Mantle mixing: The generation, preservation and destruction of chemical heterogeneity

Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences

Volumn 30, Issue , 2002, Pages 493-525

  van Keken, Peter E ^a   Hauri, Erik H ^a   Ballentine, Chris J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

Author keywords

Layered mantle; Mantle geochemistry; Mantle heterogeneity; Noble gases; Ocean island basalts; Plumes; Radiogenic isotopes; Seismology; Trace elements

Indexed keywords

BASALT; GEOCHEMISTRY; OCEANOGRAPHY;

MANTLE;

PLANETS;

GEOCHEMISTRY; MANTLE CHEMISTRY; MID-OCEAN RIDGE BASALT; MIXING; OCEAN ISLAND BASALT;

EID: 0036433301     PISSN: 00846597     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.earth.30.091201.141236     Document Type: Article

References (189)

1. An empirical thermal history of the Earth's upper mantle
2. Time-dependent models of U-Th-He and K-Ar evolution and the layering of mantle convection
3. Limitation on mass exchange between the upper and lower mantle: The evolving convection regime of the Earth
4. Topology in isotopic multispace and the origin of mantle chemical heterogeneities
5. The Nd-Sr isotopic correlation in mantle materials and geodynamic consequences
6. Speculations about the cosmic origin of He and Ne in the interior of the Earth
7. Helium-3 from the mantle: Primordial signal or cosmic dust?
8. A model to explain the various paradoxes associated with mantle noble gas geochemistry
9. The scales of mantle convection
10. The origin of air-like noble gases in MORB and OIB
11. Hafnium isotopic studies of the Cameroon line and new HIMU paradoxes
12. Technical comment on 'noble gases in mantle plumes' by Trieloff et al. (2000)
13. Noble gases in the Cameroon line and the He, Ne, and Ar isotopic compositions of HIMU mantle
14. Fractionation of helium and incompatible lithophile elements during partial melting under the Cameroon line
15. The effect of homogeneous turbulence on material lines and surfaces
16. Thermal constraints on the survival of primitive blobs in the lower mantle
17. Tomographic evidence for a narrow whole mantle plume below Iceland
18. Closing the gap between regional and global travel time tomography
19. Coupled Os-186 and Os-187 evidence for core-mantle interaction
20. On the thermal evolution of the Earth's core
21. Effect of pressure on physics and chemistry of potassium
22. Mechanisms for Earth differentiation: Consequences for the chemical structure of the mantle
23. The DUPAL anomaly as a trace of the upwelling lower mantle
24. Mixing by time-dependent convection
25. Segregation of subducted oceanic crust in the convecting mantle
26. Can lower mantle slab-like anomalies be explained by thermal coupling between the upper and lower mantles?
27. Geochemical observations and one layer mantle convection
28. Slab penetration into the lower mantle
29. Slab penetration into the lower mantle beneath the Mariana and other island arcs of the northwest Pacific
30. Mechanics of subducted lithosphere
31. Geophysical and isotopic constraints on mantle convection: An interim synthesis
32. 144Nd
33. Mapping the lower mantle: Determination of lateral heterogeneity in P velocity up to degree and order 6
34. Global images of the Earth's interior
35. Oxygen isotope variations of basaltic lavas and upper mantle rocks
36. Correlated helium and lead isotope variations in Hawaiian lavas
37. Oxygen isotope variations in ocean island basalt phenocrysts
38. Oxygen isotope constraints on the sources of Hawaiian volcanism
39. Oxygen isotope evidence for the origin of chemical variations in the sources of mid-ocean ridge basalts
40. Global teleseismic earthquake relocation with improved travel times and procedures for depth determination
41. He, Sr and Nd isotopic variations in lavas from the Juan Fernandez Archipelago, S. E. Pacific
42. Constraints on mantle He-3 fluxes and deep-sea circulation from an oceanic general circulation model
43. Binary mixing of enriched and undegassed (primitive?) mantle components (He, Sr, Nd, Pb) in Samoan lavas
44. Noble gases in the Earth's mantle
45. The isotopic composition of strontium in oceanic and continental basalt: Application to the origin of igneous rocks
46. Regular vs. chaotic mantle mixing
47. Mixing properties in the Earth's mantle: Effects of the viscosity stratification and of oceanic crust segregation
48. Subducting slabs stagnant in the mantle transition zone
49. Convection in three dimensions with surface plates; generation of toroidal flow
50. Residence time of thorium, uranium and lead in the mantle with implications for mantle convection
51. Chemical and isotopic studies of ultramafic inclusions from the San Carlos volcanic field, Arizona: A bearing on their petrogenesis
52. Heterogeneity of the lowermost mantle
53. Further structural constraints and uncertainties of a thin laterally varying ultralow-velocity layer at the base of the mantle
54. Isotopic composition of lead and strontium from Ascension and Gough Islands
55. A lower mantle source for central European volcanism
56. Correlated He and Sr isotope ratios in South Atlantic near ridge seamounts and implications for mantle dynamics
57. Helium isotope geochemistry of mid-oceanic ridge basalts from the South Atlantic
58. Mantle shear structure beneath the Americas and surrounding oceans
59. The effect of depth-dependent viscosity on convective mixing in the mantle and the possible survival of primitive mantle
60. Long-wavelength variations in Earth's geoid: Physical models and dynamical implications
61. Lead and helium isotope evidence from oceanic basalts for a common deep source of mantle plumes
62. Oxygen isotope composition of phenocrysts from Tristan da Cunha and Gough Island lavas: Variation with fractional crystallization and evidence for assimilation
63. A large-scale isotope anomaly in the Southern Hemisphere mantle
64. Heterogeneous mantle domains: Signatures, genesis and mixing chronologies
65. Mantle plumes and entrainment: Isotopic evidence
66. Basalts from Iceland and along the Reykjanes Ridge: Sr isotopic geochemistry
67. Major element variability in the Hawaiian mantle plume
68. Re-Os isotope systematics of EMII and HIMU oceanic island basalts from the South Pacific Ocean
69. Rhenium abundances and systematics in oceanic basalts
70. Osmium isotope systematics of drilled lavas from Mauna Loa, Hawaii
71. Fluid dynamic and geochemical aspects of entrainment in mantle plumes
72. Radiogenic strontium-87 as an index of geologic processes
73. 2/He-3 ratios signal rapid changes in magma chemistry at Loihi seamount, Hawaii
74. Evidence for extensive degassing of the Hawaiian mantle plume from helium-carbon relationships at Kilauea volcano
75. Controls on magmatic degassing along the Reykjanes Ridge with implications for the helium paradox
76. Retention of solar helium and neon in IDPs in deep sea sediment
77. The destruction of geochemical heterogeneities by differential fluid motions during mantle convection
78. Nb in Hawaiian magmas: Constraints on source composition and evolution
79. Chemical differentiation of the Earth: The relationship between mantle, continental crust, and oceanic crust
80. Mantle geochemistry: The message from oceanic volcanism
81. The role of subducted oceanic crust in mantle evolution
82. Mantle values of thermal conductivity and the geotherm from phonon lifetimes
83. Possible solar noble-gas component in Hawaiian basalts
84. Quantifying mixing and age variations of heterogeneities in models of mantle convection: Role of depth-dependent viscosity
85. Distribution of stress in the descending lithosphere from a global survey of focal mechanism solutions of mantle earthquakes
86. Normal mode and free-air gravity constraints on lateral variations in velocity and density of Earth's mantle
87. 4 and some geophysical implications
88. The abundance of major, minor and trace elements in the Earth's mantle as derived from primitive ultramafic nodules
89. The combined use of oxygen and radiogenic isotopes as indicators of crustal contamination
90. The volatiles record of a popping rock from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 14N - Chemical and isotopic composition of gas trapped in the vesicles
91. Nb-Th-La in komatiites and basalts: Constraints on komatiite petrogenesis and mantle evolution
92. Tin in mantle-derived rocks: Constraints on Earth evolution
93. Constraints on mantle convection from seismic tomography
94. Tomographic imaging of the lowermost mantle with differential times of refracted and diffracted core phases
95. Plasticity-crystal structure systematics in dense oxides and its implications for the creep strength of the Earth's deep interior: A preliminary result
96. Thermal diffusivity of olivine under upper-mantle conditions
97. Compositional stratification in the deep mantle
98. The role of plumes in mantle helium fluxes
99. Temporal helium isotopic variations in volcanic rocks from Loihi seamount and the island of Hawaii
100. Dynamics of the Galapagos hotspot from helium isotope geochemistry
101. Helium isotopic systematics of oceanic islands and mantle heterogeneity
102. Isotopic evolution of Mauna Loa volcano
103. A general mixing equation with applications to Icelandic basalts
104. Osmium isotope variations in Hawaiian lavas: Evidence for recycled oceanic lithosphere in the Hawaiian plume
105. The core-mantle boundary layer and deep Earth dynamics
106. The dynamics of Cenozoic and Mesozoic plate motions
107. Dynamic topography, plate driving forces and the African superswell
108. Excess He-3 in oceanic basalts - Evidence for terrestrial primordial helium
109. Mixing of heterogeneities in the mantle: Effect of viscosity differences
110. The relative behavior of shear velocity, bulk sound speed, and compressional velocity in the mantle: Implications for chemical and thermal structure
111. Oxygen isotope composition of mantle peridotite
112. The potential influence of radiative heat-transfer on the formation of megaplumes in the lower mantle
113. Noble gases in carbonaceous chondrites
114. Parameterized convection in a layered region and the thermal history of the Earth
115. Cooling of the Earth: A parameterized convection study of whole vs. layered models
116. Pleistocene glaciation and the Earth's precession constant
117. Noble gas constraints on degassing processes
118. Pb, Nd and Sr isotopic evidence for a multicomponent source for rocks of Cook-Austral Islands and heterogeneities of mantle plumes
119. Seismic imaging of mantle plumes
120. Siderophile and chalcophile element abundances in oceanic basalts, Pb isotope evolution and growth of the Earth's core
121. Relationships between chemical and convective layering in the Earth
122. Geochemical modeling of mantle differentiation and crustal growth
123. Variations in 143Nd/144Nd and 87Sr/86Sr ratios in oceanic basalts
124. Heat and helium in the Earth
125. Behaviour and residence times of lithophile and rare gas tracers in the upper mantle
126. Coupled trace element and isotope enrichment in the Cook-Austral-Samoa Islands, Southwest Pacific
127. The rates of plate creation and consumption
128. Evidence for a sharp 670-km discontinuity as inferred from P-to-S converted waves
129. Strong degassing at ridge crests - The behavior of dissolved carbon and water in basalt glasses at 114N, Mid-Atlantic ridge
130. Heat loss from the Earth's interior: Analysis of a global data set
131. The possibility of the core as a source of mantle helium
132. Mass transfer of helium, neon, argon and xenon through a steady-state upper mantle
133. Mass transfer of xenon through a steady-state upper mántle
134. Helium and hydrogen isotopes in ocean ridge basalts north and south of Iceland
135. Rare gases in Samoan xenoliths
136. Correlated Nd, Sr and Pb isotope variation in Walvis Ridge basalts and implications for the evolution of their mantle source
137. Complex shear wave velocity structure imaged beneath Africa and Iceland
138. Geochemistry of tholeiitic and alkalic lavas from the Koolau Range, Oahu, Hawaii: Implications for Hawaiian volcanism
139. New He, Nd, Pb and Sr isotopic constraints on the constitution of the Hawaiian plume: Results from Koolau Volcano, Oahu, Hawaii, USA
140. Can we resolve 3D density heterogeneity in the lower mantle?
141. 186Os ratios of mid-ocean ridge basalts and abyssal peridotites
142. Nature and composition of the continental crust: A lower crustal perspective
143. Mid-ocean ridge popping rocks: Implications for degassing at ridge crests
144. Neon isotopes in submarine basalts
145. Icelandic mantle plume: Geochemical evidence along the Reykjanes Ridge
146. Rare-Earth variations across 'normal segments' of the Reykjanes Ridge, 60°-53°N, mid-Atlantic ridge, 29°S, and East Pacific Rise, 2°-19°S, and evidence on the compostion of the underlying low-velocity layer
147. Mixing in vigorous, time-dependent three-dimensional convection and application to Earth's mantle
148. Two-layer mantle convection and the depletion of radioactive elements in the lower mantle
149. Optical absorption and radiative heat transport in olivine at high temperature
150. Seismic evidence for a lower mantle origin of the Iceland plume
151. The Re-Os isotope system in cosmochemistry and high-temperature geochemistry
152. Deep slabs, geochemical heterogeneity, and the large-scale structure of mantle convection: Investigation of an enduring paradox
153. Observations of body wave multipathing from broadband seismograms: Evidence for lower mantle slab penetration beneath the Sea of Okhotsk
154. Os isotope systematics of the MORB mantle: Results from altered abyssal peridotites
155. Modes of mantle convection and the removal of heat from the Earth's interior
156. Heat-flow in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic
157. Noble gases in basalt glasses from a Mid-Atlantic Ridge topographic high at 14 degrees N; geodynamic consequences
158. Pb, Sr, Nd and Hf isotopic evidence of multiple sources for Oahu, Hawaii basalts
159. Speculations about the cosmic origin of He and Ne in the interior of the Earth - Comment
160. Degree 12 model of shear velocity heterogeneity in the mantle
161. Mantle convection and plate tectonics: Toward an integrated physical and chemical theory
162. Isotopic composition of lead in oceanic basalt and its implication to mantle evolution
163. Fractal features in mixing of non-Newtonian and Newtonian mantle convection
164. Terrestrial helium degassing fluxes and the atmospheric helium budget - Implications with respect to the degassing processes of continental crust
165. 4He ratios at hotspot volcanoes
166. Compositional heterogeneity in the bottom 1000 kilometers of Earth's mantle: Toward a hybrid convection model
167. Evidence for deep mantle circulation from global tomography
168. Mesozoic subducted slabs under Siberia
169. Whole-mantle versus layered mantle convection and the role of a high-viscosity lower mantle in terrestrial volatile evolution
170. Dynamical models of mantle volatile evolution and the role of phase transitions and temperature-dependent rheology
171. A dynamical investigation of the heat and helium imbalance
172. Mixing in a 3D spherical model of present day mantle convection
173. Natural radioactivity of the crust and mantle
174. Unsuccessful initial search for a midmantle chemical boundary with seismic arrays
175. Layered mantle convection: A model for geoid and tomography
176. Sources of oceanic basalts: Radiogenic isotopic evidence
177. Sr and Nd isotope geochemistry of oceanic basalts and mantle evolution
178. Seismic structure of the Iceland mantle plume
179. Extreme HIMU in an oceanic setting: The geochemistry of Mangaia Island (Polynesia), and temporal evolution of the Cook-Austral hotspot
180. Ancient seafloor signals in Pitcairm Island lavas and evidence for large amplitude, small length-scale mantle heterogeneities
181. The origin of Samoa: New evidence from Sr, Nd and Pb isotopes
182. Investigating the base of the mantle using differential travel times
183. High-resolution global upper mantle structure and plate tectonics
184. Chemical geodynamics
185. Nd and Sr isotope ratios and rare earth element abundances in Reykjanes Peninsula basalts: Evidence for mantle heterogeneity beneath Iceland
186. Lead isotope systematics in spinel lherzolite nodules
187. Mantle cryptology