메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 177, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 551-572

Dynamics of quadrupedal locomotion of monkeys: Implications for central control

Author keywords

Diagonal gait; Lateral gait; Main sequence; Nystagmus; Phase plane characteristics; Saccades; Swing phase dynamics

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANKLE; ARTICLE; BACK; BODY MOVEMENT; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTION; CONTROLLED STUDY; GAIT; KINEMATICS; LOCOMOTION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RHESUS MONKEY; STANDING; VELOCITY; WALKING SPEED; WRIST;

EID: 33847418054     PISSN: 00144819     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00221-006-0707-0     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (17)

References (98)
  • 1
    • 0034029258 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatio-temporal gait characteristics of the hind-limb cycles during voluntary bipedal and quadrupedal walking in bonobos (Pan paniscus)
    • Aerts P, Van Damme R, Van Elsacker L, Duchene V (2000) Spatio-temporal gait characteristics of the hind-limb cycles during voluntary bipedal and quadrupedal walking in bonobos (Pan paniscus). Am J Phys Anthropol 111:503-517
    • (2000) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.111 , pp. 503-517
    • Aerts, P.1    Van Damme, R.2    Van Elsacker, L.3    Duchene, V.4
  • 2
    • 0024397940 scopus 로고
    • Optimization and gaits in the locomotion of vertebrates
    • Alexander RM (1989) Optimization and gaits in the locomotion of vertebrates. Physiol Rev 69:1199-1227
    • (1989) Physiol Rev , vol.69 , pp. 1199-1227
    • Alexander, R.M.1
  • 3
    • 2942738757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bipedal animals, and their differences from humans
    • Alexander RM (2004) Bipedal animals, and their differences from humans. J Anat 204:321-330
    • (2004) J Anat , vol.204 , pp. 321-330
    • Alexander, R.M.1
  • 4
    • 84985349877 scopus 로고
    • A dynamic similarity hypothesis for the gaits of quadrupedal mammals
    • Alexander RM, Jayes AS (1983) A dynamic similarity hypothesis for the gaits of quadrupedal mammals. J Zoology (Lond) 210:135-152
    • (1983) J Zoology (Lond) , vol.210 , pp. 135-152
    • Alexander, R.M.1    Jayes, A.S.2
  • 5
    • 0016717106 scopus 로고
    • The main sequence, a tool for studying human eye movements
    • Bahill AT, Clark MR, Stark L (1975) The main sequence, a tool for studying human eye movements. Math Biosci 24:191-204
    • (1975) Math Biosci , vol.24 , pp. 191-204
    • Bahill, A.T.1    Clark, M.R.2    Stark, L.3
  • 6
    • 0000540721 scopus 로고
    • The intrinsic factors in the act of progression in the mammal
    • Brown TG (1911) The intrinsic factors in the act of progression in the mammal. Proc R Soc Lond Ser B 84:309-319
    • (1911) Proc R Soc Lond Ser B , vol.84 , pp. 309-319
    • Brown, T.G.1
  • 7
    • 0031897622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forms of forward quadrupedal locomotion. II. A comparison of posture, hindlimb kinematics, and motor patterns for upslope and level walking
    • Carlson-Kuhta P, Trank TV, Smith JL (1998) Forms of forward quadrupedal locomotion. II. A comparison of posture, hindlimb kinematics, and motor patterns for upslope and level walking. J Neurophysiol 79:1687-1701
    • (1998) J Neurophysiol , vol.79 , pp. 1687-1701
    • Carlson-Kuhta, P.1    Trank, T.V.2    Smith, J.L.3
  • 8
    • 0036828403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Support polygons and symmetrical gaits in mammals
    • Cartmill M, Lemelin P, Schmitt D (2002) Support polygons and symmetrical gaits in mammals. Zool J Linn Soc 136:401-420
    • (2002) Zool J Linn Soc , vol.136 , pp. 401-420
    • Cartmill, M.1    Lemelin, P.2    Schmitt, D.3
  • 9
    • 0017883071 scopus 로고
    • A model of quick phase generation in the vestibuloocular reflex
    • Chun K-S, Robinson DA (1978) A model of quick phase generation in the vestibuloocular reflex. Biol Cybern 28:209-221
    • (1978) Biol Cybern , vol.28 , pp. 209-221
    • Chun, K.-S.1    Robinson, D.A.2
  • 10
    • 84907121795 scopus 로고
    • Nystagmus induced by electric stimulation of ampullary nerves
    • Cohen B, Suzuki J, Bender MB (1965) Nystagmus induced by electric stimulation of ampullary nerves. Acta Otolaryngol 60:422-436
    • (1965) Acta Otolaryngol , vol.60 , pp. 422-436
    • Cohen, B.1    Suzuki, J.2    Bender, M.B.3
  • 11
    • 0017727782 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative analysis of the velocity characteristics of optokinetic nystagmus and optokinetic after-nystagmus
    • Cohen B, Matsuo V, Raphan T (1977) Quantitative analysis of the velocity characteristics of optokinetic nystagmus and optokinetic after-nystagmus. J Physiol (Lond) 270:321-344
    • (1977) J Physiol (Lond) , vol.270 , pp. 321-344
    • Cohen, B.1    Matsuo, V.2    Raphan, T.3
  • 13
    • 26044476588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Performance of locomotion and foot grasping following a unilateral thoracic corticospinal tract lesion in monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
    • Courtine G, Roy RR, Raven J, Hodgson J, McKay H, Yang H, Zhong H, Tuszynski MH, Edgerton VR (2005b) Performance of locomotion and foot grasping following a unilateral thoracic corticospinal tract lesion in monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Brain 128(Pt 10):2338-2358
    • (2005) Brain , vol.128 , Issue.PART 10 , pp. 2338-2358
    • Courtine, G.1    Roy, R.R.2    Raven, J.3    Hodgson, J.4    McKay, H.5    Yang, H.6    Zhong, H.7    Tuszynski, M.H.8    Edgerton, V.R.9
  • 14
    • 0026549022 scopus 로고
    • Coordination of the legs of a slow-walking cat
    • Cruse H, Warnecke H (1992) Coordination of the legs of a slow-walking cat. Exp Brain Res 89:147-156
    • (1992) Exp Brain Res , vol.89 , pp. 147-156
    • Cruse, H.1    Warnecke, H.2
  • 15
    • 2942736812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Locomotion in bonobos (Pan paniscus): Differences and similarities between bipedal and quadrupedal terrestrial walking, and a comparison with other locomotor modes
    • D'Aout K, Vereecke E, Schoonaert K, De Clercq D, Van Elsacker L, Aerts P (2004) Locomotion in bonobos (Pan paniscus): differences and similarities between bipedal and quadrupedal terrestrial walking, and a comparison with other locomotor modes. J Anat 204:353-361
    • (2004) J Anat , vol.204 , pp. 353-361
    • D'Aout, K.1    Vereecke, E.2    Schoonaert, K.3    De Clercq, D.4    Van Elsacker, L.5    Aerts, P.6
  • 16
    • 0025837241 scopus 로고
    • Body size, locomotion, and long bone cross-sectional geometry in indriid primates
    • Demes B, Jungers WL, Selpien K (1991) Body size, locomotion, and long bone cross-sectional geometry in indriid primates. Am J Phys Anthropol 86:537-547
    • (1991) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.86 , pp. 537-547
    • Demes, B.1    Jungers, W.L.2    Selpien, K.3
  • 18
    • 0031900320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of posture and locomotion in free-ranging primates
    • Dunbar DC, Badam GL (1998) Development of posture and locomotion in free-ranging primates. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 22:541-546
    • (1998) Neurosci Biobehav Rev , vol.22 , pp. 541-546
    • Dunbar, D.C.1    Badam, G.L.2
  • 19
    • 0022629895 scopus 로고
    • Neural control of quadrupedal and bipedal stance: Implications for the evolution of erect posture
    • Dunbar DC, Horak FB, Macpherson JM, Rushmer DS (1986) Neural control of quadrupedal and bipedal stance: implications for the evolution of erect posture. Am J Phys Anthropol 69:93-105
    • (1986) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.69 , pp. 93-105
    • Dunbar, D.C.1    Horak, F.B.2    Macpherson, J.M.3    Rushmer, D.S.4
  • 20
    • 0019967120 scopus 로고
    • Interlimb coordination during stepping in the cat: In-phase stepping and gait transitions
    • English AW, Lennard PR (1982) Interlimb coordination during stepping in the cat: in-phase stepping and gait transitions. Brain Res 245:353-364
    • (1982) Brain Res , vol.245 , pp. 353-364
    • English, A.W.1    Lennard, P.R.2
  • 21
  • 23
    • 6344228447 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biomechanics of quadrupedal walking: How do four-legged animals achieve inverted pendulum-like movements?
    • Griffin TM, Main RP, Farley CT (2004) Biomechanics of quadrupedal walking: how do four-legged animals achieve inverted pendulum-like movements? J Exp Biol 207:3545-3558
    • (2004) J Exp Biol , vol.207 , pp. 3545-3558
    • Griffin, T.M.1    Main, R.P.2    Farley, C.T.3
  • 24
    • 0016493111 scopus 로고
    • Locomotion in vertebrates: Central mechanisms and reflex interaction
    • Grillner S (1975) Locomotion in vertebrates: central mechanisms and reflex interaction. Physiol Rev 55:247-304
    • (1975) Physiol Rev , vol.55 , pp. 247-304
    • Grillner, S.1
  • 25
    • 0023754618 scopus 로고
    • Control of locomotion in vertebrates: Spinal and supraspinal mechanisms
    • Grillner S, Dubuc R (1988) Control of locomotion in vertebrates: spinal and supraspinal mechanisms. Adv Neurol 47:425-453
    • (1988) Adv Neurol , vol.47 , pp. 425-453
    • Grillner, S.1    Dubuc, R.2
  • 26
    • 0021894319 scopus 로고
    • Central pattern generators for locomotion, with special reference to vertebrates
    • Grillner S, Wallen P (1985) Central pattern generators for locomotion, with special reference to vertebrates. Annu Rev Neurosci 8:233-261
    • (1985) Annu Rev Neurosci , vol.8 , pp. 233-261
    • Grillner, S.1    Wallen, P.2
  • 27
    • 0017065535 scopus 로고
    • Central generation of locomotion in the spinal dogfish
    • Grillner S, Perret C, Zangger P (1976) Central generation of locomotion in the spinal dogfish. Brain Res 109:255-269
    • (1976) Brain Res , vol.109 , pp. 255-269
    • Grillner, S.1    Perret, C.2    Zangger, P.3
  • 28
    • 0015526103 scopus 로고
    • Eye muscle motor neurons with different functional characteristics
    • Henn V, Cohen B (1972) Eye muscle motor neurons with different functional characteristics. Brain Res 45:561-568
    • (1972) Brain Res , vol.45 , pp. 561-568
    • Henn, V.1    Cohen, B.2
  • 29
    • 0015538026 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative analysis of activity in eye muscle motoneurons during saccadic eye movements and positions of fixation
    • Henn V, Cohen B (1973) Quantitative analysis of activity in eye muscle motoneurons during saccadic eye movements and positions of fixation. J Neurophysiol 36:115-126
    • (1973) J Neurophysiol , vol.36 , pp. 115-126
    • Henn, V.1    Cohen, B.2
  • 30
    • 0017118538 scopus 로고
    • Coding of information about rapid eye movements in the pontine reticular formation of alert monkeys
    • Henn V, Cohen B (1976) Coding of information about rapid eye movements in the pontine reticular formation of alert monkeys. Brain Res 108:307-325
    • (1976) Brain Res , vol.108 , pp. 307-325
    • Henn, V.1    Cohen, B.2
  • 31
    • 84981814749 scopus 로고
    • Symmetrical gaits of primates
    • Hildebrand M (1967) Symmetrical gaits of primates. Am J Phys Anthropol 26:119-130
    • (1967) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.26 , pp. 119-130
    • Hildebrand, M.1
  • 32
    • 2742566116 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of locomotor patterns and the cerebellar complex in Ateles and Macaca
    • Hirasaki E, Matano S (1996) Comparison of locomotor patterns and the cerebellar complex in Ateles and Macaca. Folia Primatol (Basel) 66:209-225
    • (1996) Folia Primatol (Basel) , vol.66 , pp. 209-225
    • Hirasaki, E.1    Matano, S.2
  • 33
    • 0033030750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of walking velocity on vertical head and body movements during locomotion
    • Hirasaki E, Moore ST, Raphan T, Cohen B (1999) Effects of walking velocity on vertical head and body movements during locomotion. Exp Brain Res 127:117-130
    • (1999) Exp Brain Res , vol.127 , pp. 117-130
    • Hirasaki, E.1    Moore, S.T.2    Raphan, T.3    Cohen, B.4
  • 34
    • 3042841706 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do highly trained monkeys walk like humans? A kinematic study of bipedal locomotion in bipedally trained Japanese macaques
    • Hirasaki E, Ogihara N, Hamada Y, Kumakura H, Nakatsukasa M (2004) Do highly trained monkeys walk like humans? A kinematic study of bipedal locomotion in bipedally trained Japanese macaques. J Hum Evol 46:739-750
    • (2004) J Hum Evol , vol.46 , pp. 739-750
    • Hirasaki, E.1    Ogihara, N.2    Hamada, Y.3    Kumakura, H.4    Nakatsukasa, M.5
  • 35
    • 0028874639 scopus 로고
    • The development of quadrupedal locomotion in the kitten
    • Howland DR, Bregman BS, Goldberger ME (1995) The development of quadrupedal locomotion in the kitten. Exp Neurol 135:93-107
    • (1995) Exp Neurol , vol.135 , pp. 93-107
    • Howland, D.R.1    Bregman, B.S.2    Goldberger, M.E.3
  • 36
    • 0033969870 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Time of contact and step length: The effect of limb length, running speed, load carrying and incline
    • Hoyt DF, Wickler SJ, Cogger EA (2000) Time of contact and step length: the effect of limb length, running speed, load carrying and incline. J Exp Biol 203:221-227
    • (2000) J Exp Biol , vol.203 , pp. 221-227
    • Hoyt, D.F.1    Wickler, S.J.2    Cogger, E.A.3
  • 37
    • 1942421758 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Five basic muscle activation patterns account for muscle activity during human locomotion
    • Ivanenko YP, Poppele RE, Lacquaniti F (2004) Five basic muscle activation patterns account for muscle activity during human locomotion. J Physiol 556:267-282
    • (2004) J Physiol , vol.556 , pp. 267-282
    • Ivanenko, Y.P.1    Poppele, R.E.2    Lacquaniti, F.3
  • 38
    • 21544439302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kinematics in newly walking toddlers does not depend upon postural stability
    • Ivanenko YP, Dominici N, Cappellini G, Lacquaniti F (2005) Kinematics in newly walking toddlers does not depend upon postural stability. J Neurophysiol 94:754-763
    • (2005) J Neurophysiol , vol.94 , pp. 754-763
    • Ivanenko, Y.P.1    Dominici, N.2    Cappellini, G.3    Lacquaniti, F.4
  • 39
    • 33644850219 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spinal cord maps of spatiotemporal alpha-motoneuron activation in humans walking at different speeds
    • Ivanenko YP, Poppele RE, Lacquaniti F (2006) Spinal cord maps of spatiotemporal alpha-motoneuron activation in humans walking at different speeds. J Neurophysiol 95:602-618
    • (2006) J Neurophysiol , vol.95 , pp. 602-618
    • Ivanenko, Y.P.1    Poppele, R.E.2    Lacquaniti, F.3
  • 40
    • 0027503880 scopus 로고
    • Interaction between pathways controlling posture and gait at the level of the spinal interneurones in the cat
    • Jankowska E, Edgley S (1993) Interaction between pathways controlling posture and gait at the level of the spinal interneurones in the cat. Prog Brain Res 97:161-171
    • (1993) Prog Brain Res , vol.97 , pp. 161-171
    • Jankowska, E.1    Edgley, S.2
  • 41
    • 0019190225 scopus 로고
    • Implantation of magnetic search coils for measurement of eye position: An improved method
    • Judge SJ, Richmond BJ, Chu FC (1980) Implantation of magnetic search coils for measurement of eye position: an improved method. Vision Res 20:535-538
    • (1980) Vision Res , vol.20 , pp. 535-538
    • Judge, S.J.1    Richmond, B.J.2    Chu, F.C.3
  • 42
    • 0002783807 scopus 로고
    • Bipedal and quadrupedal walking of primates: Comparative dynamics
    • Kondo S ed, Tokyo University Press, Tokyo, pp
    • Kimura T (1985) Bipedal and quadrupedal walking of primates: comparative dynamics. In: Kondo S (ed) Primate morphophysiology, locomotor analyses and human bipedalism. Tokyo University Press, Tokyo, pp 81-104
    • (1985) Primate morphophysiology, locomotor analyses and human bipedalism , pp. 81-104
    • Kimura, T.1
  • 43
    • 0028120891 scopus 로고
    • Three-dimensional kinematics of the intact and cranial cruciate ligament-deficient stifle of dogs
    • Korvick DL, Pijanowski GJ, Schaeffer DJ (1994) Three-dimensional kinematics of the intact and cranial cruciate ligament-deficient stifle of dogs. J Biomech 27:77-87
    • (1994) J Biomech , vol.27 , pp. 77-87
    • Korvick, D.L.1    Pijanowski, G.J.2    Schaeffer, D.J.3
  • 44
    • 33847378398 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kunin M (2005) Computational approach for modeling body and head movements during locomotion. In: Computer Science. Graduate School and University Center of CUNY, New York, pp 173
    • Kunin M (2005) Computational approach for modeling body and head movements during locomotion. In: Computer Science. Graduate School and University Center of CUNY, New York, pp 173
  • 45
    • 0036850116 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Compensatory and orienting eye movements induced by off-vertical axis rotation (OVAR) in monkeys
    • Kushiro K, Dai M, Kunin M, Yakushin SB, Cohen B, Raphan T (2002) Compensatory and orienting eye movements induced by off-vertical axis rotation (OVAR) in monkeys. J Neurophysiol 88:2445-2462
    • (2002) J Neurophysiol , vol.88 , pp. 2445-2462
    • Kushiro, K.1    Dai, M.2    Kunin, M.3    Yakushin, S.B.4    Cohen, B.5    Raphan, T.6
  • 46
    • 4143152760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Compliant walking in primates: Elbow and knee yield in primates compared to other mammals
    • Larney E, Larson SG (2004) Compliant walking in primates: elbow and knee yield in primates compared to other mammals. Am J Phys Anthropol 125:42-50
    • (2004) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.125 , pp. 42-50
    • Larney, E.1    Larson, S.G.2
  • 47
    • 0034007331 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uniqueness of primate forelimb posture during quadrupedal locomotion
    • Larson SG, Schmitt D, Lemelin P, Hamrick M (2000) Uniqueness of primate forelimb posture during quadrupedal locomotion. Am J Phys Anthropol 112:87-101
    • (2000) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.112 , pp. 87-101
    • Larson, S.G.1    Schmitt, D.2    Lemelin, P.3    Hamrick, M.4
  • 48
    • 0034759687 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Limb excursion during quadrupedal walking: How do primates compare to other mammals?
    • Larson SG, Schmitt D, Lemelin P, Hamrick M (2001) Limb excursion during quadrupedal walking: how do primates compare to other mammals? J. Zool Lond 255:353-365
    • (2001) J. Zool Lond , vol.255 , pp. 353-365
    • Larson, S.G.1    Schmitt, D.2    Lemelin, P.3    Hamrick, M.4
  • 49
    • 0017669636 scopus 로고
    • The spinal locomotor generator
    • Miller S, Scott PD (1977) The spinal locomotor generator. Exp Brain Res 30:387-403
    • (1977) Exp Brain Res , vol.30 , pp. 387-403
    • Miller, S.1    Scott, P.D.2
  • 50
    • 0029914129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quadrupedal locomotor movements in monkeys (M. Fuscata) on a treadmill: Kinematic analyses
    • Mori S, Miyashita E, Nakajima K, Asanome M (1996) Quadrupedal locomotor movements in monkeys (M. Fuscata) on a treadmill: kinematic analyses. Neuroreport 7:2277-2285
    • (1996) Neuroreport , vol.7 , pp. 2277-2285
    • Mori, S.1    Miyashita, E.2    Nakajima, K.3    Asanome, M.4
  • 51
    • 0035238298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bipedal locomotion by the normally quadrupedal Japanese monkey, M. Fuscata: Strategies for obstacle clearance and recovery from stumbling
    • Mori F, Tachibana A, Takasu C, Nakajima K, Mori S (2001) Bipedal locomotion by the normally quadrupedal Japanese monkey, M. Fuscata: strategies for obstacle clearance and recovery from stumbling. Acta Physiol Pharmacol Bulg 26:147-150
    • (2001) Acta Physiol Pharmacol Bulg , vol.26 , pp. 147-150
    • Mori, F.1    Tachibana, A.2    Takasu, C.3    Nakajima, K.4    Mori, S.5
  • 53
    • 0344872758 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biomechanical constraints in hindlimb joints during the quadrupedal versus bipedal locomotion of M. fuscata
    • Nakajima K, Mori F, Takasu C, Mori M, Matsuyama K, Mori S (2004) Biomechanical constraints in hindlimb joints during the quadrupedal versus bipedal locomotion of M. fuscata. Prog Brain Res 143:183-190
    • (2004) Prog Brain Res , vol.143 , pp. 183-190
    • Nakajima, K.1    Mori, F.2    Takasu, C.3    Mori, M.4    Matsuyama, K.5    Mori, S.6
  • 54
    • 0015363346 scopus 로고
    • Classification of lumbosacral neurons according to their discharge patterns during evoked locomotion (in Russian)
    • Orlovsky GN, Feldman AG (1972) Classification of lumbosacral neurons according to their discharge patterns during evoked locomotion (in Russian). Neurophysiology 4:410-417
    • (1972) Neurophysiology , vol.4 , pp. 410-417
    • Orlovsky, G.N.1    Feldman, A.G.2
  • 56
    • 33845736015 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Three-dimensional kinematics and dynamics of the foot during walking
    • DOI 10.1007/s00221-006- 0633-1
    • Osaki Y, Kunin M, Cohen B, Raphan T (2006a) Three-dimensional kinematics and dynamics of the foot during walking. Exp Brain Res. DOI 10.1007/s00221-006- 0633-1
    • (2006) Exp Brain Res
    • Osaki, Y.1    Kunin, M.2    Cohen, B.3    Raphan, T.4
  • 57
    • 33847361796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kinematics and dynamics of leg movement during treadmill walking in humans
    • Baltimore
    • Osaki Y, Kunin M, Cohen B, Raphan T (2006b) Kinematics and dynamics of leg movement during treadmill walking in humans. In: ARO, 29th Midwinter meeting, Baltimore, vol 193, p 65
    • (2006) ARO, 29th Midwinter meeting , vol.193 , pp. 65
    • Osaki, Y.1    Kunin, M.2    Cohen, B.3    Raphan, T.4
  • 58
    • 0022048854 scopus 로고
    • Model of a pattern generator for locomotion in mammals
    • Patla AE, Calvert TW, Stein RB (1985) Model of a pattern generator for locomotion in mammals. Am J Physiol 248:R484-R494
    • (1985) Am J Physiol , vol.248
    • Patla, A.E.1    Calvert, T.W.2    Stein, R.B.3
  • 59
    • 1642384351 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Locomotion
    • Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessell TM eds, McGraw-Hill, New York, pp
    • Pearson K, Gordon J (2000) Locomotion. In: Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessell TM (eds) Chapter 37 in principles of neural science. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 737-755
    • (2000) in principles of neural science , pp. 737-755
    • Pearson, K.1    Gordon, J.2
  • 60
    • 0017227878 scopus 로고
    • Central and reflex participation in the timing of locomotor activations of a bifunctional muscle, the semi-tendinosus, in the cat
    • Perret C, Cabelguen JM (1976) Central and reflex participation in the timing of locomotor activations of a bifunctional muscle, the semi-tendinosus, in the cat. Brain Res 106:390-395
    • (1976) Brain Res , vol.106 , pp. 390-395
    • Perret, C.1    Cabelguen, J.M.2
  • 61
    • 0036851582 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adaptive and phylogenetic influences on musculoskeletal design in cercopithecine primates
    • Polk JD (2002) Adaptive and phylogenetic influences on musculoskeletal design in cercopithecine primates. J Exp Biol 205:3399-3412
    • (2002) J Exp Biol , vol.205 , pp. 3399-3412
    • Polk, J.D.1
  • 62
    • 8844256678 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influences of limb proportions and body size on locomotor kinematics in terrestrial primates and fossil hominins
    • Polk JD (2004) Influences of limb proportions and body size on locomotor kinematics in terrestrial primates and fossil hominins. J Hum Evol 47:237-252
    • (2004) J Hum Evol , vol.47 , pp. 237-252
    • Polk, J.D.1
  • 63
    • 0033813776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of primate, carnivoran and rodent limb bone cross-sectional properties: Are primates really unique?
    • Polk JD, Demes B, Jungers WL, Biknevicius AR, Heinrich RE, Runestad JA (2000) A comparison of primate, carnivoran and rodent limb bone cross-sectional properties: are primates really unique? J Hum Evol 39:297-325
    • (2000) J Hum Evol , vol.39 , pp. 297-325
    • Polk, J.D.1    Demes, B.2    Jungers, W.L.3    Biknevicius, A.R.4    Heinrich, R.E.5    Runestad, J.A.6
  • 64
    • 2942740802 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms for the acquisition of habitual bipedality: Are there biomechanical reasons for the acquisition of upright bipedal posture?
    • Preuschoft H (2004) Mechanisms for the acquisition of habitual bipedality: are there biomechanical reasons for the acquisition of upright bipedal posture? J Anat 204:363-384
    • (2004) J Anat , vol.204 , pp. 363-384
    • Preuschoft, H.1
  • 66
    • 0002744533 scopus 로고
    • The role of integration in oculomotor control
    • Zuber BL ed, CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp
    • Raphan T, Cohen B (1981) The role of integration in oculomotor control. In: Zuber BL (ed) Models of oculomotor behavior and control. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 91-109
    • (1981) Models of oculomotor behavior and control , pp. 91-109
    • Raphan, T.1    Cohen, B.2
  • 67
    • 0001982720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How does the vestibulo-ocular reflex work?
    • Baloh RW, Halmagyi GM eds, Oxford University Press, New York, pp
    • Raphan T, Cohen B (1996) How does the vestibulo-ocular reflex work? In: Baloh RW, Halmagyi GM (eds) Disorders of the vestibular system. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 20-47
    • (1996) Disorders of the vestibular system , pp. 20-47
    • Raphan, T.1    Cohen, B.2
  • 68
    • 0036083321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) in three dimensions
    • Raphan T, Cohen B (2002) The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) in three dimensions. Exp Brain Res 145:1-27
    • (2002) Exp Brain Res , vol.145 , pp. 1-27
    • Raphan, T.1    Cohen, B.2
  • 69
    • 0001812347 scopus 로고
    • A velocity storage mechanism responsible for optokinetic nystagmus (OKN), optokinetic after-nystagmus (OKAN) and vestibular nystagmus
    • Baker R, Berthoz A eds, Elsevier/North Holland, Amsterdam, pp
    • Raphan T, Matsuo V, Cohen B (1977) A velocity storage mechanism responsible for optokinetic nystagmus (OKN), optokinetic after-nystagmus (OKAN) and vestibular nystagmus. In: Baker R, Berthoz A (eds) In control of gaze by brain stem neurons. Elsevier/North Holland, Amsterdam, pp 37-47
    • (1977) In control of gaze by brain stem neurons , pp. 37-47
    • Raphan, T.1    Matsuo, V.2    Cohen, B.3
  • 70
    • 0018360073 scopus 로고
    • Velocity storage in the vestibulo-ocular reflex arc (VOR)
    • Raphan T, Matsuo V, Cohen B (1979) Velocity storage in the vestibulo-ocular reflex arc (VOR). Exp Brain Res 35:229-248
    • (1979) Exp Brain Res , vol.35 , pp. 229-248
    • Raphan, T.1    Matsuo, V.2    Cohen, B.3
  • 71
    • 0021921059 scopus 로고
    • Mechanics of increased support of weight by the hindlimbs in primates
    • Reynolds TR (1985a) Mechanics of increased support of weight by the hindlimbs in primates. Am J Phys Anthropol 67:335-349
    • (1985) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.67 , pp. 335-349
    • Reynolds, T.R.1
  • 72
    • 0022104068 scopus 로고
    • Stresses on the limbs of quadrupedal primates
    • Reynolds TR (1985b) Stresses on the limbs of quadrupedal primates. Am J Phys Anthropol 67:351-362
    • (1985) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.67 , pp. 351-362
    • Reynolds, T.R.1
  • 73
    • 0344806451 scopus 로고
    • A method of measuring eye movement using a scleral search coil in a magnetic field
    • Robinson DA (1963) A method of measuring eye movement using a scleral search coil in a magnetic field. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 10:137-145
    • (1963) IEEE Trans Biomed Eng , vol.10 , pp. 137-145
    • Robinson, D.A.1
  • 74
    • 0002983376 scopus 로고
    • Models of oculomotor neural organization
    • Bach-y-Rita P, Collins CC eds, Academic, New York, pp
    • Robinson DA (1971) Models of oculomotor neural organization. In: Bach-y-Rita P, Collins CC (eds) The control of eye movements. Academic, New York, pp 519-538
    • (1971) The control of eye movements , pp. 519-538
    • Robinson, D.A.1
  • 75
    • 0017092951 scopus 로고
    • Adaptive gain control of vestibuloocular reflex by the cerebellum
    • Robinson DA (1976) Adaptive gain control of vestibuloocular reflex by the cerebellum. J Neurophysiol 39:954-969
    • (1976) J Neurophysiol , vol.39 , pp. 954-969
    • Robinson, D.A.1
  • 76
    • 0001834777 scopus 로고
    • Vestibular and optokinetic symbiosis: An example of explaining by modeling
    • Baker R, Berthoz A eds, Elsevier/North Holland, Amsterdam, pp
    • Robinson D (1977) Vestibular and optokinetic symbiosis: an example of explaining by modeling. In: Baker R, Berthoz A (eds) Control of gaze by brain stem neurons. Elsevier/North Holland, Amsterdam, pp 49-58
    • (1977) Control of gaze by brain stem neurons , pp. 49-58
    • Robinson, D.1
  • 77
    • 25844509029 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quadrupedal locomotion in squirrel monkeys (Cebidae: Saimiri sciureus): a cineradiographic study of limb kinematics and related substrate reaction forces
    • Schmidt M (2005) Quadrupedal locomotion in squirrel monkeys (Cebidae: Saimiri sciureus): a cineradiographic study of limb kinematics and related substrate reaction forces. Am J Phys Anthropol 128(2):359-370
    • (2005) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.128 , Issue.2 , pp. 359-370
    • Schmidt, M.1
  • 78
    • 0032996976 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Compliant walking in primates
    • Schmitt D (1999) Compliant walking in primates. J Zool Lond 248:149-160
    • (1999) J Zool Lond , vol.248 , pp. 149-160
    • Schmitt, D.1
  • 79
    • 0038060286 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Insights into the evolution of human bipedalism from experimental studies of humans and other primates
    • Schmitt D (2003) Insights into the evolution of human bipedalism from experimental studies of humans and other primates. J Exp Biol 206:1437-1448
    • (2003) J Exp Biol , vol.206 , pp. 1437-1448
    • Schmitt, D.1
  • 80
    • 12444268328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lateral sequence walking in infant Papio cynocephalus: Implications for the evolution of diagonal sequence walking in primates
    • Shapiro LJ, Raichlen DA (2005) Lateral sequence walking in infant Papio cynocephalus: implications for the evolution of diagonal sequence walking in primates. Am J Phys Anthropol 126:205-213
    • (2005) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.126 , pp. 205-213
    • Shapiro, L.J.1    Raichlen, D.A.2
  • 81
    • 0017071116 scopus 로고
    • Neurophysiology of locomotor automatism
    • Shik ML, Orlovsky GN (1976) Neurophysiology of locomotor automatism. Physiol Rev 56:465-501
    • (1976) Physiol Rev , vol.56 , pp. 465-501
    • Shik, M.L.1    Orlovsky, G.N.2
  • 82
    • 0013997901 scopus 로고
    • Control of walking and running by means of electric stimulation of the midbrain
    • Shik ML, Severin FV, Orlovskii GN (1966) Control of walking and running by means of electric stimulation of the midbrain. Biofizika 11:659-666
    • (1966) Biofizika , vol.11 , pp. 659-666
    • Shik, M.L.1    Severin, F.V.2    Orlovskii, G.N.3
  • 83
    • 0031918868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forms of forward quadrupedal locomotion. III. A comparison of posture, hindlimb kinematics, and motor patterns for downslope and level walking
    • Smith JL, Carlson-Kuhta P, Trank TV (1998) Forms of forward quadrupedal locomotion. III. A comparison of posture, hindlimb kinematics, and motor patterns for downslope and level walking. J Neurophysiol 79:1702-1716
    • (1998) J Neurophysiol , vol.79 , pp. 1702-1716
    • Smith, J.L.1    Carlson-Kuhta, P.2    Trank, T.V.3
  • 84
    • 0026704743 scopus 로고
    • Stabilization of gaze during circular locomotion in darkness; II. Contribution of velocity storage to compensatory eye and head nystagmus in the running monkey
    • Solomon D, Cohen B (1992a) Stabilization of gaze during circular locomotion in darkness; II. Contribution of velocity storage to compensatory eye and head nystagmus in the running monkey. J Neurophysiol 67:1158-1170
    • (1992) J Neurophysiol , vol.67 , pp. 1158-1170
    • Solomon, D.1    Cohen, B.2
  • 85
    • 0026661370 scopus 로고
    • Stabilization of gaze during circular locomotion in light; I. Compensatory head and eye nystagmus in the running monkey
    • Solomon D, Cohen B (1992b) Stabilization of gaze during circular locomotion in light; I. Compensatory head and eye nystagmus in the running monkey. J Neurophysiol 67:1146-1157
    • (1992) J Neurophysiol , vol.67 , pp. 1146-1157
    • Solomon, D.1    Cohen, B.2
  • 86
    • 0003022814 scopus 로고
    • The control system for versional eye movements
    • Bach-y-Rita P, Collins CC, Hide JE eds, Academic, New York, pp
    • Stark L (1971) The control system for versional eye movements. In: Bach-y-Rita P, Collins CC, Hide JE (eds) The control of eye movements. Academic, New York, pp 363-428
    • (1971) The control of eye movements , pp. 363-428
    • Stark, L.1
  • 87
    • 0018230065 scopus 로고
    • Motor systems, with specific reference to the control of locomotion
    • Stein PS (1978) Motor systems, with specific reference to the control of locomotion. Annu Rev Neurosci 1:61-81
    • (1978) Annu Rev Neurosci , vol.1 , pp. 61-81
    • Stein, P.S.1
  • 88
    • 0023191133 scopus 로고
    • Locomotor behavior and control in human and non-human primates: Comparisons with cats and dogs
    • Vilensky JA (1987) Locomotor behavior and control in human and non-human primates: comparisons with cats and dogs. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 11:263-274
    • (1987) Neurosci Biobehav Rev , vol.11 , pp. 263-274
    • Vilensky, J.A.1
  • 89
    • 0001922836 scopus 로고
    • Primate locomotion: Utilization and control of symmetrical gaits
    • Vilensky JA, Larson SG (1989) Primate locomotion: utilization and control of symmetrical gaits. Annu Rev Anthropol 18:17-35
    • (1989) Annu Rev Anthropol , vol.18 , pp. 17-35
    • Vilensky, J.A.1    Larson, S.G.2
  • 90
    • 0032413003 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stepping in nonhuman primates with a complete spinal cord transection: Old and new data, and implications for humans
    • Vilensky JA, O'Connor BL (1998) Stepping in nonhuman primates with a complete spinal cord transection: old and new data, and implications for humans. Ann N Y Acad Sci 860:528-530
    • (1998) Ann N Y Acad Sci , vol.860 , pp. 528-530
    • Vilensky, J.A.1    O'Connor, B.L.2
  • 91
    • 0026927092 scopus 로고
    • Hemiplegic gait: A kinematic analysis using walking speed as a basis
    • Wagenaar RC, Beek WJ (1992) Hemiplegic gait: a kinematic analysis using walking speed as a basis. J Biomech 25:1007-1015
    • (1992) J Biomech , vol.25 , pp. 1007-1015
    • Wagenaar, R.C.1    Beek, W.J.2
  • 92
    • 0017165063 scopus 로고
    • Ensemble characteristics of cat locomotion and its neural control
    • Wetzel MC, Stuart DG (1976) Ensemble characteristics of cat locomotion and its neural control. Prog Neurobiol 7:1-98
    • (1976) Prog Neurobiol , vol.7 , pp. 1-98
    • Wetzel, M.C.1    Stuart, D.G.2
  • 93
    • 0030219944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Control of locomotion in the decerebrate cat
    • Whelan PJ (1996) Control of locomotion in the decerebrate cat. Prog Neurobiology 49:481-515
    • (1996) Prog Neurobiology , vol.49 , pp. 481-515
    • Whelan, P.J.1
  • 94
    • 0033852119 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preferred speed and cost of transport: The effect of incline
    • Wickler SJ, Hoyt DF, Cogger EA, Hirschbein MH (2000) Preferred speed and cost of transport: the effect of incline. J Exp Biol 203:2195-2200
    • (2000) J Exp Biol , vol.203 , pp. 2195-2200
    • Wickler, S.J.1    Hoyt, D.F.2    Cogger, E.A.3    Hirschbein, M.H.4
  • 95
    • 0029624339 scopus 로고
    • Semicircular canal contributions to the three-dimensional vestibuloocular reflex: A model-based approach
    • Yakushin S, Dai M, Suzuki J, Raphan T, Cohen B (1995) Semicircular canal contributions to the three-dimensional vestibuloocular reflex: a model-based approach. J Neurophysiol 74:2722-2738
    • (1995) J Neurophysiol , vol.74 , pp. 2722-2738
    • Yakushin, S.1    Dai, M.2    Suzuki, J.3    Raphan, T.4    Cohen, B.5
  • 96
    • 0034033738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functions of the nucleus of the optic tract (NOT). I. Adaptation of the gain of the horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex
    • Yakushin SB, Reisine H, Buttner-Ennever J, Raphan T, Cohen B (2000) Functions of the nucleus of the optic tract (NOT). I. Adaptation of the gain of the horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex. Exp Brain Res 131:416-432
    • (2000) Exp Brain Res , vol.131 , pp. 416-432
    • Yakushin, S.B.1    Reisine, H.2    Buttner-Ennever, J.3    Raphan, T.4    Cohen, B.5
  • 97
    • 0037247262 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gravity-specific adaptation of the angular vestibuloocular reflex: Dependence on head orientation with regard to gravity
    • Yakushin SB, Raphan T, Cohen B (2003) Gravity-specific adaptation of the angular vestibuloocular reflex: dependence on head orientation with regard to gravity. J Neurophysiol 89:571-586
    • (2003) J Neurophysiol , vol.89 , pp. 571-586
    • Yakushin, S.B.1    Raphan, T.2    Cohen, B.3
  • 98
    • 0027982129 scopus 로고
    • Basic kinematics of walking. Step length and step frequency. A review
    • Zatsiorky VM, Werner SL, Kaimin MA (1994) Basic kinematics of walking. Step length and step frequency. A review. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 34:109-134
    • (1994) J Sports Med Phys Fitness , vol.34 , pp. 109-134
    • Zatsiorky, V.M.1    Werner, S.L.2    Kaimin, M.A.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.