Renal nucleoside transporters: Physiological and clinical implications

Biochemistry and Cell Biology

Volumn 84, Issue 6, 2006, Pages 844-858

  Elwi, Adam N ^a,b   Damaraju, Vijaya L ^a,b   Baldwin, Stephen A ^c   Young, James D ^a   Sawyer, Michael B ^a,b   Cass, Carol E ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

^b CROSS CANCER INSTITUTE   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Kidney; Nucleoside analog; Nucleoside transporter

Indexed keywords

NUCLEOSIDE ANALOG; NUCLEOSIDE TRANSPORTER; PHARMACOLOGICAL NUCLEOSIDES; RENAL HANDLING;

BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES; DRUG PRODUCTS; PHYSIOLOGICAL MODELS; PROTEINS; TISSUE ENGINEERING; TOXICITY;

NUCLEOTIDES;

2' DEOXYTUBERCIDIN; ADEFOVIR; ADENOSINE; CIDOFOVIR; CYTARABINE; DIDANOSINE; GEMCITABINE; NUCLEOSIDE TRANSPORTER; PENTOSTATIN; PROTEIN HCNT1; PROTEIN HCNT2; PROTEIN HCNT3; PROTEIN HENT1; PROTEIN HENT2; PROTEIN HENT3; PROTEIN HENT4; PROTEIN SLC28A1; PROTEIN SLC28A2; PROTEIN SLC28A3; PROTEIN SLC29A1; PROTEIN SLC29A2; PROTEIN SLC29A3; PROTEIN SLC29A4; RIBAVIRIN; TENOFOVIR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

CONFERENCE PAPER; FANCONI RENOTUBULAR SYNDROME; HEMATURIA; HUMAN; KIDNEY EPITHELIUM; KIDNEY FAILURE; KIDNEY TUBULE ABSORPTION; KIDNEY TUBULE EXCRETION; NEPHROLITHIASIS; NEPHROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN SECRETION; PROTEIN TRANSPORT; PROTEINURIA; PROTEOMICS; URIC ACID NEPHROPATHY;

HUMANS; KIDNEY; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; NUCLEOSIDE TRANSPORT PROTEINS; NUCLEOSIDES;

EID: 33947381852     PISSN: 08298211     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/O06-198     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (153)

1. Abbruzzese, J.L., Grunewald, R., Weeks, E.A., Gravel, D., Adams, T., Nowak, B., et al. 1991. A phase I clinical, plasma, and cellular pharmacology study of gemcitabine. J. Clin. Oncol. 9: 491-498.
2. Acosta, E.P., Page, L.M., and Fletcher, C.V. 1996. Clinical pharmacokinetics of zidovudine. An update. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 30: 251-262.
3. Adachi, M., Sampath, J., Lan, L.B., Sun, D., Hargrove, P., Flatley, R., et al. 2002. Expression of MRP4 confers resistance to ganciclovir and compromises bystander cell killing. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 38998-39004. doi:10.1074/jbc.M203262200.
4. Baldwin, S.A., Beal, P.R., Yao, S.Y., King, A.E., Cass, C.E., and Young, J.D. 2004. The equilibrative nucleoside transporter family, SLC29. Pflugers Arch. 447: 735-743.
5. Baldwin, S.A., Yao, S.Y.M., Hyde, R.J., Foppolo, S., Barnes, K., Ritzel, M.W.L., Cass, C.E., and Young, J.D. 2005. Functional characterization of novel human mouse equilibrative nucleoside transporters (hENT3 and mENT3) located in intracellular membranes. J. Biol. Chem. 280: 15880-15887. doi:10.1074/jbc.M414337200.
6. Barnes, K., Dobrzynski, H., Foppolo, S., Beal, P.R., Ismat, F., Scullion, E.R., et al. 2006. Distribution and functional characterization of equilibrative nucleoside transporter-4, a novel cardiac adenosine transporter activated at acidic pH. Circ. Res. 99: 510-519. doi:10.1161/01.RES. 0000238359.18495.42.
7. Blanco, J., Canela, E.I., Mallol, J., Lluis, C., and Franco, R. 1992. Characterization of adenosine receptors in brush-border membranes from pig kidney. Br. J. Pharmacol. 107: 671-678.
8. Boumendil-Podevin, E.F., and Podevin, R.A. 1983. Isolation of basolateral and brush-border membranes from the rabbit kidney cortex. Vesicle integrity and membrane sidedness of the basolateral fraction. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 735: 86-94.
9. Borst, P., and Elferink, R.O. 2002. Mammalian ABC transporters in health and disease. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 71: 537-592. doi:10.1146/annurev. biochem.71.102301.093055.
10. Brothers, S.P., Janovick, J.A., and Conn, P.M. 2003. Unexpected effects of epitope and chimeric tags on gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors: implications for understanding the molecular etiology of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88: 6107-6112. doi:10.1210/jc.2003-031047.
11. + exchanger gene family. J. Nephrol. 15: S3-S21.
12. Cairo, M.S., and Bishop, M. 2004. Tumor lysis syndrome: new therapeutic strategies and classification. Br. J. Haematol. 127: 3-11. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2004.05094.x.
13. Carver, J.D., and Walker, W.A. 1995. The role of nucleotides in human nutrition. J. Nutr. Biochem. 6: 58-72.
14. Cass, C.E., Young, J.D., and Baldwin, S.A. 1998. Recent advances in the molecular biology of nucleoside transporters of mammalian cells. Biochem. Cell Biol. 76: 761-770. doi:10.1139/bcb-76-5-761.
15. Cereijido, M., Robbins, E.S., Dolan, W.J., Rotunno, C.A., and Sabatini, D.D. 1978. Polarized monolayers formed by epithelial cells on a permeable and translucent supports. J. Cell Biol. 77: 853-880. doi:10.1083/jcb.77.3. 853.
16. Chabner, B.A., and Longo, D.L. 2005a. 5-Fluoropyrimidines. In Cancer chemotherapy and biotherapy: principles and practice. Edited by B.A. Chabner and D.L. Longo. Lippincott-Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Chapter 7.
17. Chabner, B.A., and Longo, D.L. 2005b. Cytidine analogs. In Cancer chemotherapy and biotherapy: principles and practice. Edited by B.A. Chabner and D.L. Longo. Lippincott-Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Chapter 8.
18. Chabner, B.A., and Longo, D.L. 2005c. Purine anti-metabolites. In Cancer chemotherapy and biotherapy: principles and practice. Edited by B.A. Chabner and D.L. Longo. Lippincott-Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Chapter 9.
19. Chaudary, N., Naydenova, Z., Shuralyova, I., and Coe, I.R. 2004. The adenosine transporter, mENT1, is a target for adenosine receptor signaling and protein kinase Cepsilon in hypoxic and pharmacological preconditioning in the mouse cardiomyocyte cell line, HL-1. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 310: 1190-1198. doi:10.1124/jpet.104.067157.
20. Chen, R., and Nelson, J.A. 2000. Role of organic cation transporters in the renal secretion of nucleosides. Biochem. Pharmacol. 60: 215-219. doi:10.1016/S0006-2952(00)00334-8.
21. Chen, Z.S., Lee, K., and Kruh, G.D. 2001. Transport of cyclic nucleotides and estradiol 17-beta-D-glucuronide by multidrug resistance protein 4. Resistance to 6-mercaptopurine and 6-thioguanine. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 33747-33754. doi:10.1074/jbc.M104833200.
22. Chen, R., Jonker, J.W., and Nelson, J.A. 2002. Renal organic cation and nucleoside transport. Biochem. Pharmacol. 64: 185-190. doi:10.1016/S0006-2952(02)01062-6.
23. Choi, D.S., Cascini, M.G., Mailliard, W., Young, H., Paredes, P., McMahon, T., et al. 2004. The type 1 equilibrative nucleoside transporter regulates ethanol intoxication and preference. Nat. Neurosci. 7: 855-861. doi:10.1038/nn1288.
24. Ciruela, F., Blanco, J., Canela, E.I., Lluis, C. Franco, R., and Mallol, J. 1994. Solubilization and molecular characterization of the nitrobenzylthioinosine binding sites from pig kidney brush-border membranes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1191: 94-102.
25. Coe, I., Zhang, Y., McKenzie, T., and Naydenova, Z. 2002. PKC regulation of the human equilibrative nucleoside transporter, hENT1. FEBS Lett. 517: 201-205. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(02).
26. Crawford, C.R., Patel, D.H., Naeve, C., and Belt, J.A. 1998. Cloning of the human equilibrative, nitrobenzylmercaptopurine riboside (NBMPR)-insensitive nucleoside transporter ei by functional expression in a transport-deficient cell line. J. Biol. Chem. 273: 5288-5293. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.9.5288.
27. Crowther, M.A., Callaghan, W.. Hodsman, A.B., and Mackie. I.C. 1993. Dideoxyinosine-associated nephrotoxicity. AIDS, 7: 131-132.
28. Cundy, K.C. 1999. Clinical pharmacokinetics of the antiviral nucleotide analogues cidofovir and adefovir. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 36: 127-143. doi:10.2165/00003088-199936020-00004.
29. Damaraju, V.L., Damaraju, S., Young, J.D., Baldwin, S.A., Mackey, J., Sawyer, M.B., and Cass, C.E. 2003. Nucleosides anticancer drugs: the role of nucleoside transporters in resistance to cancer chemotherapy. Oncogene, 22: 7524-7536. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1206952.
30. Dantzler, W.H. 2003. Regulation of renal proximal and distal tubule transport: sodium, chloride and organic anions. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Mol. Integr. Physiol. 136: 453-478.
31. Davis, G.L., Esteban-Mur, R., Rustgi, V., Hoefs, J., Gordon, S.C., Trepo, C., et al. 1998. Interferon alfa-2b alone or in combination with ribavirin for the treatment of relapse of chronic hepatitis C. N. Engl. J. Med. 339: 1493-1499. doi:10.1056/NEJM199811193392102.
32. Di Bisceglie, A.M., Shindo, M., Fong, T.L., Fried, M.W., Swain, M.G., Bergasa, N.V., et al. 1992. A pilot study of ribavirin therapy for chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology, 16: 649-654.
33. Dolce, V., Fiermonte, G., Runswick, M.J., Palmieri, F., and Walker, J.E. 2001. The human mitochondrial deoxynucleotide carrier and its role in the toxicity of nucleoside antivirals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98: 2284-2288. doi:10.1073/pnas.031430998.
34. Duarte, C.G., and Preuss, H.G. 1993. Assessment of renal function - glomerular and tubular. Clin. Lab. Med. 13: 33-52.
35. Dumez, H., Guetens, G., De Boeck, G., Highley, M.S., de Bruijn, E.A., van Oosterom, A.T., and Maes, R.A. 2005. In vitro partition of docetaxel and gemcitabine in human volunteer blood: the influence of concentration and gender. Anticancer Drugs, 16: 885-891. doi:10.1097/01.cad.0000175585.24317.ca.
36. Engel, K., Zhou, M., and Wang, J. 2004. Identification and characterization of a novel monoamine transporter in human brain. J. Biol. Chem. 279: 50042-50049. doi:10.1074/jbc.M407913200.
37. Engel, K., and Wang, J. 2005. Interaction of organic cations with a newly identified plasma membrane monoamine transporter (PMAT). Mol. Pharmacol. 68: 1397-1407. doi:10.1124/mol.l05.016832.
38. Fontana, R.J. 2001. Uric acid nephrolithiasis associated with interferon and ribavirin treatment of hepatitis C. Dig. Dis. Sci. 46: 920-924. doi:10.1023/A:1010789425975.
39. Fredholm, B.B., Ijzerman, A.P., Jacobson, K.A., Klotz, K.N., and Linden, J. 2001. International union of pharmacology. XXV. Nomenclature and classification of adenosine receptors. Pharmacol. Rev. 53: 527-552.
40. Gandhi, V., and Plunkett, W. 2002. Cellular and clinical pharmacology of fludarabine. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 41: 93-103. doi:10.2165/00003088- 200241020-00002.
41. Garrett, M.D., and Workman, P. 1999. Discovering novel chemotherapeutic drugs for the third millennium. Eur. J. Cancer, 35: 2010-2030. doi:10.1016/S0959-8049(99)00280-4.
42. Genini, D., Adachi, S., Chao, Q., Rose, D.W., Carrera, C.J., Cottam, H.B., Carson, D.A., and Leoni, L.M. 2000. Deoxyadenosine analogs induce programmed cell death in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells by damaging the DNA and by directly affecting the mitochondria. Blood, 96: 3537-3543.
43. Goldring, S.R., Dayer, J.M., Ausiello, D.A., and Krane, S.M. 1978. A cell strain cultured from porcine kidney increases cyclic AMP content upon exposure to calcitonin or vasopressin. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 83: 434-440. doi:10.1016/0006-291X(78)91009-4.
44. Grage, T.B., Rochlin, D.B., Weiss, A.J., and Wilson, W.L. 1970. Clinical studies with tubercidin administered after absorption into human erythrocytes. Cancer Res. 30: 79-81.
45. Gray, J.H., Owen, R.P., and Giacomini, K.M. 2004. The concentrative nucleoside transporter family, SLC28. Pflugers Arch. 447: 728-734. doi:10.1007/s00424-003-1107-y.
46. Green, H., and Chan, T.-S. 1973. Pyrimidine starvation induced by adenosine in fibroblasts and lymphoid cells: role of adenosine deaminase. Science (Washington, D.C.), 182: 836-837.
47. Grever, M.R., Siaw, M.F., Jacob, W.F., Neidhart, J.A., Miser, J.S., Coleman, M.S., Hutton, J.J., and Balcerzak, S.P. 1981. The biochemical and clinical consequences of 2′-deoxycoformycin in refractory lymphoproliferative malignancy. Blood, 57: 406-417.
48. Griffiths, M., Beaumont, N., Yao, S.Y.M., Sundaram, M., Boumah, C.E., Davies, A., et al. 1997a. Cloning of a human nucleoside transporter implicated in the cellular uptake of adenosine and chemotherapeutic drugs. Nat. Med. 3: 89-93. doi:10.1038/nm0197-89.
49. Griffiths, M., Yao, S.Y.M., Abidi, F., Phillips, S.E.V., Cass, C.E., Young, J.D., and Baldwin, S.A. 1991b. Molecular cloning and characterization of a nitrobenzylthioinosine-insensitive (ei) equilibrative nucleoside transporter from human placenta. Biochem. J. 328: 739-743.
50. 1 and MDCK). Am. J. Physiol. 248: F536-F544.
51. Gupta, R.K., Dowd, T.L., Spitzer, A., and Barac-Nieto, M. 1989. 23Na, 19F, 35Cl and 31P multinuclear nuclear magnetic resonance studies of perfused rat kidney. Ren. Physiol. Biochem. 12: 144-160.
52. Gutierrez, M.M., Breet, CM., Ott, R.J., Hui, A.C., and Giacomini, K.M. 1992. Nucleoside transport in brush border membrane vesicles from human kidney. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1105: 1-9.
53. +-nucleoside cotransporter rCNT1. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 27981-27988. doi:10.1074/jbc.M100518200.
54. Hammond, J.R., Stolk, M., Archer, R.G., and McConnell, K. 2004. Pharmacological analysis and molecular cloning of the canine equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 491: 9-19. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.03.026.
55. Handler, J.S., and Kreisberg, J.I. 1991. Biology of renal cells in culture. In The kidney. Edited by B.M. Brenner and F.C. JR. Rector WB Saunders Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. pp. 110-131.
56. Handler, J.S., Perkins, F.M., and Johnson, J.P. 1980. Studies on renal cell function using cell culture techniques. Am. J. Physiol. 238: F1-F9.
57. Hellsten-Westing, Y., Kaijser, L., Ekblom, B., and Sjodin, B. 1994. Exchange of purines in human liver and skeletal muscle with short-term exhaustive exercise. Am. J. Physiol. 266: R81-R86.
58. Izzedine, H., Launay-Vacher, V., and Deray, G. 2005. Fanconi syndrome associated with didanosine therapy. AIDS, 20: 844-845.
59. Jimenez, A., Pubill, D., Pallas, M., Camins, A., Llado, S., Camarasa, J., and Escubedo, E. 2000. Further characterization of an adenosine transport system in the mitochondrial fraction of rat testis. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 398: 31-39. doi:10.1016/S0014-2999(00)00297-1.
60. Karbach, U., Kricke, J., Meyer-Wentrup, F., Gorboulev, V., Volk, C, Loffing-Cueni, D., et al. 2000. Localization of organic cation transporters OCT1 and OCT2 in rat kidney. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 279: F679-F687.
61. King, A.E., Ackley, M.A., Cass, C.E., Young, J.D., and Baldwin, S.A. 2006. Nucleoside transporters: from scavengers to novel therapeutic targets. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 27: 416-425. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2006.06.004.
62. Kiss, A., Farah, K., Kim, J., Garriock, R.J., Drysdale, T.A., and Hammond, J.R. 2000. Molecular cloning and functional characterization of inhibitor-sensitive (mENT1) and inhibitor-resistant (mENT2) equilibrative nucleoside transporters from mouse brain. Biochem. J. 352: 363-372. doi:10.1042/0264-6021:3520363.
63. Klenow, H. 1962. Further studies on the effect of deoxyadenosine on the accumulation of deoxyadenosine triphosphate and inhibition of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in vitro. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 61: 885-896.
64. Koepsell, H., and Endou, H. 2004. The SLC22 drug transporter family. Pflugers Arch. 447: 666-676. doi:10.1007/s00424-003-1089-9.
65. Kornberg, A., and Baker, T.A. 1992. Biosynthesis of DNA Precursors. In DNA replication. Edited by A. Kornberg and T.A. Baker. W.H. Freedman and Company, New York, New York. Chp. 2.
66. Kramer, J.A., Pettit, S.D., Amin, R.P., Bertram, T.A., Car, B., Cunningham, M., et al. 2004. Overview on the application of transcription profiling using selected nephrotoxicants for toxicology assessment. Environ. Health Perspect. 112: 460-464.
67. Kuttesch, J.F., Jr., and Nelson, J.A. 1982. Renal handling of 2′-deoxyadenosine and adenosine in humans and mice. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 8: 221-229.
68. Kuttesch, J.F., Jr., Robins. M.J., and Nelson, J.A. 1982. Renal transport of 2′-deoxytubercidin in mice. Biochem. Pharmacol. 31: 3387-3394. doi:10.1016/0006-2952(82)90616-5.
69. Lai, Y., Bakken, A.H., and Unadkat, J.D. 2002. Simultaneous expression of hCNT1-CFP and hENT1-YFP in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Localization and vectorial transport studies. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 37711-37717. doi:10.1074/jbc.M204986200.
70. Lai, Y., Tse, CM., and Unadkat, J.D. 2004. Mitochondrial expression of the human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1) results in enhanced mitochondrial toxicity of antiviral drugs. J. Biol. Chem. 279: 4490-4497.
71. Lassiter, W.E. 1975. Kidney. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 37: 371-393. doi:10.11/annurev.ph.37.030175.002103.
72. Le Hir, M., and Dubach, U.C. 1984. Sodium gradient-energized concentrative transport of adenosine in renal brush border vesicles. Pflugers Arch. 401: 58-63.
73. Le Hir, M., and Dubach, U.C. 1985. Uphill transport of pyrimidine nucleosides in renal brush border vesicles. Pflugers Arch. 404: 238-243.
74. Lee, C.W., Cheeseman, C.I., and Jarvis, S.M. 1990. Transport characteristics of renal brush border Na(+) and K(+)-dependent uridine carriers. Am. J. Physiol. 258: F1203-F1210.
75. Lee, E.-W., Lai, Y., Huixia Zhang, H., Jashvant, D., and Unadkat, J.D. 2006. Identification of the mitochondrial targeting signal of the human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1): implications for interspecies difference in mitochondrial toxicity of fialuridine. J. Biol. Chem. 281: 16700-16706. doi:10.1074/jbc.M513825200.
76. Lesko, L.J., and Atkinson, A.J., Jr. 2001. Use of biomarkers and surrogate endpoints in drug development and regulatory decision making: criteria, validation, strategies. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 41: 347-366. doi:1146/annurev.pharmtox.41.1.347.
77. Leung, S., and Bendayan, R. 1999. Role of P-glycoprotein in the renal transport of dideoxynucleoside analog drugs. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 77: 625-630. doi:10.1139/cjpp-77-8-625.
78. Liliemark, J. 1997. The clinical pharmacokinetics of cladribine. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 32: 120-131.
79. List, A.F., Kummet, T.D., Adams, J.D., and Chun, H.G. 1990. Tumor lysis syndrome complicating treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia with fludarabine phosphate. Am. J. Med. 89: 388-390. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(90)90358-K.
80. Louvard, D. 1980. Apical membrane aminopeptidase appears at site of cell-cell contact in culture kidney epithelial cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 77: 4132-4136. doi:10.1073/pnas.77.7.4132.
81. Magil, A.B., Pichler, R.H., and Johnson, R.J. 1997. Osteopontin in chronic puromycin aminonucleoside nephrosis. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 8: 1383-1390.
82. Mahony, C., Wolfram, K.M., Cocchetto, D.M., and Bjornsson, T.D. 1982. Dipyridamole kinetics. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 31: 330-338.
83. Mangravite, L.M., and Giacomini, K.M. 2003. Sorting of rat SPNT in renal epithelium is independent of N-glycosylation. Pharm. Res. 20: 319-323. doi:10.1023/A:1022247826750.
84. Mangravite, L.M., Lipschutz. J.H., Mostov, K.E., and Giacomini. K.M. 2001. Localization of GFP-tagged concentrative nucleoside transporters in a renal polarized epithelial cell line. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 280: F879-F885.
85. Mangravite, L.M., Badagnani, I., and Giacomini, K.M. 2003a. Nucleoside transporters in the disposition and targeting of nucleoside analogs in the kidney. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 479: 269-281. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar. 2003.08.076.
86. Mangravite, L.M., Xiao, G., and Giacomini, K.M. 2003b. Localization of human equilibrative nucleoside transporters, hENT1 and hENT2, in renal epithelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 284: F902-F910.
87. Masuda, S., Saito, H., Nonoguchi, H., Tomita, K., and Inui, K. 1997. mRNA distribution and membrane localization of the OAT-K1 organic anion transporter in rat renal tubules. FEBS Lett. 407: 127-131. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(97) 00314-1.
88. McCroskey, R.D., Mosher, D.F., Spencer, C.D., Prendergast, E., and Longo, W.L. 1990. Acute tumor lysis syndrome and treatment response in patients treated for refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia with short-course, high-dose cytosine arabinoside, cisplatin, and etoposide. Cancer, 66: 246-250. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19900715)66:2〈246::AID-CNCR2820660209〉3.0. CO;2-B.
89. McEvoy, G.K. 2005a. Fludarabine phosphate. In American hospital formulary service - drug information. Edited by G.K. McEvoy. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Bethesda. Maryland. pp. 972-974.
90. McEvoy, G.K. 2005b. Cladribine. In American hospital formulary service - drug information. Edited by G.K. McEvoy. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Bethesda, Maryland. pp. 974-978.
91. McHutchison, J.G., Gordon, S.C., Schiff, E.R., Shiffman, M.L., Lee, W.M., Rustgi, V.K., et al. 1998. Interferon alfa-2b alone or in combination with ribavirin as initial treatment for chronic hepatitis C. N. Engl. J. Med. 339: 1485-1492. doi:10.1056/NEJM199811193392101.
92. McKenzie, R., Fried, M.W., Sallie, R., Conjeevaram, H., Di Bisceglie, A.M., Park, Y., et al. 1995. Hepatic failure and lactic acidosis due to fialuridine (FIAU), an investigational nucleoside analogue for chronic hepatitis B. N. Engl. J. Med. 333: 1099-1105. doi:10.1056/NEJM199510263331702.
93. Misfeldt, D.S., Hamamoto, S.T., and Pitelka, D.R. 1976. Transepithelial transport in culture. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73: 1212-1216. doi:10.1073/pnas.73.4.1212.
94. Miwa, M., Ura, M., Nishida, M., Sawada, N., Ishikawa, T., Mori, K., et al. 1998. Design of a novel oral fluoropyrimidine carbamate, capecitabine, which generates 5-fluorouracil selectively in tumours by enzymes concentrated in human liver and cancer tissue. Eur. J. Cancer, 34: 1274-1281. doi:10.1016/S0959-8049(98)00058-6.
95. Morshed, K.M., Ross, D.M., and McMartin, K.E. 1997. Folate transport proteins mediate the bidirectional transport of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate in cultured human proximal tubule cells. J. Nutr. 127: 1137-1147.
96. Murer, H., Hernando, N., Forster, I., and Biber, J. 2003. Regulation of Na/Pi transporter in the proximal tubule. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 65: 531-542. doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.65.042902.092424.
97. Murray, A.W. 1971. The biological significance of purine salvage. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 40: 811-826. doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.40.070171.004115.
98. Nelson, J.A., Kuttesch, J.R., Jr., and Herbert, B.H. 1983. Renal secretion of purine nucleosides and their analogs in mice. Biochem. Pharmacol. 32: 2323-2327. doi:10.1016/0006-2952(83)90180-6.
99. Nelson, J.A., Vidale, E., and Enigbokan, M. 1988. Renal transepithelial transport of nucleosides. Drug Metab. Dispos. 16: 789-792.
100. O'Regan, M. 2005. Adenosine and the regulation of cerebral blood flow. Neurol. Res. 27: 175-181. doi:10.1179/016164105X21931.
101. Palmieri, F. 2004. The mitochondrial transporter family (SLC25): physiological and pathological implications. Pflugers Arch. 447: 689-709. doi:10.1007/s00424-003-1099-7.
102. Parodi, J., Flores, C., Aguayo, C., Rudolph, M.I., Casanello, P., and Sobrevia, L. 2002. Inhibition of nitrobenzylthioinosine-sensitive adenosine transport by elevated D-glucose involves activation of P2Y2 purinoceptors in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Circ. Res. 90: 570-577. doi:10.1161/01.RES.0000012582.11979.8B.
103. Pastor-Anglada, M., Cano-Soldado, P., Molina-Areas, M., Lostao, M.P., Larrayoz, I., Martinez-Picado, J., and Casado, F.J. 2005. Cell entry and export of nucleoside analogues. Virus Res. 107: 151-164.
104. Pawelczyk, T., Grden, M., Rzepko, R., Sakowicz, M., and Szutowicz, A. 2005. Region-specific alterations of adenosine receptor expression level in kidney of diabetic rat. Am. J. Pathol. 167: 315-325.
105. Perri, D., Shinya, I., Rowsell, V., and Shear, N.H. 2003. The kidney- the body's playground for drugs: An overview of renal drug handling with selected clinical correlates. Can. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 10: 17-23.
106. Planelles, G. 2004. 2004. Chloride transport in the renal proximal tubule. Pflugers Arch. 448: 561-570. doi:10.1007/s00424-004-1309-y.
107. Piro, L.D., Carrera, C.J., Beutler, E., and Carson, D.A. 1988. 2-Chlorodeoxyadenosine: an effective new agent for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood, 72: 1069-1073.
108. Poole, C., Gardiner, J., Twelves, C., Johnston, P., Harper, P., Cassidy, J., et al. 2002. Effect of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics and tolerability of capecitabine (Xeloda) in cancer patients. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 49: 225-234. doi:10.1007/s00280-001-0408-0.
109. Poynard, T., Marcellin, P., Lee, S.S., Niederau, C., Minuk, G.S., Ideo, G., et al. 1998. Randomised trial of interferon a2b plus ribavirin for 48 weeks or for 24 weeks versus interferon a2b plus placebo for 48 weeks for treatment of chronic infection with hepatitis C virus. Lancet, 352: 1426-1432. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(98)07124-4.
110. Reid, G., Wielinga, P., Zelcer, N., de Haas, M., van Deemter, L., Wijnholds, J., Balzarini, J., and Borst, P. 2003. Characterization of the transport of nucleoside analog drugs by the human multidrug resistance proteins MRP4 and MRP5. Mol. Pharmacol. 63: 1094-1103. doi:10.1124/mol.63.5.1094.
111. Ribeiro, J.A. 2005. What can adenosine neuromodulation do for neuroprotection? Curr. Drug Targets CNS Neurol. Disord. 4: 325-329. doi:10.2174/1568007054546090.
112. Richardson, J.C., Scalera, V., and Simmons, N.L. 1981. Identification of two strains of MDCK cells which resemble separate nephron tubule segments. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 673: 26-36.
113. Ritter, C.A., Jedlitschky, G., Meyer zu Schwabedissen, H., Grube, M., Kock, K., and Kroemer, H.K. 2005. Cellular export of drugs and signaling molecules by the ATP-binding cassette transporters MRP4 (ABCC4) and MRP5 (ABCC5). Drug Metab. Rev. 37: 253-278.
114. Ritzel, M.W., Yao, S.Y., Huang, M.Y., Elliott, J.F., Cass, C.E., and Young, J.D. 1997. Molecular cloning and functional expression of cDNAs encoding a human Na+ nucleoside cotransporter (hCNT1). Am. J. Physiol. 272: C707-C714.
115. Ritzel, M.W., Yao, S.Y., Ng, A.M., Mackey, J.R., Cass, C.E., and Young, J.D. 1998. Molecular cloning, functional expression and chromosomal localization of a cDNA encoding a human Na+/nucleoside cotransporter (hCNT2) selective for purine nucleosides and uridine. Mol. Membr. Biol. 15: 203-211.
116. Ritzel, M.W., Ng, A.M., Yao, S.Y., Graham, K., Loewen, S.K., Smith, K.M., et al. 2001. Molecular identification and characterization of novel human and mouse concentrative Na+ nucleoside cotransporter proteins (hCNT3 and mCNT3) broadly selective for purine and pyrimidine nucleosides (system cib). J. Biol. Chem. 276: 2914-2927. doi:10.1074/jbc.M007746200.
117. Rodriguez-Mulero, S., Errasti-Murugarren, E., Ballarin, J., Felipe, A., Doucet, A., Casado, F.J., and Pastor-Anglada, M. 2005. Expression of concentrative nucleoside transporters SLC28 (CNT1, CNT2, and CNT3) along the rat nephron: effect of diabetes. Kidney Int. 68: 665-672. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00444.x.
118. Rollot, F., Nazal, E.M., Chauvelot-Moachon, L., Kelaidi, C., Daniel, N., Saba, M., Abad, S., and Blanche, P. 2003. Tenofovir-related Fanconi syndrome with neprhogenic diabetes insipidus in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: the role of lopinavir-ritonavir-didanosine. Clin. Infect. Dis. 37: e174-e176. doi:10.1086/379829.
119. Saito, H., Nishimura, M., Shinano, H., Makita, H., Tsujino, I., Shibuya, E., et al. 1999. Plasma concentrations of adenosine during normoxia and moderate hypoxia in humans. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 159: 1014-1018.
120. Sawynok, J. 1998. Adenosine receptor activation and nociception. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 347: 1-11. doi:10.1016/S0014-2999(97)01605-1.
121. Sayos, J., Blanco, J., Ciruela, F., Canela, E.I., Mallol, J., Lluis, C., and Franco, R. 1994. Regulation of nitrobenzylthioninosine-sensitive adenosine uptake by cultured kidney cells. Am. J. Physiol. 267: F758-F766.
122. Schuetz, J.D., Connelly, M.C., Sun, D., Paibir, S.G., Flynn, P.M., Srinivas, R.V., Kumar, A., and Fridland, A. 1999. MRP4: a previously unidentified factor in resistance to nucleoside-based antiviral drugs. Nat. Med. 5: 1048-1051. doi:10.1038/12487.
123. Shryock, J.C., and Belardinelli, L. 1997. Adenosine and adenosine receptors in the cardiovascular system: biochemistry, physiology, and pharmacology. Am. J. Cardiol. 79: 2-10.
124. Slavin, R.E., Dias, M.A., and Saral, R. 1978. Cytosine arabinoside induced gastrointestinal toxic alterations in sequential chemotherapeutic protocols: a clinical-pathologic study of 33 patients. Cancer, 42: 1747-1759. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(197810)42:4〈1747::AID- CNCR2820420413〉3.0.CO;2-T.
125. Smith, J.A., Sivaprasadarao, A., Munsey, T.S., Bowmer, C.J., and Yates, M.S. 2001. Immunolocalisation of adenosine A(1) receptors in the rat kidney. Biochem. Pharmacol. 61: 237-244. doi:10.1016/S0006-2952(00)00532-3.
126. Smith, K.M., Ng, A.M., Yao, S.Y., Labedz, K.A., Knaus, E.E., Wiebe, L.I., et al. 2004. Electrophysiological characterization of a recombinant human Na+-coupled nucleoside transporter (hCNT1) produced in Xenopus oocytes. J. Physiol. 558: 807-823. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2004.068189.
127. +/nucleoside cotransporter (hCNT3) exhibits novel cation-coupled nucleoside transport characteristics. J. Biol. Chem. 280: 25436-25449. doi:10.1074/jbc. M409454200.
128. Spratlin, J., Sangha, R., Glubrecht, D., Dabbagh, L., Young, J.D., Dumontet, C., et al. 2004. The absence of human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 is associated with reduced survival in patients with gemcitabine-treated pancreas adenocarcinoma. Clin. Cancer Res. 10: 6956-6961. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-0224.
129. Takeda, M., Khamdang, S., Narikawa, S., Kimura, H., Kobayashi, Y., Yamamoto, T., et al. 2002. Human organic anion transporters and human organic cation transporters mediate renal antiviral transport. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 300: 918-924. doi:10.1124/jpet.300.3.918.
130. Thompson, C.I., Sparks, H.V., and Spielman, W.S. 1985. Renal handling and production of plasma and urinary adenosine. Am. J. Physiol. 248: F545-F551.
131. Thukral, S.K., Nordone, P.J., Hu, R., Sullivan, L., Galambos, E., Ftizpatrick, V.D., et al. 2005. Prediction of nephrotoxicant action and identification of candidate toxicity-related biomarkers. Toxicol. Pathol. 33: 343-355.
132. Toutain, H., Vauclin-Jacques, N., Fillastre, J.P., and Morin, J.P. 1991. Biochemical, functional, and morphological characterization of a primary culture of rabbit proximal tubule cells. Exp. Cell Res. 194: 9-18. doi:10.1016/0014-4827(91)90123-C.
133. Vallon, V., Muhlbauer, B., and Osswald, H. 2006. Adenosine and kidney function. Physiol. Rev. 86: 901-940. doi:10.1152/physrev.00031.2005.
134. Verrey, F., Ristic, Z., Romeo, E., Ramadan, T., Makrides, V., Dave, M.H., Wagner, C.A., and Camargo, S.M. 2005. Novel renal amino acid transporters. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 67: 557-572. doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.67.031103. 153949.
135. Visser, F., Vickers, M.F., Ng, A.M.L., Baldwin, S.A., Young, J.D., and Cass, C.E. 2002. Mutation of residue 33 of human equilibrative nucleoside transporters 1 and 2 alters sensitivity to inhibition of transport by dilazep and dipyridamole. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 395-401.
136. Vivet-Boudou, V., Diierjean, J., Isel, C., and Marquet, R. 2006. Nucleoside and nucleotide inhibitors of HIV-1 replication. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 63: 163-186. doi:10.1007/s00018-005-5367-x.
137. Wagner, C.A., Finberg, K.E., Breton, S., Marshansky, V., Brown, D., and Geibel, J.P. 2004. Renal vacuolar H+-ATPase. Physiol. Rev. 84: 1263-1314. doi:10.1152/physrev.00045.2003.
138. Walker, U.A., Setzer, B., and Volksbeck, S.I. 2000. Toxicity of nucleoside-analogue reverse-transcriptase inhibitors. Lancet, 355: 1096. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)72215-7.
139. + dependent purine nucleoside transporter from human kidney: cloning and functional characterization. Am. J. Physiol. 273: F1058-F1065.
140. + channels: structure and function. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 59: 413-436. doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.59.1.413.
141. Ward, J.L., Sherali, A., Mo. Z.-P., and Tse, C.-M. 2000. Kinetic and pharmacological properties of cloned human equilibrative nucleoside transporters, ENT1 and ENT2, stably expressed in nucleoside transporter- deficient PK15 cells. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 8375-8381. doi:10.1074/jbc.275. 12.8375.
142. Wielinga, P.R., Reid, G., Challa, E.E., van der Heijden, I., van Deemter, L., de Haas, M., et al. 2002. Thiopurine metabolism and identification of the thiopurine metabolites transported by MRP4 and MRP5 overexpressed in human embryonic kidney cells. Mol. Pharmacol. 62: 1321-1331. doi:10.1124/mol.62.6.1321.
143. Wheater, P.R., Burkitt, H.G., and Daniels, V.G. 1987. Urinary system. In Wheaters Functional Histology: A Text and colour atlas. Edited by P.R. Wheater, H.G. Burkitt, and V.G. Daniels. Churchill Livingstone, New York, New York. pp. 236-257.
144. Willems, L., Ashoton, K.J., and Headrick, J.P. 2005. Adenosine-mediated cardioprotection in the aging myocardium. Cardiovasc. Res. 66: 245-255. doi:10.1016/j.cardiores.2004.11.008.
145. Williams, T.C., and Jarvis, S.M. 1991. Multiple sodium-dependent nucleoside transport systems in bovine renal rush-border membrane vesicles. Biochem. J. 274: 27-33.
146. Williams, T.C., Doherty, A.J., Griffith, D.A., and Jarvis, S.M. 1989. Characterization of sodium-dependent and sodium-independent nucleoside transport systems in rabbit brush-border and basolateral plasma-membrane vesicles from the renal outer cortex. Biochem. J. 264: 223-231.
147. Wright, E.M., and Turk, E. 2004. The sodium/glucose cotransport family SLC5. Pflugers Arch. 447: 510-518.
148. Xia, L., Engel, K., Zhou, M., and Wang, J. 2006. Membrane localization and pH-dependent transport of newly cloned organic cation transport (PMAT) in kidney cells. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol., In press. doi:10.1152/ajprenal. 00302.2006.
149. Yaar, R., Jones, M.R., Chen, J.F., and Ravid, K. 2005. Animal models for the study of adenosine receptor function. J. Cell. Physiol. 202: 9-20. doi:10.1002/jcp.20138.
150. Yao, S.Y.M., Ng, A.M.L., Vickers, M.F., Sundaram, M., Cass, E.C., Baldwin, S.A., and Young, J.D. 2002. Functional and molecular characterization of nucleobase transport by recombinant human and rat equilibrative nucleoside transporters 1 and 2-chimeric constructs reveal a role for the ENT2 helix 5-6 region in nucleobase translocation. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 24938-24948. doi:10.1074/jbc.M200966200.
151. Zeng, H., Lin, Z.P., and Sartorelli, A.C 2004. Resistance to purine and pyrimidine nucleoside and nucleobase analogs by the human MDR1 transfected murine leukemia cell line L1210/VMDRC06. Biochem. Pharmacol. 68: 911-921. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2004.06.004.
152. Zou, A.P., Nithipatikom, K., Li, P.L., and Cowley, A.W., Jr. 1999a. Role of renal medullary adenosine in the control of blood flow and sodium excretion. Am. J. Physiol. 276: R790-R798.
153. Zou, A.P., Wu, F., Li, P.L., and Cowley, A.W., Jr. 1999b. Effect of chronic salt loading on adenosine metabolism and receptor expression in renal cortex and medulla in rats. Hypertension, 33: 511-516.