Social Stress Alters the Severity of a Virally Initiated Model of Multiple Sclerosis

Psychoneuroimmunology

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 1107-1124

  Meagher, Mary W ^a   Johnson, Robin ^a   Good, Elisabeth ^a   Jane Welsh, C ^a  

^a TEXAS A AND M UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 34047152647     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-012088576-3/50060-5     Document Type: Chapter

References (135)

1. Acheson E.D. Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis. Brit. Med. Bull. 1977, 33:9-14.
2. Ackerman K.D., Rabin B.S., Heyman R., Baum A. Stressful life events and disease activity in multiple sclerosis. Brain Behav. Immun. 2000, 14:77.
3. Akira S., Hirano T., Taga T., Kishimoto T. Biology of multifunctional cytokines: IL-6 and related molecules (IL1 and TNF). FASEB J. 1990, 4:2860-2867.
4. Allen I., Brankin B.J. Pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis -the immune diathesis and the role of viruses. Neuropathol. and Exp. Neurol. 1993, 52:95.
5. Anderson D.W., Ellenberg J.H., Leventhal C.M., Reingold S.C., Rodriguez M., Silberberg D.H. Revised estimate of the prevalence of multiple sclerosis in the United States. Ann. Neurol. 1992, 31:333-336.
6. Aubert C., Chamorro M., Brahic M. Identification of Theiler's infected cells in the central nervous system of the mouse during demyelinating disease. Microbial Pathogenesis 1987, 3:319-326.
7. Avitsur R., Padgett D.A., Dhabhar F.S., Stark J.L., Kramer K.A., Engler H., Sheridan J.F. Expression of glucocorticoid resistance following social stress requires a second signal. J. Leukocyte Biology 2003, 74:507-513.
8. Avitsur R., Stark J.L., Dhabhar F.S., Kramer K.A., Sheridan J.F. Social experience alters the response to social stress in mice. Brain Behav. Immun. 2003, 17:426-437.
9. Avitsur R., Stark J.L., Dhabhar F.S., Padgett D.A., Sheridan J.F. Social disruption-induced glucocorticoid resistance: kinetics and site specificity. J. Neuroimmunol 2002, 124(1-2):54-61.
10. Avitsur R., Stark J.L., Sheridan J.F. Social stress induces glucocorticoid resistance in subordinate animals. Hormones and Behavior 2001, 39:247-257.
11. Barak O., Goshen I., Ben-Hur T., Weidenfeld J., Taylor A.N., Yirmiya R. Involvement of brain cytokines in the neurobehavioral disturbances induced by HIV-1 glycoprotein120. Brain Res. 2002, 933:98-108.
12. Barak O., Weidenfeld J., Goshen I., Ben-Hur T., Taylor A.N., Yirmiya R. Intracerebral HIV-1 glycoprotein 120 produces sickness behavior and pituitary-adrenal activation in rats: role of prostaglandins. Brain Behav. Immun. 2002, 16:720-735.
13. Biron C.A. Role of early cytokines, including alpha and beta interferons ((IFN-?/?), in innate and adaptive immune responses to viral infections. Seminars in Immunology 1998, 10:383-390.
14. Blanchard R.J., McKittrick C.R., Blanchard D.C. Animal models of social stress: effects on behavior and brain neurochemical systems. Neurosciences and Biobehavioral. Reviews 2001, 73:261-271.
15. Borrow P., Tonks P., Welsh C.J.R., Nash A.A. The role of CD8+ T cells in the acute and chronic phases of Theiler's virus-induced disease in mice. J. Gen. Virol. 1992, 73:1861-1865.
16. Borrow P., Welsh C.J.R., Dean D., Tonks P., Blakemore W.F., Nash A.A. Investigation of the role of autoimmune responses to myelin in the pathogenesis of TMEV-induced demyelinating disease. Immunol. 1998, 93:478-484.
17. Borrow P., Welsh C.J.R., Nash A.A. Study of the mechanisms by which CD4+ T cells contribute to protection in Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis. Immunol. 1993, 80:502-506.
18. Brahic M., Stroop W.G., Baringer J.R. Theiler's virus persists in glial cells during demyelinating disease. Cell 1981, 26:123-128.
19. Campbell T., Meagher M.W., Sieve A., Scott B., Storts R., Welsh T.H., Welsh C.J. The effects of restraint stress on the neuropathogenesis of Theiler's virus infection: I. Acute diseas. Brain Behav. Immun. 2001, 15:235-254.
20. Challoner P.B., Smith K.T., Parker J.D., MacLeod D.L., Coulter S.N., et al. Plaque-associated expression of human her-pesvirus 6 in multiple sclerosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1995, 92:7440-7444.
21. Chancellor-Freeland C., Zhu G., Kage R., Beller D., Leeman S., Black P. Substance P and stress-induced changes in macrophages. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1995, 771:472-484.
22. Chrousos G.P. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and immune-mediated inflammation. N. Engl. J. Med. 1995, 332(20):1351-1362.
23. Clatch R.J., Lipton H.L., Miller S.D. Class II-restricted T cell responses in Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) -induced demyelinating disease. II. Survey of host immune responses an. Microbial Pathogenesis 1987, 3:327-337.
24. Clatch R.J., Miller S.D., Metzner R., Dal Canto M.C., Lipton H.L. Monocytes/macrophages isolated from the mouse central nervous system contain infectious Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV). Virol. 1990, 176:244-254.
25. Cohen S., Doyle W.J., Skoner D.P., Rabin B.S., Gwaltney J.M. Social ties and susceptibility to the common cold. JAMA 1997, 277:1940-1944.
26. Cohen S., Kaplan J.R., Cunnick J.E., Manuck S.B., Rabin B.S. Chronic social stress, affiliation and cellular immune response in nonhuman primates. Psychological Science 1992, 3:301-304.
27. Cohen S., Line S., Manuck S.B., Rabin B.S., Heise E., Kaplan J.R. Chronic social stress, social status and susceptibility to upper respiratory infections in nonhuman primates. Psychosomatic Medicine 1997, 59:213-221.
28. Cohen S., Tyrrell D.A.J., Smith A.P. Psychological stress in humans and susceptibility to the common cold. N. Engl. J. Med. 1991, 325:606-612.
29. Cohen S., Tyrrell D.A.J., Smith A.P. Life events, perceived stress, negative affect and susceptibility to the common cold. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1993, 64:131-140.
30. Croxford J.L., Olson J.K., Miller S.D. Epitope spreading and molecular mimicry as triggers of autoimmunity in the Theiler's virus-induced demyelinating disease model of multiple sclerosis. Autoimmunity Reviews 2002, 1:251-260.
31. Dal Canto M.C., Calenoff M.A., Miller S.D., Vanderlugt C.L. Lymphocytes from mice chronically infected with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus produce demyelination of organotypic cultures after stimulation with. J. Neuroimmunol. 2000, 104:79-84.
32. Dal Canto M.C., Rabinowitz S.G. Experimental models of virus-induced demyelination of the central nervous system. Ann. Neurol. 1982, 11:109-127.
33. DeRijk R.H., Eskandari F., Sternberg E.M. Corticosteroid resistance in a subpopulation of multiple sclerosis patients as measured by ex vivo dexamethasone inhibition of LPS induced IL-6 production. J. Neuroimmunol. 2004, 151(1-2):180-188.
34. Dethlefs S., Brahic M., Larsson-Sciard E.L. An early abundant cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response against Theiler's virus is critical for preventing for viral persistence. J. Virol. 1997, 71:8875-8878.
35. Dyment D.A., Ebers G.C., Sadovnick A.D. Genetics of multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol. 2004, 3:104-110.
36. Elenkov I.J., Chrousos G.P. Stress hormones, proin- flammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines, and autoimmunity. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2002, 966:290-303.
37. Eugster H.P., Frei K., Kopf M., Lassmann H., Fontana A. IL-6-deficient mice resist myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Eur. J. Immunol. 1998, 28:2178-2187.
38. Fiette L., Aubert C., Brahic M., Ross C.P. Theiler's virus infection of ?2-microglobulin deficient mice. J. Virol. 1993, 67:589-592.
39. Fiette L., Aubert C., Ulrike M., Huang S., Aguet M., Brahic M., Bureau J.F. Theiler's virus infection of 129Sv mice that lack the interferon ?? or IFN-ä receptors. J. Exp. Med. 1995, 181:2069-2076.
40. Filippini G., Munari L., Incorvaia B., Ebers G.C., Polman C., D'Amico R., et al. Interferons in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis: a systematic review. Lancet 2003, 361(9357):545-552.
41. Gerety S.J., Clatch R.J., Lipton H.L., Goswami R.G., Rundell M.K., Miller S.D. Class II-restricted T cell responses in Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelinating disease. IV. Identification of an immunodominant T cell. J. Immunol. 1991, 146:4322-4326.
42. Gilden D.H. Infectious causes of multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol 2005, 4:195-202.
43. Glaser R., Kiecolt-Glaser J.K., Bonneau R., Malarkey W., Hughes J. Stress-induced modulation of the immune response to recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. Psychosomatic Medicine 1992, 54:22-29.
44. Glaser R., Sheridan J.F., Malarkey W.B., MacCallum R.C., Kiecolt-Glaser J.K. Chronic stress modulates the immune response to a pneumococcal pneumonia vaccine. Psychosomatic Medicine 2000, 62:804-807.
45. Grant I., Brown G.W., Harris T., McDonald W.I., Patterson T., Trimble M.R. Severely threatening events and marked life difficulties preceding onset or exacerbation of multiple sclerosis. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 1989, 52:8-13.
46. Gutierrez J., Vergara M.J., Guerrero M., Fernandez O., Piedrola G., Morales P., Maroto M.C. Multiple sclerosis and human herpesvirus 6. Infection 2002, 30:145-149.
47. Hernan M.A., Zhang S.M., Lipworth L., Olek M.J., Ascherio A. Multiple sclerosis and age at infection with common viruses. Epidemiology 2001, 12:301-306.
48. Jacobson D.L., Gange S.J., Rose N.R., Graham N.M. Epidemiology and estimated population burden of selected autoimmune diseases in the United States. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 1997, 84(3):223-243.
49. Johnson J.D., O'Connor K.A., Deak T., Stark M., Watkins L.R., Maier S.F. Prior stressor exposure sensitizes LPSinduced cytokine production. Brain Behav. Immunol. 2002, 16:461-476.
50. Johnson R.R., Bridegam P., Prentice T.W., Welsh T.H., Welsh C.J.R., Meagher M.W. Early life experience interacts with later social stress in the development of Theiler's virus infection 2004, Society for Neuroscience Abstracts.
51. Johnson R.R., Bridegam P., Prentice T.W., Welsh T.H., Welsh C.J.R., Meagher M.W. Early life experience interacts with later social stress in the development of acute and chronic Theiler's virus infection 2005, In preparation.
52. Johnson R.R., Good E.A., Hardin E.A., Connoer M.A., Prentice T.W., Welsh C.J.R., Meagher M.W. Necessity of IL-6 in effects of social stress in acute Theiler's virus infection 2005, Abstracts 31, 1012. 20, Society for Neuroscience.
53. Johnson, R. R., Prentice, T. W., Bridegam, P., Welsh, T. H., Welsh, C. J. R., and Meagher, M. W. (In press). Social stress alters the severity and onset of th.
54. Johnson R.R., Prentice T.W., Bridegam P., Young C.R., Steelman A.J., Welsh T.H., Welsh C.J.R., Meagher M.W. Social stress alters the severity and onset of the chronic phase of Theiler's virus infection 2005, In review.
55. Johnson R.R., Storts R., Welsh T.H., Welsh C.J., Meagher M.W. Social stress alters the severity of acute Theiler's virus infection. J. Neuroimmunol 2004, 148:74-85.
56. Johnson R.T. The virology of demyelinating diseases. Ann. Neurol. 1994, 36:S54-S60. (Suppl.).
57. Kaminsky S.G., Nakamura I., Cudkowicz G. Defective differentiation of natural killer cells in SJL mice. Role of the thymus. J. Immunol. 1987, 138:1020-1025.
58. Kiecolt-Glaser J., Glaser R., Gravenstein S., Malarkey W.B., Sheridan J.F. Chronic stress alters the immune response to influenza virus vaccine in older adults. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1996, 93:3043-3047.
59. Kohanawa M., Nakane A., Minagawa T. Endogenous gamma interferon produced in central nervous system by systemic infection with Theiler's virus in mice. J. Neuroimmunol. 1993, 48:205-211.
60. Kurtzke J.F. Epidemiologic evidence for multiple sclerosis as an infection. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 1993, 6:382-427.
61. Kurtzke J.F., Hyllested K. MS epidemiology in Faroe Islands. Rev. Neurol. 1987, 57:77-87.
62. Laban O., Dimitrijevic M., von Hoersten S., Markovic B.M., Jankovic B.D. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in adult DA rats subjected to neonatal handling or gentling. Brain Res. 1995, 676:133-140.
63. Levin L.I., Munger K.L., Rubertone M.V., Peck C.A., Lennette E.T., Spiegelman D., Ascherio A. Multiple sclerosis and Epstein-Barr virus. JAMA 2003, 289:1533-1536.
64. Lindsley M.D., Thiemann R., Rodriguez M. Cytotoxic T cells isolated from the central nervous system of mice infected with Theiler's virus. J. Virol. 1991, 65:6612-6620.
65. Lipton H.L. Theiler's virus infection in mice: an unusual biphasic disease process leading to demyelination. Infect. Immun. 1975, 11:1147-1155.
66. Lipton H.L., Twaddle G., Jelachich M.L. The predominant virus antigen burden is present in macrophages in Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelinating disease. J. Virol. 1995, 69:2525-2533.
67. Lowy M.T., Reder A.T., Antel J.P., Meltzer H.Y. Glucocorticoid resistance in depression: the dexamethasone suppression test and lymphocyte sensitivity to dexamethasone. Am. J. Psychiatry 1984, 141:1365-1370.
68. Mack C.L., Vanderlugt-Castaneda C.L., Neville K.L., Miller S.D. Microglia are activated to become competent antigen presenting and effector cells in the inflammatory environment of the Theiler's virus model of multiple scl. J. Neuroimmunol 2003, 144:68-79.
69. Maes M., Bosmans E., De Jongh R., Kenis G., Vandoolaeghe E., Neels H. Increased serum IL-6 and IL-1 receptor antagonist concentrations in major depression and treatment resistant depression. Cytokine 1997, 9:853-858.
70. Majid A., Galetta S.L., Sweeney C.J., et al. Epstein-Barr virus myeloradiculitis and encephalomyeloradiculitis. Brain 2002, 125:1-7.
71. Martyn C.N., Cruddas M., Compston D.A. Symptomatic Epstein-Barr virus infection and multiple sclerosis. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 1993, 56:167-168.
72. McEwen B.S. Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators. N. Engl. J. Med. 1998, 338:171-179.
73. McGavern D.B., Zoecklein L., Drescher K.M., Rodriguez M. Quantitative assessment of neurologic deficits in a chronic progressive murine model of CNS demyelination. Exp. Neurol. 1999, 158:171-181.
74. McGavern D.B., Zoecklein L., Sathornsumetee S., Rodriguez M. Assessment of hindlimb gait as a powerful indicator of axonal loss in a murine model of progressive CNS demyelination. Brain Res. 2000, 877:396-400.
75. Meaney M.J. Maternal care, gene expression, and the transmission of individual differences in stress reactivity across generations. Annu. Rev. Neurosci 2001, 24:1161-1192.
76. Mendel I., Katz A., Kozak N., Ben-Nun A., Revel M. Interleukin-6 functions in autoimmune encephalomyelitis: a study in gene-targeted mice. Eur. J. Immunol. 1998, 28:1727-1737.
77. Mi, W., Prentice, T., Johnson, R. R., Sieve, A. N., Storts, R., Meagher, M. W., and Welsh, C. J. (In preparation). Alterations in cytokine expression followin.
78. Miller G.E., Cohen S., Ritchey A.K. Chronic psychological stress and the regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines: a glucocorticoid-resistance model. Health Psychol 2002, 21(6):531-541.
79. Miller S.D., Olson J.K., Croxford J.L. Multiple pathways to induction of virus-induced autoimmune demyelination: lessons from Theiler's virus infection. J. Autoimmunology 2001, 16:219-227.
80. Miller S.D., VanDerlugt C.L., Begolka W.S., Pao W., Yauch R.L., Neville K.L., Katz-Levy Y., Carrizosa A., Kim B.S. Persistent infection with Theiler's virus leads to CNS autoimmunity via epitope spreading. Nat. Med. 1997, 3:1133-1136.
81. Mohr, D. C. (In press). The relationship between stressful life events and inflammation among patients with multiple sclerosis. In C. J. R. Welsh, M. W. Meagh.
82. Mohr D.C., Goodkin D.E., Bacchetti P., Boudewyn A.C., Huang L., Marrietta P., Cheuk W., Dee B. Psychological stress and the subsequent appearance of new brain MRI lesions in MS. Neurology 2000, 55:55-61.
83. Mohr D.C., Goodkin D.E., Nelson S., Cox D., Weiner M. Moderating effects of coping on the relationship between stress and the development of new brain lesions in multiple sclerosis. Psychosomatic Medicine 2002, 64(5):803-809.
84. Mohr D.C., Hart S.L., Julian L., Cox D., Pelletier D. Association between stressful life events and exacerbation in multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis. British Medical Journal 2004, 328(7442):731-735.
85. Mohr, D. C., and Pelletier, D. (In press). A temporal framework for understanding the effects of stressful life events on inflammation in patients with multip.
86. Moore F.G., Wolfson C. Human herpes virus 6 and multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol. Scand 2002, 106:63-83.
87. Murray P.D., Pavelko K.D., Leibowitz J., Lin X., Rodriguez M. CD4 (+) and CD8 (+) T cells make discrete contributions to demyelination and neurologic disease in a viral model of multiple sclerosis. J. Virol. 1998, 72:7320-7329.
88. Nicholson S.M., Peterson J.D., Miller S.D., Wang K., Dal Canto M.C., Melvold R.W. BALB/c substrain differences in susceptibility to Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virusinduced demyelinating disease. J. Neuroimmunol. 1994, 52:19-24.
89. Nisipeanu P., Korczyn A.D. Psychological stress as risk factor for exacerbations in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1993, 43:1311-1312.
90. Noonan C.W., Kathman S.J., White M.C. Prevalence estimates for MS in the United States and evidence of an increasing trend for women. Neurology 2002, 58(1):136-138.
91. Noseworthy J.H., Lucchinetti C., Rodriguez M., Weinshenker B.G. Multiple sclerosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 2000, 343:938-952.
92. Oleszak E.L., Chang J.R., Friedman H., Katsetos C.D., Platsoucas C.D. Theiler's virus infection: a model for multiple sclerosis. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2004, 17:174-207.
93. Olson J.K., Eagar T.N., Miller S.D. Functional activation of myelin specific T cells by virus-induced molecular mimicry. J. Immunol. 2002, 169:2719-2726.
94. Olson J.K., Girvin A.M., Miller S.D. Direct activation of innate and antigen-presenting functions of microglia following infection with Theiler's virus. J. Virol. 2001, 75:9780-9789.
95. Olson J.K., Ludovic Croxford J., Miller S.D. Innate and adaptive immune requirements for induction of autoimmune demyelinating disease by molecular mimicry. Mol. Immunol 2004, 40:1103-1108.
96. Padberg F., Feneberg W., Schmidt S., Schwarz M.J., Korschenhausen D., Greenberg B.D., Nolde T., Muller N., Trapmann H., Konig N., Moller H.J., Hampel H. CSF and serum levels of soluble interleukin-6 receptors (sIL-6R and sgp130), but not of interleukin-6 are altered in multiple sclerosis. J. Neuroimmunol. 1999, 99:218-223.
97. Padgett D.A., Sheridan J.F., Dorne J., Berntson G.G., Candelora J., Glaser R. Social stress and the reactivation of latent herpes simplex virus type 1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1998, 95:7231-7235.
98. Palma J.P., Kwon D., Clipstone N.A., Kim B.S. Infection with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus directly induces proinflammatory cytokines in primary astrocytes via NF-kappaB activation: potential r. J. Virol. 2003, 77:6322-6331.
99. Persoons J.H., Schornagel K., Breve J., Berkenbosch F., Kaal G. Acute stress affects cytokines and nitric oxide production by alveolar macrophages differently. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1995, 152:619-624.
100. Pollak Y., Ovadia H., Goshen I., Gurevich R., Monsa K., Avitsur R., Yirmiya R. Behavioral aspects of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J. Neuroimmunol. 2000, 104:31-36.
101. Pullen L.C., Miller S.D., Dal Canto M.C., Kim B.S. Class I-deficient resistant mice intracerebrally inoculated with Theiler's virus show an increased T cell response to viral antigens and susceptibility to dem. Eur. J. Immunol. 1993, 23:2287-2293.
102. Quan N., Avitsur R., Stark J.L., He L., Lai W., Dhabhar F.S., Sheridan J.F. Molecular mechanisms of glucocorticoid resistance in splenocytes of socially stressed male mice. J. Neuroimmunol. 2003, 137:51-58.
103. Quan N., Avitsur R., Stark J.L., He L., Shah M., Caliguiri M., Padgett D.A., Marucha P.T., Sheridan J.F. Social stress increases the susceptibility to endotoxic shock. J. Neuroimmunol. 2001, 115:36-45.
104. Rodriguez M., Pavelko K., Coffman R.L. Gamma interferon is critical for resistance to Theiler's virus-induced demyelination. J. Virol. 1995, 69:7286-7290.
105. Rodriguez M., Pavelko K.D., Njenga M.K., Logan W.C., Wettstein P.J. The balance between persistent virus infection and immune cells determines demyelination. J. Immunol. 1996, 157:5699-5709.
106. Rodriguez M., Sriram S. Successful therapy of Theiler's virus-induced demyelination (DA strain) with monoclonal anti-Lyt2 antibody. J. Immunol. 1988, 140:2950-2955.
107. Roos R.P., Wollmann R. DA strain of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus induces demyelination in nude mice. Ann. Neurol. 1984, 15:494-499.
108. Rossi P.C., McAllister A., Fiette L., Brahic M. Theiler's virus infection induces a specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte response. Cell. Immunol. 1991, 138:341-348.
109. Samoilova E.B., Horton J.L., Hilliard B., Liu T.S., Chen Y. IL-6-deficient mice are resistant to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: roles of IL-6 in the activation and differentiation of autoreactive T cells. J. Immunol. 1998, 161:6480-6486.
110. Schonrock L.M., Gawlowski G., Bruck W. Interleukin- 6 expression in human multiple sclerosis lesions. Neurosci. Lett. 2000, 294:45-48.
111. Shanks N., Lightman S.L. The maternal-neonatal neuroimmune interface: Are there long-term implications for inflammatory or stress-related disease?. J. Clin. Invest. 2001, 108:1567-1573.
112. Sibley W.A., Bamford C.R., Clark K. Clinical viral infections and multiple sclerosis. Lancet 1985, 1:1313-1315.
113. Sieve A.N., Steelman A.J., Young C.R., Storts R., Welsh T.H., Welsh C.J., Meagher M.W. Chronic restraint stress during early Theiler's virus infection exacerbates the subsequent demyelinating disease in SJL mice. J. Neuroimmunol. 2004, 155:103-118.
114. Soldan S.S., Jacobson S. Role of viruses in etiology and pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Adv. Virus Res. 2001, 56:517-555.
115. Soldan S.S., Leist T.P., Juhng K.N., McFarland H.F., Jacobson S. Increased lymphoproliferative response to human herpesvirus type 6A variant in multiple sclerosis patients. Ann. Neurol. 2000, 47:306-313.
116. Sospedra M., Martin R. Immunology of multiple sclerosis. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 2005, 23:683-747.
117. Stark J.L., Avitsur R., Hunzeker J., Padgett D.A., Sheridan J.F. Interleukin-6 and the development of social disruption- induced glucocorticoid resistance. J. Neuroimmunol 2002, 124(1- 2):9-15.
118. Stark J.L., Avitsur R., Padgett D.A., Campbell K.A., Beck F.M., Sheridan J.F. Social stress induces glucocorticoid resistance in macrophages. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2001, 280(6):R1799-R1805.
119. Stefferl A., Storch M.K., Linington C., Stadelmann C., Lassmann H., Pohl T., et al. Disease progression in chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis is associated with reduced inflammation-driven production of corticosterone. Endocrinology 2001, 142(8):3616-3624.
120. Stininssen P., Raus J., Zhang J. Autoimmune pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis: role of autoreactive T lymphocytes and new immunotherapeutic strategies. Crit. Rev. Immunol. 1997, 17:33-75.
121. Stratakis C.A., Karl M., Schulte H.M., Chrousos G.P. Glucocorticosteroid resistance in humans. Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms and implications for pathophysiology. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1994, 746:362-374.
122. Tanaka H., Akama H., Ichikawa Y., Makino I., Homma M. Glucocorticoid receptor in patients with lupus nephritis: relationship between receptor levels in mononuclear leukocytes and effect of glucocorticoid therapy. J. Rheumatol. 1992, 19:878-883.
123. Theil D.J., Tsunoda I., Libbey J.E., Derfuss T.J., Fujinami R.S. Alterations in cytokine but not chemokine mRNA expression during three distinct Theiler's virus infections. J. Neuroimmunol. 2000, 104:22-30.
124. Theiler M. Spontaneous encephalomyelitis of mice-a new virus. Science 1934, 80:122.
125. Tilder F.J., Schmidt E.D. Cross-sensitization between immune and non-immune stressors. A role in depression?. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 1999, 461:179-197.
126. van Winsen L.M., Muris D.F., Polman C.H., Dijkstra C.D., vanden Berg T.K., Uitdehaag B.M. Sensitivity to glucocorticoids is decreased in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2005, 90(2):734-740.
127. Wandinger K.P., Jabs W., Siekhaus A., Bubel S., Trillenberg P., et al. Association between clinical disease activity and Epstein-Barr virus reactivation in MS. Neurology 2000, 55:178-184.
128. Warren S., Greenhill S., Warren K.G. Emotional stress and the development of multiple sclerosis: case-control evidence of a relationship. J. Chronic Dis. 1982, 35:821-831.
129. Welsh C.J.R., Blakemore W.F., Tonks P., Borrow P., Nash A.A. Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus infection in mice: a persistent viral infection of the central nervous system which induces demyelination. Immune responses, virus infection and disease 1989, 125-147. Oxford University Press, Oxford. N. Dimmock (Ed.).
130. Welsh, C. J. R., Mi, W., Sieve, A. N., Steelman, A. J., Johnson, R. R, Young, C. R., Prentice, T., Storts, R., Welsh T. W., and Meagher, M. W. (In press). Str.
131. Welsh C.J.R., Sapatino B.V., Rosenbaum B., Smith R. Characteristics of cloned cerebrovascular endothelial cells following infection with Theiler's virus. I. Acute infection. J. Neuroimmunol 1995, 62:119-125.
132. Welsh C.J.R., Tonks P., Borrow P., Nash A.A. Theiler's virus: an experimental model of virus-induced demyelination. Autoimmunity 1990, 6:105-112.
133. Welsh C.J.R., Tonks P., Nash A.A., Blakemore W.F. The effect of L3T4 T cell depletion on the pathogenesis of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus infection in CBA mice. J. Gen. Virol. 1987, 68:1659-1667.
134. Zhou D., Kusnecov A.W., Shurin M.R., DePaoli M., Rabin B.S. Exposure to physical and psychological stressors elevates plasma interleukin 6: relationship to the activation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Endocrinology 1993, 133:2523-2530.
135. Zhu G., Chancellor-Freeland C., Berman A., Kage R., Leeman S., Beller D., Black P. Endogenous substance P mediates cold-water-stress induced increase in interleukin-6 section from peritoneal macrophages. J. Neurosci. 1995, 16:3745-3752.