Hot compressed water as reaction medium and reactant. Properties and synthesis reactions

Journal of Supercritical Fluids

Volumn 39, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 362-380

  Kruse, A ^a   Dinjus, E ^a  

^a KARLSRUHE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (Germany)

Author keywords

Hot compressed water; Supercritical water; Synthesis

Indexed keywords

AROMATIC COMPOUNDS; METHANOL; OXIDATION; PYROLYSIS; REACTION KINETICS; SYNTHESIS (CHEMICAL); WATER;

HOT COMPRESSED WATER (HCW); MICROSCOPIC PROPERTIES; SUPERCRITICAL WATER; TERT-BUTYLBENZENE;

SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS;

EID: 33750693983     PISSN: 08968446     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2006.03.016     Document Type: Review

References (269)

1. Franck E.U. Überkritisches Wasser als elektrolytisches Lösungsmittel. Angew. Chem. 73 (1961) 309-322
2. Franck E.U. Supercritical water. Endeavour 27 (1968) 55-59
3. Heger K., Uematsu M., and Franck E.U. The static dielectric constant of water at high pressures and temperatures to 500 MPa and 550 °C. Ber. Bunsen-Ges. Phys. Chem. 84 (1980) 758-762
4. Marshall W.L., and Franck E.U. Ion product of water substance, 0-1000 °C, 1-10,000 bar new international formulation and its background. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 10 (1981) 295-304
5. Weingärtner H., and Franck E.U. Supercritical water as a solvent. Angew. Chem (Int. Ed. Engl.) 44 (2005) 2672-2692
6. Neichel M., and Franck E.U. Critical curves and phase equilibria of binary methanol-systems for high pressures and temperatures. Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung, Teil A (Physik, Physikalische Chemie, Kosmophysik) 50 (1995) 439-444
7. Franck E.U., Lentz H., and Welsch H. The system water-xenon at high pressures and temperatures. Zeitschrift fur Physikalische Chemie. Neue Folge 93 (1974) 95-108
8. Eckert C.A., and Chandler K. Tuning fluid solvents for chemical reactions. J. Supercrit. Fluids 13 (1998) 187-195
9. Akiya N., and Savage P.E. Roles of water for chemical reactions in high-temperature water. Chem. Rev. 102 (2000) 2725-2750
10. Franck E.U. Thermophysical properties of supercritical fluids with special consideration of aqueous systems. Fluid Phase Equilibr. 10 (1983) 211-222
11. E.U. Franck, H. Weingärtner, Chemical Thermodynamics. A Chemistry for the 21st Century Monograph, 1999, pp. 105-119.
12. C.A. Meyer, R.B. McClintock, G.J. Silvestri, R.C. Spencer, Jr., Steam Tables-Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Steam, 1992.
13. Franck E.U., Rosenzweig S., and Christoforakos M. Calculation of the dielectric constant of water to 1000 °C and very high pressures. Berichte der Bunsengesellschaft für Physikalische Chemie 94 (1990) 199-203
14. Tester J.W., Marrone A., DiPippo M.M., Sako K., Reagan M.T., Arias T., and Peters W.A. Chemical reactions and phase equilibria of model halocarbons and salts in sub- and supercritical water (200-300 bar, 100-600 °C). J. Supercrit. Fluids 13 (1998) 225-240
15. Heilig M., and Franck E.U. Phase equilibria of multicomponent fluid systems to high pressures and temperatures. Berichte der Bunsengesellschaft für Physikalische Chemie 94 (1990) 27-35
16. Japas M.L., and Franck E.U. High pressure phase equilibria and PVT-data of the water-nitrogen system to 673 K and 250 MPa. Berichte der Bunsengesellschaft für Physikalische Chemie 89 (1985) 793-800
17. Hakuta Y., Ura H., Hayashi H., and Arai K. Effects of hydrothermal synthetic conditions on the particle size of γ-AlO(OH) in sub and supercritical water using a flow reaction system. Mater. Chem. Phys. 93 (2005) 466-472
18. 3 nanoparticles synthesized under sub and supercritical water conditions. Mater. Lett. 59 (2005) 1387-1390
19. Sue K., Kimura K., and Arai K. Hydrothermal synthesis of ZnO nanocrystals using microreactor. Mater. Lett. 58 (2004) 3229-3231
20. Sue K., Kimura K., Yamamoto M., and Arai K. Rapid hydrothermal synthesis of ZnO nanorods without organics. Mater. Lett. 58 (2004) 3350-3352
21. Sue K., Kimura K., Murata K., and Arai K. Effect of cations and anions on properties of zinc oxide particles synthesized in supercritical water. J. Supercrit. Fluids 30 (2004) 325-331
22. Hakuta Y., Adschiri T., Hirakoso H., and Arai K. Chemical equilibria and particle morphology of boehmite (AlOOH) in sub and supercritical water. Fluid Phase Equilibr. 158-160 (1999) 733-742
23. Hakuta Y., Haganuma T., Sue K., Adschiri T., and Arai K. Continuous production of phosphorus YAG:Tb nanoparticles by hydrothermal synthesis in supercritical water. Mater. Res. Bull. 38 (2003) 1257-1265
24. Onwudili J.A., and Williams P.T. Flameless incineration of pyrene under sub-critical and supercritical water conditions. Fuel 85 (2006) 75-83
25. Barner H.E., Huang C.Y., Johnson T., Jacobs G., Martch M.A., and Killilea W.R. Supercritical water oxidation: an emerging technology. J. Hazard. Mater. 31 (1992) 1-17
26. Gloyna E.F., Li L., and McBrayer R.N. Engineering aspects of supercritical water oxidation. Water Sci. Technol. 30 (1994) 1-10
27. Gloyna E.F., and Li L. Supercritical water oxidation: an engineering update. Waste Manage. 13 (1993) 379-394
28. Hodes M., Marrone P.A., Hong G.T., Smith K.A., and Tester J.W. Salt precipitation and scale control in supercritical water oxidation-Part A: fundamentals and research. J. Supercrit. Fluids 29 (2004) 265-288
29. Kritzer P., and Dinjus E. An assessment of supercritical water oxidation (SCWO): existing problems, possible solutions and new reactor concepts. Chem. Eng. J. 83 (2001) 207-214
30. Matubayasi N., and Nakahara M. Super- and subcritical hydration of nonpolar solutes. I. Thermodynamics of hydration. J. Chem. Phys. 112 (2000) 8089-8109
31. Lu J., Brown J.S., Liotta C.L., and Eckert C.A. Polarity and hydrogen-bonding of ambient to near-critical water: Kamlet-Taft solvent parameters. Chem. Commun. (2001) 665-666
32. Savage P.E., Gopalan S., Mizan T.I., Martino C.J., and Brock E.E. Reactions at supercritical conditions: applications and fundamentals. AIChE J. 41 (1995) 1723-1778
33. Hunter S.E., and Savage P.E. Recent advances in acid- and base-catalyzed organic synthesis in high-temperature liquid water. Chem. Eng. Sci. 22/23 (2004) 4903-4909
34. Watanabe M., Osada M., Inomata H., Arai K., and Kruse A. Acidity and basicity of metal oxide catalysts for formaldehyde reaction in supercritical water at 673 K. Appl. Catal. A: Gen. 245 (2003) 333-341
35. Krammer P., and Vogel H. Hydrolysis of esters in subcritical and supercritical water. J. Supercrit. Fluids 16 (2000) 189-206
36. Bühler W., Dinjus E., Ederer H.J., Kruse A., and Mas C. Ionic reactions and pyrolysis of glycerol as competing reaction pathways in near- and supercritical water. J. Supercrit. Fluids 22 (2002) 37-53
37. Hippler H. Elementary reactions in supercritical fluids. In: Reverchon E. (Ed). Proceedings of the Fourth Italian Conference on Supercritical Fluids and their Applications (1997) 279
38. Ederer H.J., Kruse A., Mas C., and Ebert K.H. Modelling of the pyrolysis of tert-butylbenzene in supercritical water. J. Supercrit. Fluids 15 (1999) 191-204
39. Klein M.T., Izzo B., Harrell C.L., and Adschiri T. In: Arai K. (Ed). Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Supercritical Fluids (1997) 543
40. Matubayasi N., Wakai C., and Nakahara M. Structural study of supercritical water. II. Computer simulations. J. Chem. Phys. 110 (1999) 8000-8011
41. Akiya N., and Savage P.E. Effect of water density on hydrogen peroxide dissociation in supercritical water. 1. Reaction equilibrium. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 104 (2000) 4433-4440
42. Akiya N., and Savage P.E. Effect of water density on hydrogen peroxide dissociation in supercritical water. 2. Reaction kinetics. J. Phys. Chem. A 104 (2000) 4441-4448
43. Zhang R., Sato O., Zhao F., Sato M., and Ikushima Y. Heck coupling reaction of iodobenzene and styrene using supercritical water in the absence of a catalyst. Chemistry 10 (2004) 1501-1506
44. Coitiño E.L., Tomasi J., and Ventura O.N. Importance of water in aldol condensation reactions of acetaldehyde. J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Transact. 90 (1994) 1745-1755
45. Wang X., Gron L.U., Klein M.T., and Brill T.B. The influence of high-temperature water on the reaction pathways of nitroanilines. J. Supercrit. Fluids 8 (1995) 236-249
46. 2O. J. Chem. Phys. 119 (2003) 8492-8499
47. Belsky A.J., Maiella P.G., and Brill T.B. Spectroscopy of hydrothermal reactions 13. Kinetics and mechanisms of decarboxylation of acetic acid derivatives at 100-260 °C under 275 bar. J. Phys. Chem. A 103 (1999) 4253-4260
48. Kalinichev A.G. Molecular simulations of liquid and supercritical water: thermodynamics, structure and hydrogen bonding. In: Cygan R.T., and Dubicki J.D. (Eds). Molecular Modeling Theory: Applications in the Geoscience (2001) 83
49. Cummings P.T., Chialvo A.A., and Cochran H.D. Molecular simulation study of solvation structure in supercritical aqueous solutions. Chem. Eng. Sci. 49 (1994) 2735-2748
50. Cummings P.T., Cochran H.D., Simonson J.M., Mesmer R.E., and Karaborni S. Simulation of supercritical water and of supercritical aqueous solutions. J. Chem. Phys. 94 (1991) 5606-5621
51. Sato H., and Hirata F. Ab initio study of water. II. Liquid structure, electronic and thermodynamic properties over a wide range of temperature and density. J. Chem. Phys. 111 (1999) 8545-8555
52. Jedlovszky P., and Richardi J. Comparison of different water models from ambient to supercritical conditions: a Monte Carlo simulation and molecular Ornstein-Zernike study. J. Chem. Phys. 110 (1999) 8019-8031
53. Seward T.M., and Driesner T. Hydrothermal solution structure: experiments and computer simulation. In: Palmer D.A., Fernandez-Prini R., and Harvay A.H. (Eds). Aqueous Systems at Elevated Temperatures and Pressures (2004), Elsevier 149-182
54. Partay L., and Jedlovszky P. Line of percolation in supercritical water. J. Chem. Phys. 123 (2005) 24502
55. Boero M., Ikeshoji T., Liew C.C., Terakura K., and Parrinello M. Hydrogen bond driven chemical reactions: Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime into epsilon-caprolactam in supercritical water. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126 (2004) 6280-6286
56. Nakahara M., Matubayasi N., Wakai C., and Tsujino Y. Structure and dynamics of water: from ambient to supercritical. J. Mol. Liq. 90 (2001) 75-83
57. Marques Leite dos Santos V., Brady Moreira F.G., and Longo R.L. Topology of the hydrogen bond networks in liquid water at room and supercritical conditions: a small-world structure. Chem. Phys. Lett. 390 (2004) 157-161
58. Matubayasi N., Wakai C., and Nakahara M. NMR study of water structure in super- and subcritical conditions. Phys. Rev. Lett. 78 (1997) 2573-2576
59. Sebastiani D., and Parrinello M. Ab-initio study of NMR chemical shifts of water under normal and supercritical conditions. Chemphyschem: Eur. J. Chem. Phys. Phys. Chem. 3 (2002) 675-679
60. Yamaguchi T. Structure of subcritical and supercritical hydrogen-bonded liquids and solutions. J. Mol. Liq. 78 (1998) 43-50
61. Bellissent-Funel M.-C. Structure of supercritical water. J. Mol. Liq. 90 (2001) 313-322
62. Beta I.A., Li J.-C., and Bellissent-Funel M.-C. A quasi-elastic neutron scattering study of the dynamics of supercritical water. Chem. Phys. 292 (2003) 229-234
63. Goodyear G., and Tucker S.C. Glass-like behavior in supercritical fluids: the effect of critical slowing down on solute dynamics. J. Chem. Phys. 111 (1999) 9673-9677
64. Tucker S.C., and Maddox M.W. The effect of solvent density inhomogeneities on dynamics in supercritical fluids: a theoretical perspective. J. Phys. Chem. B 102 (1998) 2437-2453
65. Svishchev I.M., and Plugatyr A.Y. Hydroxyl radical in aqueous solution: computer simulation. J. Phys. Chem. B 109 (2005) 4123-4128
66. Ikushima Y., Zhang R., Zhao F., Sato M., and Ikushima. Noncatalytic Heck coupling reaction using supercritical water. Chem. Commun. (2003) 1548-1549
67. Ikushima Y., Sato O., Sato M., Hatakeda K., and Arai M. Innovations in chemical reaction processes using supercritical water: an environmental application to the production of ε-caprolactam. Chem. Eng. Sci. 58 (2003) 935-941
68. Ikushima Y., Hatakeda K., Sato O., Yokoyama T., and Arai M. Structure and base catalysis of supercritical water in the noncatalytic benzaldehyde disproportionation using water at high temperatures and pressures. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 40 (2001) 210-213
69. Ikushima Y., Hatakeda K., Sato O., Yokoyama T., and Arai M. Acceleration of synthetic organic reactions using supercritical water: noncatalytic Beckmann und pinacol rearrangements. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122 (2000) 1908-1918
70. Ikushima Y., Hatakeda K., Sato O., Yokoyama T., and Arai M. Noncatalytic organic synthesis using supercritical water: the peculiarity near the critical point. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 38 (1999) 2910-2914
71. Ikushima Y., Hatakeda K., Saito N., and Arai M. An in situ Raman spectroscopy study of subcritical and supercritical water: the peculiarity of hydrogen bonding near the critical point. J. Chem. Phys. 108 (1998) 5855-5860
72. Ikushima Y., and Sato M. A one-step production of fine chemicals using supercritical water: an environmental benign application to the synthesis of monoterpene alcohol. Chem. Eng. Sci. 59 (2004) 4895-4901
73. Boero M., Ikeshoji T., Liew C.C., Terakura K., and Parrinello M. Hydrogen bond driven chemical reactions: Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime into caprolactam in supercritical water. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126 (2004) 6280-6286
74. Chialvo A.A., Cummings P.T., Simonson J.M., and Mesmer R.E. Molecular simulation study of speciation in supercritical aqueous NaCl solutions. J. Mol. Liq. 73-74 (1997) 361-372
75. Cochran H.D., Cummings P.T., and Karaborni S. Solvation in supercritical water. Fluid Phase Equilibr. 71 (1992) 1-16
76. de Pablo J.J., Prausnitz J.M., Strauch H.J., and Cummings P.T. Molecular simulation of water along the liquid-vapor coexistence curve from 25 °C to the critical point. J. Chem. Phys. 93 (1990) 7355-7359
77. Lee S.H., Cummings P.T., Simonson J.M., and Mesmer R.E. Molecular dynamics simulation of the limiting conductance of NaCl in supercritical water. Chem. Phys. Lett. 293 (1998) 289-294
78. Cui S.T., and Harris J.G. Ion association and liquid structure in supercritical water solutions of sodium chloride: a microscopic view from molecular dynamics simulations. Chem. Eng. Sci. 49 (1994) 2749-2763
79. Driesner T., Seward T.M., and Tironi I.G. Molecular dynamics simulation study of ionic hydration and ion association in dilute and 1 molal aqueous sodium chloride solutions from ambient to supercritical conditions. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 62 (1998) 3095-3107
80. Balbuena Perla B., Johnston K.P., and Rossky P.J. Molecular dynamics simulation of electrolyte solutions in ambient and supercritical water. 1. Ion solvation. J. Phys. Chem. 100 (1996) 2706-2715
81. Fulton J.L., Pfund D.M., Wallen S.L., Newville M., Stern E.A., and Ma Y. Rubidium ion hydration in ambient and supercritical water. J. Chem. Phys. 105 (1996) 2161-2166
82. Seward T.M., Henderson C.M.B., Charnock J.M., and Dobson B.R. An X-ray absorption (EXAFS) spectroscopic study of aquated Ag+ in hydrothermal solutions to 350 °C. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 60 (1996) 2273-2282
83. Seward T.M., Henderson C.M.B., Charnock J.M., and Driesner T. An EXAFS study of solvation and ion pairing in aqueous strontium solutions to 300 °C. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 63 (1999) 2409-2418
84. 2 solution probed by X-ray absorption spectroscopy in normal and hydrothermal conditions. J. Chem. Phys. 116 (2002) 2997-3006
85. Simonet V., Calzavara Y., Hazemann J.L., Argoud R., Geaymond O., and Raoux D. X-ray absorption spectroscopy studies of ionic association in aqueous solutions of zinc bromide from normal to critical conditions. J. Chem. Phys. 117 (2002) 2771-2781
86. 4 in water. J. Chem. Phys. 122 (2005) 94510
87. Balbuena Perla B., Johnston K.P., and Rossky P.J. Molecular dynamics simulation of electrolyte solutions in ambient and supercritical water. 2. Relative acidity of HCl. J. Phys. Chem. 100 (1996) 2716-2722
88. Yamaguchi T., Yamagami M., Ohzono H., Wakita H., and Yamanaka K. Chloride-ion hydration in supercritical water by neutron diffraction. Chem. Phys. Lett. 252 (1996) 317-321
89. Chialvo A.A., Cummings P.T., Cochran H.D., Simonson J.M., and Mesmer R.E. Na-Cl ion pair association in supercritical water. J. Chem. Phys. 103 (1995) 9379-9387
90. Zhang Z., and Duan Z. Lithium chloride ionic association in dilute aqueous solution: a constrained molecular dynamics study. Chem. Phys. 297 (2004) 221-233
91. Brodholt J.P. Molecular dynamics simulations of aqueous NaCl solutions at high pressures and temperatures. Chem. Geol. 151 (1998) 11-19
92. Goemans M.G.E., Funk T.J., Sedillo M.A., Buelow S.J., and Anderson G.K. Electrical conductances of aqueous solutions of inorganic nitrates at 25-505 °C and 100-490 bar. J. Supercrit. Fluids 11 (1997) 61-72
93. Yagasaki T., Iwahashi K., Saito S., and Ohmine I. A theoretical study on anomalous temperature dependence of pK(w) of water. J. Chem. Phys. 122 (2005) 144504
94. Takahashi H., Satou W., Hori T., and Nitta T. An application of the novel quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical method combined with the theory of energy representation: an ionic dissociation of a water molecule in the supercritical water. J. Chem. Phys. 122 (2005) 44504
95. Oka H., and Kajimoto O. UV absorption solvatochromic shift of 4-nitroaniline in supercritical water. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 5 (2003) 2535-2540
96. Kometani N., Takemiya K., Yonezawa Y., Amita F., and Kajimoto O. UV spectral shift of benzene in sub- and supercritical water. Chem. Phys. Lett. 394 (2004) 85-89
97. Aizawa T., Kanakubo M., Ikushima Y., Smith J., Saitoh T., and Sugimoto N. Local density augmentation around acetophenone N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylbenzidine exciplex in supercritical water. Chem. Phys. Lett. 393 (2004) 31-35
98. Kruse A., and Dinjus E. Influence of salts during hydrothermal biomass gasification: the role of the catalysed water-gas shift reaction. Z. Phys. Chem. 219 (2005) 341-366
99. Shibasaki Y., Kamimori T., Kadokawa J.i., Hatano B., and Tagaya H. Decomposition reactions of plastic model compounds in sub- and supercritical water. Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 83 (2004) 481-485
100. Su X., Zhao Y., Zhang R., and Bi J. Investigation on degradation of polyethylene to oils in supercritical water. Fuel Process. Technol. 85 (2004) 1249-1258
101. 2 in supercritical water. J. Supercrit. Fluids 32 (2004) 293-302
102. Nieto-Draghi C., Bonet Avalos J., Contreras O., Ungerer P., and Ridard J. Dynamical and structural properties of benzene in supercritical water. J. Chem. Phys. 121 (2004) 10566-10576
103. Takebayashi Y., Yoda S., Sugeta T., Otake K., Sako T., and Nakahara M. Acetone hydration in supercritical water: (13)C NMR spectroscopy and Monte Carlo simulation. J. Chem. Phys. 120 (2004) 6100-6110
104. Marrone P.A., Arias T., Peters W.A., and Tester J.W. Solvation effects on kinetics of methylene chloride reactions in sub- and supercritical water: theory, experiment, and ab initio calculations. J. Phys. Chem. A 102 (1998) 7013-7028
105. N2 reaction in supercritical water. J. Phys. Chem. 99 (1995) 16136-16143
106. Balbuena Perla B., Johnston K.P., and Rossky P.J. Molecular simulation of a chemical reaction in supercritical water. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 116 (1994) 2689-2690
107. 3Cl in supercritical water with the polarizable continuum model. J. Phys. Chem. A 101 (1997) 3561-3568
108. N2 reaction in supercritical water. J. Phys. Chem. 99 (1995) 1554-1565
109. N2 reaction in supercritical water. J. Phys. Chem. 99 (1995) 5196-5205
110. Luo H., and Tucker S.C. Compressible continuum model study of the chloride plus methyl chloride reaction in supercritical water. J. Phys. Chem. B Mater. 101 (1997) 1063-1071
111. Luo H., and Tucker S.C. Compressible continuum solvation model for molecular solutes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 117 (1995) 11359-11360
112. Yamasaki Y., Enomoto H., Yamasaki N., and Nakahara M. Methanol formation from dichloromethane under hydrothermal conditions. Chem. Lett. (1999) 83-84
113. -. J. Comp. Chem. 24 (2003) 209-221
114. Dinjus E., and Kruse A. Applications of supercritical water. In: van Eldik R., and Klärner F.-G. (Eds). High Pressure Chemistry; Synthetic, Mechanistic, and Supercritical Applications (2002) 422
115. Bröll D., Kaul C., Kramer A., Krammer P., Richter T., Jung M., Vogel H., and Zehner P. Chemistry in supercritical water. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 38 (1999) 2998-3014
116. Savage P.E. Organic chemical reactions in supercritical water. Chem. Rev. 99 (1999) 603-621
117. An J., Bagnell I., Cabelwski T., Strauss C.R., and Trainor R.W. Applications of high-temperature aqueous media for synthetic organic reactions. J. Org. Chem. 62 (1997) 2505-2511
118. Brill T.B. Geothermal vents and chemical processing: the infrared spectroscopy of hydrothermal reactions. J. Phys. Chem. A 104 (2000) 4343-4351
119. Siskin M., and Katritzky A.R. Reactivity of organic compounds in superheated water: general background. Chem. Rev. 101 (2001) 825-835
120. Patat F. Über die Hydrolyse von Anilin. Monatshefte Chem. 77 (1945) 352-357
121. Townsend S.H., Abraham M.A., Huppert G.L., Klein M.T., and Paspek S.C. Solvent effects during reactions in supercritical water. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 27 (1988) 143-149
122. Torry L.A., Kaminsky R., Klein M.T., and Klotz M.R. The effect of salts on hydrolysis in supercritical and near-critical water: reactivity and availability. J. Supercrit. Fluids 5 (1992) 163-168
123. Tsao C.C., Zhou Y., Liu X., and Houser T.J. Reactions of supercritical water with benzaldehyde, benzylidenebenzylamine, benzyl alcohol, and benzoic acid*1. J. Supercrit. Fluids 5 (1992) 107-113
124. Houser T.J., Tiffany D.M., Li Z., McCarville M.E., and Houghton M.E. Reactivity of some organic compounds with supercritical water. Fuel 65 (1986) 827-832
125. Houser T.J., Tsao C.C., Dyla J.E., Van Atten M.K., and McCarville M.E. The reactivity of tetrahydroquinoline, benzylamine and bibenzyl with supercritical water. Fuel 68 (1989) 323-327
126. Abraham M.A., and Klein M.T. Pyrolysis of benzylphenylamine neat and with tetralin, methanol und water solvents. Ind. Eng. Chem. Pro. Res. Dev. 24 (1985) 300-306
127. 2O system and kinetics of urea decomposition in an FTIR spectroscopy flow reactor cell operable to 725 K and 335 bar. J. Phys. Chem. A 100 (1996) 7455-7462
128. Schoppelrei J.W., Kieke M.L., Wang X., Klein M.T., and Brill T.B. Spectroscopy of hydrothermal reactions. 4. Kinetics of urea and guanidinium nitrate at 200-300 °C in a diamond cell, infrared spectroscopy flow reactor. J. Phys. Chem. A 100 (1996) 14343-14351
129. Krämer A., Mittelstädt S., and Vogel H. Hydrolysis of nitriles in supercritical water. Chem. Eng. Technol. 22 (1999) 494-500
130. Izzo B., Harrell C.L., and Klein M.T. Nitril reaction in high-temperature water: kinetics and mechanism. AIChE J. 43 (1997) 2048-2058
131. Izzo B., Klein M.T., LaMarca C., and Scrivner N.C. Hydrothermal reaction of saturated and unsaturated nitriles: reactivity and reaction pathway analysis. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 38 (1999) 1183-1191
132. Lee D.S., and Gloyna E.F. Hydrolysis and oxidation of acetamide in supercritical water. Environ. Sci. Technol. 26 (1992) 1587-1593
133. Faisal M., Sato N., Quitain A.T., Daimon H., and Fujie K. Hydrolysis and cyclodehydration of dipeptide under hydrothermal conditions. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 44 (2005) 5472-5477
134. Iyer S.D., and Klein M.T. Effect of pressure on the rate of butyronitrile hydrolysis in high-temperature water. J. Supercrit. Fluids 10 (1997) 191-200
135. Harrell C.L., Adschiri T., and Klein M.T. Adv. Environ. Res. 1 (1997) 373-383
136. Venardou E., Garcia-Verdugo E., Barlow S.J., Gorbaty Y.E., and Poliakoff M. On-line monitoring of the hydrolysis of acetonitrile in near-critical water using Raman spectroscopy. Vibr. Spectrosc. 35 (2004) 103-109
137. Iyer S.D., Nicol G.R., and Klein M.T. Hydrothermal reactions of 1-nitrobutane in high-temperature water. J. Supercrit. Fluids 9 (1996) 26-32
138. Lu J., Brown J.S., Boughner E.C., Liotta C.L., and Eckert C.A. Solvatochromic characterization of near-critical water as a benign reaction medium. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 41 (2002) 2835-2841
139. Anikeev V.I., Yermakova A., Semikolenov V.A., and Goto M. Effect of supercritical water density on the rate constant of aliphatic nitrocompounds decomposition. J. Supercrit. Fluids 33 (2005) 243-246
140. Anikeev V.I., Yermakova A., and Goto M. Decomposition and oxidation of aliphatic nitro compounds in supercritical water. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 43 (2004) 8141-8147
141. Khuwijitjaru P., Fujii T., Adachi S., Kimura Y., and Matsuno R. Kinetics on the hydrolysis of fatty acid esters in subcritical water. Chem. Eng. J. 99 (2004) 1-4
142. Li J., and Brill T.B. Spectroscopy of hydrothermal reactions. 16. Kinetics of decarboxylation/hydrolysis of methyl propiolate ester and decarboxylation of propiolic acid at 150-210 °C and 275 bar. J. Phys. Chem. A 105 (2001) 6171-6175
143. P. Moeller, A method for splitting of fats and other esters by hydrolysis. Patent Appl. WO97/07187 (1997).
144. Oka H., Yamago S., Yoshida J., and Kajimoto O. Evidence for a hydroxide ion catalyzed pathway in ester hydrolysis in supercritical water. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 41 (2002) 623-625
145. Penninger J.M.L. Reactions of di-n-butylphthalate in water at near-critical temperature and pressure. Fuel 67 (1988) 490-496
146. Lesutis H.P., Gläser R., Liotta C.L., and Eckert C.A. Acid/base catalysed esters hydrolysis in near-critical water. Chem. Commun. (1999) 2063-2064
147. Y. Tanabe, J. Toriya, I. Kaahhra, O. Kurashiki, Process for producing butandieol or butendiol, Patent Appl. GB 410276 (1977).
148. Klein M.T., Torry L.A., Wu B.C., and Townsend S.H. Hyrolysis in supercritical water: solvent effects as a probe of the reaction mechanism. J. Supercrit. Fluids 3 (1990) 222-227
149. Alemán P.A., Boix C., and Poliakoff M. Hydrolysis and saponification of methyl benzoates. Green Chem. 1 (1999) 65-68
150. Patrick H.R., Griffith K., Liotta C.L., Eckert C.A., and Gläser R. Near-critical water: a benign medium for catalytic reactions. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 40 (2001) 6063-6067
151. Townsend S.H., and Klein M.T. Dibenzyl ether as a probe into the supercritical fluid solvent extraction of volatiles from coal with water. Fuel 64 (1985) 635-638
152. Penninger J.M.L., and Kolmschate J.M.M. Chemistry of methoxynaphthalene in supercritical water. In: Johnston K.P., and Penninger J.M.L. (Eds). Supercritical Fluid Science and Technology (1989) 242
153. Penninger J.M.L., Kersten R.J.A., and Baur H.C.L. Hydrolysis of diphenylether in supercritical water: effects of dissolved NaCl. J. Supercrit. Fluids 17 (2000) 215-226
154. Penninger J.M.L., Kersten R.J.A., and Baur H.C.L. Reactions of diphenylether in supercritical water-mechanism and kinetics. J. Supercrit. Fluids 16 (1999) 119-132
155. Klein M.T., Mentha Y.G., and Torry L.A. Decoupling substituent and solvent effects during hydrolysis of substituted anisoles in supercritical water. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 31 (1992) 182-187
156. Sasaki M., Kabyemela B., Malaluan R., Hirose S., Takeda N., Adschiri T., and Arai K. Cellulose hydrolysis in subcritical and supercritical water. J. Supercrit. Fluids 13 (1998) 261-268
157. Sasaki M., Fang Z., Fukushima Y., Adschiri T., and Arai K. Dissolution and hydrolysis of cellulose in subcritical and supercritical water. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 39 (2000) 2883-2890
158. Siskin M., Katritzky A.R., and Balasubramanian M. Aqueous organic chemistry. 5. Diaryl ethers: diphenyl ether 1-phenoxynaphthalene and 9-phenoxyphenanthrene. Fuel 72 (1993) 1435-1444
159. Sato K., Kishimoto T., Morimoto M., Saimoto H., and Shigemasa Y. Hydrolysis of acetals in water under hydrothermal conditions. Tetrahedron Lett. 44 (2003) 8623-8625
160. Siskin M., Katritzky A.R., and Balasubramanian M. Aqueous organic chemistry. 4. Cleavage of diaryl ethers. Energy Fuels 5 (1991) 770-771
161. Huppert G.L., Wu B.C., Townsend S.H., Klein M.T., and Paspek S.C. Hydrolysis in supercritical water: identification and implications of a polar transition state. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 28 (1989) 161-165
162. Lawson J.R., and Klein M.T. Influence of water on guaiacol pyrolysis. Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam. 24 (1985) 203-208
163. Taylor J.D., Pacheco F.A., Steinfeld J.I., and Tester J.W. Multiscale reaction pathway analysis of methyl tert-butyl ether hydrolysis under hydrothermal conditions. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 41 (2002) 1-8
164. Nagai Y., Matubayasi N., and Nakahara M. Mechanisms and kinetics of noncatalytic ether reaction in supercritical water. 1. Proton-transferred fragmentation of diethyl ether to acetaldehyde in competition with hydrolysis. J. Phys. Chem. A 109 (2005) 3550-3557
165. Nagai Y., Matubayasi N., and Nakahara M. Mechanisms and kinetics of noncatalytic ether reaction in supercritical water. 2. Proton-transferred fragmentation of dimethyl ether to formaldehyde in competition with hydrolysis. J. Phys. Chem. A 109 (2005) 3558-3564
166. Gonzalez G., and Montane D. Kinetics of dibenzylether hydrothermolysis in supercritical water. AIChE J. 51 (2005) 971-981
167. Marrone P.A., Gschwend P.M., Swallow K.C., Peters W.A., and Tester J.W. Product distribution and reaction pathways for methylene chloride hydrolysis and oxidation under hydrothermal conditions. J. Supercrit. Fluids 12 (1998) 239-254
168. Salvatierra D., Taylor J.D., Marrone P.A., and Tester J.W. Kinetic study of hydrolysis of methylene chloride from 100 to 500 °C. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 38 (1999) 4169-4174
169. Jahnke S., Hirth T., and Vogel H. Hydrolysis of bromobenzene in supercritical water. Chem. Ing. Tech. 73 (2001) 237-241
170. Uchida M., Furusawa M., and Okuwaki A. Decomposition of 2-bromophenol in NaOH solution at high temperature. J. Hazard. Mater. 101 (2003) 231-238
171. Bell W.C., Booksh K.S., and Myrick M.L. Monitoring anhydride and acid conversion in supercritical/hydrothermal water by in situ fiber-optic Raman spectroscopy. Anal. Chem. 70 (1998) 332-339
172. Itami K., Terakawa K., Yoshida J.I., and Kajimoto O. The carbon-silicon bond cleavage of organosilicon compounds in supercritical water. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 77 (2004) 2071-2080
173. 2 expanded liquid and hot water. Green Chem. 6 (2004) 382-386
174. Klein M.T., Harrell C.L., Izzo B., and Adschiri T. Hydrolysis of nitriles at sub- and supercritical conditions: mechanistic elucidation. Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Supercritical Fluids (1997) 535
175. Krammer P., and Vogel H. Hydrolysis of esters in subcritical and supercritical water. J. Supercrit. Fluids 16 (2000) 189-206
176. Miksa D., Li J., and Brill T.B. Spectroscopy of hydrothermal reactions. 22. The effects of cations on the decarboxylation kinetics of trifluoroacetate, cyanoacetate, propiolate, and malonate ions. J. Phys. Chem. A 106 (2002) 11107-11114
177. Carlsson M., Habenicht C., Kam L.C., Antal M.J., Bian N.Y., Cunningham R.J., and Jones M. Study of the sequential conversion of citric to itaconic to methacrylic-acid in near-critical and supercritical water. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 33 (1994) 1989-1996
178. Matsubara S., Yokota Y., and Oshima K. Palladium-catalyzed decarboxylation and decarbonylation under hydrothermal conditions: decarboxylative deuteration. Org. Lett. 6 (2004) 2071-2073
179. Sasaki M., Furusawa M., Minami K., Adschiri T., and Arai K. Kinetics and mechanism of cellobiose hydrolysis and retro-aldol condensation in subcritical and supercritical water. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 41 (2002) 6642-6649
180. Xu X., Antal M.J., and Anderson D.G.M. Mechanism and temperature-dependent kinetics of the dehydration of tert-butyl alcohol in hot compressed liquid water. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 36 (1997) 23-41
181. Xu X., De Almeida C.P., and Antal M.J. Mechanism and kinetics of the acid-catalyzed formation of ethene and diethyl ether from ethanol in supercritical water. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 30 (1991) 1478-1485
182. Ramayya S., Brittain A., DeAlmeida C., Mok W., and Antal M.J. Acid-catalysed dehydration of alcohols in supercritical water. Fuel 66 (1987) 1364-1371
183. Antal M.J., Carlsson M., Xu X., and Anderson D.G.M. Mechanism and kinetics of the acid-catalyzed dehydration of 1- and 2-propanol in hot compressed liquid water. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 37 (1998) 3820-3829
184. Narayan R., and Antal M.J. Influence of pressure on the acid-catalyzed rate constant for 1-propanol dehydration in supercritical water. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 112 (1990) 1927-1931
185. Anikeev V.I., Yermakova A., Manion J., and Huie R. Kinetics and thermodynamics of 2-propanol dehydration in supercritical water. J. Supercrit. Fluids 32 (2004) 123-135
186. Antal M.J., Mok W.S.L., Roy J.C., Raissi A.T., and Anderson D.G.M. Pyrolytic sources of hydrocarbons from biomass. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 8 (1985) 291-303
187. Antal M.J., Mok W.S.L., and Richards G.N. Mechanism of formation of 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furaldehyde from -fructose and sucrose. Carbohydr. Res. 199 (1990) 91-109
188. Mok W.S.L., Antal M.J., and Jones M. Formation of acrylic acid from lactic acid in supercritical water. J. Org. Chem. 54 (1989) 4596-4602
189. Dai Z., Hatano B., and Tagaya H. Catalytic dehydration of propylene glycol with salts in near-critical water. Appl. Catal. A: Gen. 258 (2004) 189-193
190. Crittendon R.C., and Parsons E.J. Transformations of cyclohexane derivatives in supercritical water. Organometallics 13 (1994) 2587-2591
191. Kuhlmann B., Arnett E.M., and Siskin M. Classical organic reactions in pure superheated water. J. Org. Chem. 59 (1994) 3098-3101
192. Akiya N., and Savage P.E. Kinetics and mechanism of cyclohexanol dehydration in high-temperature water. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 40 (2001) 1822-1831
193. Dai Z., Hatano B., and Tagaya H. Decomposition of a polyol in supercritical water. Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 80 (2003) 353-356
194. Kabyemela B.M., Adschiri T., Malaluan R., and Arai K. Degradation kinetics of dihydroxyacetone and glyceraldehyde in subcritical and supercritical water. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 36 (1997) 2025-2030
195. Krammer P., Mittelstädt S., and Vogel H. Investigating the synthesis potential in supercritical water. Chem. Eng. Technol. 22 (2005) 126-130
196. Richter T., and Vogel H. The dehydration of 1,4-butanediol to tetrahydrofuran in supercritical water. Chem. Eng. Technol. 24 (2001) 340-343
197. Katritzky A.R., Balasubramanian M., and Siskin M. Aqueous high-temperature chemistry of carbo- and heterocycles. 2. Monosubstituted benzenes: benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde and benzoic acid. Energy Fuels 4 (1990) 499-505
198. 3 in supercritical water. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 41 (2002) 3341-3344
199. Sasaki M., Nishiyama J., Uchida M., Gota K., Tajima K., Adschiri T., and Arai K. Conversion of the hydroxyl group in 1-hexyl alcohol to an amide group in supercritical water without catalyst. Green Chem. 5 (2003) 95-97
200. Dudd L.M., Venardou E., Garcia-Verdugo E., Licence P., Blake A.J., Wilson C., and Poliakoff M. Synthesis of benzimidazoles in high-temperature water. Green Chem. 5 (2003) 187-192
201. Chandler K., Liotta C.L., Eckert C.A., and Schiraldi D. Tuning alkylation reactions with temperature in near-critical water. AIChE J. 44 (1998) 2080-2087
202. Katritzky A.R., Allin S.M., and Siskin M. Aquathermolysis: reactions of organic compounds with superheated water. Acc. Chem. Res. 29 (1996) 399-406
203. Sato T., Sekiguchi G., Adschiri T., and Arai K. Ortho-selective alkylation of phenol with 2-propanol without catalyst in supercritical water. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 41 (2002) 3064-3070
204. Sato T., Sekiguchi G., Saisu M., Watanabe M., Adschiri T., and Arai K. Dealkylation and rearrangement kinetics of 2-isopropylphenol in supercritical water. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 41 (2002) 3124-3130
205. Sato T., Sekiguchi G., Adschiri T., and Arai K. Control of reversible reactions in supercritical water. I. Alkylations. AIChE J. 50 (2004) 665-672
206. Sato T., Haryu E., Adschiri T., and Araia K. Non-catalytic recovery of phenol through decomposition of 2-isopropylphenol in supercritical water. Chem. Eng. Sci. 59 (2004) 1247-1253
207. Brown J.S., Gläser R., Liotta C.L., and Eckert C.A. Acylation of activated aromatics without added acid catalyst. Chem. Commun. (2000) 1295-1296
208. Sato T., Sekiguchi G., Adschiri T., and Arai K. Alkylation of phenol with carbonyl compounds in supercritical water. J. Chem. Eng. Jpn. 36 (2003) 339-342
209. Junk T., Catallo W.J., and Civilis L.D. Synthesis of polydeuterated benzothiazoles via supercritical deuteration of anilines. J. Label. Comp. Radiopharm. 19 (1997) 625-630
210. Gläser R., Brown J.S., Nolen S.A., Liotta C.L., and Eckert C.A. Base-catalyzed reactions in near-critical water for environmentally benign chemical processing. Abstr. Papers Am. Chem. Soc. 217 (1999) U820
211. Nolen S.A., Liotta C.L., Eckert C.A., and Gläser R. The catalytic opportunities of near-critical water: a benign medium for conventionally acid and base catalyzed condensations for organic synthesis. Green Chem. 5 (2003) 663-669
212. Comisar C.M., and Savage P.E. Kinetics of crossed aldol condensations in high-temperature water. Green Chem. 6 (2004) 227-231
213. Sasaki M., Gota K., Tajima K., Adschiri T., and Arai K. Rapid and selective retro-aldol condensation of glucose to glycolaldehyde in supercritical water. Green Chem. 4 (2005) 285-287
214. Nagai Y., Matubayasi N., and Nakahara M. Noncatalytic disproportionation and decarbonylation reactions of benzaldehyde in supercritical water. Chem. Lett. 33 (2004) 622-623
215. Morooka S., Wakai C., Matubayasi N., and Nakahara M. Hydrothermal carbon-carbon bond formation and disproportionations of C1 aldehydes: formaldehyde and formic acid. J. Phys. Chem. A 109 (2005) 6610-6619
216. Morooka S., Wakai C., Matubayasi N., and Nakahara M. Noncatalytic Cannizzaro-type reaction of acetaldehyde in supercritical water. Chem. Lett. 32 (2003) 310-311
217. Nagai Y., Morooka S., Matubayasi N., and Nakahara M. Mechanisms and kinetics of acetaldehyde reaction in supercritical water: noncatalytic disproportionation, condensation, and decarbonylation. J. Phys. Chem. A 108 (2004) 11635-11643
218. Ghandi K., Addison-Jones B., Brodovitch J.C., McCollum B.M., McKenzie I., and Percival P.W. Enolization of acetone in superheated water detected via radical formation. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125 (2003) 9594-9595
219. Kuhlmann B., Arnett E.M., and Siskin M. H-D exchange in pinacolone by deuterium-oxide at high-temperature and pressure. J. Org. Chem. 59 (1994) 5377-5380
220. Klärner F.-G., Diedrich M.K., and Wigger A.E. Effect of pressure on organic reactions. In: van Eldik R., and Hubbard C.D. (Eds). Chemistry Under Extreme or Non-Classical Conditions (2005) 103
221. Jurczak J., and Gryko D.T. Organic synthesis at high pressure. In: van Eldik R., and Hubbard C.D. (Eds). Chemistry Under Extreme or Non-Classical Conditions (2005) 163
222. Dinjus E., Fornika R., and Scholz M. Organic chemistry in supercritical fluids. In: van Eldik R., and Hubbard C.D. (Eds). Chemistry Under Extreme or Non-Classical Conditions (2005) 219
223. Breslow R., and Rideout D. Hydrophobic acceleration of Diels-Alder reactions. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 102 (1980) 7816-7817
224. Breslow R., Maitra U., and Rideout D. Selective Diels-Alder reactions in aqueous solutions and suspensions. Tetrahedron Lett. 24 (1983) 1901-1904
225. Kumar A. Salt effects on Diels-Alder reaction kinetics. Chem. Rev. 101 (2005) 1-19
226. Korzenski M.B., and Kolis J.W. Diels-Alder reactions using supercritical water as an aqueous solvent medium. Tetrahedron Lett. 38 (1997) 5611-5614
227. Harano Y., Sato H., and Hirata F. A theoretical study on a Diels-Alder reaction in ambient and supercritical water: viewing solvent effects through frontier orbitals. Chem. Phys. 258 (2000) 151-161
228. Yamaguchi Y., Yasutake N., and Nagaoka M. Ab initio study of noncatalytic Beckmann rearrangement and hydrolysis of cyclohexanone-oxime in subcritical and supercritical water using the polarizable continuum model. J. Mol. Struct.: THEOCHEM 639 (2003) 137-150
229. Sato T., Watanabe M., Smith J., Adschiri T., and Arai K. Analysis of the density effect on partial oxidation of methane in supercritical water. J. Supercrit. Fluids 28 (2004) 69-77
230. Hirth T., and Franck E.U. Oxidation and hydrothermolysis of hydrocarbons in supercritical water at high pressures. Berichte der Bunsengesellschaft/Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 97 (1993) 1091-1098
231. Lee J.H., and Forster N.R. Direct partial oxidation of methane to methanol in supercritical water. J. Supercrit. Fluids 9 (1996) 99-105
232. Savage P.E., Li R., and Santini J. Methane to methanol in supercritical water. J. Supercrit. Fluids 7 (1994) 135-144
233. Dixon C.N., and Abraham M.A. Conversion of methane to methanol by catalytic supercritical water oxidation. J. Supercrit. Fluids 5 (1992) 269-273
234. Aki S.N.K.K., and Abraham M.A. Catalytic partial oxidation of methane in supercritical water. J. Supercrit. Fluids 7 (1994) 259-263
235. Bröll D., Kramer A., and Vogel H. Heterogeneously catalyzed partial oxidation of methane in supercritical water. Chem. Eng. Technol. 26 (2003) 733-737
236. Kaul C., Vogel H., and Exner H.E. Corrosion behaviour of inorganic materials in subcritical and supercritical aqueous solutions. Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 30 (1999) 326-331
237. Richter T., and Vogel H. The partial oxidation of isobutene in sub- and supercritical water. Chem. Eng. Technol. 26 (2003) 688-690
238. Bröll D., Kramer A., and Vogel H. Partial oxidation of propylene in sub- and supercritical water. Chem. Eng. Technol. 26 (2003) 424-428
239. Richter T., and Vogel H. The partial oxidation of cyclohexane in supercritical water. Chem. Eng. Technol. 25 (2002) 265-268
240. Bröll D., Kramer A., and Vogel H. Partial oxidation of propene in subcritical and supercritical water. Chem. Ing. Tech. 74 (2002) 81-85
241. Richter T., and Vogel H. Partial oxidation of cyclohexane in supercritical water. Chem. Ing. Tech. 73 (2001) 1165-1168
242. Bröll D., Kramer A., Vogel H., Lappas I., and Fuess H. Heterogeneously catalyzed partial oxidation in supercritical water. Chem. Eng. Technol. 24 (2001) 142-146
243. Richter T., and Vogel H. The partial oxidation of isobutene in sub- and supercritical water. Chem. Eng. Technol. 26 (2003) 688-690
244. Holliday R.L., Jong Y.M., and Kolis J.W. Organic synthesis in subcritical water: oxidation of alkyl aromatics. J. Supercrit. Fluids 12 (1998) 255-260
245. Hamley P.A., Illkenhans T., Webster J.W., Garica-Verdugo E., Venardou E., Clarke M.J., Auerbach R., Thomas W.B., Whiston K., and Poliakoff M. Selective partial oxidation in supercritical water: the continuous generation of terephthalic acid from para-xylene in high yield. Green Chem. 4 (2002) 235-238
246. Dunn J.B., and Savage P.E. High-temperature liquid water: a viable medium for terephthalic acid synthesis. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39 (2005) 5427-5435
247. Garcia-Verdugo E., Fraga-Dubreuila J., Hamleya P.A., Thomas W.B., Whiston K., and Poliakoff M. Simultaneous continuous partial oxidation of mixed xylenes in supercritical water. Green Chem. 7 (2005) 294-300
248. Dunn J.B., and Savage P.E. Terephthalic acid synthesis in high-temperature liquid water. Industr. Eng. Chem. Res. 41 (2002) 4460-4465
249. Dunn J.B., Urquhart D.I., and Savage P.E. Terephthlic acid synthesis in supercritical water. Adv. Synth. Catal. 344 (2002) 385-392
250. Kim Y.-L., Chung S.J., Kim J.-D., Lim J.S., Lee Y.-W., and Yi S.-C. Uncatalyzed partial oxidation of p-xylene in sub- and supercritical water. React. Kinet. Catal. Lett. 77 (2002) 35-42
251. Boix C., de la Fuente J.M., and Poliakoff M. Preparation of quinolines by reduction of ortho-nitroarenes with zinc in near-critical water. New J. Chem. 23 (1999) 641-643
252. Lei W., Pinhua L., Jincan Y., and Jianhui C. Reduction of azides to amines with zinc metal in near-critical water. Chem. J. Internet 5 (2003)
253. Jennings J.M., Bryson T.A., and Gibson J.M. Catalytic reduction in subcritical water. Green Chem. 2 (2000) 87-88
254. Bryson T.A., Jennings J.M., and Gibson J.M. A green and selective reduction of aldehydes. Tetrahedron Lett. 41 (2000) 3523-3526
255. Adschiri T., Shibata R., Sato T., Watanabe M., and Arai K. Catalytic hydrodesulfurization of dibenzothiophene through partial oxidation and a water-gas shift reaction in supercritical water. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 37 (1998) 2634-2638
256. Arai K., Adschiri T., and Watanabe M. Hydrogenation of hydrocarbons through partial oxidation in supercritical water. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 39 (2000) 4697-4701
257. Adschiri T., Okazaki S., Mochiduki M., Kurosawa S., and Arai K. Hydrogenation through partial oxidation of hydrocarbons in supercritical water. Int. J. Soc. Mater. Eng. Resour. 7 (1999) 273-281
258. Parsons E.J. Organic reactions in very hot water. Chemtech (1996) 30-34
259. Reardon P., Metts S., Crittendon C., Daugherity P., and Parsons E.J. Palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions in superheated water. Organometallics 14 (1995) 3810-3816
260. Diminnie J., Metts S., and Parsons E.J. In-situ generation and Heck coupling of alkenes in superheated water. Organometallics 14 (1995) 4023-4025
261. Borwieck H., Walter O., Dinjus E., and Rebizant J. Organometallic chemistry in supercritical water: metallorganic products of the CpCo-catalyzed cyclotrimerization of acetylenes. J. Organomet. Chem. 570 (1998) 121-127
262. Bönnemann H., Brijoux W., Brinkmann R., Meurers W., Mynott R., Von Philipsborn W., and Egolf T. A correlation between 13C and 59Co NMR data and the catalytic activity of organocobalt complexes in the synthesis of pyridine derivatives. J. Organomet. Chem. 272 (1984) 231-249
263. Bönnemann H. Organocobalt compounds in the synthesis of pyridines-an example of structure-efficiency relationships in homogeneous catalýsis. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 24 (1985) 248-262
264. Rausch M.D., and Genetti R.A. Organometallic π-complexes. XXII. Chemistry of pi-cyclopentadienyltetraphenylcyclobutadienecobalt and related compounds. J. Org. Chem. 35 (1970) 3888-3897
265. Li P.H., Yan J.C., Wang M., and Wang L. Glaser coupling reaction without organic solvents and bases under near-critical water conditions. Chin. J. Chem. 22 (2004) 219-221
266. Bryson T.A., Stewart J.J., Gillepie S., Thomas P.S., and Berch J.K. Green heterocycle synthesis, isochromenones and artemidin. Green Chem. 5 (2004) 174-176
267. E. Dinjus, W. Riffel, H. Borwieck, Verfahren zur Hydroformylierung eines Alkens. Patent Appl. DE-OS 19 853 371 (2000).
268. Bicker M., Endres S., Ott L., and Vogel H. Catalytical conversion of carbohydrates in subcritical water: a new chemical process for lactic acid production. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 239 (2005) 151-157
269. Ott L., Bicker M., Kruse A., and Vogel H. Influence of sodium sulfate on dehydration of polyols in near-critical and supercritical water. Chem. Ing. Tech. 77 (2005) 124-128