A review of the postulated mechanisms concerning the association of Helicobacter pylori with ischemic heart disease

Helicobacter

Volumn 12, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 287-297

  Manolakis, Anastassios ^a   Kapsoritakis, Andreas N ^a   Potamianos, Spiros P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF THESSALY   (Greece)

Author keywords

Atherosclerosis; CagA; Coagulation; Endothelial dysfunction; Helicobacter pylori; Homocysteine; Inflammation; Ischemic heart disease; Lipids

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; BACTERIAL ANTIGEN; BACTERIAL DNA; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; CHOLESTEROL; HOMOCYSTEINE; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; INTERLEUKIN 6; INTERLEUKIN 8; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; PROTHROMBIN; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; VASCULAR CELL ADHESION MOLECULE 1;

AEROBIC METABOLISM; AMINO ACID BLOOD LEVEL; ANALYTICAL PARAMETERS; ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE; BACTERIAL STRAIN; BACTERIAL VIRULENCE; BLOOD VESSEL CALCIFICATION; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CHRONIC INFLAMMATION; CROSS REACTION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DYSLIPIDEMIA; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA; ERADICATION THERAPY; GASTRITIS; GENOTYPE; HELICOBACTER INFECTION; HELICOBACTER PYLORI; HOST PATHOGEN INTERACTION; HUMAN; HYPERCOAGULABILITY; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; MOLECULAR MIMICRY; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SEROPREVALENCE; THROMBOCYTE;

CHOLESTEROL, HDL; HELICOBACTER INFECTIONS; HELICOBACTER PYLORI; HOMOCYSTEINE; HUMANS; MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA; RISK FACTORS;

HELICOBACTER PYLORI;

EID: 34547573552     PISSN: 10834389     EISSN: 15235378     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2007.00511.x     Document Type: Review

References (142)

1. Osler W. Diseases of the arteries. In : Osler W, McCrae T, eds. Modern Medicine: Its Theory and Practice in Original Contributions by Americans and Foreign Authors (vol. 4). Philadelphia, PA : Lea & Febiger, 1908 426 47.
2. Neito FJ. Infection and atherosclerosis: new clues from an old hypothesis. Am J Epidemiol 1998 148 : 937 47.
3. Gibbon RV. Germs, Dr Billings, and the theory of focal infection. Clin Infect Dis 1998 27 : 627 33.
4. Sohal RS, Burch GE, Chu KC, et al. Ultrastructural changes in cardiac capillaries of Coxsackie virus B4 infected mice. Lab Invest 1968 19 : 399 405.
5. Yamashiroya HM, Ghosh L, Yang R. Herpes viridae in the coronary arteries and aorta of young trauma victims. Am J Pathol 1988 130 : 71 79.
6. Lemstrom K, Koskinen P, Krogerus L, et al. Cytomegalovirus antigen expression, endothelial cell proliferation, and intimal thickening in rat cardiac allografts after cytomegalovirus infection. Circulation 1995 92 : 2594 604.
7. Kuo CC, Shor A, Campbell LA. Demonstration of Chlamydia pneumoniae in atherosclerotic lesions of coronary arteries. J Infect Dis 1993 167 : 841 9.
8. Campbell LA, O'Brien ER, Cappuccio AL, et al. Detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae TWAR in human coronary atherectomy tissues. J Infect Dis 1995 172 : 585 588.
9. Kuo CC, Grayston JT, Campell LA, et al. Chlamydia pneumoniae (TWAR) in coronary arteries of young adults (15-34 years old). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995 92 : 6911 4.
10. Muhlestein JB, Hammond EH, Carlquist JF, et al. Increased incidence of Chlamydia species within the coronary arteries of patients with symptomatic atherosclerotic versus other forms of cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996 27 : 1555 61.
11. Ramirez JA. Isolation of Chlamydia pneumoniae from the coronary artery of a patient with coronary atherosclerosis. Ann Intern Med 1996 125 : 979 82.
12. Gattone M, Iacoviello L, Colombo M, et al. Chlamydia pneumoniae and cytomegalovirus seropositivity, inflammatory markers, and the risk of myocardial infarction at a young age. Am Heart J 2001 142 : 633 40.
13. Beck J, Garcia R, Heiss G. Periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease. J Periodontol 1996 67 (Suppl. 10 S1123 37.
14. Luis-Delgado O, Echevarria-Garcia JJ, Berini-Aytes L, Gay-Escoda C. Periodontitis as a risk factor in patients with ischaemic heart disease. Med Oral 2004 9 : 125 37.
15. Wotherspoon AC, Ortiz-Hidalgo C, Falzon MR, Isaacson PG. Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis and primary B-cell gastric lymphoma. Lancet 1991 338 : 1175 6.
16. Steinbach G, Ford R, Glober G, Sample D, et al. Antibiotic treatment of gastric lymphoma of mucosa associated lymphoid tissue. An uncontrolled trial. Ann Intern Med 1999 131 : 88 95.
17. Correa P, Fox J, Fontham E, et al. Helicobacter pylori and gastric carcinoma. Serum antibody prevalence in populations with contrasting cancer risks. Cancer 1990 66 : 2569 74.
18. Forman D, Newell DG, Fullerton F, Yarnell JW, Stacey AR, Wald N, Sitas F. Association between infection with Helicobacter pylori and risk of gastric cancer: evidence from a prospective investigation. BMJ 1991 302 : 1302 5.
19. Kountouras J, Zavos C, Chatzopoulos D. Apoptosis and autoimmunity as proposed pathogenetic links between Helicobacter pylori infection and idiopathic achalasia. Med Hypotheses 2004 63 : 624 9.
20. Konturek PC, Karczewska E, Dieterich W, Hahn EG, Schuppan D. Increased prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with celiac disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2000 95 : 3682 3.
21. Mizuno S, Morita Y, Inui T, Asakawa A, Ueno N, Ando T, Kato H, Uchida M, Yoshikawa T, Inui A. Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with colon adenomatous polyps detected by high-resolution colonoscopy. Int J Cancer 2005 117 : 1058 9.
22. Chen W, Li D, Cannan RJ, Stubbs RS. Common presence of Helicobacter DNA in the gallbladder of patients with gallstone diseases and controls. Dig Liver Dis 2003 35 : 237 43.
23. Farshad Sh, Alborzi A, Malek Hosseini SA, Oboodi B, Rasouli M, Japoni A, Nasiri J. Identification of Helicobacter pylori DNA in Iranian patients with gallstones. Epidemiol Infect 2004 132 : 1185 9.
24. Nilsson HO, Taneera J, Castedal M, Glatz E, Olsson R, Wadstrom T. Identification of Helicobacter pylori and other Helicobacter species by PCR, hybridization, and partial DNA sequencing in human liver samples from patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis or primary biliary cirrhosis. J Clin Microbiol 2000 38 : 1072 6.
25. Pakodi F, Abdel-Salam OM, Debreceni A, Mozsik G. Helicobacter pylori. One bacterium and a broad spectrum of human disease! An overview. J Physiol Paris 2000 94 : 139 52.
26. Elkind MS, Cole JW. Do common infections cause stroke? Semin Neurol 2006 26 : 88 99.
27. Mendall MA, Goggin PM, Molineaux N, et al. Relation of Helicobacter pylori infection and coronary heart disease. Br Heart J 1994 71 : 43 79.
28. Danesh J, Wong Y, Ward M, Muir J. Chronic infection with Helicobacter pylori, Chlamydia pneumoniae, or cytomegalovirus: population based study of coronary heart disease. Heart 1999 81 : 245 7.
29. Pellicano R, Mazzarello MG, Morelloni S, et al. Acute myocardial infarction and Helicobacter pylori seropositivity. Int J Clin Lab Res 1999 29 : 141 4.
30. Danesh J, Youngman L, Clark S, Parish S, Peto R, Collins R. Helicobacter pylori infection and early onset myocardial infarction: case control and sibling pairs study. BMJ 1999 319 : 1157 62.
31. Kahan T, Lundman P, Olsson G, Wendt M. Greater than normal prevalence of seropositivity for Helicobacter pylori among patients who have suffered myocardial infarction. Coron Artery Dis 2000 11 : 62 4.
32. Fraser AG, Scragg RK, Cox B, Jackson RT. Helicobacter pylori, Chlamydia pneumoniae and myocardial infarction. Intern Med J 2003 33 : 267 72.
33. Alkout AM, Ramsay EJ, Mackenzie DA, Weir DM, Bentley AJ, Elton RA, Sutherland S, Busuttil A, Blackwell CC. Quantitative assessment of IgG antibodies to Helicobacter pylori and outcome of ischaemic heart disease. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2000 29 : 271 4.
34. Pellicano R, Mazzarello MG, Morelloni S, Ferrari M, Angelino P, Berrutti M, Torriglia AM, Rizzetto M, Ponzetto A. Helicobacter pylori seropositivity in patients with unstable angina. J Cardiovasc Surg 2003 44 : 605 9.
35. Fischbacher CM, Blackwell CC, Bhopal R, Ingram R, Umwin NC, White M. Serological evidence of Helicobacter pylori infection in UK South Asian and European populations: implications for gastric cancer and coronary heart disease. J Infect 2004 48 : 168 74.
36. Gillum RF. Infection with Helicobacter pylori, coronary heart disease, cardiovascular risk factors, and systemic inflammation: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Natl Med Assoc 2004 96 : 1470 6.
37. Vijayvergiya R, Agarwal N, Bahl A, Grover A, Singh M, Sharma M, Khullar M. Association of Chlamydia pneumoniae and Helicobacter pylori infection with angiographically demonstrated coronary artery disease. Int J Cardiol 2006 107 : 428 9.
38. Gunn M, Stephens JC, Thomson JR, Rathbone BJ, Samani NJ. Significant association of CagA positive Helicobacter pylori strains with risk of premature myocardial infarction. Heart 2000 84 : 267 71.
39. Pasceri V, Cammarotta G, Patti G, et al. Association of virulent Helicobacter pylori strains with ischaemic heart disease. Circulation 1998 97 : 1675 9.
40. Pieniazek P, Karczewska E, Duda A, Tracz W, Pasowicz M, Konturek SJ. Association of Helicobacter pylori infection with coronary heart disease. J Physiol Pharmacol 1999 50 : 743 51.
41. Kowalski M, Konturek PC, Pieniazek P, et al. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in coronary artery disease and effect of its eradication on coronary lumen reduction after percutaneous coronary angioplasty. Dig Liver Dis 2001 33 : 222 9.
42. Singh RK, McMahon AD, Patel H, Packard CJ, Rathbone BJ, Samani NJ. Prospective analysis of the association of infection with CagA bearing strains of Helicobacter pylori and coronary heart disease. Heart 2002 88 : 43 6.
43. Danesh J. Coronary heart disease, Helicobacter pylori, dental disease, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and cytomegalovirus: meta-analyses of prospective studies. Am Heart J 1999 138 : 434 37.
44. McDonagh TA, Woodward M, Morrison CE, McMurray JJ, Tunstall-Pedoe H, Lowe GD, McColl KE, Dargie HJ. Helicobacter pylori infection and coronary heart disease in the North Glasgow MONICA population. Eur Heart J 1997 18 : 1257 60.
45. Osewaarde JM, Feskens EJ, De Vries A, Vallinga CE, Krombout D. Chlamydia pneumoniae is a risk factor for coronary heart disease symptom-free elderly men, but Helicobacter pylori and cytomegalovirus are not. Epidemiol Infect 1998 120 : 93 9.
46. Al-Nozha MM, Khalil MZ, Al-Mofleh IA, Al-Ghamdi AS. Lack of association of coronary artery disease with H. pylori infection. Saudi Med J 2003 24 : 1370 3.
47. Kanbay M, Gur G, Yucel M, Yilmaz U, Muderrisoglu H. Helicobacter pylori seroprovalence in patients with coronary artery disease. Dig Dis Sci 2005 50 : 2071 4.
48. Basili S, Vieri M, Di Lecce VN, Maccioni D, Marmifero M, Paradiso M, Labbadia G, Spada S, Cordova C, Alessandri C. Association between histological diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori and coronary heart disease: results of a retrospective study. Clin Ter 1998 149 : 413 7.
49. Bielanski W. Epidemiological study on Helicobacter pylori infection and extragastroduodenal disorders in Polish population. J Physiol Pharmacol 1999 50 : 723 33.
50. Quinn MJ, Foley JB, Mulvihill NT, Lee J, Crean PA, Walsh MJ, O'Morain CA. Helicobacter pylori serology in patients with angiographically documented coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1999 83 : 1664 6.
51. Tsai CJ, Huang TY. Relation of Helicobacter pylori infection and angiographically demonstrated coronary artery disease. Dig Dis Sci 2000 45 : 1227 32.
52. Carlsson J, Miketic S, Brom J, Ross R, Bachmann H, Tebbe U. Prior cytomegalovirus, Chlamydia pneumoniae or Helicobacter pylori infection and the risk of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Int J Cardiol 2000 73 : 165 71.
53. Stollberger C, Molzer G, Finsterer J. Seroprevalence of antibodies to microorganisms known to cause arterial and myocardial damage in patients with or without coronary stenosis. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2001 8 : 997 1002.
54. Zhu J, Quyyumi AA, Muhlestein JB, Nieto FJ, Horne BD, Zalles-Ganley A, Anderson JL, Epstein SE. Lack of association of Helicobacter pylori infection with coronary artery disease and frequency of acute myocardial infarction or death. Am J Cardiol 2002 89 : 155 8.
55. Roivainen M, Viik-Kajander M, Palosuo T, Toivanen P, Leinonen M, Saikku P, Tenkanen L, Manninen V, Hovi T, Manttari M. Infections, inflammation, and the risk of coronary heart disease. Circulation 2000 101 : 252 7.
56. Ridker PM, Danesh J, Youngman L, Collins R, Stampfer MJ, Peto R, Hennekens CH. A prospective study of Helicobacter pylori seropositivity and the risk for future myocardial infarction among socioeconomically similar U.S. men. Ann Intern Med 2001 135 : 184 8.
57. Haider AW, Wilson PW, Larson MG, Evans JC, Michelson EL, Wolf PA, O'Donnell CJ, Levy D. The association of seropositivity to Helicobacter pylori, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and cytomegalovirus with risk of cardiovascular disease: a prospective study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002 40 : 1408 13.
58. Coles KA, Knuiman MW, Plant AJ, Riley TV, Smith DW, Divitini ML. A prospective study of infection and cardiovascular diseases: the Busselton Health Study. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2003 10 : 278 82.
59. Schiele F, Batur MK, Seronde MF, Meneveau N, Sewoke P, Bassignot A, Couetdic G, Caulfield F, Bassand JP. Cytomegalovirus, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and Helicobacter pylori IgG antibodies and restenosis after stent implantation: an angiographic and intravascular ultrasound study. Heart 2001 85 : 304 11.
60. Limnell V, Pasternack R, Karjalainen J, Virtanen V, Lehtimaki T, Aittoniemi J. Seropositivity for Helicobacter pylori antibodies is associated with lower occurrence of venous bypass graft occlusion. Scand J Infect Dis 2004 36 : 601 3.
61. Koenig W, Rothenbacher D, Hoffmeister A, Miller M, Bode G, Adler G, Hombach V, Marz W, Pepys MB, Brenner H. Infection with Helicobacter pylori is not a major independent risk factor for stable coronary heart disease: lack of a role of cytotoxin-associated protein A-positive strains and absence of a systemic inflammatory response. Circulation 1999 100 : 2326 31.
62. Whincup P, Danesh J, Walker M, Lennon L, Thomson A, Appleby P, Hawkey C, Atherton J. Prospective study of potentially virulent strains of Helicobacter pylori and coronary heart disease in middle-aged men. Circulation 2000 101 : 1647 52.
63. Murray LJ, Bamford KB, Kee F, McMaster D, Cambien F, Dallongeville J, Evans A. Infection with virulent strains of Helicobacter pylori is not associated with ischaemic heart disease: evidence from a population-based case-control study of myocardial infarction. Atherosclerosis 2000 149 : 379 85.
64. Stone AF, Risley P, Markus HS, Butland BK, Strachan DP, Elwood PC, Mendall MA. Ischaemic heart disease and CagA strains of Helicobacter pylori in the Caerphilly heart disease study. Heart 2001 86 : 506 9.
65. Pellicano R, Parravicini PP, Bigi R, Gandolfo N, Aruta E, Gai V, Figura N, Angelino P, Rizzetto M, Ponzetto A. Infection by Helicobacter pylori and acute myocardial infarction. Do cytotoxic strains make a difference? New Microbiol 2002 25 : 315 21.
66. Murray LJ, Bamford KB, O'Reilly DP, McCrum EE, Evans AE. Helicobacter pylori infection: relation with cardiovascular risk factors, ischaemic heart disease, and social class. Br Heart J 1995 74 : 497 501.
67. Niemela S, Karttunen T, Korhonen T, Laara E, Karttunen R, Ikaheimo M, Kesaniemi YA. Could Helicobacter pylori infection increase the risk of coronary heart disease by modifying serum lipid concentrations? Heart 1996 75 : 573 5.
68. Laurila A, Bloigu A, Nayha S, Hassi J, Leinonen M, Saikku P. Association of Helicobacter pylori infection with elevated serum lipids. Atherosclerosis 1999 142 : 207 10.
69. Hoffmeister A, Rothenbacher D, Bode G, Persson K, Marz W, Nauck MA, Brenner H, Hombach V, Koenig W. Current infection with Helicobacter pylori, but not seropositivity to Chlamydia pneumoniae or cytomegalovirus, is associated with an atherogenic, modified lipid profile. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001 21 : 427 32.
70. de Luis DA, Lahera M, Canton R, Boixeda D, San Roman AL, Aller R, de La Calle H. Association of Helicobacter pylori infection with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease in diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 1998 21 : 1129 32.
71. de Luis DA, Garcia Avello A, Lasuncion MA, Aller R, Martin de Argila C, Boixeda de Miquel D, de la Calle H. Improvement in lipid and haemostasis patterns after Helicobacter pylori infection eradication in type 1 diabetic patients. Clin Nutr 1999 18 : 227 31.
72. Majka J, Rog T, Konturek PC, Konturek SJ, Bielanski W, Kowalsky M, Szczudlik A. Influence of chronic Helicobacter pylori infection on ischemic cerebral stroke risk factors. Med Sci Monit 2002 8 : CR675 84.
73. Scharnagl H, Kist M, Grawitz AB, Koenig W, Wieland H, Marz W. Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Am J Cardiol 2004 93 : 219 20.
74. Kanbay M, Gur G, Yucel M, Yilmaz U, Boyacioglu S. Does eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection help normalize serum lipid and CRP levels? Dig Dis Sci 2005 50 : 1228 31.
75. Patel P, Mendall MA, Carrington D, et al. Association of Helicobacter pylori and Chlamydia pneumoniae infections with coronary heart disease and cardiovascular risk factors. BMJ 1995 311 : 711 4.
76. Rathbone B, Martin D, Stephens J, Thompson JR, Samani NJ. Helicobacter pylori seropositivity in subjects with acute myocardial infarction. Heart 1996 76 : 308 11.
77. Wald NJ, Law MR, Morris JK, Bagnall AM. Helicobacter pylori infection and mortality from ischaemic heart disease: negative result from a large, prospective study. BMJ 1997 315 : 1199 201.
78. Danesh J, Peto R. Risk factors for coronary heart disease and infection with Helicobacter pylori: meta-analysis of 18 studies. BMJ 1998 316 : 1130 2.
79. Kinjo K, Sato H, Sato H, et al. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection and its link to coronary risk factors in Japanese patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circ J 2002 66 : 805 10.
80. Triantafillidis JK, Georgakopoulos D, Gikas A, Merikas E, Peros G, Sofroniadou K, Cheracakis P, Sklavaina M, Tzanidis G, Konstantellou E. Relation between Helicobacter pylori infection, thyroid hormone levels and cardiovascular risk factors on blood donors. Hepatogastroenterology 2003 50 (Suppl. 2 Scccxvii Scccxx.
81. Elizalde JI, Pique JM, Moreno V, et al. Influence of Helicobacter pylori infection and eradication on blood lipids and fibrinogen. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002 16 : 577 86.
82. Lu YH, Yen HW, Lin TH, Huang CH, Lee KT, Wang WM, Wu DC, Voon WC, Lai WT, Sheu SH. Changes of coronary risk factors after eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection (Abstract). Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2002 18 : 266 72.
83. Crabtree JE, Shallcross TM, Heatley RV, Wyatt JI. Mucosal tumour necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 in patients with Helicobacter pylori associated gastritis. Gut 1991 32 : 1473 7.
84. Crabtree JE, Wyatt JI, Trejdosiewicz LK, Peichl P, Nichols PH, Ramsay N, Primrose JN, Lindley IJ. Interleukin-8 expression in Helicobacter pylori infected, normal, and neoplastic gastroduodenal mucosa. J Clin Pathol 1994 47 : 61 6.
85. Katagiri M, Asaka M, Kobayashi M, Kudo M, Kato M, Takeda H. Increased cytokine production by gastric mucosa in patients with Helicobacter pylori infection. J Clin Gastroenterol 1997 25 (Suppl. 1 S211 4.
86. Yamaoka Y, Kita M, Kodama T, Sawai N, Imanishi J. Helicobacter pylori cagA gene and expression of cytokine messenger RNA in gastric mucosa. Gastroenterology 1996 110 : 1744 52.
87. Yamaoka Y, Kita M, Kodama T, Sawai N, Kashima K, Imanishi J. Induction of various cytokines and development of severe mucosal inflammation by cagA gene positive Helicobacter pylori strains. Gut 1997 41 : 442 51.
88. Russo F, Jirillo E, Clemente C, Messa C, Chiloiro M, Riezzo G, Amati L, Caradonna L, Di Leo A. Circulating cytokines and gastrin levels in asymptomatic subjects infected by Helicobacter pylori. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2001 23 : 13 24.
89. Kowalski M. Helicobacter pylori infection in coronary artery disease: influence of H. pylori eradication on coronary artery lumen after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. The detection of H. pylori specific DNA in human coronary atherosclerotic plaque. J Physiol Pharmacol 2001 52 (Suppl. 1 S3 31.
90. Consolazio A, Borgia MC, Ferro D, Iacopini F, Paoluzi OA, Crispino P, Nardi F, Rivera M, Paoluzi P. Increased thrombin generation and circulating levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha in patients with chronic Helicobacter pylori-positive gastritis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004 20 : 289 94.
91. Maciorkowska E, Kaczmarski M, Panasiuk A, Kondej-Muszynska K, Kemonai A. Soluble adhesion molecules ICAM-1, VCAM-1, P-selectin in children with Helicobacter pylori infection. World J Gastroenterol 2005 11 : 6745 50.
92. Eschen O, Christensen JH, Toft E, Schmidt EB. Soluble adhesion molecules and marine n-3 fatty acids in patients referred for coronary angiography. Atherosclerosis 2005 180 : 327 31.
93. Hara K, Morita Y, Kamihata H, Iwasaka T, Takahashi H. Evidence for infection with Helicobacter pylori in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Clin Chim Acta 2001 313 : 87 94.
94. Abdelmouttaleb I, Danchin N, Ilardo C, Aimone-Gastin I, Angioi M, Lozniewski A, Loubinoux J, Le Faou A, Gueant JL. C-reactive protein and coronary artery disease: additional evidence of the implication of an inflammatory process in acute coronary syndromes. Am Heart J 1999 137 : 346 51.
95. Brenner H, Berg G, Frohlich M, Boeing H, Koenig W. Chronic infection with Helicobacter pylori does not provoke major systemic inflammation in healthy adults: results from a large population-based study. Atherosclerosis 1999 147 : 399 403.
96. Cook DG, Mendall MA, Whincup PH, Carey IM, Ballam L, Morris JE, Miller GJ, Strachan DP. C-reactive protein concentration in children: relationship to adiposity and other cardiovascular risk factors. Atherosclerosis 2000 149 : 139 50.
97. Danesh J, Whincup P, Walker M, Lennon L, Thomson A, Appleby P, Gallimore JR, Pepys MB. Low grade inflammation and coronary heart disease: prospective study and updated meta-analyses. BMJ 2000 321 : 199 204.
98. Delanghe JR, Langlois MR, De Bacquer D, Mak R, Capel P, Van Renterghem L, De Backer G. Discriminative value of serum amyloid A and other acute-phase proteins for coronary heart disease. Atherosclerosis 2002 160 : 471 6.
99. Basili S, Vieri M, Paradiso M, Labbadia G, Marmifero M, Maccioni D, Di Lecce N, Ferro D, Alessandri C. Helicobacter pylori and coagulation in patients without coronary heart disease. Atherosclerosis 1999 145 (Suppl. 1 S22.
100. Torgano G, Cosentini R, Mandelli C, et al. Treatment of Helicobacter pylori and Chlamydia pneumoniae infections decreases fibrinogen plasma level in patients with ischemic heart disease. Circulation 1999 99 : 1555 9.
101. Yusuf SW, Mishra RM. Effect of Helicobacter pylori infection on fibrinogen level in elderly patients with ischaemic heart disease. Acta Cardiol 2002 57 : 317 22.
102. Elizalde JI, Gomez J, Panes J, et al. Platelet activation in mice and human Helicobacter pylori infection. J Clin Invest 1997 100 : 996 1005.
103. Aguejouf O, Mayo K, Monteiro L, Doutremepuich C, Megraud F. Increase of arterial thrombosis parameters in chronic Helicobacter pylori infection in mice. Thromb Res 2002 108 : 245 8.
104. Byrne MF, Kerrigan SW, Corcoran PA, Atherton JC, Murray FE, Fitzgerald DJ, Cox DM. Helicobacter pylori binds von Willebrand factor and interacts with GPIb to induce platelet aggregation. Gastroenterology 2003 124 : 1846 54.
105. Ossei-Gerning N, Moayyedi P, Smith S, Braunholtz D, Wilson JI, Axon AT, Grant PJ. Helicobacter pylori infection is related to atheroma in patients undergoing coronary angiography. Cardiovasc Res 1997 35 : 120 4.
106. Parente F, Imbesi V, Cucino C, MacOni G, Russo U, Duca PG, Bianchi Porro G. Helicobacter pylori CagA seropositivity does not influence inflammatory parameters, lipid concentrations and haemostatic factors in healthy individuals. J Intern Med 2000 247 : 213 7.
107. De Backer J, Mak R, De Bacquer D, Van Renterghem L, Verbraekel E, Kornitzer M, De Backer G. Parameters of inflammation and infection in a community based case-control study of coronary heart disease. Atherosclerosis 2002 160 : 457 63.
108. Schweeger I, Fitscha P, Sinzinger H. Successful eradication of Helicobacter pylori as determined by ((13))C-urea breath test does not alter fibrinogen and acute phase response markers. Thromb Res 2000 97 : 411 20.
109. Elizalde JI, Perez-Pujol S, Heras M, et al. Effects of Helicobacter pylori eradication on platelet activation and disease recurrence in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Helicobacter 2004 9 : 681 9.
110. Markle HV. Coronary artery disease associated with Helicobacter pylori infection is at least partially due to inadequate folate status. Med Hypotheses 1997 49 : 289 92.
111. Sung JJ, Sanderson JE. Hyperhomocysteinaemia, Helicobacter pylori, and coronary heart disease. Heart 1996 76 : 305 7.
112. Tamura A, Fujioka T, Nasu M. Relation of Helicobacter pylori infection to plasma vitamin B12, folic acid, and homocysteine levels in patients who underwent diagnostic coronary arteriography. Am J Gastroenterol 2002 97 : 861 6.
113. Saxena V, Markus H, Swaminathan S, Mendall ME. Hyperhomocysteinaemia, Helicobacter pylori, and coronary heart disease. Heart 1997 78 : 524.
114. Yoshino N, Adachi K, Takashima T, Miyaoka Y, Yuki T, Ishihara S, Kinoshita Y. Helicobacter pylori infection does not affect the serum level of homocysteine. Am J Gastroenterol 2002 97 : 2927 8.
115. Leung WK, Ma PK, Choi PC, Ching JY, Ng AC, Poon P, Woo KS, Sung JJ. Correlation between Helicobacter pylori infection, gastric inflammation and serum homocysteine concentration. Helicobacter 2001 6 : 146 50.
116. Farsak B, Yildirir A, Akyon Y, Pinar A, Oc M, Boke E, Kes S, Tokgozoglu L. Detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae and Helicobacter pylori DNA in human atherosclerotic plaques by PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2000 38 : 4408 11.
117. Kowalski M, Rees W, Konturek PC, et al. Detection of Helicobacter pylori specific DNA in human atheromatous coronary arteries and its association to prior myocardial infarction and unstable angina. Dig Liver Dis 2002 34 : 398 402.
118. Ameriso SF, Fridman EA, Leiguarda RC, Sevlever GE. Detection of Helicobacter pylori in human carotid atherosclerotic plaques. Stroke 2001 32 : 385 91.
119. Kaplan M, Yavuz SS, Cinar B, Koksal V, Kut MS, Yapici F, Gercekoglu H, Demirtas MM. Detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae and Helicobacter pylori in atherosclerotic plaques of carotid artery by polymerase chain reaction. Int J Infect Dis 2006 10 : 116 23.
120. Rassu M, Cazzavillan S, Scagnelli M, Peron A, Bevilacqua PA, Facco M, Bertoloni G, Lauro FM, Zambello R, Bonoldi E. Demonstration of Chlamydia pneumoniae in atherosclerotic arteries from various vascular regions. Atherosclerosis 2001 158 : 73 9.
121. Adiloglu AK, Ocal A, Can R, Duver H, Yavuz T, Aridogan BC. Detection of Helicobacter pylori and Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA in human coronary arteries and evaluation of the results with serologic evidence of inflammation. Saudi Med J 2005 26 : 1068 74.
122. Danesh J, Koreth J, Youngman L, Collins R, Arnold JR, Balarajan Y, McGee J, Roskell D. Is Helicobacter pylori a factor in coronary atherosclerosis? J Clin Microbiol 1999 37 : 1651.
123. Sulewska A, Modrzejewski W, Kovalchuk O, Kasacka I, Jackowski R, Hirnle T, Musial W, Chyczewski L. Attempts to detect Helicobacter pylori in atherosclerotic plaques. Rocz Akad Med Bialymst 2004 49 (Suppl. 1 S239 41.
124. Kaklikkaya I, Kaklikkaya N, Buruk K, Pulathan Z, Koramaz I, Aydin F, Tosun I, Osman Kilic A, Ozcan F. Investigation of Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA, chlamydial lipopolisaccharide antigens, and Helicobacter pylori DNA in atherosclerotic plaques of patients with aortoiliac occlusive disease. Cardiovasc Pathol 2006 15 : 105 9.
125. Xu Q, Kiechl S, Mayr M, Metzler B, Egger G, Oberhollenzer F, Willeit J, Wick G. Association of serum antibodies to heat-shock protein 65 with carotid atherosclerosis: clinical significance determined in a follow-up study. Circulation 1999 100 : 1169 74.
126. Zhu J, Quyyumi AA, Rott D, Csako G, Wu H, Halcox J, Epstein SE. Antibodies to human heat-shock protein 60 are associated with the presence and severity of coronary artery disease: evidence for an autoimmune component of atherogenesis. Circulation 2001 103 : 1071 5.
127. Birnie DH, Holme ER, McKay IC, Hood S, McColl KE, Hillis WS. Association between antibodies to heat shock protein 65 and coronary atherosclerosis. Possible mechanism of action of Helicobacter pylori and other bacterial infections in increasing cardiovascular risk. Eur Heart J 1998 19 : 387 94.
128. Xu Q, Schett G, Perschinka H, Mayr M, Egger G, Oberhollenzer F, Willeit J, Kiechl S, Wick G. Serum soluble heat shock protein 60 is elevated in subjects with atherosclerosis in a general population. Circulation 2000 102 : 14 20.
129. Mayr M, Kiechl S, Willeit J, Wick G, Xu Q. Infections, immunity, and atherosclerosis: associations of antibodies to Chlamydia pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori, and cytomegalovirus with immune reactions to heat-shock protein 60 and carotid or femoral atherosclerosis. Circulation 2000 102 : 833 9.
130. Prohaszka Z, Duba J, Horvath L, Csaszar A, Karadi I, Szebeni A, Singh M, Fekete B, Romics L, Fust G. Comparative study on antibodies to human and bacterial 60 kDa heat shock proteins in a large cohort of patients with coronary heart disease and healthy subjects. Eur J Clin Invest 2001 31 : 285 92.
131. Zhu J, Katz RJ, Quyyumi AA, Canos DA, Rott D, Csako G, Zalles-Ganley A, Ogunmakinwa J, Wasserman AG, Epstein SE. Association of serum antibodies to heat-shock protein 65 with coronary calcification levels: suggestion of pathogen-triggered autoimmunity in early atherosclerosis. Circulation 2004 109 : 36 41.
132. Franceschi F, Sepulveda AR, Gasbarrini A, Pola P, Silveri NG, Gasbarrini G, Graham DY, Genta RM. Cross-reactivity of anti-CagA antibodies with vascular wall antigens: possible pathogenic link between Helicobacter pylori infection and atherosclerosis. Circulation 2002 106 : 430 4.
133. Rothenbacher D, Hoffmeister A, Bode G, Miller M, Koenig W, Brenner H. Helicobacter pylori heat shock protein 60 and risk of coronary heart disease: a case control study with focus on markers of systemic inflammation and lipids. Atherosclerosis 2001 156 : 193 9.
134. Stocker R, Keaney JF Jr. Role of oxidative modifications in atherosclerosis. Physiol Rev 2004 84 : 1381 478.
135. Kayo S, Ohsawa M, Ehara S, et al. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein levels circulating in plasma and deposited in the tissues: comparison between Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis and acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 2004 148 : 818 25.
136. Chang FY, Chen CY, Lu CL, Luo JC, Lu RH, Lee SD. Response of blood endothelin-1 and nitric oxide activity in duodenal ulcer patients undergoing Helicobacter pylori eradication. World J Gastroenterol 2005 11 : 1048 51.
137. Prasad A, Zhu J, Halcox JP, Waclawiw MA, Epstein SE, Quyyumi AA. Predisposition to atherosclerosis by infections: role of endothelial dysfunction. Circulation 2002 106 : 184 90.
138. Rechcinski T, Kasprzak JD, Chmiela M, Krzeminska-Pakula M, Rudnicka W. Patients with unstable angina pectoris present increased humoral response against Helicobacter pylori in comparison with patients with aggravated dyspepsia. Acta Microbiol Pol 2002 51 : 339 44.
139. Rechcinski T, Grebowska A, Kurpesa M, Rudnicka W, Krzeminska-Pakula M, Chmiela M. Occurrence of serum class G immunoglobulins interacting with specific antigens of Helicobacter pylori in patients with unstable coronary artery disease and in symptomless individuals. Pol J Microbiol 2005 54 : 221 5.
140. Grebowska A, Rechcinski T, Bak-Romaniszyn L, et al. Potential role of LPS in the outcome of Helicobacter pylori related diseases. Pol J Microbiol 2006 55 : 25 30.
141. Candore G, Aquino A, Balistreri CR, et al. Inflammation, longevity, and cardiovascular diseases: role of polymorphisms of TLR4. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006 1067 : 282 7.
142. Redberg RF, Shaw LJ. A review of electron beam computed tomography: implications for coronary artery disease screening. Prev Cardiol 2002 5 : 71 8.