Mechanisms Involved in Gender Differences in Alzheimer's Disease: The Role of Leuteinizing and Follicle Stimulating Hormones

Principles of Gender-Specific Medicine

Volumn 2, Issue , 2004, Pages 1234-1237

  Bowen, Richard ^a   Atwood, Craig S ^b   Perry, George ^b   Smith, Mark A ^b  

^a Vouager Pharmaceutical Corporation   (United States)

^b CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33751218713     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-012440905-7/50388-1     Document Type: Chapter

References (54)

1. Selkoe DJ Alzheimer's disease: Genotypes, phenotypes and treatments. Science 1997, 275:630-631.
2. Smith MA Alzheimer disease. International Review of Neurobiology 1998, vol. 42:1-54. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. R.J. Bradley, R.A. Harris (Eds.).
3. Irizary MC, Soriano F, McNamara M, et al. Aß deposition is associated with neuropil changes, but not with overt neuronal loss in the human amyloid precursor protein V717F (PDAPP) transgenic mouse. J Neurosci 1997, 17:7053-7059.
4. Perry G, Nunomura A, Raina AK, Smith MA Amyloidβ junkies. Lancet 2000, 355:757.
5. Obrenovich ME, Joseph JA, Atwood CS, et al. Amyloidβ: A (life) preserver for the brain. Neurobiol Aging 2002, 23:1097-1099.
6. Rottkamp CA, Atwood CS, Joseph JA, et al. The state versus amyloidβ: The trial of the most wanted criminal in Alzheimer disease. Peptides. 2002, 23:1333-1341.
7. Trojanowski JQ, Clark CM, Arai H, Lee VM Elevated levels of tau in cerebrospinal fluid: Implications for the antemortem diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease elevated levels of tau in cerebrospinal fluid. J Alzheimers Dis 1999, 1:297-305.
8. Avila J. Tau aggregation into fibrillar polymers: Taupathies. FEBS Lett 2000, 476:89-92.
9. Zhu X, Perry G, Raina AK, Smith MA The role of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in Alzheimer disease. NeuroSignals 2002, 11:270-281.
10. Perry G, Castellani RJ, Hirai K, Smith MA Reactive oxygen species mediate cellular damage in Alzheimer disease. J Alzheimers Dis 1998, 1:45-55.
11. Perry G, Sayre LM, Atwood CS, et al. The role of iron and copper in the aetiology of neurodegenerative disorders: Therapeutic implications. CNS Drugs 2002, 16:339-352.
12. Atwood CS, Huang X, Moir RD, et al. Neuroinflammatory responses in the Alzheimer's disease brain promote the oxidative post-translational modification of amyloid deposits. Alzheimer's Disease: Advances in Etiology, Pathogenesis and Theropeutics 2001, 341-361. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, United Kingdom. K. Iqbal, S.S. Sisodia, B. Winblad (Eds.).
13. Jorm AF, Korten AE, Henderson AS The prevalence of dementia: A quantitative integration of the literature. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1987, 76:465-479.
14. McGonigal G, Thamas B, McQuade C, et al. Epidemiology of Alzheimer's presenile dementia in Scotland, 1974-88. BMJ 1993, 306:680-683.
15. Manly JJ, Merchant CA, Jacobs DM, et al. Endogenous estrogen levels and Alzheimer's disease among postmenopausal women. Neurology 2000, 54:833-837.
16. Henderson VW, Paganini-Hill A, Emanuel CK, et al. Estrogen replacement therapy in older women. Comparisons between Alzheimer's disease cases and nondemented control subjects. Arch Neurol 1994, 51:869-900.
17. Tang MX, Jacobs D, Stern Y, et al. Effect of oestrogen during menopause on risk and age at onset of Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 1996, 348:429-432.
18. Kawas C, Resnick S, Morrison A, et al. A prospective study of estrogen replacement therapy and the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease: The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Neurology 1997, 48:1517-1521.
19. Jacobs DR, Pereira MA, Meyer KA, Kushi LH Fiber from whole grains, but not refined grains, is inversely associated with all-cause mortality in older women: The Iowa women's health study. J Am Coll Nutr. 2000, 19:326S-330S.
20. Stam FC, Wigboldus JM, Smeulders AW Age incidence of senile brain amyloidosis. Pathol Res Pract 1986, 181:555-562.
21. Shi J, Zhang YQ, Simpkins JW Effects of 17β-estradiol on glucose transporter 1 expression and endothelial cell survival following focal ischemia in rat. Exp Brain Res. 1997, 117:200-206.
22. Schupf N, Kapell D, Nightingale B, et al. Earlier onset of Alzheimer's disease in men with Down syndrome. Neurology 1998, 50:991-995.
23. Mulnard RA Estrogen as a treatment for Alzheimer disease. JAMA 2000, 284:307-308.
24. Mulnard RA, Cotman CW, Kawas C, et al. Estrogen replacement therapy for treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer disease: A randomized controlled trial. Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study. JAMA 2000, 283:1007-1015.
25. Wang PN, Liao SQ, Liu RS, et al. Effects of estrogen on cognition, mood, and cerebral blood flow in AD: A controlled study. Neurology 2000, 54:2061-2066.
26. Henderson VW, Paganini-Hill A, Miller BL, et al. Estrogen for Alzheimer's disease in women: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Neurology 2000, 54:295-301.
27. Seshadri S, Zornberg GL, Derby LE, et al. Postmenoaausal estrogen replacement therapy and the risk of Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 2001, 58:435-440.
28. Genazzani AR, Gastaldi M, Bidzinska B, et al. The brain as a target organ of gonadal steroids. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1992, 17:385-390.
29. Welt C, Sidis Y, Keutmann H, Schneyer A Activins, inhibins, and follistatins: From endocrinology to signaling. A paradigm for the new millennium. Exp Biol Med 2002, 227:724-752.
30. Couzinet B, Schaison G The control of gonadotrophin secretion by ovarian steroids. Hum Reprod Suppl 1993, 2:97-101.
31. Chakravarti S, Collins WP, Forecast JD, et al. Hormonal profiles after the menopause. BMJ 1976, 2(6039):784-787.
32. Neaves WB, Johnson L, Porter JC, et al. Leydig cell numbers, daily sperm production, and serum gonadotropin levels in aging men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1984, 59:756-763.
33. Fiddes JC, Talmadge K Structure, expression and evolution of the gene for the human glycoprotein hormones. Recent Prog Horm Res. 1984, 40:43-78.
34. Corder EH, Saunders AM, Strittmatter WJ, et al. Gene dose of apolipoprotein E type 4 allele and the risk of Alzheimer's disease in late onset families. Science 1993, 261:921-923.
35. Poirier J, Davignon J, Bouthillier D, et al. Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 1993, 342:697-699.
36. Lei ZM, Rao CV, Kornyei JL, et al. Novel expression of human chorionic gonadotropin/luteinizing hormone receptor gene in brain. Endocrinology 1993, 132:2262-2270.
37. Al-Hader AA, Lei ZM, Rao CN Novel expression of functional luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin receptors in cultured glial cells from neonatal rat brains. Biol Reprod 1997, 56:501-507.
38. Al-Hader AA, Lei ZM, Rap CV Neurons from fetal rat brains contain functional luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin receptors. Biol Reprod. 1997, 56:1071-1076.
39. Bowen RL, Smith MA, Harris PLR, et al. Elevated luteinizing hormone expression colocalizes with neurons vulnerable to Alzheimer's disease pathology. J Neurosci Res 2002, 70:514-518.
40. Raina AK, Zhu X, Rottkamp CA, et al. Cyclin' toward dementia: Cell cycle abnormalities and abortive oncogenesis in Alzheimer disease. J Neurosci Res 2000, 61:128-133.
41. Bowser R, Smith MA Cell cycle proteins in Alzheimer's disease: Plenty of wheels but no cycle. J Alzheimers Dis 2002, 4:249-254.
42. McShea A, Harris PLR, Webster KR, et al. Abnormal expression of the cell cycle regulators p16 and CDK4 in Alzheimer's disease. Am J Pathol 1997, 150:1933-1939.
43. Hirai K, Aliev G, Nunomura A, et al. Mitochondrial abnormalities in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci 2001, 21:3017-3023.
44. Zhu X, Rottkamp CA, Boux H, et al. Activation of p38 kinase links tau phosphorylation, oxidative stress, and cell cycle-related events in Alzheimer disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2000, 59:880-888.
45. Perry G, Roder H, Nunomura A, et al. Activation of neuronal extracellular receptor kinase (ERK) in Alzheimer disease links oxidative stress to abnormal phosphorylation. Neuroreport 1999, 10:2411-2415.
46. Zhu X, Castellani RJ, Takeda A, et al. Differential activation of neuronal ERK, JNK/SAPK and p38 in Alzheimer disease: The "two hit" hypothesis. Mech Ageing Dev 2001, 123:39-46.
47. Harris D, Bonfil D, Chuderland D, et al. Activation of MAPK cascades by GnRH: ERK and Jun N-terminal kinase are involved in basal and GnRH-stimulated activity of the glycoprotein hormone LHß-subunit promoter. Endocrinology 2002, 143:1018-1025.
48. Vincent I, Zheng JH, Dickson DW, et al. Mitotic phosphoepitopes precede paired helical filaments in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 1998, 19:287-296.
49. Bowen RL, Isley JP, Atkinson RL An association of elevated serum gonadotropin concentrtions and Alzheimer disease?. J Neuroendocrinol. 2000, 12:351-354.
50. Short RA, Bowen RL, O'Brien PC, Graff-Radford NR Elevated gonadotropin levels in patients with Alzheimer disease. Mayo Clin Proc 2001, 76:906-909.
51. Lukacs H, Hiatt ES, Lei ZM, Rao CV Peripheral and intracerebroventricular administration of human chorionic gonadotropin alters several hippocampus-associated behaviors in cycling female rats. Horm Behav. 1995, 29:42-58.
52. Nunomura A, Perry G, Aliev G, et al. Oxidative damage is the earliest event in Alzheimer disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2001, 60:759-767.
53. Varney NR, Syrop C, Kubu CS, et al. Neuropsychologic dysfunction in women following leuprolide acetate induction of hypoestrogenism. J Assist Reprod Genet. 1993, 10:53-57.
54. Sherwin BB, Tulandi T "Add-back" estrogen reverses cognitive deficits induced, by a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist in women with leiomyomata uteri. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996, 81.