Clinical trials, not n-6 to n-3 ratios, will resolve whether fatty acids prevent coronary heart disease

European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology

Volumn 103, Issue 6, 2001, Pages 423-427

  Von Schacky, Clemens ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

^b LUDWIG MAXIMILIANS UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0035533396     PISSN: 14387697     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/1438-9312(200106)103:6<423::AID-EJLT423>3.0.CO;2-F     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. P. Angerer, C. von Schacky: n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the cardiovascular system. Curr. Opinion Lipidol. 11 (2000) 57-63.
2. C. von Schacky, J. Dyerberg: n-3 fatty acids. From Eskimos to clinical cardiology - what took us so long ? World Rev. Nutr. 88 (2001) 90-99.
3. C. von Schacky: Prophylaxis of atherosclerosis with marine omega-3 fatty acids - a comprehensive strategy. Ann. Int. Med. 107 (1987) 890-899.
4. T. A. Dolecek: Epidemiological evidence of relationships between dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and mortality in the multiple risk factor intervention trial. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 200 (1992) 177-182.
5. P. Marckmann, M. Gronbaek: Fish consumption and coronary heart disease mortality. A systematic review of prospective cohort studies. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 53 (1999) 585-590.
6. C. M. Albert, C. H. Hennekens, C. J. O'Donnell, U. A. Ajani, V. J. Carey, W. C. Willett, J. N. Ruskin, J. E. Manson: Fish consumption and risk of sudden cardiac death. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 279 (1998) 23-28.
7. D. S. Siscovick, T. Raghunathan, I. King, S. Weinmann, V. E. Bovbjerg, L. Kushi, L. A. Cobb, M. K. Copass, B. M. Psaty, R. Lemaitre, B. Retzlaff, R. H. Knopp: Dietary intake of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the risk of primary cardiac arrest. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 71 (Suppl 1) (2000) 208S-212S
8. M. L. Daviglus, J. Stamler, A. J. Orencia, A. R. Dyer, K. Liu, P. Greenland, et al.: Fish consumption and the 30-year risk of fatal myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med. 336 (1997) 1046-1053.
9. J. Dyerberg, H. O. Bang, E. Stoffersen, S. Moncada, J. R. Vane: Haemostatic function and platelet polyunsaturated fatty acids in Eskimos. Lancet 324 (1979) 433-435.
10. W. S. Harris: n-3 fatty acids and serum lipoproteins: human studies. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 65 (1997) 1645S-1654S.
11. M. C. Morris, F. Sacks, B. Rosner: Does fish oil lower blood pressure? A meta-analysis of controlled trials. Circulation 88 (1993) 523-533.
12. J. X. Kang, A. Leaf: Prevention of fatal cardiac arrhythmias by polyunsaturated fatty acids. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 71 (2000) Suppl 1, 202S-207S
13. W. Kothny, P. Angerer, S. Störk, C. von Schacky: Short term effects of ω-3 fatty acids on the radial artery of patients with coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis 140 (1998) 181-186.
14. J. Goodfellow, M. F. Bellamy, M. W. Ramsey, C. J. Jones, M. J. Lewis: Dietary supplementation with marine omega-3 fatty acids improve systemic large artery endothelial function in subjects with hypercholesterolemia. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 35 (2000) 265-270.
15. R. Ross: Atherosclerosis - an inflammatory disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 340 (1999) 115-126.
16. P. Libby: Changing concepts of atherogenesis. J. Intern. Med. 247 (2000) 349-358.
17. W. E. Kaminski, E. Jendraschak, P. Kiefl, C. von Schacky: Dietary omega-3 fatty acids lower levels of platelet-derived growth factor messenger RNA in human mononuclear cells. Blood 81 (1993) 1871-1879.
18. K. H. Baumann, F. Hessel, I. Larass, T. Müller, P. Angerer, R. Kiefl, C. von Schacky: Dietary ω-3, ω-6, and ω-9 unsaturated fatty acids and growth factor and cytokine gene expression in unstimulated and stimulated monocytes: a randomized volunteer study. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 19 (1999) 59-66.
19. S. D. Clarke, D. Jump: Polyunsaturated fatty acids regulate lipogenic and peroxisomal gene expression by independent mechanisms [published erratum appears in Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids 57 (1997) 526.
20. P. T. Price, C. M. Nelson, S. D. Clarke: Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid regulation of gene expression. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 11 (2000) 3-7.
21. L. M. Sassen, J. M. Lamers, P. D. Verdouw. Fish oil and the prevention and regression of atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 8 (1994) 179-191.
22. J. S. Charnock, P. L. McLennan, M. Y. Abeywardena: Dietary modulation of lipid metabolism and mechanical performance of the heart. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 21 (1992) 19-25.
23. G. E. Billman, J. X. Kang, A. Leaf: Prevention of sudden cardiac death by dietary pure omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in dogs. Circulation 99 (1999) 2452-2457.
24. J. P. Gapinski, J. V. VanRuiswyk, G. R. Heudebert, G. S. Schectman: Preventing restenosis with fish oils following coronary angioplasty. A metanalysis. Arch. Int. Med. 153 (1993) 1595-1601.
25. A. Leaf, M. B. Jorgensen, A. K. Jacobs, G. Cote, D. A. Schoenfeld, J. Scheer, et al.: Do fish oils prevent restenosis after coronary angioplasty? Circulation 90 (1996) 2248-2257.
26. J. Eritsland, H. Arnesen, K. Gronseth, N. B. Fjeld, M. Abdelnoor: Effect of dietary supplementation with n-3 fatty acids on coronary bypass graft patency. Am. J. Card. 77 (1996) 31-36.
27. C. von Schacky, P. Angerer, W. Kothny, K. Theisen, H. Mudra: The effect of dietary ω-3 fatty acids on coronary atherosclerosis. A randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Ann. Int. Med. 130 (1999) 554-562.
28. F. M. Sacks, P. H. Stone, C. M. Gibson, D. I. Silverman, B. Rosner, P. C. Pasternak: Controlled trial of fish oil for regression of human coronary atherosclerosis. HARP research group. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 25 (1995) 1492-1498.
29. P. Angerer, W. Kothny, C. von Schacky: Dietary ω-3 fatty acids and human carotid atherosclerosis in patients with coronary artery disease: results of a randomized double-blind two-year intervention trial. Eur. Heart. J. 19 (1998) Abstract Suppl: 125.
30. J. H. Christensen, P. Gustenhoff, E. Korup, J. Aaroe, E. Toft, J. Moller, K. Rasmussen, J. Dyerberg, E. B. Schmidt: Effect of fish oil on heart rate variability in survivors of myocardial infarction: a double blind randomised controlled trial Br. Med. J. 312 (1996) 677-678.
31. M. L. Burr, A. M. Fehily, J. F. Gilbert, S. Rogers, R. M. Holliday, P. M. Sweetnam, et al.: Effects of changes in fat, fish, and fibre intakes on death and myocardial reinfarction: Diet and reinfarction trial (DART). Lancet 334 (1989) 757-761.
32. R. B. Singh, M. A. Niaz. J. P. Sharma, R. Kumar, V. Rastogi, M. Moshiri: Randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial of fish oil and mustard oil in patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction: The indian experiment of infarct survival- 4. Cardiovasc. Drug. Ther. 11 (1998) 485-491.
33. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto miocardico: Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial. Lancet 354 (1999) 447-455.
34. A. Nordoy, K. H. Bonaa, P. M. Sandset, J. B. Hansen, H. Nilsen: Effect of omega-3 fatty acids and simvastatin on hemostatic risk factors and postprandial hyperlipemia in patients with combined hyperlipemia. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 20 (2000) 259-265.
35. ICH Topic E 6. Guideline for Good Clinical Practice. http://www.eudra.org/emea.html
36. R. M. Krauss, R. H. Eckel, B. Howard, L. J. Appel, S. R. Daniels, R. J. Deckelbaum, et al.: AHA Dietary guidelines. Revision 2000: A statement for healthcare professionals from the nutrition committee of the American Heart Association. Circulation 102 (2000) 2296-2311.
37. M. de Lorgeril, P. Salen, J.-L. Martin, I. Monjaud, J. Delaye, N. Mamelle: Mediterranean diet, traditional risk factors, and the rate of cardiovascular complications after myocardial infarction. Final report of the Lyon heart study. Circulation 99 (1999) 779-785.
38. T. Kondo, K. Ogawa, T. Satake, M. Kitazawa, K. Taki, S. Sugiyama, T. Ozawa: Plasma-free fatty eicosapentaenoic acid / arachidonic acid ratio: a possible new coronary risk factor. Clin. Card. 9 (1986) 413-416.
39. C. von Schacky, S. Fischer, P. C. Weber: Long term effects of dietary marine ω-3 fatty acids upon plasma- and cellular lipids, platelet function and eicosanoid formation in humans. J. Clin. Invest. 76 (1985) 1626-1631.
40. C. von Schacky, W. Siess, S. Fischer, P. C. Weber: A comparative study of eicosapentaenoic acid metabolism by human platelets in vivo and in vitro. J. Lipid Res. 26 (1985) 457-464.