Historical biogeography of West Indian vertebrates

Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics

Volumn 27, Issue , 1996, Pages 163-196

  Hedges, S Blair ^a  

^a PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AVES; VERTEBRATA;

DISPERSAL; FOSSIL RECORD; PALAEOBIOGEOGRAPHY; PALAEOZOOGEOGRAPHY; VERTEBRATE; VERTEBRATE FAUNA; ZOOGEOGRAPHY;

CARIBBEAN SEA; CENTRAL AMERICA; NORTH AMERICA; SOUTH AMERICA; WEST INDIES;

EID: 0030304980     PISSN: 00664162     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.27.1.163     Document Type: Article

References (206)

1. Alvarez W, Smit J, Lowrie W, Asaro F, Margolis SV, et al. 1992. Proximal impact deposits at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in the Gulf of Mexico: a restudy of DSDP Leg 77 Sites 536 and 540. Geology 20:697-700
2. Arden DD. 1975. The geology of Jamaica and the Nicaraguan Rise. In Ocean Basins and Margins, Vol. 3, Gulf Coast, Mexico, and the Caribbean, ed. AEM Nairn, FG Stehli, pp. 617-61. New York: Plenum
3. Azzaroli A, ed. 1990. Biogeographical Aspects of Insularity. Rome: Accadem. Nazionale dei Lincei
4. Baker RJ, Genoways HH. 1978. Zoogeography of Antillean bats. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Spec. Publ. 13: 53-97
5. Barbour T. 1916. Some remarks upon Matthew's "Climate and Evolution." Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 27:1-15
6. Bezy RL. 1972. Karyotypic variation and evolution of the lizards in the family Xantusiidae. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Cty. Contr. Sci. 227:1-29
7. Biknevicius AR, McFarlane DA, MacPhee RDE. 1993. Body size in Amblyrhiza inundata (Rodentia: Caviomorpha), and extinct megafaunal rodent from the Anguilla Bank, West Indies: estimates and implications. Am. Mus. Novit. 3079:1-25
8. Bogart JP, Hedges SB. 1995. Rapid chromosome evolution in Jamaican frogs of the genus Eleutherodactylus (Leptodactylidae). J. Zool. 235:9-31
9. Böhme W. 1984. Erstfund eines fossilen Kugelfingergeckos (Sauria: Gekkonidae: Sphaerodactylinae) aus Dominikanischem Bernstein (Oligozän von Hispaniola, Antillen). Salamandra 20:212-20
10. Bond J. 1978. Derivations and continental affinities of Antillean birds. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Spec. Publ. 13:119-28
11. Bond J. 1979. Birds of the West Indies. London: Collins
12. Bouyesse P. 1984. The Lesser Antilles arc: structure and geodynamic evolution. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Vol. 78A, ed. B BijuDuval, et al, pp. 83-103. Washington, DC: US Govt. Printing Off.
13. Bouyesse P. 1988. Opening of the Grenada back-arc basin and evolution of the Caribbean during the Mesozoic and early Paleogene. Tectonophysics 149:121-43
14. Bowin C. 1975. The geology of Hispaniola. In Ocean Basins and Margins, Vol. 3, Gulf Coast, Mexico, and the Caribbean, ed. AEM Nairn, FG Stehli, pp. 501-22. New York: Plenum
15. Breuil M, Masson D. 1991. Some remarks on Lesser Antillean bat biogeography. CR Seances Soc. Biogeogr. 67:25-39
16. Briggs JC. 1984. Freshwater fishes and biogeography of Central America and the Antilles. Syst. Zool. 33:428-34
17. Burgess GH, Franz R. 1989. Zoogeography of the Antillean freshwater fish fauna. See Ref. 193, pp. 263-304
18. Burkov VA. 1993. General Circulation of the World Ocean. Rotterdam: AA Balkema
19. Burnell KL, Hedges SB. 1990. Relationships of West Indian Anolis (Sauria: Iguanidae): an approach using slow-evolving protein loci. Caribb. J. Sci. 26:7-30
20. Buskirk R. 1985. Zoogeographic patterns and tectonic history of Jamaica and the northern Caribbean. J. Biogeogr. 12:445-61
21. Butler PM. 1988. Phylogeny of the insectivores. In The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods, Volume II, ed. MJ Benton, pp. 117-41. Oxford: Clarendon
22. Cadle JS. 1984. Molecular systematics of neotropical xenodontide snakes. I. South American xenodontines. Herpetologica 40:8-20
23. Cadle JS. 1985. The Neotropical colubrid snake fauna (Serpentes: Colubridae): lineage components and biogeography. Syst. Zool. 34:1-20
24. Cadle JS. 1988. Phylogenetic relationships among advanced snakes: a molecular perspective. Univ. Calif. Berkeley Publ. Zool. 119:1-77
25. Cadle JS. 1992. Phylogenetic relationships among pitvipers: immunological evidence. In Biology of the Pitvipers, ed. JA Campbell, ED Brodie Jr, pp. 41-47. Tyler, TX: Selva
26. Cannatella DC, de Queiroz K. 1989. Phylogenetic systematics of the anoles: Is a new taxonomy warranted? Syst. Zool. 38:57-69
27. Cei JM. 1972. Bufo of South America. In Evolution in the Genus Bufo, ed. WF Blair, pp. 82-92. Austin, TX: Univ. Texas Press
28. Cockerell TDA. 1924. A fossil cichlid fish from the Republic of Haiti. Proc. US Nat. Mus. 63:1-3
29. Cole CJ, Gans C. 1987. Chromosomes of Bipes, Mesobaena, and other amphisbaeaians (Reptilia), with comments on their evolution. Am. Mus. Novit. 2869:1-9.
30. Comer JB. 1974. Genesis of Jamaican bauxite. Econ. Geol. 69:1251-64
31. Crother BI, Hillis DM. 1995. Nuclear ribosomal DNA restriction sites, phylogenetic information, and the phylogeny of some xenodontine (Colubridae) snakes. J. Herpetol. 29:316-20
32. Crother BI, Miyamoto MM, Presch WF. 1986. Phylogeny and biogeography of the lizard family Xantusiidae. Syst. Zool. 35:37-45
33. Darlington PJ, Jr. 1957. Zoogeography: The Geographical Distribution of Animals. New York: Wiley
34. Darwin C. 1859. The Origin of Species. London: John Murray
35. de Muizon C, McDonald HG. 1995. An aquatic sloth from the Pliocene of Peru. Nature 375:224-27
36. Dengo G, Case JE, ed. 1990. The Geology of North America. Vol. H. The Caribbean Region. Boulder, CO: Geol. Soc. Am.
37. Dessauer HC, Cadle JE, Lawson R. 1987. Patterns of snake evolution suggested by their proteins. Fieldiana Zool. 34:1-34
38. de Zoeten R, Mann P. 1991. Structural geology and Cenozoic tectonic history of the Central Cordillera Septentrional, Dominican Republic. Geol. Soc. Am., Spec. Pap. 262:265-79
39. Dietz RS, Holden JC, Sproll WP. 1970. Geotectonic evolution and subsidence of Bahama Platform. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 81:1915-28
40. Dolan J, Mann P, de Zoeten R, Heubeck C, Shiroma J, Monechi S. 1991. Sedimentologic, stratigraphic, and tectonic synthesis of Eocene-Miocene sedimentary basins, Hispaniola and Puerto Rico. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 262:217-63
41. Donnelly TW. 1989. History of marine barriers and terrestrial connections: Caribbean paleogeographic inference from pelagic sediment analysis. See Ref. 193, pp. 103-18
42. Donnelly TW. 1990. Caribbean biogeography: geological considerations bearing on the problem of vicariance vs. dispersal. See Ref. 3, pp. 595-609
43. Donovan SK, Jackson TA, ed. 1994. Caribbean Geology: An Introduction. Kingston, Jamaica: Univ. West Indies Publishers' Assoc.
44. Draper G, Barros JA. 1994. Cuba. See Ref. 43, pp. 65-86
45. Draper G, Mann P, Lewis JF. 1994. Hispaniola. See Ref. 43, pp. 129-50
46. Dunn ER. 1926. The frogs of Jamaica. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 38:11-130
47. Eberle W, Hirdes W, Muff R, Pelaez M. 1980. The geology of the Cordillera Septentrional. In Transactions of the Ninth Caribbean Geologic Conference, ed. Anonymous, pp. 619-32. Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic: Amigo del Hogar
48. Emanuel KA, Speer K, Rotunno R, Srivastava R, Molina M. 1994. Hypercanes: a possible link in global extinction scenarios. Eos 75 (44, suppl.):409 (Abstr.)
49. Erard C. 1991. Landbirds of the Lesser Antilles. CR Seances Soc. Biogeogr. 67:3-23
50. Estes R. 1976. Middle Paleocene lower vertebrates from the Tongue River Formation, southeastern Montana. J. Paleontol. 50:500:20
51. Faaborg J. 1985. Ecological constraints on West Indian bird distributions. Ornithol. Monogr. 35:621-53
52. Ford SM. 1990. Platyrrhine evolution in the West Indies. J. Hum. Evol. 19:237-54
53. Ford SM, Morgan GS. 1986. A new ceboid femur from the late Pleistocene of Jamaica. J. Vert. Paleontol. 6:281-89
54. Gardiner BG. 1993. Osteichthyes: basal actinopterygians. In The Fossil Record 2, ed MJ Benton, pp. 611-19. London: Chapman & Hall
55. Gorman GC, Atkins L. 1969. The zoogeography of Lesser Antillean Anolis lizards - an analysis based upon chromosomes and lactic dehydrogenases. Mus. Camp. Zool. (Harv. Univ.) Bull. 138:53-80
56. Gorman GC, Wilson AC, Nakanishi M. 1971. A biochemical approach towards the study of reptilian phylogeny: evolution of serum albumin and lactic dehydrogenase. Syst. Zool. 20:167-85
57. Graham A. 1993. Contribution toward a Tertiary palynostratigraphy for Jamaica: the status of Tertiary paleobotanical studies in northern Latin America and preliminary analysis of the Guy s Hill Member (Chapelton formation, Middle Eocene) of Jamaica. In Biostratigraphy of Jamaica, ed. RM Wright, E Robinson, pp. 443-61. Boulder, CO: Geol. Soc. Am.
58. Graham A, Jarzen DM. 1969. Studies in neotropical paleobatany. I. The Oligocene Communities of Puerto Rico. Ann. Mo. Bot. Garden 56:308-57
59. Griffiths TA, Klingener D. 1988. On the distribution of Greater Antillean bats. Biotropica 20:240-51
60. Grimaldi DA. 1988. Relicts in the Drosophilidae (Diptera). In Zoogeography of Caribbean Insects, ed. JK Liebherr, pp. 183-213. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press
61. Guppy HB. 1917. Plants, Seeds, and Currents in the West Indies and Azores. London: Williams & Norgate
62. Guyer C, Savage JM. 1986. Cladistic relationships among anoles (Sauria:Iguanidae). Syst. Zool. 35:509-31
63. Guyer C, Savage JM. 1992. Anole systematics revisited. Syst. Zool. 41:89-110
64. Hass CA. 1991. Evolution and biogeography of West Indian Sphaerodactylus (Sauna: Gekkonidae): a molecular approach. J. Zool. 225:525-61
65. Hass CA. 1996. Relationships among West Indian geckos of the genus Sphaerodactylus: a preliminary analysis of mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA sequences. See Ref. 144, pp. 175-94
66. Hass CA, Hedges SB. 1991. Albumin evolution in West Indian frogs of the genus Eleutherodactylus (Leptodactylidae): Caribbean biogeography and a calibration of the albumin immunological clock. J. Zool. 225:413-26
67. Hass CA, Hedges SB. 1992. Karyotype of the Cuban lizard Cricosaura typica and its implications for xantusiid phylogeny. Copeia 1992:563-65
68. Hass CA, Hedges SB, Maxson LR. 1993. Molecular insights into the relationships and biogeography of West Indian anoline lizards. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 21:97-114
69. Hass CA, Hoffman MA, Densmore LD III, Maxson LR. 1992. Crocodilian evolution: insights from immunological data. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 1:193-201
70. Heatwole H, Levins R. 1972. Biogeography of the Puerto Rican Bank: flotsam transport of terrestrial animals. Ecology 53:112-17
71. Hedges SB. 1982. Caribbean biogeography: implications of the recent plate tectonic studies. Syst. Zool. 31:518-22
72. Hedges SB. 1989. An island radiation: allozyme evolution in Jamaican frogs of the genus Eleutherodactylus (Anura, Leptodactylidae). Caribb. J. Sci. 25:123-47
73. Hedges SB. 1989. Evolution and biogeography of West Indian frogs of the genus Eleutherodactylus: slow-evolving loci and the major groups. See Ref. 193, pp. 305-70
74. Hedges SB. 1996. The origin of West Indian amphibians and reputes. See Ref. 144, pp. 95-128
75. Hedges SB. 1996. Distribution patterns of amphibians in the West Indies. In Regional Patterns of Amphibian Distribution: A Global Perspective, ed. WE Duellman. Lawrence, KS: Univ. KS Mus. Nat. Hist. Spec. Publ. In press
76. Hedges SB, Bezy RL. 1993. Phylogeny of xantusiid lizards: concern for data and analysis. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2:76-87
77. Hedges SB, Bezy RL, MaxsonLR. 1991. Phylogenetic relationships and biogeography of xantusiid lizards inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Mol. Biol. Evol. 8:767-80
78. Hedges SB, Hass CA, Maxson LR. 1992. Caribbean biogeography: molecular evidence for dispersal in West Indian terrestrial vertebrates. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 89:1909-13
79. Hedges SB, Hass CA, Maxson LR. 1994. Towards a biogeography of the Caribbean. Cladistics 10:43-55
80. Henderson RW, Hedges SB. 1995. Origin of West Indian populations of the geographically widespread boa Corallus enydris inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 4:88-92
81. Hildebrand AR, Boynton WV. 1990. Proximal Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary impact deposits in the Caribbean. Science 248:843-47
82. Hildebrand AR, Pilkington M, Ortiz-Aleman C, Chavez RE, Conners M. 1994. The Chicxulub crater: size, structure, and hydrogeology. Eos 75 (No. 44, suppl.):409
83. Holcombe TL, Edgar NT. 1990. Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic evolution of Caribbean ridges and rises with special reference to paleogeography. See Ref. 3, pp. 610-26
84. Holcombe TL, Ladd JW, Westbrook G, Edgar NT, Bowland CL. 1990. Caribbean marine geology; ridges and basins of the plate interior. See Ref. 36, pp. 231-60
85. Huebeck C, Mann P. 1991. Structural geology and Cenozoic tectonic history of the southeastern termination of the Cordillera Central, Dominican Republic. Geol. Soc. Am., Spec. Pap. 262:315-36
86. Humphries CJ. 1992. Cladistic biogeography. In Cladistics: A Practical Course in Systematics, PL Forey et al, pp. 137-59. Oxford: Clarendon
87. Iturralde-Vinent MA. 1988. Naturaleza Geologica de Cuba. Havana: Editorial Cientifico-Técnica
88. Iturralde-Vinent MA. 1994. Cuban geology: a new plate-tectonic synthesis. J. Petrol. Geol. 17:39-70
89. Jones JK. 1989. Distribution and systematics of bats in the Lesser Antilles. See Ref. 193, pp. 645-60
90. Kaiser H, Coloma LA, Gray HM. 1994. A new species of Colostethus (Anura: Dendrobatidae) from Martinique, French Antilles. Herpetologica 50:23-32
91. Kaiser H, Sharbel TF, Green DM. 1994. Systematics and biogeography of eastern Caribbean Eleutherodactylus (Anura: Leptodactylidae): evidence from allozymes. Amphibia-Reptilia 15:375-94
92. King FW. 1962. The occurrence of rafts for dispersal of land animals into the West Indies. Q. J. Fla. Acad. Sci. 25:45-52
93. Klein NK, Brown WM. 1994. Intraspecific molecular phylogeny in the Yellow Warbler (Dendroica petechia), and implications for avian biogeography in the West Indies. Evolution 48:1914-32
94. Kluge AG. 1988. Parsimony in vicariance biogeography: a quantitative method and a Greater Antillean example. Syst. Zool. 37:315-28
95. Kluge AG, 1989. A concern for evidence and a phylogenetic hypothesis of relationships among Epicrates (Boidae, Serpentes). Syst. Zool. 38:7-25
96. Koopman KF. 1989. A review and analysis of the bats of the West Indies. See Ref. 193, pp. 635-44
97. Kring DA, Boynton WV. 1992. Petrogenesis of an augite-bearing melt rock in the Chicxulub structure and its relationship to K/T impact spherules in Haiti. Nature 358:141-44
98. Lack D. 1976. Island Biology. Los Angeles: Univ. Calif. Press
99. Lambert JB, Frye JS, Poinar GO, Jr. 1985. Amber from the Dominican Republic: analysis of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Archaeometry 27:43-51
100. Larue DK. 1994. Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. See Ref. 43, pp. 151-66
101. Layboume RC, Deedrick DW, Hueber FM. 1994. Feather in amber is earliest New World fossil of Picidae. Wilson Bull. 106:18-25
102. Lazell JD, Jr. 1964. The Lesser Antillean representatives of Bothrops and Constrictor. Mus. Comp. Zool. (Harv. Univ.) Bull. 132:245-73
103. Lee DS, Platania SP, Burgess GH, ed. 1983. Atlas of North American Freshwater Fishes. 1983 Supplement. Raleigh, NC: NC State Mus. Nat. Hist.
104. Lescure J. 1987. Le peuplement en reptiles et amphibiens des Petites Antilles. Soc. Zool. Fr. Bull. 112:327-42
105. Lescure J, Jeremie J, Lourenco W, Mauries JP, Pierre J, et al. 1991. Biogéographie et insularité: l'example des Petites Antilles. CR Seances Soc. Biogeogr. 67:41-59
106. Lewis JF. 1980. Cenozoic tectonic evolution and sedimentation in Hispaniola. In Transactions of the Ninth Caribbean Geologic Conference, pp. 65-73. Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic: Amigo del Hogar
107. Lewis JF, Draper G. 1990. Geology and tectonic evolution of the northern Caribbean margin. See Ref. 36, pp. 77-140
108. Lydeard C, Wooten MC, MeyerA. 1995. Molecules, morphology, and area cladograms: a cladistic and biogeographic analysis of Gambusia (Teleostei: Poeciliidae). Syst. Biol. 44:221-36
109. Lynch JD. 1976. The species groups of South American frogs of the genus Eleutherodactylus (Leptodactylidae). Occas. Pap. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kans. 61:1-24
110. Lynch JD. 1986. The definition of the Middle American clade of Eleutherodactylus based on jaw musculature (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae). Herpetologica 42:248-58
111. MacFadden B. 1980. Rafting mammals or drifting islands? Biogeography of the Greater Antillean insectivores Nesophontes and Solenodon. J. Biogeogr. 7:11-22
112. MacFadden B. 1981. Comments on Pregill's appraisal of historical biogeography of Caribbean vertebrates: vicariance, dispersal, or both? Syst. Zool. 30:370-72
113. MacPhee RDE, Fleagle JG. 1991. Postcranial remains of Xenothrix mcgregori (Primates, Xenotrichidae) and other late Quaternary mammals from Long Mile Cave, Jamaica. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bull. 206:287-321
114. MacPhee RDE, Grimaldi DA. 1996. Mammal bones in Dominican amber. Nature 380:489-90
115. MacPhee RDE, Iturralde-Vinent MA. 1994. First tertiary land mammal from Greater Antilles: an early Miocene Sloth (Xenarthra, Megalonchidae) from Cuba. Am. Mus. Novit. 3094:1-13
116. MacPhee RDE, Iturralde-Vinent MA. 1995. Origin of the Greater Antillean land mammal fauna. 1. New Tertiary fossils from Cuba and Puerto Rico. Am. Mus. Novit. 3141:1-30
117. MacPhee RDE, Novacek MJ. 1993. Definition and relationships of the Lipotyphla. In Mammalian Phylogeny, Vol. 2, Placentals, ed. FS Soulé, MJ Novacek, MC McKenna, pp. 13-31, New York: Springer-Verlag
118. MacPhee RDE, Wyss AR. 1990. Oligo-Miocene vertebrates from Puerto Rico, with a catalog of localities. Am. Mus. Novit. 2965:1-45
119. Maglio VJ. 1970. West Indian xenodontine colubrid snakes: their probable origin, phylogeny, and zoogeography. Mus. Comp. Zool. (Harv. Univ.) Bull. 141:1-54
120. Martin RD. 1993. Primate origins: plugging the gaps. Nature 363:223-34
121. Matthew WD. 1918. Affinities and origin of the Antillean mammals. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 29:657-66
122. Maurrassee FJ-MR. 1982. Survey of the Geology of Haiti. Miami: Miami Geol. Soc.
123. Maurrassee FJ-MR. 1990. Stratigraphic correlation for the circum-Caribbean region. See Ref. 36, plates 4-5
124. Maurrassee FJ-MR, Sen G. 1991. Impacts, tsunamis and the Haitian Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary layer. Science 252:1690-93
125. Maury RC, Westbrook GK, Baker PE, Bouysse P, Westercamp D. 1990. Geology of the Lesser Antilles. See Ref. 36, pp. 141-66
126. Maxson LR. 1992. Tempo and pattern in anuran speciation and phylogeny: an albumin perspective. In Herpetology: Current Research on the Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles, ed. K Adler, pp. 41-57. Oxford, OH: Soc. Study Amphib. Rept.
127. Maxson LR, Heyer WR. 1988. Molecular systematics of the frog genus Leptodactylus (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae). Fieldiana, Zool. 41:1-13
128. Maxson LR, Myers CW. 1985. Albumin evolution in tropical poison frogs (Dendrobatidae): a preliminary report. Biotropica 17:50-56
129. McDonald MA, Smith MH. 1990. Speciation, heterochrony, and genetic variation in Hispaniolan Palm-tanagers. Auk 107:707-17
130. McLaughlin PP, van den Bold WA, Mann P. 1991. Geology of the Azua and Enriquillo basins, Dominican Republic; 1, Neogene lithofascies, biostratigraphy, biofacies, and paleogeography. Geol. Soc. Am., Spec. Pap. 262:337-66
131. Morgan GS. 1989. Fossil Chiropteraand Rodentia from the Bahamas, and the historical biogeography of the Bahamian mammal fauna. See Ref. 193, pp. 685-740
132. Morgan GS. 1993. Quaternary land vertebrates of Jamaica. In Biostratigraphy of Jamaica, ed. RM Wright, E Robinson, pp. 417-42. Boulder, CO: Geol. Soc. Am.
133. Morgan GS, Woods CA. 1986. Extinction and the zoogeography of West Indian land mammals. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 28:167-203
134. Morrone JJ, Crisci JV. 1995. Historical biogeography: introduction to methods. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 26:373-401
135. Mourer-Chauviré C. 1985. Les Todidae (Aves, Coraciiformes) des phosphorites du Querrcy (France). Proc. Koninklije Nederlandse Akad. van Wetenschappen. Ser. E Vol. 88(4)
136. Mullins HT, Lynts GW. 1977. Origin of the northwestern Bahama Platform: review and interpretation. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 88:1447-61
137. Myers GS. 1938. Freshwater fishes and West Indian zoogeography. Smithson. Year Annu. Rep. Smithson. Inst. 1937:339-64
138. Nelson G, Platnick NI. 1981. Systematics and Biogeography: Cladistics and Vicariance. New York: Columbia Univ. Press
139. Olson SL. 1978. A paleontological perspective of West Indian birds and mammals. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Spec. Publ. 13:99-117
140. Page RDM, Lydeard C. 1994. Towards a cladistic biogeography of the Caribbean. Cladistics 10:21-41
141. Pascual R, Vucetich MG, Scillato-Yané GJ. 1990. Extinct and recent South American and Caribbean Megalonichyidae edentates and Hystricognathi rodents: outstanding examples of isolation. See Ref. 3, pp. 627-39
142. Patterson C. 1993. Osteichthyes: basal actinopterygians. In The Fossil Record 2, ed. MJ Benton, pp. 621-56. London: Chapman & Hall
143. Paulay G. 1994. Biodiversity on oceanic islands: its origin and extinction. Am. Zool. 34:134-44
144. Perfit MR, Williams EE. 1989. Geological constraints and biological retrodictions in the evolution of the Caribbean Sea and its islands. See Ref. 193, pp. 47-102
145. Pindell J. 1994. Evolution of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean. See Ref. 43, pp. 13-39
146. Pindell J, Barrett SF. 1990. Geological evolution of the Caribbean region: a plate tectonic perspective. See Ref. 36, pp. 405-32
147. Poinar GO Jr. 1988. Hair in Dominican amber: evidence for tertiary land mammals in the Antilles. Experienta 44:88-89
148. Poinar GO Jr 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press
149. Poinar GO Jr, Cannatella DC. 1987. An Upper Eocene frog from the Dominican Republic and its implication for Caribbean biogeography. Science 237:1215-16
150. Powell R, Henderson RW, eds. 1996. Contributions to West Indian Herpetology: A Tribute to Albert Schwartz. Ithaca, New York: Soc. Study Amphib. Rept.
151. Powell R, Henderson RW. 1996. A brief history of West Indian herpetology. See Ref. 144, pp. 29-50
152. Pregill GK. 1981. Cranial morphology and the evolution of West Indian toads (Salientia: Bufonidae): resurrection of the genus Peltophryne Fitzinger. Copeia 1981:273-85
153. Pregill GK. 1981. An appraisal of the vicariance hypothesis of Caribbean biogeography and its application to West Indian terrestrial vertebrates. Syst. Zool. 30:147-55
154. Pregill GK, Crombie RI, Steadman DW, Gordon LK, Davis FW, Hilgartner WB. 1992. Living and late holocene fossil vertebrates, and the vegetation of the Cockpit Country, Jamaica. Atoll Res. Bull. 353:1-19
155. Pregill GK, Olson SL. 1981. Zoogeography of West Indian vertebrates in relation to Pleistocene climatic cycles. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 12:75-98
156. Rauchenberger M. 1988. Historical biogeography of poecilid fishes in the Caribbean. Syst. Zool. 37:356-65
157. Rauchenberger M. 1989. Systematics and biogeography of the genus Gambusia (Cyprinodontifomres: Poecilidae). Am. Mus. Novit. 2951:1-74
158. Ricklefs RE, Cox GW. 1972. Taxon cycles in the West Indian avifauna. Am. Nat. 106:195-219
159. Ricklefs RE, Cox GW. 1978. Stage of the taxon cycle, habitat distribution, and population density in the avifauna of the West Indies. Am. Nat. 112:875-95
160. Rieppel O. 1980. Green anole in Dominican amber. Nature 286:486-87
161. Robinson E. 1994. Jamaica. See Ref. 43, pp. 111-27
162. Rosen DE. 1975. A vicariance model of Caribbean biogeography. Syst. Zool. 24:431-64
163. Rosen DE. 1985. Geological hierarchies and biogeographic congruence in the Caribbean. Ann. Mo. Bot. Garden 72:636-59
164. Roughgarden J. 1995. Anolis Lizards of the Caribbean. New York: Oxford
165. Rouse I. 1989. Peopling and repeopling of the West Indies. See Ref. 193, pp. 119-36
166. Savage JM. 1982. The enigma of the Central American herpetofauna: dispersals or vicariance? Ann. Mo. Bot. Garden 69:464-547
167. Savage JM, Lips KR. 1993. A review of the status and biogeography of the lizard genera Celestus and Diploglossus (Squamata: Anguidae), with description of two new species from Costa Rica. Rev. Biol. Trop. 41:817-42
168. Scharff RF. 1912. Distribution and Origin of Life in America. New York: MacMillan
169. Schuchert C. 1935. Historical Geology of the Antillean-Caribbean Region. New York: Wiley
170. Schwartz A, Henderson RW. 1991. Amphibians and Reptiles of the West Indies: Descriptions, Distributions, and Natural History. Gainesville, FL: Univ. FL Press
171. Seidel ME. 1988. Revision of the West Indian emydid turtles (Testudines). Am. Mus. Novit. 2918:1-41
172. Seidel ME. 1996. Current status of biogeography of the West Indian turtles in the genus Trachemys (Emydidae). See Ref. 144, pp. 169-74
173. Seutin G, Klein NK, Ricklefs RE, Bermingham E. 1994. Historical biogeography of the bananaquit (Coereba flaveola) in the Caribbean region: a mitochondrial DNA assessment. Evolution 48:1041-61
174. Sharpton VL, Burke K, Zanoguera AC, Hall SA, Lee DS, et al. 1993. Chicxulub multiring impact basin: size and other characteristics derived from gravity analysis. Science 261:1564-67
175. Sharpton VL, Marin LE. 1994. How big is the Chicxulub impact basin, Yucatán, Mexico? Eos 75 (44, suppl.):409 (Abstr.)
176. Shochat D, Dessauer HC. 1981. Comparative immunological study of albumins of Anolis lizards of the Caribbean islands. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 68A:67-73
177. Sibley CG, Ahlquist JE. 1990. Phylogeny and Classification of Birds. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press.
178. Sibley CG, Munroe BL Jr. 1990. Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press.
179. Simpson GG. 1956. Zoogeography of West Indian land mammals. Am. Mus. Novit. 1759:1-28
180. Smit J, Montanari A, Swinburne NHM, Alvarez W, Hildebrand AR, et al. 1992. Tektite-bearing, deep-water classic unit at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in northeastern Mexico. Geology 20:99-103
181. Sober E. 1988. The conceptual relationship of cladistic phylogenetics and vicariance biogeography. Syst. Zool. 37:245-53
182. Speed RC. 1985. Cenozoic collision of the Lesser Antilles Arc and continental South America and the origin of the E1 Pilar Fault. Tectonophysics 4:41-69
183. Speed RC, Smith-Horowitz PL, Perch-Nielsen KvS, Saunders JB, Sanfilippo AB. 1993. Southern Lesser Antilles arc platform: pre-Late Miocene stratigraphy, structure, and tectonic evolution. Geol. Soc. Am., Spec. Pap. 277:1-98
184. Steadman DW, Pregill GK, Olson SL. 1984. Fossil vertebrates from Antigua, Lesser Antilles: evidence for late Holocene human-caused extinctions in the West Indies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:4448-51
185. Strahm MH, Schwartz A. 1977. Osteoderms in the anguid lizard subfamily Diploglossinae and their taxonomic importance. Biotropica 9:58-72
186. Stucky RK, McKenna MC. 1993. Mammalia. In The Fossil Record 2, ed. MJ Benton, pp. 739-71. London: Chapman & Hall
187. Terborgh JW, Faaborg J, Brockmann HJ. 1978. Island colonization by Lesser Antillean birds. Auk 95:59-72
188. Thomas R. 1989. The relationships of Antillean Typhlops (Serpentes: Typhlopidae) and the description of three new Hispaniolan species. See Ref. 193, pp. 409-32
189. Thomas R, McDiarmid RW, Thompson FG. 1985. Three new species of thread snakes (Serpentes: Leptotyphlopidae) from Hispaniola. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 98:204-20
190. Toison PJ. 1987, Phylogenetics of the boid snake genus Epicrates and Caribbean vicariance theory. Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich. 715:1-68
191. Trueb L, Tyler MJ. 1974. Systematics and evolution of Greater Antillean hylid frogs. Occas. Pap. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kans. 24:1-60
192. Wadge G. 1994. The Lesser Antilles. See Ref. 43, pp. 167-78
193. Wadge G, Dixon TH. 1984. A geological interpretation of SEASAT-SAR imagery of Jamaica. J. Geol. 92:561-81
194. Wallace AR. 1881. Island Life. New York: Harper
195. Williams EE. 1969. The ecology of colonization as seen in the zoogeography of anoline lizards on small islands. Q. Rev. Biol. 44:345-89
196. Williams EE. 1976. West Indian anoles: a taxonomic and evolutionary summary. I. Introduction and a species list. Breviora 440:1-21
197. Williams EE. 1989. Old problems and new opportunities in West Indian biogeography. See Ref. 193, pp. 1-46
198. Williams EE. 1989. A critique of Guyer and Savage (1986): cladistic relationships among anoles (Sauria: Iguanidae): Are the data available to reclassify the anoles? See Ref. 193, pp. 433-78
199. Williams EE, Koopman KF. 1952. West Indian fossil monkeys. Am. Mus. Novit. 1546:1-16
200. Wilson DE, Reeder DM, ed. 1993. Mammal Species of the World. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Inst. 2nd ed.
201. Woods CA, ed. 1989. Biogeography of the West Indies: Past, Present, and Future. Gainesville, FL: Sandhill Crane
202. Woods CA. 1989. The biogeography of the West Indian rodents. See Ref. 193, pp. 741-98
203. Woods CA. 1990. The fossil and recent land mammals of the West Indies: an analysis of the origin, evolution, and extinction of an insular fauna. See Ref. 3, pp. 642-80
204. Woods CA, Ottenwalder JA. 1992. The Natural History of Southern Haiti. Gainesvile, FL: FL Mus. Nat. Hist.
205. World Resources Institute. 1994. World Resources 1994-95. New York: Oxford
206. Wyles JS, Gorman GC. 1980. The albumin immunological and Nei electrophoretic distance correlation: a calibration for the saurian genus Anolis (Iguanidae). Copeia 1980:66-71