메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 204, Issue 5, 2004, Pages 363-384

Mechanisms for the acquisition of habitual bipedality: Are there biomechanical reasons for the acquisition of upright bipedal posture?

Author keywords

Biomechanics of arboreality; Biomechanics of walking; Human evolution; Selective pressure; Trunk shape

Indexed keywords

APE; ARM MOVEMENT; BIOMECHANICS; BODY BUILD; BODY POSTURE; BODY WEIGHT; CLIMATE CHANGE; CLIMBING; ENERGY CONSERVATION; EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTATION; FOOT; FORELIMB; FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY; GAIT; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC SELECTION; GRAVITY; HABITUAL ADAPTATION; HAND GRIP; HINDLIMB; HUMAN; LIFESTYLE; LOCOMOTION; MASTICATION; MORPHOGENESIS; NONHUMAN; ORANG UTAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RIB; SKULL; STANDING; THERMOREGULATION; THORAX; WEIGHT BEARING;

EID: 2942740802     PISSN: 00218782     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.0021-8782.2004.00303.x     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (105)

References (104)
  • 1
    • 0000413742 scopus 로고
    • Walking and running
    • Alexander R McN (1984a) Walking and running. Am. Sci. 72, 348-354.
    • (1984) Am. Sci. , vol.72 , pp. 348-354
    • Alexander, R.Mc.N.1
  • 2
    • 84973084021 scopus 로고
    • Human walking and running
    • Alexander R McN (1984b) Human walking and running. J. Biol. Education 18, 135-140.
    • (1984) J. Biol. Education , vol.18 , pp. 135-140
    • Alexander, R.Mc.N.1
  • 3
    • 2942738757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bipedal animals, and their differences from people
    • Alexander R McN (2004) Bipedal animals, and their differences from people. J. Anat. 204, 321-330.
    • (2004) J. Anat. , vol.204 , pp. 321-330
    • Alexander, R.Mc.N.1
  • 4
    • 2942702481 scopus 로고
    • Biomechanical interpretation of form and structure of bones: Role of genetics and function in growth and remodeling
    • (eds Morbeck ME, Preuschoft H, Gomberg N), New York: G Fischer
    • Amtmann E (1979) Biomechanical interpretation of form and structure of bones: role of genetics and function in growth and remodeling. In Environment, Behaviour and Morphology. Dynamic Interactions in Primates (eds Morbeck ME, Preuschoft H, Gomberg N), pp. 347-366. New York: G Fischer.
    • (1979) Environment, Behaviour and Morphology. Dynamic Interactions in Primates , pp. 347-366
    • Amtmann, E.1
  • 6
    • 0003435360 scopus 로고
    • L'évolution de la Hanche et Du Pelvis Des Hominidés. Bipédie, Parturition, Croissance, Allometrie
    • Paris: Editions du CNRS
    • Berge C (1993) L'évolution de la Hanche et Du Pelvis Des Hominidés. Bipédie, Parturition, Croissance, Allometrie. Paris: Editions du CNRS.
    • (1993)
    • Berge, C.1
  • 7
    • 2942741474 scopus 로고
    • Investigations on the biomechanical significance of dermatoglyphic ridges
    • (eds Preuschoft H, Chivers DJ), Vienna: Springer-Verlag
    • Buck C, Bär H (1993) Investigations on the biomechanical significance of dermatoglyphic ridges. In Hands of Primates (eds Preuschoft H, Chivers DJ), pp. 285-308. Vienna: Springer-Verlag.
    • (1993) Hands of Primates , pp. 285-308
    • Buck, C.1    Bär, H.2
  • 8
    • 0021097024 scopus 로고
    • A stone's throw and its launch window: Timing precision and and its implications for language and hominid brains
    • Calvin WH (1985) A stone's throw and its launch window: timing precision and and its implications for language and hominid brains. J. Theor. Biol. 104, 121-135.
    • (1985) J. Theor. Biol. , vol.104 , pp. 121-135
    • Calvin, W.H.1
  • 9
    • 84942111663 scopus 로고
    • Pads and claws in arboreal locomotion
    • (ed. Jenkins FA), New York: Academic Press
    • Cartmill M (1974) Pads and claws in arboreal locomotion. In Primate Locomotion (ed. Jenkins FA), pp. 45-83. New York: Academic Press.
    • (1974) Primate Locomotion , pp. 45-83
    • Cartmill, M.1
  • 10
    • 0002361107 scopus 로고
    • Climbing
    • (eds Hildebrand M, Bramble DM, Liem KF, Wake DB), Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
    • Cartmill M (1985) Climbing. In Functional Vertebrate Morphology (eds Hildebrand M, Bramble DM, Liem KF, Wake DB), pp. 73-88. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
    • (1985) Functional Vertebrate Morphology , pp. 73-88
    • Cartmill, M.1
  • 12
    • 2942736812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Locomotion in bonobos (Pan paniscus): Differences and similarities between bipedal and quadrupedal terrestrial walking, and a comparison with other locomotor modes
    • D'Août K, Vereecke E, Schoonaert K, De Clercq D, Van Elsacker L, Aerts P (2004) Locomotion in bonobos (Pan paniscus): differences and similarities between bipedal and quadrupedal terrestrial walking, and a comparison with other locomotor modes. J. Anat. 204, 353-361.
    • (2004) J. Anat. , vol.204 , pp. 353-361
    • D'Août, K.1    Vereecke, E.2    Schoonaert, K.3    De Clercq, D.4    Van Elsacker, L.5    Aerts, P.6
  • 14
    • 0242662507 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Walker A Throwing and bipedalism: A new look at an old idea
    • Dunsworth HJ, Challis H, Walker A (2003) Throwing and bipedalism: a new look at an old idea. Cour. Forsch.-Inst. Senckenberg 243, 105-110.
    • (2003) Cour. Forsch.-Inst. Senckenberg , vol.243 , pp. 105-110
    • Dunsworth, H.J.1    Challis, H.2
  • 15
    • 51249174851 scopus 로고
    • The adoption of bipedalism by the hominids: A new hypothesis
    • Fifer FC (1987) The adoption of bipedalism by the hominids: a new hypothesis. Hum. Evol. 2, 135-147.
    • (1987) Hum. Evol. , vol.2 , pp. 135-147
    • Fifer, F.C.1
  • 16
    • 0000663324 scopus 로고
    • Crouched posture and high fulcrum, a principle in the locomotion of small mammals. The example of the rock hyrax (Procavia capensis) (Mammalia, Hyracoidea)
    • Fischer MS (1994) Crouched posture and high fulcrum, a principle in the locomotion of small mammals. The example of the rock hyrax (Procavia capensis) (Mammalia, Hyracoidea). J. Hum. Evol. 26, 501-524.
    • (1994) J. Hum. Evol. , vol.26 , pp. 501-524
    • Fischer, M.S.1
  • 17
    • 0009879229 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Application of cineradiography for the metric and kinematic study of in-phase gaits during locomotion of the pika (Ochotona rufescens, Mammalia, Lagomorpha)
    • Fischer MS, Lehmann R (1998) Application of cineradiography for the metric and kinematic study of in-phase gaits during locomotion of the pika (Ochotona rufescens, Mammalia, Lagomorpha). Zoology 101, 148-173.
    • (1998) Zoology , vol.101 , pp. 148-173
    • Fischer, M.S.1    Lehmann, R.2
  • 18
    • 2942754473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Menschen Vor Homo Sapiens. Wie und warum unsere Art sich durchsetzte. Reihe Species. Überarbeitete Übersetzung aus dem Englischen
    • (1995): Humans before Humanity. Berlin: J. Thorbecke Verlag
    • Foley R (2000) Menschen Vor Homo Sapiens. Wie und warum unsere Art sich durchsetzte. Reihe Species. Überarbeitete Übersetzung aus dem Englischen (1995): Humans before Humanity. Berlin: J. Thorbecke Verlag.
    • (2000)
    • Foley, R.1
  • 19
    • 0000058959 scopus 로고
    • The behaviour of free-living chimpanzees in the Gombe Stream Reserve
    • Goodall J (1968) The behaviour of free-living chimpanzees in the Gombe Stream Reserve. Anim Behav. Monogr. 1, 161-311.
    • (1968) Anim Behav. Monogr. , vol.1 , pp. 161-311
    • Goodall, J.1
  • 20
    • 2742601912 scopus 로고
    • Funktionsmorphologische Untersuchungen zum Sprungverhalten an mehreren Halbaffenarten (Galago moholi, Galago (Otolemur) garnetti, Lemur catta)
    • PhD thesis, Free University of Berlin
    • Günther MM (1989) Funktionsmorphologische Untersuchungen zum Sprungverhalten an mehreren Halbaffenarten (Galago moholi, Galago (Otolemur) garnetti, Lemur catta). PhD thesis, Free University of Berlin.
    • (1989)
    • Günther, M.M.1
  • 21
    • 2942704425 scopus 로고
    • Substratpräferenzen bei Schlankloris (Loris tardigradus, Halbaffen) in Menschenobhut
    • Hoeschen G, Preuschoft H, Schulze H (1995) Substratpräferenzen bei Schlankloris (Loris tardigradus, Halbaffen) in Menschenobhut. Zool. Garten, N.F. 65, 258-266.
    • (1995) Zool. Garten, N.F. , vol.65 , pp. 258-266
    • Hoeschen, G.1    Preuschoft, H.2    Schulze, H.3
  • 22
    • 0001798356 scopus 로고
    • Relationships between limb morphology and locomotor adaptation among prosimians: An osteometric study
    • (eds Morbeck ME, Preuschoft H, Gomberg N), New York: G. Fischer
    • Jouffroy FK, Lessertisseur J (1979) Relationships between limb morphology and locomotor adaptation among prosimians: an osteometric study. In Environment, Behaviour and Morphology: Dynamic Interactions in Primates (eds Morbeck ME, Preuschoft H, Gomberg N), pp. 143-182. New York: G. Fischer.
    • (1979) Environment, Behaviour and Morphology: Dynamic Interactions in Primates , pp. 143-182
    • Jouffroy, F.K.1    Lessertisseur, J.2
  • 23
    • 0000101678 scopus 로고
    • Body size and limb proportions in primates
    • (ed. Jungers WL), New York: Plenum Press
    • Jungers WL (1985) Body size and limb proportions in primates. In Size and Scaling in Primate Biology (ed. Jungers WL), pp. 345-382. New York: Plenum Press.
    • (1985) Size and Scaling in Primate Biology , pp. 345-382
    • Jungers, W.L.1
  • 24
    • 84965235042 scopus 로고
    • Man's posture: Its evolution and disorders
    • 451-454, 499-502, 545-548, 587-590, 624-626
    • Keith A (1923) Man's posture: its evolution and disorders. Br. Med. J. 1, 451-454, 499-502, 545-548, 587-590, 624-626, 669-672.
    • (1923) Br. Med. J. , vol.1 , pp. 669-672
    • Keith, A.1
  • 25
    • 0000759336 scopus 로고
    • Kinesiological characteristics of primate walking: Its significance in human walking
    • (eds Morbeck ME, Preuschoft H, Gomberg N), New York: G. Fischer
    • Kimura T, Okada M, Ishida H (1979) Kinesiological characteristics of primate walking: its significance in human walking. In Environment, Behavior, Morphology- Dynamic Interactions in Primates (eds Morbeck ME, Preuschoft H, Gomberg N), pp. 297-312. New York: G. Fischer.
    • (1979) Environment, Behavior, Morphology- Dynamic Interactions in Primates , pp. 297-312
    • Kimura, T.1    Okada, M.2    Ishida, H.3
  • 26
    • 0002783807 scopus 로고
    • Bipedal and quadrupedal walking of primates: Comparative dynamics
    • (ed. Kondo, S), Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press
    • Kimura T (1985) Bipedal and quadrupedal walking of primates: comparative dynamics. In Primate Morphophysiology, Locomotor Analysis and Human Bipedalism (ed. Kondo, S), pp. 81-104. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.
    • (1985) Primate Morphophysiology, Locomotor Analysis and Human Bipedalism , pp. 81-104
    • Kimura, T.1
  • 27
    • 0001698949 scopus 로고
    • Hindlimb dominance during primate high-speed locomotion
    • Kimura T (1992) Hindlimb dominance during primate high-speed locomotion. Primates 33, 465-476.
    • (1992) Primates , vol.33 , pp. 465-476
    • Kimura, T.1
  • 28
    • 0001255164 scopus 로고
    • Long bone characteristics of primates
    • Kimura T (1995) Long bone characteristics of primates. Z. Morph. Anthropol. 80, 265-280.
    • (1995) Z. Morph. Anthropol. , vol.80 , pp. 265-280
    • Kimura, T.1
  • 29
    • 0036511004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Primate limb bones and locomotor types in the arboreal environment
    • (eds Okada M, Preuschoft H). Arboreal Locomotor Adaptation in Primates and its Relevance to Human Evolution
    • Kimura T (2002) Primate limb bones and locomotor types in the arboreal environment. In Arboreal Locomotor Adaptation in Primates and its Relevance to Human Evolution (eds Okada M, Preuschoft H). Z. Morph. Anthropol. 83, 201-219.
    • (2002) Z. Morph. Anthropol. , vol.83 , pp. 201-219
    • Kimura, T.1
  • 30
    • 2942756324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Das Zeitalter der Werfer. Eine Neue Sicht Des Menschen
    • Hannover: Kirschmann
    • Kirschmann E (1999) Das Zeitalter der Werfer. Eine Neue Sicht Des Menschen. Hannover: Kirschmann.
    • (1999)
    • Kirschmann, E.1
  • 31
    • 0003051820 scopus 로고
    • Biomechanics of bone
    • (eds Fung YC, Perrone N, Anlicker M), Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall
    • Kummer B (1972) Biomechanics of bone. In Biomechanics: its Foundations and Objectives (eds Fung YC, Perrone N, Anlicker M), pp. 237-271. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
    • (1972) Biomechanics: Its Foundations and Objectives , pp. 237-271
    • Kummer, B.1
  • 32
    • 0242571043 scopus 로고
    • Elemente der Mechanik. I: Einführung III Kinetik
    • Braunschweig: Vieweg
    • Lehmann T (1972/1974) Elemente der Mechanik. I: Einführung III Kinetik. Braunschweig: Vieweg.
    • (1972)
    • Lehmann, T.1
  • 33
    • 0242655405 scopus 로고
    • Zur Biomechanik Des Beckens: Eine Vergleichend-Funktionsmorphologische Studie
    • MD thesis, Ruhr-University, Bochum
    • Lenz S (1993) Zur Biomechanik Des Beckens: Eine Vergleichend-Funktionsmorphologische Studie. MD thesis, Ruhr-University, Bochum.
    • (1993)
    • Lenz, S.1
  • 35
    • 0019126931 scopus 로고
    • Ballistic walking: An improved model
    • Mochon S, McMahon TA (1981) Ballistic walking: an improved model. Mathemat. Biosci. 52, 241-260.
    • (1981) Mathemat. Biosci. , vol.52 , pp. 241-260
    • Mochon, S.1    McMahon, T.A.2
  • 36
    • 0242655355 scopus 로고
    • Die Korperproportionen der Primaten
    • Mollison T (1911) Die Korperproportionen der Primaten. Morph. Jb. 42, 79-304.
    • (1911) Morph. Jb. , vol.42 , pp. 79-304
    • Mollison, T.1
  • 37
    • 3342892007 scopus 로고
    • Positional behavior of Colobus guereza: A preliminary quantitative analysis
    • (eds Kondo S, Kawai M, Ehara A, Kawamura S), Tokyo: Japan Science Press
    • Morbeck ME (1975) Positional behavior of Colobus guereza: a preliminary quantitative analysis. In Symposium Vth Congr. International Primatol. Soc. 1974 (eds Kondo S, Kawai M, Ehara A, Kawamura S), pp. 331-343. Tokyo: Japan Science Press.
    • (1975) Symposium Vth Congr. International Primatol. Soc. 1974 , pp. 331-343
    • Morbeck, M.E.1
  • 38
    • 0003096749 scopus 로고
    • Forelimb use and positional adaptation in Colobus guereza: Integration of behavioral, ecological and antomical data
    • (eds Morbeck ME, Preuschoft H, Gomberg N), New York: G Fischer
    • Morbeck ME (1979) Forelimb use and positional adaptation in Colobus guereza: integration of behavioral, ecological and antomical data. In Environment. Behaviour and Morphology: Dynamic Interactions in Primates (eds Morbeck ME, Preuschoft H, Gomberg N), pp. 95-118. New York: G Fischer.
    • (1979) Environment. Behaviour and Morphology: Dynamic Interactions in Primates , pp. 95-118
    • Morbeck, M.E.1
  • 39
    • 2942756323 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Body posture of Oreopithecus bambolii
    • Moya-Sola S, Köhler M (1996) Body posture of Oreopithecus bambolii. C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris 324, 141-148.
    • (1996) C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris , vol.324 , pp. 141-148
    • Moya-Sola, S.1    Köhler, M.2
  • 40
    • 2742610303 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Footfall patterns in early development of the quadrupedal walking of Japanese macaques
    • Nakano Y (1996) Footfall patterns in early development of the quadrupedal walking of Japanese macaques. Folia Primatol. 66, 113-125.
    • (1996) Folia Primatol. , vol.66 , pp. 113-125
    • Nakano, Y.1
  • 41
    • 0036510908 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of substratum inclination on locomotor patterns in primates
    • (eds Okada M, Preuschoft H). Arboreal LocomotorAdaptations in Primates and its Relevance to Human Evolution
    • Nakano Y (2002) The effects of substratum inclination on locomotor patterns in primates. In Arboreal LocomotorAdaptations in Primates and its Relevance to Human Evolution (eds Okada M, Preuschoft H). Z. Morph. Anthropol. 83, 189-199.
    • (2002) Z. Morph. Anthropol. , vol.83 , pp. 189-199
    • Nakano, Y.1
  • 42
    • 2942748043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acquisition of bipedalism: The Miocene hominoid record and modern analogues for bipedal protohominids
    • 000-000
    • Nakatsukasa M (2004) Acquisition of bipedalism: the Miocene hominoid record and modern analogues for bipedal protohominids. J. Anat. 204, 000-000.
    • (2004) J. Anat. , vol.204
    • Nakatsukasa, M.1
  • 43
    • 2942739568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A theory on the evolution of human bipedalism: Die Amphibische Generalistentheorie
    • (ed. Zeller U), Berlin: Natural History Museum, Humboldt-Universität
    • Niemitz C (2000) A theory on the evolution of human bipedalism: die Amphibische Generalistentheorie. In Origin and Evolutionary Transformations of Mammals: Using Biological Signals in Understanding Earth History (ed. Zeller U), pp. 46-48. Berlin: Natural History Museum, Humboldt-Universität.
    • (2000) Origin and Evolutionary Transformations of Mammals: Using Biological Signals in Understanding Earth History , pp. 46-48
    • Niemitz, C.1
  • 44
    • 0036491917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A theory on the evolution of the habitual orthograde human bipedalism. The Amphibische Generalistentheorie
    • Niemitz C (2002) A theory on the evolution of the habitual orthograde human bipedalism. The Amphibische Generalistentheorie. Anthropol. Anzeiger 60, 3-66.
    • (2002) Anthropol. Anzeiger , vol.60 , pp. 3-66
    • Niemitz, C.1
  • 45
    • 0042598052 scopus 로고
    • Fortbewegung und Funktionsmorphologie von. Loris Tardigradus und anderen kleinen Halbaffen in Anpassung an unterschiedliche Habitate
    • PhD thesis, Ruhr-University, Bochum
    • Nieschalk U (1991) Fortbewegung und Funktionsmorphologie von. Loris Tardigradus und anderen kleinen Halbaffen in Anpassung an unterschiedliche Habitate. PhD thesis, Ruhr-University, Bochum.
    • (1991)
    • Nieschalk, U.1
  • 46
  • 47
    • 0042214577 scopus 로고
    • Die Bedeutung der Bauprinzipien des Stützund Bewegungsapparates für die Beanspruchung der Röhrenknochen
    • Pauwels F (1958) Die Bedeutung der Bauprinzipien des Stützund Bewegungsapparates für die Beanspruchung der Röhrenknochen. Z. Anat. Entw. Gesch. 114, 129-166.
    • (1958) Z. Anat. Entw. Gesch. , vol.114 , pp. 129-166
    • Pauwels, F.1
  • 48
    • 0041499293 scopus 로고
    • External biomechanics of leaping in Tarsius and its morphological and kinematic consequences
    • (ed. Niemitz C), Stuttgart: Fischer
    • Peters A, Preuschoft H (1984) External biomechanics of leaping in Tarsius and its morphological and kinematic consequences. In Biology of Tarsiers (ed. Niemitz C), pp. 227-255. Stuttgart: Fischer.
    • (1984) Biology of Tarsiers , pp. 227-255
    • Peters, A.1    Preuschoft, H.2
  • 49
    • 0036516779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paleoenvironments and hominoid evolution
    • (eds Okada M, Preuschoft H). Arboreal Locomotor Adaptation in Primates and its Relevance to Human Evolution
    • Pickford M (2002) Paleoenvironments and hominoid evolution. In Arboreal Locomotor Adaptation in Primates and its Relevance to Human Evolution (eds Okada M, Preuschoft H). Z. Morph. Anthropol. 83, 337-348.
    • (2002) Z. Morph. Anthropol. , vol.83 , pp. 337-348
    • Pickford, M.1
  • 50
    • 2742580059 scopus 로고
    • Muskeln und Gelenke der Hinterextremitaet des Gorilla
    • Preuschoft H (1961) Muskeln und Gelenke der Hinterextremitaet des Gorilla. Morph. Jb. 101, 432-540.
    • (1961) Morph. Jb. , vol.101 , pp. 432-540
    • Preuschoft, H.1
  • 51
    • 0040693280 scopus 로고
    • Statische Untersuchungen am Fuß der Primaten. I. Phalangen und Metatarsalia
    • Preuschoft H (1969) Statische Untersuchungen am Fuß der Primaten. I. Phalangen und Metatarsalia. Z. Anat. Entw. Gesch. 129, 285-345.
    • (1969) Z. Anat. Entw. Gesch. , vol.129 , pp. 285-345
    • Preuschoft, H.1
  • 52
    • 0014988493 scopus 로고
    • Body posture and mode of locomotion in Early Pleistocene Hominids
    • Preuschoft H (1971) Body posture and mode of locomotion in Early Pleistocene Hominids. Folia Primatol. 14, 209-240.
    • (1971) Folia Primatol. , vol.14 , pp. 209-240
    • Preuschoft, H.1
  • 54
    • 0242571039 scopus 로고
    • Funktionelle Anpassung evoluierender Systeme. - 5. Arbeitsgespräch zu Phylogenetik und Systematik, Lochmü hle/Spessart
    • Frankfurt: Kramer Verlag
    • Preuschoft H (1976) Funktionelle Anpassung evoluierender Systeme. - 5. Arbeitsgespräch zu Phylogenetik und Systematik, Lochmühle/Spessart. Aufs. u. Reden D. Senckenberg. Naturf. Ges., Evoluierende Systerne I + II, pp. 98-117. Frankfurt: Kramer Verlag.
    • (1976) Aufs. U. Reden D. Senckenberg. Naturf. Ges., Evoluierende Systerne I + II , pp. 98-117
    • Preuschoft, H.1
  • 55
    • 0242655400 scopus 로고
    • Recent results concerning the biomechanics of man's acquisition of bipedality
    • (ed. Chivers DJ), London: Academic Press
    • Preuschoft H (1978) Recent results concerning the biomechanics of man's acquisition of bipedality. In Proceedings of the 6th Congr. International Primat. Soc., Vol, III (ed. Chivers DJ), pp. 435-458. London: Academic Press.
    • (1978) Proceedings of the 6th Congr. International Primat. Soc. , vol.3 , pp. 435-458
    • Preuschoft, H.1
  • 56
    • 0002008496 scopus 로고
    • Demes B Biomechanics of brachiation
    • (eds Preuschoft H, Brockelman WY, Chivers DJ, Creel N), Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press
    • Preuschoft H, Demes B (1984) Biomechanics of brachiation. In The Lesser Apes. Evolutionary and Behavioral Biology (eds Preuschoft H, Brockelman WY, Chivers DJ, Creel N), pp. 96-118. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
    • (1984) The Lesser Apes. Evolutionary and Behavioral Biology , pp. 96-118
    • Preuschoft, H.1
  • 57
    • 0347273253 scopus 로고
    • Influence of size and proportions on biomechanics of brachiation
    • (ed. Jungers, WL), New York: Plenum Press
    • Preuschoft H, Demes B (1985) Influence of size and proportions on biomechanics of brachiation. In Size and Scaling in Primate Biology (ed. Jungers, WL), pp. 383-398. New York: Plenum Press.
    • (1985) Size and Scaling in Primate Biology , pp. 383-398
    • Preuschoft, H.1    Demes, B.2
  • 58
    • 0012737353 scopus 로고
    • Curvature of the lumbar spine as a consequence of mechanical necessities in Japanese macaques trained for bipedalism
    • Preuschoft H, Hayama S, Günther MM (1988) Curvature of the lumbar spine as a consequence of mechanical necessities in Japanese macaques trained for bipedalism. Folia Primatol. 50, 42-58.
    • (1988) Folia Primatol. , vol.50 , pp. 42-58
    • Preuschoft, H.1    Hayama, S.2    Günther, M.M.3
  • 59
    • 0002815967 scopus 로고
    • Gravity in primates and its relation to body shape and locomotion
    • (eds Jouffroy FK, Stack MH, Niemitz C), Firenze: II Sedicesimo
    • Preuschoft H (1990) Gravity in primates and its relation to body shape and locomotion. In Gravity, Posture and Locomotion in Primates (eds Jouffroy FK, Stack MH, Niemitz C), pp. 109-127. Firenze: II Sedicesimo.
    • (1990) Gravity, Posture and Locomotion in Primates , pp. 109-127
    • Preuschoft, H.1
  • 60
    • 0002289997 scopus 로고
    • Biomechanical reasons for the evolution of hominid body shape
    • (eds Senut B, Pickford M), Paris: Editions du CNRS
    • Preuschoft H, Witte H (1991) Biomechanical reasons for the evolution of hominid body shape. In Origine(s) de la Bipédie Chez les Hominidés (eds Senut B, Pickford M), pp. 59-77. Paris: Editions du CNRS.
    • (1991) Origine(s) de la Bipédie Chez les Hominidés , pp. 59-77
    • Preuschoft, H.1    Witte, H.2
  • 61
    • 0006957734 scopus 로고
    • Biomechanical factors that influence overall bodyshape of large apes and humans
    • (eds Matano S, Tuttle RH, Ishida H, Goodman M), Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press
    • Preuschoft H, Witte H, Demes B (1992) Biomechanical factors that influence overall bodyshape of large apes and humans. In Topics in Primatology, Vol. 3 Evolutionary Biology, Reproductive Endocrinology and Virology (eds Matano S, Tuttle RH, Ishida H, Goodman M), pp. 259-289. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.
    • (1992) Topics in Primatology, Evolutionary Biology, Reproductive Endocrinology and Virology , vol.3 , pp. 259-289
    • Preusch, H.1    Tokyot, H.2    Witte, H.3    Demes, B.4
  • 62
    • 2942704424 scopus 로고
    • Die Körpergestalt des Menschen als Ergebnis biomechanischer Erfordernisse
    • (ed. Voland, E), Stuttgart: S. Hirzel Verlag
    • Preuschoft H, Witte H (1993) Die Körpergestalt des Menschen als Ergebnis biomechanischer Erfordernisse. In Evolution und Anpassung. Warum die Vergangenheit die Gegenwart Erklärt (ed. Voland, E), pp. 43-74. Stuttgart: S. Hirzel Verlag.
    • (1993) Evolution und Anpassung. Warum Die Vergangenheit Die Gegenwart Erklä rt , pp. 43-74
    • Preuschoft, H.1    Witte, H.2
  • 64
    • 2742511173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biomechanical reasons for the divergent morphology of the knee joint and the distal epiphyseal suture in hominoids
    • Preuschoft H, Tardieu C (1996) Biomechanical reasons for the divergent morphology of the knee joint and the distal epiphyseal suture in hominoids. Folia Primatol. 66, 82-92.
    • (1996) Folia Primatol. , vol.66 , pp. 82-92
    • Preuschoft, H.1    Tardieu, C.2
  • 65
    • 2742594692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Size influences on primates locomotion and body shape, with special emphasis on the locomotion of 'small mammals'
    • Preuschoft H, Witte H, Christian A, Fischer MS (1996) Size influences on primates locomotion and body shape, with special emphasis on the locomotion of 'small mammals'. Folia Primatol. 66, 93-112.
    • (1996) Folia Primatol. , vol.66 , pp. 93-112
    • Preuschoft, H.1    Witte, H.2    Christian, A.3    Fischer, M.S.4
  • 66
    • 0031629291 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Size dependence in prosimian locomotion and its implications for the distribution of body mass
    • Preuschoft H, Günther MM, Christian A (1998) Size dependence in prosimian locomotion and its implications for the distribution of body mass. Folia Primatol. 69, 60-81.
    • (1998) Folia Primatol. , vol.69 , pp. 60-81
    • Preuschoft, H.1    Günther, M.M.2    Christian, A.3
  • 67
    • 2942739569 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Zur Evolution der menschlichen Beckenund Rumpfform
    • (ed. Biedermann N) Stuttgart: Enke
    • Preuschoft H (1999) Zur Evolution der menschlichen Beckenund Rumpfform. in Manual-Therapie bei Kindern (ed. Biedermann N), pp. 77-88. Stuttgart: Enke.
    • (1999) Manual-Therapie Bei Kindern , pp. 77-88
    • Preuschoft, H.1
  • 68
    • 0036510870 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What does 'arboreal locomotion' mean exactly? and what are the relationships between 'climbing', environment and morphology?
    • Arboreal Locomotor Adaptation in Primates and its Relevance to Human Evolution (eds Okada M, Preuschoft H)
    • Preuschoft H (2002) What does 'arboreal locomotion' mean exactly? and what are the relationships between 'climbing', environment and morphology? In Arboreal Locomotor Adaptation in Primates and its Relevance to Human Evolution (eds Okada M, Preuschoft H). Z. Morph. Anthropol. 89, 171-188.
    • (2002) Z. Morph. Anthropol. , vol.89 , pp. 171-188
    • Preuschoft, H.1
  • 69
    • 2942702479 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Warum wurden die Vormenschen zu Zweibeinern?
    • Teil
    • Preuschoft H (2003) Warum wurden die Vormenschen zu Zweibeinern? Zbl. Geol. Paläont., Tell II (1/2), 1-20.
    • (2003) Zbl. Geol. Paläont. , vol.2 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 1-20
    • Preuschoft, H.1
  • 70
    • 0242662542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of three-dimensional movements of the forelimb on the shape of the thorax and its importance for erect body posture
    • Preuschoft H, Schmidt M, Hayama S, Okada M (2003) The influence of three-dimensional movements of the forelimb on the shape of the thorax and its importance for erect body posture. Cour. Forsch.-Inst. Senckenberg 243, 9-24.
    • (2003) Cour. Forsch.-Inst. Senckenberg , vol.243 , pp. 9-24
    • Preuschoft, H.1    Schmidt, M.2    Hayama, S.3    Okada, M.4
  • 71
    • 0034704764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence that humans evolved from a knuckle-walking ancestor
    • Richmond BG, Strait DS (2000) Evidence that humans evolved from a knuckle-walking ancestor. Nature 404, 382-384.
    • (2000) Nature , vol.404 , pp. 382-384
    • Richmond, B.G.1    Strait, D.S.2
  • 72
    • 0037830613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Origin of human bipedalism: The knuckle-walking hypothesis revisited
    • Richmond BG (2001) Origin of human bipedalism: the knuckle-walking hypothesis revisited. Yearb. Phys. Anthropol. 70-105.
    • (2001) Yearb. Phys. Anthropol. , pp. 70-105
    • Richmond, B.G.1
  • 74
    • 0002232213 scopus 로고
    • Positional behavior of natural populations: Some quantitative results of a field study of Colobus guereza and Cercopithecus aethiops
    • (eds Morbeck ME, Preuschoft H, Gomberg N), New York: G Fischer
    • Rose M (1979) Positional behavior of natural populations: Some quantitative results of a field study of Colobus guereza and Cercopithecus aethiops. In Environment, Behavior, and Morphology. Dynamic Interaction in Primates (eds Morbeck ME, Preuschoft H, Gomberg N), pp. 75-94. New York: G Fischer.
    • (1979) Environment, Behavior, and Morphology. Dynamic Interaction in Primates , pp. 75-94
    • Rose, M.1
  • 75
    • 0028285212 scopus 로고
    • Locomotion in captive Leontocebus and Callimico: A multimedia study
    • Rosenberger AL, Stafford BJ (1994) Locomotion in captive Leontocebus and Callimico: a multimedia study. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 94, 379-394.
    • (1994) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.94 , pp. 379-394
    • Rosenberger, A.L.1    Stafford, B.J.2
  • 76
    • 0004770279 scopus 로고
    • Eine Rekonstruktion des Skelettes von A.L. 288-1 (Hadar) und deren Konsequenzen
    • Schmid P (1983) Eine Rekonstruktion des Skelettes von A.L. 288-1 (Hadar) und deren Konsequenzen. Folia Primatol. 40, 283-306.
    • (1983) Folia Primatol. , vol.40 , pp. 283-306
    • Schmid, P.1
  • 77
    • 0001900354 scopus 로고
    • The trunk of the australopithecines
    • (eds Coppens Y, Senut B), Paris: Editions du CNRS
    • Schmid P (1991) The trunk of the australopithecines. In Origine(s) des la Bipédie Chez les Hominidés (eds Coppens Y, Senut B), pp. 225-234. Paris: Editions du CNRS.
    • (1991) Origine(s) des la Bipédie Chez les Hominidés , pp. 225-234
    • Schmid, P.1
  • 78
    • 0033950577 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cineradiographic study of forelimb movements during quadrupedal walking in the Brown Lemur (Eulemur fulvus, Primates: Lemuridae)
    • Schmidt M, Fischer MS (2000) Cineradiographic study of forelimb movements during quadrupedal walking in the Brown Lemur (Eulemur fulvus, Primates: Lemuridae). Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 111, 245-262.
    • (2000) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.111 , pp. 245-262
    • Schmidt, M.1    Fischer, M.S.2
  • 79
    • 0036514077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shoulder movement during quadrupedal locomotion in arboreal primates
    • Schmidt M, Voges D, Fischer MS (2002) Shoulder movement during quadrupedal locomotion in arboreal primates. Z. Morph. Anthropol. 83, 235-242.
    • (2002) Z. Morph. Anthropol. , vol.83 , pp. 235-242
    • Schmidt, M.1    Voges, D.2    Fischer, M.S.3
  • 80
    • 0000972608 scopus 로고
    • Post embryonic age changes
    • (eds Hofer H, Schultz AH, Starck D), Basel: S. Karger
    • Schultz AH (1956) Post embryonic age changes. In Primatologia, Handbuch der Primatenkunde I (eds Hofer H, Schultz AH, Starck D), pp. 887-964. Basel: S. Karger.
    • (1956) Primatologia, Handbuch Der Primatenkunde , vol.1 , pp. 887-964
    • Schultz, A.H.1
  • 81
    • 0002581817 scopus 로고
    • Vertebral column and thorax
    • (eds Hofer H, Schultz AH, Starck D), Basel: S. Karger
    • Schultz AH (1961) Vertebral column and thorax. In Primatologia, Handbuch der Primatenkunde, IV (eds Hofer H, Schultz AH, Starck D), pp. 5/1-5/66. Basel: S. Karger.
    • (1961) Primatologia, Handbuch Der Primatenkunde , vol.4
    • Schultz, A.H.1
  • 82
    • 2942748044 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating alternative gait strategies using evolutionary robotics
    • Sellers WI, Dennis LA, Wang WJ, Crompton RH (2004) Evaluating alternative gait strategies using evolutionary robotics. J. Anat. 204, 343-351.
    • (2004) J. Anat. , vol.204 , pp. 343-351
    • Sellers, W.I.1    Dennis, L.A.2    Wang, W.J.3    Crompton, R.H.4
  • 83
    • 0020966356 scopus 로고
    • The locomotor anatomy of Australopithecus afarensis
    • Stern JT, Susman RL (11983) The locomotor anatomy of Australopithecus afarensis. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 60, 279-317.
    • (1983) Am J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.60 , pp. 279-317
    • Stern, J.T.1    Susman, R.L.2
  • 86
    • 84996105873 scopus 로고
    • New postcranial remains from Swartkrans and their bearing on the fuctional morphology and behaviour of Paranthropus robustus
    • (ed. Grine FE), New York: Aldine de Gruyter
    • Susman RL (1988) New postcranial remains from Swartkrans and their bearing on the fuctional morphology and behaviour of Paranthropus robustus. In Evolutionary History of the Robust Austrlopithecines (ed. Grine FE), pp. 149-172. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
    • (1988) Evolutionary History of the Robust Austrlopithecines , pp. 149-172
    • Susman, R.L.1
  • 87
    • 2942721133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bipedal behaviour in captive Chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes
    • (eds Harcourt CS, Sherwood B), Location: Westbury Publishing
    • Thorpe SKS, Crompton RH, Chamberlain AT (2003) Bipedal behaviour in captive Chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes. In New Perspectives in Primate Evolution and Behaviour (eds Harcourt CS, Sherwood B), pp. 235-252. Location: Westbury Publishing.
    • (2003) New Perspectives in Primate Evolution and Behaviour , pp. 235-252
    • Thorpe, S.K.S.1    Crompton, R.H.2    Chamberlain, A.T.3
  • 88
    • 84981807505 scopus 로고
    • Knuckle-walking and the evolution of hominoid hands
    • Tuttle RH (1967) Knuckle-walking and the evolution of hominoid hands. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 26, 171-206.
    • (1967) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.26 , pp. 171-206
    • Tuttle, R.H.1
  • 89
    • 0020961172 scopus 로고
    • Gait characteristics of two macaques with emphasis on relationship with speed
    • Vilensky JA (1983) Gait characteristics of two macaques with emphasis on relationship with speed. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 61, 255-265.
    • (1983) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.61 , pp. 255-265
    • Vilensky, J.A.1
  • 90
    • 0024834317 scopus 로고
    • Primate quadrupedalism: How and why does it differ from that of typical quadrupeds?
    • Vilensky JA (1989) Primate quadrupedalism: how and why does it differ from that of typical quadrupeds? Brain Behav. Evol. 34, 357-364.
    • (1989) Brain Behav. Evol. , vol.34 , pp. 357-364
    • Vilensky, J.A.1
  • 91
    • 0028250230 scopus 로고
    • Squirrel monkey locomotion on an inclined treadmill: Implications for the evolution of gaits
    • Vilensky JA, Moore AM, Libii JN (1994) Squirrel monkey locomotion on an inclined treadmill: implications for the evolution of gaits. J. Hum. Evol. 26, 375-386.
    • (1994) J. Hum. Evol. , vol.26 , pp. 375-386
    • Vilensky, J.A.1    Moore, A.M.2    Libii, J.N.3
  • 92
    • 2942724812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Roentgenkinematographische Untersuchungen der Lokomotion von Saguinus oedipus
    • (Linné, 1758) (Callithrichidae, Primates). PhD thesis, University of Jena
    • Voges D (1999) Roentgenkinematographische Untersuchungen der Lokomotion von Saguinus oedipus (Linné, 1758) (Callithrichidae, Primates). PhD thesis, University of Jena.
    • (1999)
    • Voges, D.1
  • 93
    • 0037827112 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The mechanics of bipedalism in relation to load-carrying. Biomechanical optima in hominind evolution
    • PhD Thesis, University of Liverpool
    • Wang WJ (1999) The mechanics of bipedalism in relation to load-carrying. Biomechanical optima in hominind evolution. PhD Thesis, University of Liverpool.
    • (1999)
    • Wang, W.J.1
  • 94
    • 0037303523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimum ratio of upper to lower limb lengths under the assumptions of frequency coordination and hand-carrying of a load
    • Wang WJ, Crompton RH, Li Y, Günther MM (2002) Optimum ratio of upper to lower limb lengths under the assumptions of frequency coordination and hand-carrying of a load. J. Biomech. 36, 249-252.
    • (2002) J. Biomech. , vol.36 , pp. 249-252
    • Wang, W.J.1    Crompton, R.H.2    Li, Y.3    Günther, M.M.4
  • 95
    • 0042625008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Size and power required for motion with implications for the evolution of early hominids
    • Wang WJ, Crompton RH (2003) Size and power required for motion with implications for the evolution of early hominids. J. Biomech. 36, 1237-1246.
    • (2003) J. Biomech. , vol.36 , pp. 1237-1246
    • Wang, W.J.1    Crompton, R.H.2
  • 96
    • 0037930526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Energy transformation during erect and bent-hip-bent-knee walking by humans with implications for the evolution of bipedalism
    • Wang WJ, Crompton RH, Li Y, Günther MM (2003) Energy transformation during erect and bent-hip-bent-knee walking by humans with implications for the evolution of bipedalism. J. Hum. Evol. 44, 563-580.
    • (2003) J. Hum. Evol. , vol.44 , pp. 563-580
    • Wang, W.J.1    Crompton, R.H.2    Li, Y.3    Günther, M.M.4
  • 97
    • 2942746164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of load-carrying in the evolution of modern body proportions
    • Wang WJ, Crompton RH (2004) The role of load-carrying in the evolution of modern body proportions. J. Anat. 204, 417-430.
    • (2004) J. Anat. , vol.204 , pp. 417-430
    • Wang, W.J.1    Crompton, R.H.2
  • 98
    • 0022003408 scopus 로고
    • The loss of functional body hair in man: The influence of thermal environment, body form and bipedality
    • Wheeler PE (1985) The loss of functional body hair in man: the influence of thermal environment, body form and bipedality. J. Hum. Evol. 14, 23-28.
    • (1985) J. Hum. Evol. , vol.14 , pp. 23-28
    • Wheeler, P.E.1
  • 99
    • 0026266520 scopus 로고
    • The thermoregulatory advantages of hominid bipedalism in open equatorial environments: The contribution of increased convective heat loss and cutaneous evaporative cooling
    • Wheeler PE (1991a) The thermoregulatory advantages of hominid bipedalism in open equatorial environments: the contribution of increased convective heat loss and cutaneous evaporative cooling. J. Hum. Evol. 21, 117-136.
    • (1991) J. Hum. Evol. , vol.21 , pp. 117-136
    • Wheeler, P.E.1
  • 100
    • 2942756322 scopus 로고
    • Body hair reduction and tract orientation in man: Hydrodynamics or thermoregulatory aerodynamics?
    • (eds Roede M, Wind J, Patrick J, Reynolds V), London: Souvenir Press
    • Wheeler PE (1991b) Body hair reduction and tract orientation in man: Hydrodynamics or thermoregulatory aerodynamics? In The Aquatic Ape, Fact or Fiction (eds Roede M, Wind J, Patrick J, Reynolds V), pp. 221-236. London: Souvenir Press.
    • (1991) The Aquatic Ape, Fact or Fiction , pp. 221-236
    • Wheeler, P.E.1
  • 101
    • 0025986211 scopus 로고
    • Human body proportions explained on the basis of biomechanical principles
    • Witte H, Preuschoft H, Recknagel S (1991) Human body proportions explained on the basis of biomechanical principles. Z. Morph. Anthropol. 78, 407-423.
    • (1991) Z. Morph. Anthropol. , vol.78 , pp. 407-423
    • Witte, H.1    Preuschoft, H.2    Recknagel, S.3
  • 102
    • 0030880976 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is elastic energy storage of quantitative relevance for the functional morphology of the human locomotor apparatus?
    • Witte H, Recknagel S, Lesch C, Rao JG, Preuschoft H (1997) Is elastic energy storage of quantitative relevance for the functional morphology of the human locomotor apparatus? Acta Ana t. 158, 106-111.
    • (1997) Acta Ana T. , vol.158 , pp. 106-111
    • Witte, H.1    Recknagel, S.2    Lesch, C.3    Rao, J.G.4    Preuschoft, H.5
  • 103
    • 0036514039 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The importance of the evolutionary heritage of locomotion on flat ground in small mammals for the development of arboreality
    • Witte H, Preuschoft H, Fischer M (2002) The importance of the evolutionary heritage of locomotion on flat ground in small mammals for the development of arboreality. Z. Morph. Anthropol. 83, 221-233.
    • (2002) Z. Morph. Anthropol. , vol.83 , pp. 221-233
    • Witte, H.1    Preuschoft, H.2    Fischer, M.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.