The omega-6/omega-3 ratio and cardiovascular disease risk: Uses and abuses

Current Atherosclerosis Reports

Volumn 8, Issue 6, 2006, Pages 453-459

  Harris, William S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH DAKOTA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID; ENZYME; ESSENTIAL FATTY ACID; ICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID; OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID; OMEGA 6 FATTY ACID;

BLOOD VESSEL REACTIVITY; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CLINICAL TRIAL; DIETARY INTAKE; FATTY ACID METABOLISM; HEART PROTECTION; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; METABOLITE; NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENT; REVIEW; THROMBOCYTE AGGREGATION;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; FATTY ACIDS, OMEGA-3; FATTY ACIDS, OMEGA-6; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 33750718483     PISSN: 15233804     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11883-006-0019-7     Document Type: Review

References (43)

1. Simopoulos AP, Cleland LG: Omega-6/Omega-3 Essential Fatty Acid Ratio. Karger: Farmington, CT; 2003.
2. Lands WE: Fish and Human Health, edn 2. Champaign, IL: AOCS Press; 2005.
3. Sears B: The Omega Rx Zone: The Miracle of the New High-Dose Fish Oil. New York: HarperCollins; 2003.
4. Kang JX: Balance of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids is important for health. The evidence from gene transfer studies. World Rev Nutr Diet 2005, 95:93-102.
5. Simopoulos AP: Importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids: evolutionary aspects. World Rev Nutr Diet 2003, 92:1-22.
6. de Lorgeril M, Salen P: Dietary prevention of coronary heart disease: focus on omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acid balance. World Rev Nutr Diet 2003, 92:57-73.
7. Horrobin DF: Commentary on the workshop statement: are we really sure that arachidonic acid and linoleic acid are bad things? Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2000, 63:145-147.
8. von Schacky C: Clinical trials, not n-6 to n-3 ratios, will resolve whether fatty acids prevent coronary heart disease. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 2001, 103:423-427.
9. Knapp HR: Polyunsaturates, endogenous eicosanoids, and cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Nutr 1990, 9:344-351.
10. Broughton KS, Whelan J, Hardardottir I, Kinsella JE: Effect of increasing the dietary (n-3) to (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio on marine liver and peritoneal cell fatty acids and eicosanoid formation. J Nutr 1991, 121:155-164.
11. Louheranta AM, Porkkala-Sarataho EK, Nyyssonen MK, et al.: Linoleic acid intake and susceptibility of very-low-density and low density lipoproteins to oxidation in men. Am J Clin Nutr 1996, 63:698-703.
12. Suzukawa M, Abbey M, Howe PR, Nestel PJ: Effects of fish oil fatty acids on low density lipoprotein size, oxidizability, and uptake by macrophages. J Lipid Res 1995, 36:473-484.
13. Cleland LG, James MJ, Neumann MA, et al.: Linoleate inhibits EPA incorporation from dietary fish-oil supplements in human subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 1992, 55:395-399.
14. Dwyer JH, Allayee H, Dwyer KM, et al.: Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase promoter genotype, dietary arachidonic acid, and atherosclerosis. N Engl J Med 2004, 350:29-37.
15. Kang JX, Wang J, Wu L, Kang ZB: Transgenic mice: fat-1 mice convert n-6 to n-3 fatty acids. Nature 2004, 427:504.
16. Lai L, Kang JX, Li R, et al.: Generation of cloned transgenic pigs rich in omega-3 fatty acids. Nat Biotechnol 2006, 24:435-436.
17. Weiss LA, Barrett-Connor E, von Muhlen D: Ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids and bone mineral density in older adults: the Rancho Bernardo Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2005, 81:934-938.
18. Yamashita T, Oda E, Sano T, et al.: Varying the ratio of dietary n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid alters the tendency to thrombosis and progress of atherosclerosis in apoE-/- LDLR-/- double knockout mouse. Thromb Res 2005, 116:393-401.
19. Wensing AG, Mensink RP, Hornstra G: Effects of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from plant and marine origin on platelet aggregation in healthy elderly subjects. Br J Nutr 1999, 82:183-191.
20. Wilkinson P, Leach C, Ah-Sing EE, et al.: Influence of alpha-linolenic acid and fish-oil on markers of cardiovascular risk in subjects with an atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype. Atherosclerosis 2005, 181:115-124.
21. Wendland E, Farmer A, Glasziou P, Neil A: Effect of alpha linolenic acid on cardiovascular risk markers: a systematic review. Heart 2006, 92:166-169.
22. Djousse L, Pankow JS, Eckfeldt JH, et al.: Relation between dietary linolenic acid and coronary artery disease in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2001, 74:612-619.
23. Mozaffarian D, Ascherio A, Hu FB, et al.: Interplay between different polyunsaturated fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease in men. Circulation 2005, 111:166-173.
24. Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Giovannucci EL, et al.: Dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease in men: cohort follow up study in the United States. BMJ 1996, 313:84-90.
25. Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, et al.: Dietary fat intake and the risk of coronary heart disease in women. N Engl J Med 1997, 337:1491-1499.
26. Shekelle RB, Shryock AM, Paul O, et al.: Diet, serum cholesterol and death from coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 1981, 304:65-70.
27. Sacks FM, Katan M: Randomized clinical trials on the effects of dietary fat and carbohydrate on plasma lipoproteins and cardiovascular disease. Am J Med 2002, 113 (Suppl 9B):13S-24S.
28. Dayton S, Pearce ML, Goldman H, et al.: Controlled trial of a diet high in unsaturated fat for prevention of atherosclerotic complications. Lancet 1968, 2:1060-1062.
29. Leren P: The Oslo diet-heart study. Eleven-year report. Circulation 1970, 42:935-942.
30. Turpeinen O, Karvonen MJ, Pekkarinen M, et al.: Dietary prevention of coronary heart disease: the Finnish Mental Hospital Study. Int J Epidemiol 1979, 8:99-118.
31. Medical Research Council: Controlled trial of soya-bean oil in myocardial infarction. Lancet 1968, 2:693-699.
32. Lennie TA, Chung ML, Habash DL, Moser DK: Dietary fat intake and proinflammatory cytokine levels in patients with heart failure. J Card Fail 2005, 11:613-618.
33. Pischon T, Hankinson SE, Hotamisligil GS, et al.: Habitual dietary intake of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids in relation to inflammatory markers among US men and women. Circulation 2003, 108:155-160.
34. Ferrucci L, Cherubini A, Bandinelli S, et al.: Relationship of plasma polyunsaturated fatty acids to circulating inflammatory markers. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006, 91:439-446.
35. Miettinen TA, Naukkarinen V, Huttunen JK, et al.: Fatty-acid composition of serum lipids predicts myocardial infarction. BMJ 1982, 285:993-996.
36. Harris WS, Assaad B, Poston WC: Tissue omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio and risk for coronary heart disease. Am J Cardiol 2006, In press.
37. Hamazaki T, Okuyama H: The Japan Society for Lipid Nutrition recommends to reduce the intake of linoleic acid. A review and critique of the scientific evidence. World Rev Nutr Diet 2003, 92:109-132.
38. Cuthbertson WF: Essential fatty acid requirements in infancy. Am J Clin Nutr 1976, 29:559-568.
39. Raatz SK, Bibus D, Thomas W, Kris-Etherton P: Total fat intake modifies plasma fatty acid composition in humans. J Nutr 2001, 131:231-234.
40. Sarkkinen ES, Agren JJ, Ahola I, et al.: Fatty acid composition of serum cholesterol esters, and erythrocyte and platelet membranes as indicators of long-term adherence to fat-modified diets. Am J Clin Nutr 1994, 59:364-370.
41. Krauss RM, Eckel RH, Howard B, et al.: AHA Dietary Guidelines. Revision 2000: A statement for healthcare professionals from the Nutrition Committee of the American Heart Association. Circulation 2000, 102:2284-2299.
42. US Government Dietary Guidelines. http://www.healthierus.gov/dietaryguidelines/. Accessed on May 15, 2006.
43. Katan MB, Deslypere JP, van Birgelen AP, et al.: Kinetics of the incorporation of dietary fatty acids into serum cholesterol esters, erythrocyte membranes, and adipose tissue: an 18-month controlled study. J Lipid Res 1997, 38:2012-2022.