Forms of forward quadrupedal locomotion. III. A comparison of posture, hindlimb kinematics, and motor patterns for downslope and level walking

Journal of Neurophysiology

Volumn 79, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 1702-1716

  Smith, Judith L ^a   Carlson Kuhta, Patricia ^a   Trank, Tamara V ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ARTICLE; BODY MOVEMENT; BODY POSTURE; CAT; ELECTROMYOGRAPHY; GAIT; LIMB MOVEMENT; LOCOMOTION; MUSCLE FUNCTION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROPRIOCEPTION; STANDING; WALKING;

EID: 0031918868     PISSN: 00223077     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1152/jn.1998.79.4.1702     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. ALTMAN, D. G. Practical Statistics for Medical Research. London: Chapman and Hall, 1991.
2. BLASZCZYK, J. AND LOEB, G. E. Why cats pace on the treadmill. Physiol. Behav. 53: 501-507, 1993.
3. BONASERA, S. AND NICHOLS, T. R. Mechanical actions of heterogenic reflexes linking long toe flexors with ankle and knee extensors of the cat hindlimb. J. Neurophysiol. 71: 1096-1110, 1994.
4. BUFORD, J. A. AND SMITH, J. L. Adaptive control for backward quadrupedal walking. II. Hindlimb muscle synergies. J. Neurophysiol. 64: 756-766, 1990.
5. BUFORD, J. A. AND SMITH, J. L. Adaptive control for backward quadrupedal walking. III. Stumbling corrective reactions and cutaneous reflex sensitivity. J. Neurophysiol. 70: 1102-1114, 1993.
6. BUFORD, J. A., SMITH, J. L., AND ZERNICKE, R. F. Adaptive control for backward quadrupedal walking. I. Posture and hindlimb kinematics. J. Neurophysiol. 64: 745-755, 1990.
7. CARLSON-KUHTA, P. AND SMITH, J. L. Slope walking at steep inclines: hip and ankle flexors active during stance. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 21: 419, 1995.
8. CARLSON-KUHTA, P., TRANK, T. V., AND SMITH, J. L. Forms of forward quadrupedal locomotion. II. A comparison of posture, hindlimb kinematics, and motor patterns for level and upslope walking. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 1687-1701, 1998.
9. CARTER, M. C. AND SMITH, J. L. Simultaneous control of two rhythmical behaviors. II. Hindlimb walking with paw-shake response in spinal cat. J. Neurophysiol. 56: 184-195, 1986.
10. ENGBERG, I. Reflexes to foot muscles in the cat. Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl. 235: 3-64, 1964.
11. FLESHMAN, J. W., LEV-TOY, A., AND BURKE, R. E. Peripheral and central control of flexor digitorum longus and flexor hallucis longus motoneurons: the synaptic basis of functional diversity. Exp. Brain Res. 54: 133-149, 1984.
12. FOWLER, E. G., GREGOR, R. J., HODGSON, J. A., AND ROY, R. R. Relationship between ankle muscle and joint kinematics during the stance phase of locomotion in the cat. J. Biomech. 26: 465-483, 1993.
13. GELFAND, I. M., ORLOVSKY, G. N., AND SHIK, M. L. Locomotion and scratching in tetrapods. In: Neural Control of Rhythmic Movements in Vertebrates, edited by A. H. Cohen, S. Rossignol, and S. Grillner. New York: Wiley, 1988, p. 167-199.
14. GRILLNER, S. Control of locomotion in bipeds, tetrapods, and fish. In: Handbook of Physiology. The Nervous System. Motor Control. Bethesda, MD: Am. Physiol. Soc., 1981, sect 1, vol. II, p. 1179-1236.
15. GRILLNER, S. AND ZANGGER, P. On the central generation of locomotion in the low spinal cat. Exp. Brain Res. 34: 241-261, 1979.
16. GRILLNER, S. AND ZANGGER, P. The effect of dorsal root transection on the efferent motor pattern in the cat's hindlimb during locomotion. Acta Physiol. Scand. 120: 393-405, 1984.
17. GUERTIN, R., ANGEL, M. J., PERREAULT, M.-C., AND MCCREA, D. A. Ankle extensor group I afferents excite extensors throughout the hindlimb during fictive locomotion in the cat. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 487: 97-109, 1995.
18. HARRIS-WARRICK, R. M., BARO, D. J., CONIGLIO, L. M., JOHNSON, B. R., LEVINI, R. M., PECK, J. H., AND ZHANG, B. Chemical modulation of crustacean stomatogastric pattern generator networks. In: Neurons, Networks, and Motor Behavior, edited by P.S.G. Stein, S. Grillner, A. I. Selverston, and D. G. Stuart. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1997, p. 209-216.
19. HERZOG, W., LEONARD, T. R., AND GUIMARAES, A.C.S. Forces in gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris tendons of freely moving cat. J. Biomech. 26: 945-953, 1993.
20. HILDEBRAND, M. Analysis of tetrapod gaits: general considerations and symmetrical gaits. In: Neural Control of Locomotion, edited by R. M. Herman, S. Grillner, P.S.G. Stein, and D. G. Stuart. New York: Plenum, 1976, p. 203-206.
21. JORDAN, L. M. Brainstem and spinal cord mechanisms for the initiation of locomotion: single limb analysis. In: Neurological Basis of Human Locomotion, edited by M. Shimamura, S. Grillner, and V. R. Edgerton. Tokyo: Tokyo: Japan Scientific Societies, 1991, p. 3-20.
22. KOSHLAND, G. F. AND SMITH, J. L. Mutable and immutable features of pawshake responses after hindlimb deafferentation in the cat. J. Neurophysiol. 62: 162-173, 1989.
23. KUHTZ-BUSCHBECK, J. P., BOCZEK-FUNCKE, A., ILLERT, M., AND WEINHARDT, C. X-ray study of the cat hindlimb during treadmill locomotion. Eur. J. Neurosci. 6: 1187-1198, 1994.
24. MCCREA, D. A., SHEFCHYK, S. J., STEPHENS, J. M., AND PEARSON, K. G. Disynaptic group I excitation of synergist ankle extensor motoneurons during fictive locomotion in the cat. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 487: 527-539, 1995.
25. MOSCHOVAKIS, A. K., SHOLOMENKO, G. N., AND BURKE, R. E. Differential control of short latency cutaneous excitation in cat FDL motoneurons during fictive locomotion. Exp. Brain Res. 83: 489-501, 1991.
26. O'DONOVAN, M. J., PINTER, M. J., DUM, R. P., AND BURKE, R. E. Actions of FDL and FHL muscles in intact cats: functional dissociation between anatomical synergists. J. Neurophysiol. 47: 1126-1147, 1982.
27. PEARSON, K. G. AND COLLINS, D. F. Reversal of the influence of group Ib afferents from plantaris on activity in medial gastrocnemius muscle during locomotor activity. J. Neurophysiol. 70: 1009-1017, 1993.
28. PEARSON, K. G. AND ROSSIGNOL, S. Fictive motor patterns in chronic spinal cats. J. Neurophysiol. 66: 1874-1887, 1991.
29. PERELL, K. L., GREGOR, R. J., BUFORD, J. A., AND SMITH, J. L. Adaptive control for backward quadrupedal walking. IV. Hindlimb kinetics of stance and swing. J. Neurophysiol. 70: 2226-2240, 1993.
30. PERRET, C. AND CABELQUEN, J. M. Central and reflex participation in the timing of locomotor activations of a bifunctional muscle, the semi-tendinosus, in the cat. Brain Res. 106: 333-351, 1976.
31. PERRET, C. AND CABELQUEN, J. M. Main characteristics of the hindlimb locomotor cycle in the decorticate cat with special reference to bifunctional muscles. Brain Res. 187: 333-351, 1980.
32. PRATT, C. A., BUFORD, J. A., AND SMITH, J. L. Adaptive control for backward quadrupedal walking. V. Mutable activation of bifunctional thigh muscles. J. Neurophysiol. 75: 832-842, 1996.
33. PROCHAZKA, A. The fuzzy logic of visuomotor control. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 74: 456-462, 1996.
34. ROSSIGNOL, S. Neural control of stereotypic limb movements. In: Handbook of Physiology. Exercise. Regulation and Integration of Multiple Systems. Washington, DC: Am. Physiol. Soc., 1996, sect. 12, p. 173-216, 1996.
35. SMITH, D. W., GREGOR, R. J., PRILUTSKY, B. I., ALBRECHT, A., AND SMITH, J. L. Hip flexor moments during downslope walking in adult cats. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 23: 760, 1997.
36. SMITH, J. L. AND CARLSON-KUHTA, P. Unexpected motor patterns for hindlimb muscles during slope walking in the cat. J. Neurophysiol. 74: 2211-2215, 1995.
37. SMITH, J. L., CARLSON-KUHTA, P., TRANK, T. V., AND SAYWELL, S. A comparison of cat up-slope and level galloping. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 22: 2042, 1996.
38. SMITH, J. L., HOY, M. G., KOSHLAND, G. F., PHILLIPS, D. M., AND ZERNICKE, R. F. Intralimb coordination of the paw-shake response: a novel mixed synergy. J. Neurophysiol. 54: 1271-1281, 1985.
39. SMITH, J. L., WANG, O., TRANK, T. V., AND VELING, K. M. Hindlimb dynamics for slope walking at different grades. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 20: 571, 1994.
40. STEIN, P.S.G. AND SMITH, J. L. Neural and biomechanical control strategies for different forms of vertebrate hindlimb motor tasks. In: Neurons, Networks, and Motor Behavior, edited by P.S.G. Stein, S. Grillner, A. I. Selverston, and D. G. Stuart. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1997, p. 61-74.
41. TRANK, T. V. Neuromotor Control of Different Forms of Quadrupedal Walking at the Cat Metatarsophalangeal Joint (PhD dissertation). Los Angeles, CA: UCLA, 1996.
42. TRANK, T. V., CHEN, C., AND SMITH, J. L. Forms of quadrupedal locomotion. I. A comparison of posture, hindlimb kinematics, and motor patterns for normal and crouched walking. J. Neurophysiol. 76: 2316-2326, 1996.
43. TRANK, T. V. AND SMITH, J. L. Paw dynamics for slope walking at different grades. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 21: 419, 1995.
44. TRANK, T. V. AND SMITH, J. L. Adaptive control for backward quadrupedal walking. VI. Metatarsophalangeal joint dynamics and motor patterns of toe muscles. J. Neurophysiol. 75: 678-694, 1996.
45. WHELAN, P. J., HIEBERT, G. W., AND PEARSON, K. G. Stimulation of the group I extensor afferents prolongs the stance phase in walking cats. Exp. Brain Res. 103: 20-30, 1995.
46. ZERNICKE, R. F. AND SMITH, J. L. Biomechanical insights into neural control of movement. In: Handbook of Physiology. Exercise. Regulation and Integration of Multiple Systems. Washington, DC: Am. Physiol. Soc., 1996, sect. 12, p. 293-330.