 245 (1997); Y. Shen et al., Nature 395, 62 (1998).
55. R. White and D. McKenzie, J. Geophys. Res. 94, 7685 (1989); N. H. Sleep, J. Geophys. Res. 95, 6715 (1990); G. Ito, J. Lin, C.W. Gable, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 144, 53 (1996); H-C. Nataf and J. C. VanDecar, Nature 364, 115 (1993); J. C. VanDecar, D. E. James, M. Assumpçāo, Nature 378, 25 (1995); C. J. Wolfe et al., Nature 385, 245 (1997); Y. Shen et al., Nature 395, 62 (1998).
56. E. Griesshaber, R. K. O'Nions, E. R. Oxburgh, Chem. Geol. 99, 213 (1992); T. J. Dunai and H. Baur, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 59, 2767 (1995).
57. E. Griesshaber, R. K. O'Nions, E. R. Oxburgh, Chem. Geol. 99, 213 (1992); T. J. Dunai and H. Baur, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 59, 2767 (1995).
58. We thank M. Rehkämper for discussions on the geochemical signature of plumes and two reviewers for their critical reading of our manuscript Funding was provided by the NEESDI program (NWO grant 750-29-601) (S.G.) and the Netherlands Geoscience Foundation (GOA) (H.B.), both financially supported by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), and by the Vening-Meinesz Research School of Geodynamics.