Quantification of milk fat in chocolate fats by triacylglycerol analysis using gas-liquid chromatography

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

Volumn 55, Issue 9, 2007, Pages 3275-3283

  Buchgraber, Manuela ^a   Androni, Simona ^a   Anklam, Elke ^a  

^a JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE   (Italy)

Author keywords

Chocolate fats; Gas liquid chromatography; Milk fat; Triacylglycerol analysis

Indexed keywords

FAT; TRIACYLGLYCEROL;

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; CACAO; CHEMISTRY; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY; MILK; QUALITY CONTROL;

ANIMALS; CACAO; CHROMATOGRAPHY, GAS; FATS; MILK; QUALITY CONTROL; TRIGLYCERIDES;

THEOBROMA CACAO;

EID: 34249288687     PISSN: 00218561     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/jf0633490     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. Directive 2000/36/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 June 2000 relating to cocoa and chocolate products intended for human consumption. Off. J. Commission Eur. Commun. 2000, L197, 19-25.
2. Buchgraber, M.; Senaldi, Ch.; Ulberth, F.; Anklam, E. Detection and quantification of cocoa butter equivalents in cocoa butter and plain chocolate by gas liquid chromatography of triacylglycerols. J. AOAC Int. 2004, 87, 1153-1163.
3. Buchgraber, M.; Ulberth, F.; Anklam, E. Method validation for detection and quantification of cocoa butter equivalents in cocoa butter and plain chocolate. J. AOAC Int. 2004, 87, 1164-1172.
4. Buchgraber, M.; Anklam, E. Validated method: Method description for the detection of cocoa butter equivalents in cocoa butter and plain chocolate. EUR 20742 EN, 2003.
5. Buchgraber, M.; Anklam, E. Validated method: Method description for the quantification of cocoa butter equivalents in cocoa butter and plain chocolate. EUR 20831 EN, 2003.
6. ISO 23275-1. Animal and vegetable fats and oils - Cocoa butter equivalents in cocoa butter and plain chocolate-Part 1: Determination of the presence of cocoa butter equivalents. 2006.
7. ISO 23275-2. Animal and vegetable fats and oils-Cocoa butter equivalents in cocoa butter and plain chocolate - Part 2: Quantification of cocoa butter equivalents. 2006.
8. Hadorn, H.; Zuericher, K. Butterfat determination in chocolate by gas chromatography. Rev. Int. Choc. 1972, 27, 82-92.
9. Official Methods of Analysis, 14th ed.; AOAC: Arlington, VA, 1984; Sections 28.039-28.040.
10. Padley, F. B.; Timms, R. E. Determination of cocoa butter equivalents in chocolate. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1980, 57, 286-293.
11. Timms, R. E. Detection and quantification of non-milk fat in mixtures of milk and non-milk fats. J. Dairy Res. 1980, 47, 295-303.
12. Fincke, A. Möglichkeiten und Grenzen einfacher gaschromatographischer Triglyceridanalysen zum Nachweis fremder Fette in Kakaobutter und Schokoladenfetten. 1. Mitteilung: Verteilung der nach C-Zahlen Klassifizierten Triglyceride in Kakaobutter. Dtsch. Lebensm. Rdsch. 1980, 76, 162-167.
13. Padley, F. B.; Timms, R. E. Analysis of confectionery fats II. Gas-liquid chromatography of triglycerides. Lebensm.-Wiss. Technol. 1978, 11, 319-322.
14. Fincke, A. Möglichkeiten und Grenzen einfacher gaschromatographischer Triglyceridanalysen zum Nachweis fremder Fette in Kakaobutter und Schokoladenfetten. 4. Mitteilung: Auswertung gaschromatographischer Triglyceridanalysen von Milchschokoladenfetten. Dtsch. Lebensm. Rdsch. 1980, 76, 389-396.
15. Pontillon, J. Determination of milk fat in chocolates by gas-liquid chromatography of triglycerides and fatty acids. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1995, 72, 861-866.
16. Phillips, A. R.; Sanders, B. J. Semi-micro determination of butter fat in fat mixtures by gas-liquid chromatography. J. Assoc. Publ. Anal. 1968, 6, 89-95.
17. Muuse, B.; Martens, R. Mixtures of milk fat with non-milk fat - Determination of the milkfat content. Int. Dairy Fed. Bull. 1993, 285, 65-69.
18. Ulberth, F. Detection of milk fat adulteration by linear discriminant analysis of fatty acid data. J. AOAC Int. 1994, 77, 1326-1334.
19. Ulberth, F. Quantitation of foreign fat in foreign fat/milkfat mixtures by multivariate regression analysis of fatty acid data. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1995, 43, 1556-1560.
20. Precht, D. Detection of foreign fat in milk fat. I. Qualitative detection by triacylglycerol formulae. Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch. 1992, 194, 1-8.
21. Precht, D. Detection of foreign fat in milk fat. II. Quantitative evaluation of foreign fat mixtures. Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch. 1992, 194, 107-114.
22. Ulberth, F. A rapid headspace gas chromatographic method for the determination of the butyric acid content in edible fats. Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch. A 1998, 206, 305-307.
23. Precht, D. Quantitativer Nachweis von Milchfett in Schokoladenmischungen. I. Bestimmung von Milchfettanteilen in Kakaobutter. Fat Sci. Technol. 1990, 92, 153-161.
24. Precht, D. Quantitativer Nachweis von Milchfett in Schokoladenmischungen. II: Bestimmung von Milchfettanteilen in Schokolade. Fat Sci. Technol. 1990, 92, 275-281.
25. Young, C. C. The interpretation of GLC triglycerides data for the determination of cocoa butter equivalents in chocolate: A new approach. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1984, 61, 576-581.
26. Molkentin, J.; Precht, D. Representative determination of the butyric acid content in European milk fats. Milchwissenschaft 1997, 52, 82-85.
27. Molkentin, J.; Precht, D. Precision of milk fat quantitation in mixed fats by analysis of butyric acid. Chromatographia 1998, 48, 758-762.
28. Buchgraber, M.; Androni, S.; Anklam, E. Determination of cocoa butter equivalents in milk chocolate by triacylglycerol profiling. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2007, 55, 3284-3291.
29. Molkentin, J.; Precht, D. Validation of a gas-chromatographic method for the determination of milk fat contents in mixed fats by butyric acid analysis. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 2000, 102, 194-201.
30. Molkentin, J.; Precht, D. Comparison of gas chromatographic methods for analysis of butyric acid in milk fat and fats containing milk fat. Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch. A 1998, 206, 213-216.
31. Grob, K., Jr. Evaluation of injection techniques for triglycerides in CGC. J. Chromatogr. 1979, 178, 387-392.
32. Hinshaw, J. V.; Seferovic, W. Programmed-temperature split-splitless injection of triglycerides: Comparison to cold on-column injection. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr. Chromatogr. Commun. 1986, 9, 69-72.
33. Garcia Regueiro, J. A.; Diaz, I.; David, F.; Sandra, P. Possibilities of PTV injection for the analysis of triglycerides. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr. 1994, 17, 180-183.
34. Geeraert, E.; Sandra, P. On the potential of CGC in triglyceride analysis. Short communications. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr. Chromatogr. Commun. 1984, 7, 431-432.
35. Termonia, M.; Munari, F.; Sandra, P. High oven temperature - Cold on-column injection for the automated CGC analysis of high molecular weight compounds such as TGs. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr. Chromatogr. Commun. 1987, 10, 263-268.