Analysis of fatty acids in functional foods with emphasis on ω3 fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid

Methods of Analysis for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals

Volumn , Issue , 2002, Pages 65-99

  Dobson, Gary ^a  

^a WESTERN REGIONAL RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FISH; OILS AND FATS; PHOSPHOLIPIDS; SEED;

ADIPOSE TISSUE; CONJUGATED LINOLEIC ACID; GLYCOLIPIDS; OILY FISHES; OMEGA-3-FATTY ACIDS; SEED OIL; TRIACYLGLYCEROLS; WELL BEING;

LINOLEIC ACID;

EID: 33846261140     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (92)

1. Ackman, R.G., Application of gas-liquid chromatography to lipid separation and analysis: qualitative and quantitative analysis, in Fatty Acids in Foods and Their Health Implications, Chow, C.K., Ed., Marcel Dekker, New York, 1999, pp. 47-65.
2. Andersen, S., Microencapsulated omega-3 fatty acids from marine sources, Lipid Technol., 7, 81-85, 1995.
3. AOCS Official Method Ce 1b-89, Fatty acid composition by GLC. Marine oils, American Oil Chemists’ Society Official Methods and Recommended Practices, Firestone, D., Ed., AOCS Press, Champaign, IL, 1992.
4. AOAC Official Method 996.06, Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 16th ed., AOAC International, Gaithersburg, MD, 1995.
5. Banni, S. and Martin, J.-C., Conjugated linoleic acid and metabolites, in Trans Fatty Acids in Human Nutrition, Sebedio, J.L. and Christie, W.W., Eds., The Oily Press Ltd., Dundee, Scotland, 1998, pp. 261-302.
6. Banni, S., Angioni, E., Contini, M.S., Carta, G., Casu, V., Iengo, G.A., Melis, M.P., Deiana, M., Dessi, M.A., and Corongiu, F.P., Conjugated linoleic acid and oxidative stress, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 75, 261-267, 1998.
7. Becker, C.C. and Kyle, D.J., Developing functional foods containing algal docosahexaenoic acid, Food Technol., 52, 687-670, 1998.
8. Berdeaux, O., Voinot, E., Juaneda, P., and Sebedio, J.L., A simple method of preparation of methyl trans-10, cis-12- and cis-9, trans-11-octadecadienoates from methyl linoleate, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 75, 1749-1755, 1998.
9. Bligh, E.G. and Dyer, W.J., A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification, Can. J. Biochem. Physiol., 37, 911-917, 1959.
10. Carrapiso, A.I. and Garcia, C., Development in lipid analysis: some new extraction techniques and in situ transesterification, Lipids, 35, 1167-1177, 2000.
11. Christie, W.W., Gas Chromatography and Lipids, The Oily Press Ltd., Dundee, Scotland, 1989.
12. Christie, W.W., Sebedio, J.L., and Juaneda, P., A practical guide to the analysis of conjugated linoleic acid, Inform, 12, 147-152, 2001.
13. Cook, M.E. and Pariza, M., The role of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)in health, Int. Dairy J., 8, 459-462, 1998.
14. 13C NMR spectroscopy, Chem. Phys. Lipids, 97, 155-165, 1999a.
15. 13C NMR spectroscopy, in Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research, Vol. 1, Yurawecz, M.P., Mossoba, M.M., Kramer, J.K.G., Pariza, M.W., and Nelson, G.J., Eds., AOCS Press, Champaign, IL, 1999b, pp. 164-179.
16. Devitt, A.A., Latour, M.A., and Watkins, B.A., Modification of chicken egg-yolk lipids with conjugated linoleic acids, Abstracts 89th AOCS Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL, 1998, 22.
17. Dobson, G., Identification of conjugated fatty acids by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of 4-methyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione adducts, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 75, 137-142, 1998.
18. Dobson, G. and Christie, W.W., Structural analysis of fatty acids by mass spectrometry of picolinyl esters and dimethyloxazoline derivatives, Trends Anal. Chem., 15, 130-136, 1996.
19. Dobson, G., Christie, W.W., and Nikolova-Damyanova, B., Silver-ion chromatography of lipids and fatty acids, J. Chromatogr. B, 671, 197-222, 1995.
20. Doyle, E., Scientific forum explores CLA knowledge, Inform, 9, 69-72, 1998.
21. Enig, M.G., Rationale for lauric oils as physiologically functional foods for human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals, 85th AOCS Annual Meeting, Atlanta, GA, Inform, 5(Abstr.), 471F, 1994.
22. Eulitz, K., Yurawecz, M.P., Sehat, N., Fritsche, J., Roach, J.A.G., Mossoba, M.M., Kramer, J.K.G., Adlof, R.O., and Ku, Y., Preparation, separation, and confirmation of the eight geometrical cis, trans conjugated linoleic acid isomers 8,10- through 11,13-18:2, Lipids, 34, 873-877, 1999.
23. Folch, J., Lees, M., and Stanley, G.H.S., A simple method for the isolation and purification of lipids from animal tissues, J. Biol. Chem., 226, 497-509, 1957.
24. Fritsche, J., Conjugated linoleic acid isomers in foods: physiological properties, analysis, contents and dietary intake, Lipid Technol. Newsl., 4, 115-119, 1998.
25. Fritsche, J. and Steinhart, H., Analysis, occurrence, and physiological properties of trans fatty acids (TFA)with particular emphasis on conjugated linoleic acid isomers (CLA)- a review, Fett/Lipid, 100, 190-210, 1998.
26. Fritsche, J., Rickert, R., Steinhart, H., Yurawecz., M.P., Mossoba, M.M., Sehat, N., Roach, J.A.G., Kramer, J.K.G., and Ku, Y., Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)isomers: formation, analysis, amounts in foods and dietary intake, Fett/Lipid, 101, 272-276, 1999.
27. Garcia, D.J., Omega-3 long-chain PUFA nutraceuticals, Food Technol., 52, 44-49, 1998.
28. Garcia-Ayuso, L.E., Velasco, J., Dobarganes, M.C., and de Castro, M.D.L., Accelerated extraction of the fat content in cheese using a focused microwave-assisted Soxhlet device, J. Agric. Food Chem., 47, 2308-2315, 1999.
29. Gertz, Ch. and Fiebeg, H.-J., Determination of fat content by the Caviezel method (rapid method), Eur. J. Lipid Technol., 102, 154-158, 2000.
30. Gorski, D., 1997 Ingredient forecast. Product development for world markets, Dairy Foods, 98, 60-64, 1997.
31. Ha, Y.L., Park, K.A., Kim, S.J., Park, C.W., and Park, S.J., Enhancement of oxidative stability of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)by encapsulation in cyclodextrins, Abstracts 90th AOCS Annual Meeting, Orlando, Florida, 1999, S22.
32. Haas, M.J., Kramer, J.K.G., McNeill, G., Scott, K., Foglia, T.A., Sehat, N., Fritsche, J., Mossoba, M.M., and Yurawecz, M.P., Lipase-catalyzed fractionation of conjugated linoleic acid isomers, Lipids, 34, 979-987, 1999.
33. Haumann, B.F., Alternative sources for n-3 fatty acids, Inform, 9, 1108-1119, 1998.
34. Hilliam, M., Functional foods: the western consumer viewpoint, Nutr. Rev., 54, S189-S194, 1996.
35. Hopkins, C.Y., Fatty acids with conjugated unsaturation, in Topics in Lipid Chemistry, Gunstone, F.D., Ed., Elek Science, London, 1972, pp. 37-87.
36. Horrocks, L.A. and Yeo, Y.K., Health benefits of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), Pharmacol. Res., 40, 211-225, 1999.
37. Hubbard, W.D., Sheppard, A.J., Newkirk, D.R., Prosser, A.R., and Osgood, T., Comparison of various methods for the extraction of total lipids, fatty acids, cholesterol, and other sterols from food products, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 54, 81-83, 1977.
38. Iverson, J.L. and Sheppard, A.J., Determination of fatty acids in butter fat, using temperatureprogrammed gas chromatography of the butyl esters, Food Chem., 21, 223-234, 1986.
39. Jahreis, G., Fritsche, J., and Kraft, J., Species-dependent, seasonal, and dietary variation of conjugated linoleic acid in milk, in Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research, Vol. 1, Yurawecz, M.P., Mossoba, M.M., Kramer, J.K.G., Pariza, M.W., and Nelson, G.J., Eds., AOCS Press, Champaign, IL, 1999, pp. 215-225.
40. Juaneda, P. and Sebedio, J.L., Combined silver-ion and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography for the separation and identification of C20 metabolites of conjugated linoleic acid isomers in rat liver lipids, J. Chromatogr. B, 724, 213-219, 1999.
41. Kolanowski, W., Swiderski, F., and Berger, S., Possibilities of fish oil application for food products enrichment with ?-3 PUFA, Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr., 50, 39-49, 1999.
42. Kramer, J.K.G., Fellner, V., Dugan, M.E.R., Sauer, F.D., Mossoba, M.M., and Yurawecz, M.P., Evaluating acid and base catalysts in the methylation of milk and rumen fatty acids with special emphasis on conjugated dienes and total trans fatty acids, Lipids, 32, 1219-1228, 1997.
43. Kramer, J.K.G., Sehat, N., Fritsche, J., Mossoba, M.M., Eulitz, K., Yurawecz, M.P., and Ku, Y., Separation of conjugated fatty acid isomers, in Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research, Vol. 1, Yurawecz, M.P., Mossoba, M.M., Kramer, J.K.G., Pariza, M.W., and Nelson, G.J., Eds., AOCS Press, Champaign, IL, 1999, pp. 83-109.
44. Lauritzen, D., Food enrichment with marine omega-3 fatty acids, Food Ingredients, No. 1/2, 41-44, 1994.
45. Lavillonniere, F., Martin, J.C., Bougnoux, P., and Sebedio, J.-L., Analysis of conjugated linoleic acid isomers and content in French cheeses, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 75, 343-352, 1998.
46. Lin, H., Boylston, T.D., Luedecke, L.O., and Schultz, T.D., Factors affecting the conjugated linoleic acid content of cheddar cheese, J. Agric. Food Chem., 46, 801-807, 1998.
47. Madsen, S., Development of a reduced-fat spread enriched with long-chain n-3 fatty acids, Lipid Technol., 10, 129-132, 1998.
48. McDonald, B.E. and Fitzpatrick, K., Designer vegetable oils, in Functional Foods Biochemical and Processing Aspects, Mazza, G., Ed., Technomic Publishing Company, Lancaster, PA, 1998, pp. 265-291.
49. McDonald, R.E. and Mossoba, M.M., Trans fatty acids: labeling, nutrition, and analysis, in Food Lipids and Health, McDonald, R.E. and Min, D.B., Eds., Marcel Dekker, New York, 1996, pp. 161-197.
50. Molkentin, J., Bioactive lipids naturally occurring in bovine milk, Nahrung, 43, 185-189, 1999.
51. Morrison, W.R., Tan, S.L., and Hargin, K.D., Methods for the quantitative analysis of lipids in cereal grains and similar tissues, J. Sci. Food Agric., 31, 329-340, 1980.
52. Mossoba, M.M., Yurawecz, M.P., Kramer, J.K.G., Eulitz, K.D., Fritsche, J., Sehat, N., Roach, J.A.G., and Ku, Y., Confirmation of conjugated linoleic acid geometric isomers by capillary gas chromatography-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, in Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research, Vol. 1, Yurawecz., M.P., Mossoba, M.M., Kramer, J.K.G., Pariza, M.W., and Nelson, G.J., Eds., AOCS Press, Champaign, IL, 1999a, pp. 141-151.
53. Mossoba, M.M., Kramer, J.K.G., Yurawecz, M.P., Sehat, N., Roach, J.A.G., Eulitz, K., Fritsche, J., Dugan, M.E.R., and Ku, Y., Impact of novel methodologies on the analysis of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). Implications of CLA feeding studies, Fett/Lipid, 101, 235-243, 1999b.
54. Muggli, R., Nutritional aspects of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, Agro-Food- Industry Hi-Tech, Jan./Feb., 35-36, 1997.
55. Newton, I. and Snyder, D., Nutritional aspects of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and their use in bread enrichment, Cereal Foods World, 42, 126-131, 1997.
56. Nikolova-Damyanova, B., Momchilova, S., and Christie, W.W., Silver ion high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of conjugated linoleic acid isomers, and other fatty acids, after conversion to p-methoxyphenacyl derivatives, J. High Resol. Chromatogr., 23, 348-352, 2000.
57. Oomah, B.D. and Mazza, G., Flaxseed products for disease prevention, in Functional Foods Biochemical and Processing Aspects, Mazza, G., Ed., Technomic Publishing Company, Lancaster, PA, 1998, pp. 91-137.
58. O’Shea, M., Lawless, F., Stanton, C., and Devery, R., Conjugated linoleic acid in bovine milk fat: a food-based approach to cancer chemoprevention, Trends Food Sci. Technol., 9, 192-196, 1998.
59. Ostrowska, E., Dunshea, F.R., Muralitharan, M., and Cross, R.F., Comparison of silver-ion high-performance liquid chromatographic quantification of free and methylated conjugated linoleic acids, Lipids, 35, 1147-1153, 2000.
60. Padley, F.B., Gunstone, F.D., and Harwood, J.L., Occurrence and characteristics of oils and fats, in The Lipid Handbook, Gunstone, F.D., Harwood, J.L., and Padley, F.B., Eds., Chapman & Hall, London, 1994, pp. 47-223.
61. Pariza, M.W., The biological activities of conjugated linoleic acid, in Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research, Vol. 1, Yurawecz, M.P., Mossoba, M.M., Kramer, J.K.G., Pariza, M.W., and Nelson, G.J., Eds., AOCS Press, Champaign, IL, 1999, pp. 12-20.
62. Pariza, M.W., Park, Y., and Cook, M.E., Mechanisms of action of conjugated linoleic acid: evidence and speculation, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 223, 8-13, 2000.
63. Park, Y. and Pariza, M.W., Evidence that commercial calf and horse sera can contain substantial amounts of trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid, Lipids, 33, 817-819, 1998.
64. Ratnayake, W.M.N., Analysis of trans fatty acids, in Trans Fatty Acids in Human Nutrition, Sebedio, J.L. and Christie, W.W., Eds., The Oily Press Ltd., Dundee, Scotland, 1998, pp. 115-161.
65. Rickert, R., Steinhart, H., Fritsche, J., Sehat, N., Yurawecz, M.P., Mossoba, M.M., Roach, J.A.G., Eulitz, K., Ku, Y., and Kramer, J.K.G., Enhanced resolution of conjugated linoleic acid isomers by tandem-column silver-ion high performance liquid chromatography, J. High Resol. Chromatogr., 22, 144-148, 1999.
66. Roach, J.A.G., Identification of CLA isomers in food and biological extracts by mass spectrometry, in Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research, Vol. 1, Yurawecz, M.P., Mossoba, M.M., Kramer, J.K.G., Pariza, M.W., and Nelson, G.J., Eds., AOCS Press, Champaign, IL, 1999, pp. 126-140.
67. Roach, J.A.G., Yurawecz, M.P., Kramer, J.K.G., Mossoba, M.M., Eulitz, K., and Ku, Y., Gas chromatography-high resolution selected-ion mass spectrometric identification of trace 21:0 and 20:2 fatty acids eluting with conjugated linoleic acid isomers, Lipids, 35, 797-802, 2000.
68. Schmidl, M.K., The role of lipids in medical and designer foods, in Food Lipids and Health, McDonald, R.E. and Min, D.B., Eds., Marcel Dekker, New York, 1996, pp. 417-436.
69. Schuhardt, U. and Lopes, O.C., Tetramethylguanidine catalyzed transesterification of fats and oils: a new method for rapid determination of their composition, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 65, 1940-1941, 1988.
70. Sebedio, J.L., Juaneda, P., Dobson, G., Ramilison, I., Martin, J.C., Chardigny, J.M., and Christie, W.W., Metabolites of conjugated isomers of linoleic acid (CLA)in the rat, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1345, 5-10, 1997.
71. Sehat, N., Kramer, J.K.G., Mossoba, M.M., Yurawecz, M.P., Roach, J.A.G., Eulitz, K., Morehouse, K.M., and Ku, Y., Identification of conjugated linoleic acid isomers in cheese by gas chromatography, silver-ion high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectral reconstructed ion profiles. Comparison of chromatographic elution sequences, Lipids, 33, 963-971, 1998a.
72. Sehat, N., Yurawecz, M.P., Roach, J.A.G., Mossoba, M.M., Kramer, J.K.G., and Ku, Y., Silverion high performance liquid chromatographic separation and identification of conjugated linoleic acid isomers, Lipids, 33, 217-221, 1998b.
73. Sehat, N., Rickert, R., Mossoba, M.M., Kramer, J.K.G., Yurawecz, M.P., Roach, J.A.G., Adlof, R.O., Morehouse, K.M., Fritsche, J., Eulitz, K.D., Steinhart, H., and Ku, Y., Improved separation of conjugated fatty acid methyl esters by silver-ion high-performance liquid chromatography, Lipids, 34, 407-413, 1999.
74. Shahidi, F. and Wanasundara, J.P.D., Extraction and analysis of lipids, in Food Lipids Chemistry, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Akoh, C.C. and Min, D.B., Eds., Mercel Dekker, New York, 1997, pp. 115-136.
75. Shahidi, F., Functional seafood lipids and proteins, in Functional Foods. Biochemical and Processing Aspects, Mazza, G., Ed., Technomic Publishing Company, Lancaster, PA, 1998, pp. 381-401.
76. Shantha, N.C., Decker, E.A., and Hennig, B., Comparison of methylation methods for the quantitation of conjugated linoleic acid isomers, J. AOAC Int., 76, 644-649, 1993.
77. Sim, J.S., Designer eggs and their nutritional and functional significance, World Rev. Nutr. Diet., 83, 89-101, 1998.
78. Simopoulos, A.P., Fatty acids, in Designer Foods, Pharmafoods, Nutraceuticals, Goldberg, I., Ed., International Thomson Publishing, New York, 1994, pp. 355-392.
79. Spitzer, V., Marx, F., and Pfeilsticker, K., Electron impact mass spectra of the oxazoline derivatives of some conjugated diene and triene C18 fatty acids, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 71, 873-876, 1994.
80. Uauy-Dagach, R. and Valenzuela, A., Marine oils: the health benefits of n-3 fatty acids, Nutr. Rev., 54, S102-S108, 1996.
81. Ulberth, F. and Henninger, M., One-step extraction/methylation method for determining the fatty acid composition of processed foods, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 69, 174-177, 1992.
82. Van Elswyk, M., Nutritional and physiological effects of flaxseed in diets for laying fowl, World’s Poult. Sci. J., 53, 253-264, 1997.
83. Werner, S.A., Luedecke, L.O., and Schultz, T.D., Determination of conjugated linoleic acid content and isomer distribution in three cheddar-type cheeses: effects of cheese cultures, processing, and aging, J. Agric. Food Chem., 40, 1817-1821, 1992.
84. Willis, W.M., Lencki, R.W., and Marangoni, A.G., Lipid modification strategies in the production of nutritionally functional fats and oils, Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 38, 639-674, 1998.
85. Wolff, R.L., Content and distribution of trans-18:1 acids in ruminant milk and meat fats. Their importance in Europeans diets and their effect on human milk, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 72, 259-272, 1995.
86. Wolff, R.L., Bayard, C.C., and Fabien, R.J., Evaluation of sequential methods for the determination of butterfat fatty acid composition with emphasis on trans-18:1 acids. Application to the study of seasonal variations in French butters, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 72, 1471-1483, 1995.
87. Wolff, R.L., Precht, D., and Molkentin, J., Occurrence and distribution of trans-18:1 acids in edible fats of natural origin, in Trans Fatty Acids in Human Nutrition, Sebedio, J.L. and Christie, W.W. Eds., The Oily Press Ltd., Dundee, Scotland, 1998, pp. 1-33.
88. Yamasaki, M., Kishihara, K., Ikeda, I., Sugano, M., and Yamada, K., A recommended esterification method for gas chromatographic measurement of conjugated linoleic acid, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 76, 933-938, 1999.
89. Yurawecz, M.P., Hood, J.K., Roach, J.A.G., Mossoba, M.M., Daniels, D.H., Ku, Y., Pariza, W., and Chin, S.F., Conversion of allylic hydroxy oleate to conjugated linoleic acid and methoxy oleate by acid-catalyzed methylation procedures, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 71, 1149-1155, 1994.
90. Yurawecz, M.P., Roach, J.A.G., Sehat, N., Mossoba, M.M., Kramer, J.K.G., Fritsche, J., Steinhart, H., and Ku, Y., A new conjugated linoleic acid isomer, 7 trans, 9 cisoctadecadienoic acid, in cow milk, cheese, beef and human milk and adipose tissue, Lipids, 33, 803-809, 1998.
91. Yurawecz, M.P., Kramer, J.K.G., and Ku, Y., Methylation procedures for conjugated linoleic acid, in Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research, Vol. 1, Yurawecz, M.P., Mossoba, M.M., Kramer, J.K.G., Pariza, M.W., and Nelson, G.J., Eds., AOCS Press, Champaign, IL, 1999, pp. 64-82.
92. Yurawecz, M.P., Sehat, N., Mossoba, M.M., Roach, J.A.G., Kramer, J.K.G., and Ku, Y., Variations in isomer distribution in commercially available conjugated linoleic acid, Fett/Lipid, 101, 277-282, 1999.