Systematics and biogeography of the widespread Neotropical gekkonid genus Thecadactylus (Squamata), with the description of a new cryptic species

Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society

Volumn 149, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 339-370

  Bergmann, Philip J ^a,b   Russell, Anthony P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS   (United States)

Author keywords

Bayesian inference; Gekkonidae; Maximum parsimony; Phylogenetics; Total evidence

Indexed keywords

GEKKONIDAE; SQUAMATA; THECADACTYLUS; THECADACTYLUS RAPICAUDA;

EID: 33847404359     PISSN: 00244082     EISSN: 10963642     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00251.x     Document Type: Article

References (183)

1. Abdala V. 1996. Osteologia cranial y relaciones de los geconinos sudamericanos (Reptilia: Gekkonidae). Revista Espaniola de Herpetología 10: 41-54.
2. Abdala V, Moro S. 1996. Cranial musculature of South American Gekkonidae. Journal of Morphology 229: 59-70.
3. Altekar G, Dwarkadas S, Huelsenbeck JP, Ronquist F. 2004. Parallel Metropolis-coupled Markov Chain Monte Carlo for Bayesian phylogenetic inference. Bioinformatics 20: 407-415.
4. Archie JW. 1985. Methods for coding variable morphological features for numerical taxonomic analyses. Systematic Zoology 34: 326-345.
5. Avila-Pires TCS. 1995. Lizards of Brazilian Amazonia (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden 299: 1-706.
6. Avise JC, Arnold J, Ball RM, Bermingham E, Lamb T, Neigel JE, Reeb CA, Saunders NC. 1987. Intraspecific phylogeography: The mitochondrial DNA bridge between population genetics and systematics. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 18: 489-522.
7. Bauer AM. 1990a. Phylogenetic systematics and biogeography of the Carphodactylini (Reptilia: Gekkonidae). Bonner Zoologische Monographien 30: 1-217.
8. Bauer AM. 1990b. Phylogeny and biogeography of the geckos of southern Africa and the islands of the western Indian Ocean: A preliminary analysis. In: Peters G, Hutterer R, eds. Vertebrates in the Tropics. Bonn: Zoologisches Forschungsinstitut und Museum A. Koenig, 275-283.
9. Bauer AM, Good DA, Branch WR. 1997. The taxonomy of the southern African leaf-toed geckos (Squamata: Gekkonidae), with a review of Old World 'Phyllodactylus' and the description of five new genera. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 49: 447-497.
10. Bauer AM, Jones JPG, Sadlier RA. 2000. A new high-elevation Bavayia (Reptilia: Squamata: Diplodactylidae) from Northeastern New Caledonia. Pacific Science 54: 63-69.
11. Bauer AM, Russell AP. 1989. A systematic review of the genus Uroplatus (Reptilia: Gekkonidae), with comments on its biology. Journal of Natural History 23: 169-203.
12. Bauer AM, Whitaker AH, Sadlier RA. 1998. Two new species of the genus Bavayia (Reptilia: Squamata: Diplodactylidae) from New Caledonia, Southwest Pacific. Pacific Science 52: 342-355.
13. Beebe W. 1944. Field notes on the lizards of Kartabo, British Guiana, and Caripito. Venezuela. Part 1. Gekkonidae. Zoologica (NY) 29: 145-160, 6 plates.
14. Bergmann PJ, Russell AP. 2001. Growth of the original tail in Anolis grahami: isometry of the whole is a product of regional differences. Journal of Herpetology 35: 232-238.
15. Bergmann PJ, Russell AP. 2002. Patterns of hindlimb segment growth in various lizards and their relation to lizard ecology. American Zoologist 41: 1390-1391.
16. Bergmann PJ, Russell AP. 2003. Lamellar and scansor numbers in lizards: patterns revealed through correlational analysis. Amphibia- Reptilia 24: 379-385.
17. Beuttell K, Losos JB. 1999. Ecological morphology of Caribbean anoles. Herpetological Monographs 13: 1-28.
18. Branch WR, Bauer AM, Good DA. 1996. A review of the Namaqua gecko, Pachydactylus namaquensis (Reptilia: Gekkonidae) from southern Africa, with the description of two new species. South African Journal of Zoology 31: 53-69.
19. Breuil M. 2002. Histoire Naturelle des Amphibiens et Reptiles Terrestres de l'Archipel Guadeloupéen. Guadeloupe, Saint-Martin, Saint-Barthélemy. Patrimoines Naturels 54: 1-339.
20. Breuil M, Masson D. 1991. Quelques remarques sur la biogeographie des chauves-souris des Petites Antilles. Compte Rendu des Seances de la Societe de Biogeographie 67: 25-39.
21. Burnaby TP. 1966. Growth-invariant discriminant functions and generalized distances. Biometrics 22: 96-110.
22. Burns KJ. 1997. Molecular systematics of tanagers (Thraupinae): evolution and biogeography of a diverse radiation of neotropical birds. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 8: 334-348.
23. Burt CE, Myers GS. 1942. Neotropical lizards in the collection of the Natural History Museum of Stanford University. Stanford University. Publications. University Series. Biological Sciences 2: 1-52.
24. Cabrero-Sanudo FJ, Zardoya R. 2004. Phylogenetic relationships of Iberian Aphodiini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeldae) based on morphological and molecular data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 31: 1084-1100.
25. Chappill JA. 1989. Quantitative characters in phylogenetic analysis. Cladistics 5: 217-234.
26. Couper PJ, Covacevich JA, Moritz C. 1993. A review of the leaf-tailed geckos endemic to eastern Australia: a new genus, four new species, and other new data. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 34: 95-124.
27. Cracraft J. 1983. Species concepts and speciation analysis. Current Ornithology 1: 159-187.
28. Crochet P-A, Geniez P, Ineich I. 2003. A multivariate analysis of the fringe-toed lizards of the Acanthodactylus scutellatus group (Squamata: Lacertidae): systematic and biogeographical implications. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 137: 117-155.
29. Daudin FM. 1802. Histoire Naturelle Générale et Particulière des Reptiles; Ouvrage Faisant Suite À l'Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière, Composée par Leclerc de Buffon, et Rédigée par C.S. Sonnini, Membre de Plusiers Sociétés Savantes. Tome 4. F. Dufart, Paris.
30. Donoghue MJ. 1985. A critique of the biological species concept and recommendations for a phylogenetic alternative. Bryologist 88: 172-181.
31. Dowling HG, Majupuria TC, Gibson FW. 1971. The hemipenis of the onion-tail gecko Thecadactylus rapicaudus (Huottuyn). Herpetological Review 3: 110.
32. Drovetski SV. 2002. Molecular phylogeny of grouse: individual and combined performance of W-linked, autosomal, and mitochondrial loci. Systematic Biology 51: 930-954.
33. Duellman WE. 1970. Hylid Frogs of Middle America. Monograph of the Museum of Natural History, the University of Kansas 1: 1-753.
34. Duellman WE. 1987. Lizards in an Amazonian Rain Forest Community. Resource utilization and abundance. National Geographic Research 3: 489-500.
35. Duellman WE. 1988. Patterns of species diversity in anuran amphibians in the American tropics. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 75: 79-104.
36. Duellman WE. 2001. Hylid frogs of Middle America, 2nd edn. Ithaca, NY: SSAR.
37. Duellman WE, Pianka ER. 1990. Biogeography of nocturnal insectivores: historical events and ecological filters. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 21: 57-68.
38. Eernisse DJ, Kluge AG. 1993. Taxonomic congruence versus total evidence, and amniote phylogeny inferred from fossils, molecules, and morphology. Molecular Biology and Evolution 10: 1170-1195.
39. Efron B, Halloran E, Holmes S. 1996. Bootstrap confidence levels for phylogenetic trees. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 93: 7085-7090.
40. Engstrom TN, Shaffer HB, McCord WP. 2004. Multiple data sets, high homoplasy, and the phylogeny of softshell turtles (Testudines: Trionychidae). Systematic Biology 53: 693-710.
41. Erixon P, Svernblad B, Britton T, Oxelman B. 2003. Reliability of Bayesian posterior probabilities and bootstrap frequencies in phylogenetics. Systematic Biology 52: 665-673.
42. Etheridge R. 1964. Late Pleistocene lizards from Barbuda, British West Indies. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum 9: 43-75.
43. Felsenstein J. 1985. Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 39: 783-791.
44. Felsenstein J, Kishino H. 1993. Is there something wrong with the bootstrap on phylogenies? A reply to Hillis and Bull. Systematic Biology 42: 193-200.
45. Fitch HS. 1976. Sexual size differences in the mainland anoles. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History, The University of Kansas 50: 1-21.
46. Fitch HS. 1981. Sexual size differences in reptiles. Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas 70: 1-72.
47. Glenner H, Hansen AJ, Sorensen MV, Ronquist F, Huelsenbeck JP, Willerslev E. 2004. Bayesian inference of the metazoan phylogeny: a combined molecular and morphological approach. Current Biology 14: 1644-1649.
48. Guyer C, Savage JM. 1986. Cladistic relationships among anoles (Sauria: Iguanidae). Systematic Zoology 35: 509-531.
49. Hall JPW, Harvey DJ. 2002. The phylogeography of Amazonia butterflies revisted: new evidence from riodinid butterflies. Evolution 56: 1489-1497.
50. Han D, Zhou K, Bauer AM. 2004. Phylogenetic relationships among gekkotan lizards inferred from C-mos nuclear DNA sequences and a new classification of the Gekkota. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 83: 353-368.
51. Hass CA. 1991. Evolution and biogeography of West Indian Sphaerodactylus (Sauria: Gekkonidae): a molecular approach. Journal of Zoology, London 225: 525-561.
52. Hass CA, Hedges SB. 1991. Albumin evolution in West Indian frogs of the genus Eleutherodactylus (Leptodactylidae): Caribbean biogeography and a calibration of the albumin immunological clock. Journal of Zoology, London 225: 413-426.
53. Hayek L-AC, Heyer WR, Gascon C. 2001. Frog morphometrics: a cautionary tale. Alytes 18: 153-177.
54. Hedges SB. 1992. The number of replications needed for accurate estimation of the bootstrap P value in phylogenetic studies. Molecular Biology and Evolution 9: 366-369.
55. Hedges SB. 1996a. Historical biogeography of West Indian vertebrates. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 27: 163-196.
56. Hedges SB. 1996b. The origin of West Indian amphibians and reptiles. In: Powell R, Henderson RW, eds. Contributions to West Indian herpetology: a tribute to Albert Schwartz. Ithaca, NY: SSAR, 95-128.
57. Hedges SB. 1996c. Vicariance and dispersal in Caribbean biogeography. Herpetologica 52: 466-473.
58. Hedges SB, Hass CA, Maxson LR. 1992. Caribbean biogeography: molecular evidence for dispersal in West Indian terrestrial vertebrates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 89: 1909-1913.
59. Henkel F-W, Schmidt W. 1995. Geckoes: biology, husbandry, and reproduction. Malabar: Krieger Publishing Co.
60. Hennig W. 1966. Phylogenetic systematics. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
61. Hillis DM. 1987. Molecular versus morphological approaches to systematics. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 18: 23-42.
62. Hillis DM. 1991. Discriminating between phylogenetic signal and random noise in DNA sequences. In: Miyamoto MM, Cracraft J, eds. Phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 278-294.
63. Hillis DM, Bull JJ. 1993. An empirical test of bootstrapping as a method for assessing confidence in phylogenetic analysis. Systematic Biology 42: 182-192.
64. Hillis DM, Huelsenbeck JP. 1992. Signal, noise, and reliability in molecular phylogenetic analyses. Journal of Heredity 83: 189-195.
65. Hillis DM, Pollock DD, McGuire JA, Zwickl DJ. 2003. Is sparse taxon sampling a problem for phylogenetic inference? Systematic Biology 52: 124-126.
66. Hoogmoed MS. 1973. Notes on the herpetofauna of Surinam IV. The Lizards and Amphisbaenians of Surinam. Biogeographica 4: v+419 pp.
67. Houttuyn M. 1782. Het onderscheid der salamanderen van de haagdissen in 't algemeen, en van de gekkos in 't byzonder aangetoond. Verhandelingen Uitgegeven door het. Zeeuwsch Genootschap der Wetenschappen Te Vlissingen, Series 1 9: 305-336.
68. Huelsenbeck JP, Ronquist F. 2001. MRBAYES: Bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees. Bioinformatics 17: 754-755.
69. Huelsenbeck JP, Ronquist F, Nielsen R, Bollback JP. 2001. Bayesian inference of phylogeny and its impact on evolutionary biology. Science 294: 2310-2314.
70. ICZN. 1999. International code of zoological nomenclature, 4th edn. London: ICZN.
71. Irschick DJ, Jayne BC. 1998. Effects of incline on speed, acceleration, body posture and hindlimb kinematics in two species of lizard Callisaurus draconoides and Uma scoparia. Journal of Experimental Biology 201: 273-287.
72. Irschick DJ, Vitt LJ, Zani PA, Losos JB. 1997. A comparison of evolutionary radiations in mainland and Caribbean Anolis lizards. Ecology 78: 2191-2203.
73. Jones TR, Kluge AG, Wolf AJ. 1993. When theories and methodologies clash: a phylogenetic reanalysis of the North American Ambystomatid salamanders (Caudata: Ambystomatidae). Systematic Biology 42: 92-102.
74. Kaiser H. 1996. Systematics and biogeography of Eastern Caribbean Eleutherodactylus (Anura: Leptodactylidae): Consensus from a multidisciplinary approach. In: Powell R, Henderson RW, eds. Contributions to West Indian herpetology: a tribute to Albert Schwartz. Ithaca, NY: SSAR. 129-140.
75. Kaiser H, Green DM, Schmid M. 1994. Systematics and biogeography of Eastern Caribbean frogs (Leptodactylidae: Eleutherodactylus), with the description of a new species from Dominica. Canadian Journal of Zoology 72: 2217-2237.
76. Källersjö M, Farris JS, Kluge AG, Bult C. 1992. Skewness and permutation. Cladistics 8: 275-287.
77. King W. 1962. Systematics of Lesser Antillean lizards of the genus Sphaerodactylus. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum 7: 1-52.
78. Klautau M, Russo CAM, Lazoski C, Boury-Esnault N, Thorpe JP, Solé-Cava AM. 1999. Does cosmopolitanism result from overconservative systematics? A case study using the marine sponge Chondrilla nucula. Evolution 53: 1414-1422.
79. Klein NK, Brown WM. 1994. Intraspecific molecular phylogeny in the yellow warbler (Dendroica petechia), and implications for avian biogeography in the West Indies. Evolution 48: 1914-1932.
80. Kluge AG. 1967. Systematics, phylogeny, and zoogeography of the lizard genus Diplodactylus Gray (Gekkonidae). Australian Journal of Zoology 15: 1007-1108.
81. Kluge AG. 1982. Cloacal bones and sacs as evidence of Gekkonid lizard relationships. Herpetologica 38: 348-355.
82. Kluge AG. 1983. Cladistic relationships among gekkonid lizards. Copeia 1983: 465-475.
83. Kluge AG. 1987. Cladistic relationships in the Gekkonoidea (Squamata, Sauria). Miscellaneous Publications of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan 173: 1-54.
84. Kluge AG. 1989. A concern for evidence and a phylogenetic hypothesis of relationships among Epicrates (Boidae, Serpentes). Systematic Zoology 38: 7-25.
85. Kluge AG. 2001. Gekkotan lizard taxonomy. Hamadryad 26: 1-209.
86. Kohlsdorf T, Garland T, Jr, Navas CA. 2001. Limb and tail lengths in relation to substrate usage in Tropidurus lizards. Journal of Morphology 248: 151-164.
87. Kronauer DJC, Bergmann PJ, Mercer JM, Russell AP. 2005. A phylogeographically distinct and deep divergence in the widespread Neotropical turnip-tailed gecko, Thecadactylus rapicauda. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 34: 431-437.
88. Kumazawa Y, Nishida M. 1999. Complete mitochondrial DNA sequences of the green turtle and the blue-tailed mole skink: statistical evidence for archosaurian affinities of turtles. Molecular Biology and Evolution 16: 784-792.
89. Lamb T, Bauer AM. 2002. Phylogenetic relationships of the large-bodied members of the African lizard genus Pachydactylus (Reptilia: Gekkonidae). Copeia 2002: 586-596.
90. Lessios HA, Kessing BD, Robertson DR, Paulay G. 1999. Phylogeography of the pantropical sea urchin Eucidaris in relation to land barriers and ocean currents. Evolution 53: 806-817.
91. Leviton AE, Gibbs RH, Jr, Heal E, Dawson CE. 1985. Standards in herpetology and ichthyology. Part I: Standard symbolic codes for institutional resource collections in herpetology and ichthyology. Copeia 1985: 802-832.
92. Lewis PO. 2001a. A likelihood approach to estimating phylogeny from discrete morphological character data. Systematic Biology 50: 913-925.
93. Lewis PO. 2001b. Phylogenetic systematics turns over a new leaf. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 16: 30-37.
94. Losos JB. 1990a. Ecomorphology, performance capability, and scaling of West Indian Anolis lizards: an evolutionary analysis. Ecological Monographs 60: 369-388.
95. Losos JB. 1990b. The evolution of form and function: morphology and locomotor performance in West Indian Anolis lizards. Evolution 44: 1189-1203.
96. Luja VH, Calderon-Mandujano R. 2005. Geographic distribution: Thecadactylus rapicaudus. Herpetological Review 36: 80-81.
97. Maddison WP. 1993. Missing data versus missing characters in phylogenetic analysis. Systematic Biology 42: 576-581.
98. Maddison WP, Donoghue MJ, Maddison DR. 1984. Outgroup analysis and parsimony. Systematic Zoology 33: 83-103.
99. Mallet J. 1995. A species definition for the Modern Synthesis. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 10: 294-299.
100. Mau B, Newton MA. 1997. Phylogenetic inference for binary data on dendrograms using Markov chain Monte Carlo. Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics 6: 122- 131.
101. Mayr E. 1942. Systematics and the origin of species. New York: Columbia University Press.
102. Mishler BD. 1985. The morphological, developmental, and phylogenetic basis of species concepts in bryophytes. Bryologist 88: 207-214.
103. Mishler BD, Theriot EC. 2000. The phylogenetic species concept (sensu Mishler and Theriot): monophyly, apomorphy, and phylogenetic species concepts. In: Wheeler QD, Meier R, eds. Species concepts and phylogenetic theory: a debate. New York: Columbia University Press, 44-54.
104. Moody S. 1984. Standardized length measurements and scale counts for lizards: New and improved methods for systematic and population studies. In: Program and Abstracts of the 64th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, Norman, Oklahoma. American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, 160.
105. Morales VR, McDiarmid RW. 1996. Annotated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of Pakitza, Manu National Park Reserve Zone, with comments on the herpetofauna of Madre de Dios, Peru. In: Wilson, DE, Sandoval A, eds. Manu, the biodiversity of southeastern Peru. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institute Press, 503-522.
106. Morando M, Avila LJ, Sites JW Jr. 2003. Sampling strategies for delimiting species: Genes, individuals, and populations in the Liolaemus elongates-kriegi complex (Squamata: Liolaemidae) in Andean-Patagonian South America. Systematic Biology 52: 159-185.
107. Murphy WJ, Collier GE. 1996. Phylogenetic relationships within the aplocheiloid fish genus Rivulus (Cyprinodontiformes, Rivulidae): implications for Caribbean and Central American biogeography. Molecular Biology and Evolution 13: 642-649.
108. Murphy WJ, Eizirik E, O'Brien SJ, Madsen O, Scally M, Douady CJ, Teeling E, Ryder OA, Stanhope MJ, de Jong WW, Springer MS. 2001. Resolution of the early placental mammal radiation using Bayesian phylogenetics. Science 294: 2348-2351.
109. Nei M, Kumar S. 2000. Molecular evolution and phylogenetics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
110. Nichols R. 2001. Gene trees and species trees are not the same. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 16: 358-364.
111. Nixon KC, Carpenter JM. 1993. On outgroups. Cladistics 9: 413-426.
112. Nussbaum RA, Raxworthy CJ. 1998. Revision of the genus Ebenavia Boettger (Reptilia: Squamata: Gekkonidae). Herpetologica 54: 18-34.
113. Nylander JAA, Ronquist F, Huelsenbeck JP, Nieves-Aldrey JL. 2004. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of combined data. Systematic Biology 53: 47-67.
114. Panchen AL. 1992. Classification, evolution, and the nature of biology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
115. Parsons S, Jones G. 2000. Acoustic identification of twelve species of echolocating bat by discriminant function analysis and artificial neural networks. Journal of Experimental Biology 203: 2641-2656.
116. Paterson HEH. 1985. The recognition species concept of species. In: Vrba ES, ed. Species and speciation. Pretoria: Transvaal Museum, 21-29.
117. Peake TM, McGregor PK, Smith KW, Tyler G, Gilbert G, Green RE. 1998. Individuality in Corncrake Crex crex vocalization. Ibis 140: 120-127.
118. Peters JA. 1964. Dictionary of herpetology. New York: Hafner Publishing Co.
119. Pimentel RA. 1979. Morphometrics: the multivariate analysis of biology data. Dubuque: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Co.
120. Powell GL, Russell AP. 1992. Locomotor correlates of ecomorph designation in Anolis: an examination of three sympatric species from Jamaica. Canadian Journal of Zoology 70: 725-739.
121. Pregill GK, Olson SL. 1981. Zoogeography of West Indian vertebrates in relation to Pleistocene climatic cycles. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 12: 75-98.
122. Puorto G, da Graça Salomão M, Theakston RDG, Thorpe RS, Warrell DA, Wüster W. 2001. Combining mitochondrial DNA sequences and morphological data to infer species boundaries: Phylogeography of lanceheaded pitvipers in the Brazilian Atlantic forest, and the status of Bothrops pradoi (Squamata: Serpentes: Viperidae). Journal of Evolutionary Biology 14: 527-538.
123. de Queiroz K. 1998. The general lineage concept of species, species criteria, and the process of speciation. In: Howard DJ, Berlocher SH, eds. Species and speciation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 57-75.
124. Rannala B, Yang Z. 1996. Probability distribution of molecular evolutionary trees: a new method of phylogenetic inference. Journal of Molecular Evolution 43: 304-311.
125. Raxworthy CJ, Nussbaum RA. 1993. A new madagascan Phelsuma, with a review of Phelsuma trilineata and comments on Phelsuma cepediana in Madagascar (Squamata: Gekkonidae). Herpetologica 49: 342-349.
126. Rebbeck M, Corrick R, Eaglestone B, Stainton C. 2001. Recognition of individual European Nightjars Caprimulgus europaeus from their song. Ibis 143: 468-475.
127. Ricker WE. 1984. Computation and uses of central trend lines. Canadian Journal of Zoology 62: 1897-1905.
128. Ricklefs RE. 1993. The economy of nature, 3rd edn. New York: W.H. Freeman.
129. Ridley M. 1996. Evolution, 2nd edn. Oxford: Blackwell Science Inc.
130. Rohlf FJ, Bookstein FL. 1987. A comment on shearing as a method for 'size correction'. Systematic Zoology 36: 356-367.
131. Romer AS. 1956. The osteology of the reptiles. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
132. Ron SR. 2000. Biogeographic area relationships of lowland neotropical rainforest based on raw distributions of vertebrate groups. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 71: 379-402.
133. Rosen DE. 1976. A vicariance model of Caribbean biogeography. Systematic Zoology 24: 431-464.
134. Russell AP. 1972. The foot of gekkonid lizards: a study in comparative and functional anatomy. PhD Thesis, University of London.
135. Russell AP. 1975. A contribution to the functional analysis of the foot of the Tokay, Gekko gecko (Reptilia: Gekkonidae). Journal of Zoology, London 176: 437-476.
136. Russell AP. 1977. Comments concerning postcloacal bones in geckoes (Reptilia: Gekkonidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology 55: 1201-1205.
137. Russell AP. 1978. The status of the lizard genera Blaesodactylus Boettger and Homopholis Boulenger (Reptilia: Gekkonidae). Copeia 1978: 25-29.
138. Russell AP. 1981. Descriptive and functional anatomy of the digital vascular system of the Tokay, Gekko gecko. Journal of Morphology 169: 293-323.
139. Russell AP, Bauer AM. 1988. Paraphalangeal elements of gekkonid lizards: a comparative survey. Journal of Morphology 197: 221-240.
140. Russell AP, Bauer AM. 1990. Digit I in pad-bearing gekkonine geckos: alternate designs and the potential constraints of phalangeal number. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 29: 453-472.
141. Russell AP, Bauer AM. 2002a. Thecadactylus, T. tapicauda. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 753: 1-16.
142. Russell AP, Bauer AM. 2002b. Underwood's classification of the geckos: a 21st century appreciation. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum of London Zoology 68: 113-121.
143. Schluter D. 2000. The ecology of adaptive radiation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
144. Schulte IIJA, Macey JR, Espinoza RE, Larson A. 2000. Phylogenetic relationships in the iguanid lizard genus Liolaemus: multiple origins of viviparous reproduction and evidence for recurring Andean vicariance and dispersal. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 69: 75-102.
145. Schwartz A, Henderson RW. 1991. Amphibians and reptiles of the West Indies; descriptions, distributions, and natural history. Gainsville: University of Florida Press.
146. Scotland RW. 1996. Character coding. In: Forey PL, Humphries CJ, Kitching IL, Scotland RW, Siebert DJ, Williams DM, eds. Cladistics: a practical course in systematics. The Systematics Association Publication no. 10. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 14-21.
147. Seberg O. 2004. The future of systematics: assembling the tree of life. The Systematist 23: 2-8.
148. Siebert DJ. 1996. Tree statistics; trees and 'confidence'; consensus trees; alternatives to parsimony; character weighting; character conflict and its resolution. In: Forey PL, Humphries CJ, Kitching IL, Scotland RW, Siebert DJ, Williams DM, eds. Cladistics: a practical course in systematics. The Systematics Association Publication no. 10. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 72-88.
149. da Silva JMC, Oren DC. 1996. Application of parsimony analysis of endemicity in Amazonian biogeography: an example with primates. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 59: 427-437.
150. da Silva MNF, Patton JL. 1998. Molecular phylogeography and the evolution and conservation of Amazonian mammals. Molecular Ecology 7: 475-486.
151. Slade RW, Moritz C. 1998. Phylogeography of Bufo marinus from its natural and introduced ranges. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B 265: 769-777.
152. Slowinski JB. 1993. 'Unordered' versus 'ordered' characters. Systematic Biology 42: 155-165.
153. Snively E, Russell AP, Powell GL. 2004. Evolutionary morphology of the coelurosaurian arctometatarsus: descriptive, morphometric and phylogenetic approaches. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 142: 525-553.
154. Sokal RR, Crovello TJ. 1970. The biological species concept: a critical evaluation. American Naturalist 104: 127-153.
155. Sokal RR, Rohlf FJ. 1995. Biometry, 3rd edn. New York: W.H. Freeman.
156. Soltis PS, Soltis DE. 2003. Applying the bootstrap in phylogeny reconstruction. Statistical Science 18: 256-267.
157. Sorhannus U. 2001. A 'total evidence' analysis of the phylogenetic relationships among the photosynthetic Stramenopiles. Cladistics 17: 227-241.
158. Stehli FG, McAlester AL, Helsley CE. 1967. Taxonomic diversity of Recent bivalves and some implications for geology. Geological Society of America Bulletin 78: 455-465.
159. Swofford DL. 2002. PAUP*. phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (*and other methods), Version 4. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
160. Taylor DJ, Piel WH. 2004. An assessment of accuracy, error, and conflict with support values from genome-scale phylogenetic data. Molecular Biology and Evolution 21: 1534-1537.
161. Templeton AR. 2001. Using phylogenetic analyses of gene trees to test species status and processes. Molecular Ecology 10: 779-791.
162. Thiele K. 1993. The holy grail of the perfect character: the cladistic treatment of morphometric data. Cladistics 9: 275-304.
163. Underwood G. 1954. On the classification and evolution of geckos. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 124: 469-492.
164. Van Valen L. 1976. Ecological species, multispecies, and oaks. Taxon 25: 233-239.
165. Vanzolini PE. 1968. Geography of the South American Gekkonidae (Sauria). Arquivos de Zoologia 17: 85-112.
166. Vanzolini PE. 1981. A quasi-historical approach to the natural history of the differentiation of reptiles in tropical geographic isolates. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, Sao Paulo 34: 189-204.
167. Vieira GHC, Colli GR, Bao SN. 2005. Phylogenetic relationships of corytophanid lizards (Iguania, Squamata, Reptilia) based on partitioned and total evidence analyses of sperm morphology, gross morphology, and DNA data. Zoologica Scripta 34: 605-625.
168. Vitt LJ, Zani PA. 1997. Ecology of the nocturnal lizard Thecadactylus rapicauda (Sauria: Gekkonidae) in the Amazon region. Herpetologica 53: 165-179.
169. Vitt LJ, Zani PA. 1998. Ecological relationships among sympatric lizards in a transitional forest in the northern Amazon of Brazil. Journal of Tropical Ecology 14: 63-86.
170. Wellborn V. 1933. Vergleichende osteologische Untersuchungen an Geckoniden, Eublephariden und Uroplatiden. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin 1933: 126-199.
171. Wenzel JW, Siddall ME. 1999. Noise. Cladistics 15: 51-64.
172. Wheeler QD, Meier R. 2000. Species concepts and phylogenetic theory: a debate. New York: Columbia University Press.
173. Wiens JJ. 1995. Polymorphic characters in phylogenetic systematics. Systematic Biology 44: 482-500.
174. Wiens JJ. 2001. Character analysis in morphological phylogenetics. Problems and solutions. Systematic Biology 50: 689-699.
175. Wiens JJ, Penkrot TA. 2002. Delimiting species using DNA and morphological variation and discordant species limits in spiny lizards (Sceloporus). Systematic Biology 51: 69-91.
176. Wiens JJ, Reeder TW. 1997. Phylogeny of the spiny lizards (Sceloporus) based on molecular and morphological evidence. Herpetological Monographs 11: 1-101.
177. Wiley EO. 1981. Phylogenetics: the theory and practice of phylogenetic systematics. New York: Wiley Interscience.
178. Wilkinson L. 2001. Systat. Richmond, CA: Systat Software Inc.
179. Williams DM. 1996. DNA analysis: methods. In: Forey PL, Humphries CJ, Kitching IL, Scotland RW, Siebert DJ, Williams DM, eds. Cladistics: a practical course in systematics. The Systematics Association Publication no. 10. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 102-123.
180. Wilson EO, Brown WL Jr. 1953. The subspecies concept and its taxonomic application. Systematic Biology 2: 97-111.
181. Wilson LD, McCranie JR. 1998. The biogeography of the herpetofauna of the subhumid forests of Middle America (Isthmus of Tehuantepec to northwestern Costa Rica). Royal Ontario Museum Life Sciences Contributions 163: 1-46.
182. Zaaf A, Van Damme R. 2001. Limb proportions in climbing and ground-dwelling geckos (Lepidosauria, Gekkonidae): a phylogenetically informed analysis. Zoomorphology 121: 45-53.
183. Zamudio KR, Greene HW. 1997. Phylogeography of the bushmaster (Lachesis muta: Viperidae): implications for neotropical biogeography, systematics, and conservation. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 62: 421-442.