메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 4, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 253-268

Drug therapies in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases: Successes, shortcomings and future directions

Author keywords

ACE inhibitors; Angiotensin receptor blockers; Antiplatelet agents; Beta blockers; Cardiac rehabilitation; Cardiovascular disease; Cardiovascular prevention; Myocardial infarction; Statins; Stroke

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; ANTITHROMBOCYTIC AGENT; ATORVASTATIN; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; BILE ACID SEQUESTRANT; CLOPIDOGREL; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; ESTROGEN; EZETIMIBE; FIBRIC ACID DERIVATIVE; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; HYPOCHOLESTEROLEMIC AGENT; NICOTINIC ACID; OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID; PERINDOPRIL; PLACEBO; PRAVASTATIN; PROSTAGLANDIN SYNTHASE; RAMIPRIL; RESIN; SIMVASTATIN; TELMISARTAN; THROMBOXANE A2; TICLOPIDINE; TRANDOLAPRIL; UNINDEXED DRUG; FIBRINOLYTIC AGENT;

EID: 33747847488     PISSN: 15701611     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/157016106777698360     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (9)

References (155)
  • 1
    • 0242637123 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tackling the growing global burden of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases
    • Yusuf S, Ôunpuu S. Tackling the growing global burden of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2003; 10: 236-239.
    • (2003) Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil , vol.10 , pp. 236-239
    • Yusuf, S.1    Ôunpuu, S.2
  • 2
    • 0035960630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global burden of cardiovascular diseases. Part I: General considerations, the epidemiological transition, risk factors, and impact of urbanization
    • Yusuf S, Reddy S, Ôunpuu S, Anand S. Global burden of cardiovascular diseases. Part I: general considerations, the epidemiological transition, risk factors, and impact of urbanization. Circulation 2001; 104: 2746-2753.
    • (2001) Circulation , vol.104 , pp. 2746-2753
    • Yusuf, S.1    Reddy, S.2    Ôunpuu, S.3    Anand, S.4
  • 3
    • 0035808005 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global burden of cardiovascular diseases. Part II: Variations in cardiovascular disease by specific ethnic groups and geographic regions and prevention strategies
    • Yusuf S, Reddy S, Ôunpuu S, Anand S. Global burden of cardiovascular diseases. Part II: variations in cardiovascular disease by specific ethnic groups and geographic regions and prevention strategies. Circulation 2001; 104: 2855-2864.
    • (2001) Circulation , vol.104 , pp. 2855-2864
    • Yusuf, S.1    Reddy, S.2    Ôunpuu, S.3    Anand, S.4
  • 4
    • 4344575902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice
    • for the Third Joint Force of European and other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice
    • De Backer G, Ambrosione E, Borch-Johnson K, Brotons C, Cifkova R, Dallongeville J, et al. for the Third Joint Force of European and other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice. European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2003; 10(Suppl 1): S1-S78.
    • (2003) Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil , vol.10 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • De Backer, G.1    Ambrosione, E.2    Borch-Johnson, K.3    Brotons, C.4    Cifkova, R.5    Dallongeville, J.6
  • 6
    • 0037010012 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for the management of patients with unstable angina and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction - summary article: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines (Committee on the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina)
    • Braunwald E, Antman E, Beasley J, Califf RM, Cheitlin MD, Hochman JS, et al. ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for the management of patients with unstable angina and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction - summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines (Committee on the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina). J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 40: 1366-74.
    • (2002) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.40 , pp. 1366-1374
    • Braunwald, E.1    Antman, E.2    Beasley, J.3    Califf, R.M.4    Cheitlin, M.D.5    Hochman, J.S.6
  • 8
    • 0035949527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ACC/AHA guidelines for preventing heart attack and death in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: 001 update
    • Smith S Jr, Blair SN, Bonow RO, Brass LM, Cerqueira MD, Dracup K, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for preventing heart attack and death in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: 001 update. Circulation 2001; 104: 1577-1579.
    • (2001) Circulation , vol.104 , pp. 1577-1579
    • Smith Jr, S.1    Blair, S.N.2    Bonow, R.O.3    Brass, L.M.4    Cerqueira, M.D.5    Dracup, K.6
  • 9
    • 5344222706 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • American College of Physicians; American College of Cardiology Chronic Stable Angina Panel. Primary care management of chronic stable angina and asymptomatic suspected or known coronary artery disease: A clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians
    • Snow V, Barry P, Fihn SD, Gibbons RJ, Owens DK, Williams SV, et al. American College of Physicians; American College of Cardiology Chronic Stable Angina Panel. Primary care management of chronic stable angina and asymptomatic suspected or known coronary artery disease: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med 2004; 141: 562-567.
    • (2004) Ann Intern Med , vol.141 , pp. 562-567
    • Snow, V.1    Barry, P.2    Fihn, S.D.3    Gibbons, R.J.4    Owens, D.K.5    Williams, S.V.6
  • 10
    • 0035978065 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ABCs of secondary prevention of CHD: Easier said than done
    • Cohen JD. ABCs of secondary prevention of CHD: easier said than done. Lancet 2001; 357: 972-973.
    • (2001) Lancet , vol.357 , pp. 972-973
    • Cohen, J.D.1
  • 11
    • 0017305294 scopus 로고
    • The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis (first of two parts)
    • Ross R, Glomset JA. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis (first of two parts). N Engl Med 1976; 295:369-77.
    • (1976) N Engl Med , vol.295 , pp. 369-377
    • Ross, R.1    Glomset, J.A.2
  • 12
    • 0017184071 scopus 로고
    • The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis (second of two parts)
    • Ross R, Glomset JA. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis (second of two parts). N Engl J Med 1976; 295:410-5.
    • (1976) N Engl J Med , vol.295 , pp. 410-415
    • Ross, R.1    Glomset, J.A.2
  • 13
    • 0037126526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report
    • National Cholesterol Education Program NCEP
    • National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation 2002; 106:3143-421.
    • (2002) Circulation , vol.106 , pp. 3143-3421
  • 15
    • 0037180771 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inflammation and atherosclerosis
    • Libby P. Inflammation and atherosclerosis. Nature 2002; 420: 868-874.
    • (2002) Nature , vol.420 , pp. 868-874
    • Libby, P.1
  • 16
    • 0037022910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inflammation and atherosclerosis
    • Libby P, Ridker PM. Inflammation and atherosclerosis. Circulation 2002: 105: 1135-1143.
    • (2002) Circulation , vol.105 , pp. 1135-1143
    • Libby, P.1    Ridker, P.M.2
  • 19
    • 0142055950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxidative stress and cardiovascular injury: Part I: basic mechanisms and in vivo monitoring of ROS
    • Griendling KK, Garret AF. Oxidative stress and cardiovascular injury: Part I: basic mechanisms and in vivo monitoring of ROS. Circulation 2003; 108: 1912-1916.
    • (2003) Circulation , vol.108 , pp. 1912-1916
    • Griendling, K.K.1    Garret, A.F.2
  • 20
    • 0242349764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxidative stress and cardiovascular injury: Part II: animal and human studies
    • Griendling KK, Garret FA. Oxidative stress and cardiovascular injury: Part II: animal and human studies. Circulation 2003; 108: 2034-2040.
    • (2003) Circulation , vol.108 , pp. 2034-2040
    • Griendling, K.K.1    Garret, F.A.2
  • 22
    • 0037153047 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Endothelial function: From vascular biology to clinical applications
    • Behrendt D, Ganz P. Endothelial function: from vascular biology to clinical applications. Am J Cardiol 2002; 90 (Suppl): 40L-48L.
    • (2002) Am J Cardiol , vol.90 , Issue.SUPPL.
    • Behrendt, D.1    Ganz, P.2
  • 23
    • 0037022256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fundamentals of endothelial function for the clinical cardiologist
    • Verma S, Anderson TJ. Fundamentals of endothelial function for the clinical cardiologist. Circulation 2002; 105: 546-9.
    • (2002) Circulation , vol.105 , pp. 546-549
    • Verma, S.1    Anderson, T.J.2
  • 24
    • 12844253061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Endothelial Function: Cardiac Events
    • Lerman A, Zeiher. AM. Endothelial Function: Cardiac Events. Circulation 2005; 111: 363 - 368.
    • (2005) Circulation , vol.111 , pp. 363-368
    • Lerman, A.1    Zeiher, A.M.2
  • 26
    • 2642556244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Endothelial function: A critical determinant in atherosclerosis?
    • Landmesser U, Hornig B, Drexler H. Endothelial function: a critical determinant in atherosclerosis? Circulation 2004; 109(21 Suppl 1): II27-33.
    • (2004) Circulation , vol.109 , Issue.21 SUPPL. 1
    • Landmesser, U.1    Hornig, B.2    Drexler, H.3
  • 27
    • 0037175516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The underlying risk of death after myocardial infarction in the absence of treatment
    • Law MR, Watt HC, Wald NJ. The underlying risk of death after myocardial infarction in the absence of treatment. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162: 2405-10.
    • (2002) Arch Intern Med , vol.162 , pp. 2405-2410
    • Law, M.R.1    Watt, H.C.2    Wald, N.J.3
  • 28
    • 77950261082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • American Heart Association, Dallas, Texas. American Heart Association ©
    • American Heart Association. Heart Disease & Stroke Statistics - 2005 Update. Dallas, Texas. American Heart Association © 2005.
    • (2005) Heart Disease & Stroke Statistics - 2005 Update
  • 29
    • 4444382796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): Case-control study
    • Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet 2004; 364: 937-52.
    • (2004) Lancet , vol.364 , pp. 937-952
    • Yusuf, S.1    Hawken, S.2    Ounpuu, S.3
  • 30
    • 0037193819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factor thresholds: Their existence under scrutiny
    • Law MR, Wald NJ. Risk factor thresholds: their existence under scrutiny. BMJ 2002; 29; 324: 1570-1576.
    • (2002) BMJ , vol.29 , Issue.324 , pp. 1570-1576
    • Law, M.R.1    Wald, N.J.2
  • 31
    • 0037490080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantifying effect of statins on low density lipoprotein cholesterol, ischaemic heart disease, and stroke: Systematic review and meta-analysis
    • Law MR, Wald NJ, Rudnicka AR. Quantifying effect of statins on low density lipoprotein cholesterol, ischaemic heart disease, and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2003; 326: 1423.
    • (2003) BMJ , vol.326 , pp. 1423
    • Law, M.R.1    Wald, N.J.2    Rudnicka, A.R.3
  • 32
    • 0037490085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Value of low dose combination treatment with blood pressure lowering drugs: Analysis of 354 randomised trials
    • Law MR, Wald NJ, Morris JK, Jordan RE. Value of low dose combination treatment with blood pressure lowering drugs: analysis of 354 randomised trials. BMJ 2003; 28; 326: 1427.
    • (2003) BMJ , vol.28 , Issue.326 , pp. 1427
    • Law, M.R.1    Wald, N.J.2    Morris, J.K.3    Jordan, R.E.4
  • 33
    • 0032560807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction
    • Haffner SM, Lehto S, Rönnemaa T, Pyörälä K, Laakso M. Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 229-234.
    • (1998) N Engl J Med , vol.339 , pp. 229-234
    • Haffner, S.M.1    Lehto, S.2    Rönnemaa, T.3    Pyörälä, K.4    Laakso, M.5
  • 34
    • 0031775503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The generalized nature of atherosclerosis: How peripheral arterial disease may predict adverse events from coronary artery disease
    • Criqui MH, Denenberg JO. The generalized nature of atherosclerosis: how peripheral arterial disease may predict adverse events from coronary artery disease. Vasc Med 1998; 3: 241-245.
    • (1998) Vasc Med , vol.3 , pp. 241-245
    • Criqui, M.H.1    Denenberg, J.O.2
  • 35
    • 0023805341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ISIS-2 (Second International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group. Randomised trial of intravenous streptokinase, oral aspirin, both, or neither among 17,187 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction: ISIS-2. Lancet 1988; 13: 349-360.
    • ISIS-2 (Second International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group. Randomised trial of intravenous streptokinase, oral aspirin, both, or neither among 17,187 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction: ISIS-2. Lancet 1988; 13: 349-360.
  • 37
    • 0030911057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The International Stroke Trial (IST): A randomised trial of aspirin, subcutaneous heparin, both, or neither among 19435 patients with acute ischaemic stroke
    • International Stroke Trial Collaborative Group
    • International Stroke Trial Collaborative Group. The International Stroke Trial (IST): a randomised trial of aspirin, subcutaneous heparin, both, or neither among 19435 patients with acute ischaemic stroke. Lancet 1997; 349: 1569-1581.
    • (1997) Lancet , vol.349 , pp. 1569-1581
  • 38
    • 0037065502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Collaborative metaanalysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients
    • Antithrombotic Trialists' Collaboration
    • Antithrombotic Trialists' Collaboration. Collaborative metaanalysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. BMJ 2002; 324: 71-86.
    • (2002) BMJ , vol.324 , pp. 71-86
  • 39
    • 9144270451 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expert consensus document on the use of antiplatelet agents
    • for the Task Force on the Use of Antiplatelet Agents in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease of the European Society of Cardiology
    • Patrono C, Bachman F, Baigent C, Bode C, De Caterina R, Charbonnier B, et al. for the Task Force on the Use of Antiplatelet Agents in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease of the European Society of Cardiology. Expert consensus document on the use of antiplatelet agents. Eur Heart J 2004; 25: 166-181.
    • (2004) Eur Heart J , vol.25 , pp. 166-181
    • Patrono, C.1    Bachman, F.2    Baigent, C.3    Bode, C.4    De Caterina, R.5    Charbonnier, B.6
  • 40
    • 0030956673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ridker PM, Cushman M, Stampfer MJ, Tracy RP, Henneckens CH. Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 973-9. Erratum in: N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 356.
    • Ridker PM, Cushman M, Stampfer MJ, Tracy RP, Henneckens CH. Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 973-9. Erratum in: N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 356.
  • 41
    • 0030590746 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE)
    • CAPRIE Steering Committee
    • CAPRIE Steering Committee. A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). Lancet 1996; 348: 1329-39.
    • (1996) Lancet , vol.348 , pp. 1329-1339
  • 42
    • 0024396437 scopus 로고
    • A randomized trial comparing ticlopidine hydrochloride with aspirin for the prevention of stroke in high-risk patients. Ticlopidine Aspirin Stroke Study Group
    • Hass WK, Easton JD, Adams HP, Pryse-Phillips W, Molony BA, Anderson S, et al. A randomized trial comparing ticlopidine hydrochloride with aspirin for the prevention of stroke in high-risk patients. Ticlopidine Aspirin Stroke Study Group. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 501-507.
    • (1989) N Engl J Med , vol.321 , pp. 501-507
    • Hass, W.K.1    Easton, J.D.2    Adams, H.P.3    Pryse-Phillips, W.4    Molony, B.A.5    Anderson, S.6
  • 43
    • 0033933641 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thienopyridines or aspirin to prevent stroke and other serious vascular events in patients at high risk of vascular disease? A systematic review of the evidence from randomized trials
    • Hankey GJ, Sudlow CL, Dunbabin DW. Thienopyridines or aspirin to prevent stroke and other serious vascular events in patients at high risk of vascular disease? A systematic review of the evidence from randomized trials. Stroke 2000; 31: 1779-84.
    • (2000) Stroke , vol.31 , pp. 1779-1784
    • Hankey, G.J.1    Sudlow, C.L.2    Dunbabin, D.W.3
  • 44
    • 0035899289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment evaluation
    • Yusuf S, Zhao F, Mehta SR, Chrolavicius S, Tognoni G, Fox KK. Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment evaluation. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 494-502.
    • (2001) N Engl J Med , vol.345 , pp. 494-502
    • Yusuf, S.1    Zhao, F.2    Mehta, S.R.3    Chrolavicius, S.4    Tognoni, G.5    Fox, K.K.6
  • 45
    • 20144373281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Addition of Clopidogrel to Aspirin and Fibrinolytic Therapy for Myocardial Infarction with ST-Segment Elevation
    • Sabatine MS, Cannon CP, Gibson CM, Lopez-Sendon JL, Montalescot G, Theroux P, et al. Addition of Clopidogrel to Aspirin and Fibrinolytic Therapy for Myocardial Infarction with ST-Segment Elevation. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 1179-1189.
    • (2005) N Engl J Med , vol.352 , pp. 1179-1189
    • Sabatine, M.S.1    Cannon, C.P.2    Gibson, C.M.3    Lopez-Sendon, J.L.4    Montalescot, G.5    Theroux, P.6
  • 46
    • 4143064763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clopidogrel for High Atherothrombotic Risk and Ischemic Stabilization, Management and Avoidance Executive Committee. Clopidogrel added to aspirin versus aspirin alone in secondary prevention and high-risk primary prevention: Rationale and design of the Clopidogrel for High Atherothrombotic Risk and Ischemic Stabilization, Management, and Avoidance (CHARISMA) trial
    • Bhatt DL, Topol EJ. Clopidogrel for High Atherothrombotic Risk and Ischemic Stabilization, Management and Avoidance Executive Committee. Clopidogrel added to aspirin versus aspirin alone in secondary prevention and high-risk primary prevention: rationale and design of the Clopidogrel for High Atherothrombotic Risk and Ischemic Stabilization, Management, and Avoidance (CHARISMA) trial. Am Heart J 2004; 148: 263-8.
    • (2004) Am Heart J , vol.148 , pp. 263-268
    • Bhatt, D.L.1    Topol, E.J.2
  • 47
    • 0037454050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral anticoagulants in patients with coronary artery disease
    • Anand SS, Yusuf S. Oral anticoagulants in patients with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41(4 Suppl S): 62S-69S.
    • (2003) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.41 , Issue.4 SUPPL. S
    • Anand, S.S.1    Yusuf, S.2
  • 49
    • 23044435873 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variability in response to aspirin: Do we understand the clinical relevance?
    • Campbell CL, Steinhubl SR. Variability in response to aspirin: do we understand the clinical relevance? J Thromb Haemost 2005; 3: 665-9.
    • (2005) J Thromb Haemost , vol.3 , pp. 665-669
    • Campbell, C.L.1    Steinhubl, S.R.2
  • 50
    • 24944474901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Platelet Physiology Subcommittee of the Scientific and Standardization Committee of International Society of Thrombosis and Hemostasis; Working Group on Aspirin Resistance: Position paper of the working group an aspirin resistance
    • Michelson AD, Cattaneo M, Eikelboom JW, Gurbel P, Kottke-Marchant K, Kunicki TJ, et al. Platelet Physiology Subcommittee of the Scientific and Standardization Committee of International Society of Thrombosis and Hemostasis; Working Group on Aspirin Resistance: Position paper of the working group an aspirin resistance. J Thromb Hemost 2005; 3: 1309-1311.
    • (2005) J Thromb Hemost , vol.3 , pp. 1309-1311
    • Michelson, A.D.1    Cattaneo, M.2    Eikelboom, J.W.3    Gurbel, P.4    Kottke-Marchant, K.5    Kunicki, T.J.6
  • 51
    • 3442901436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expert consensus document on beta-blockers
    • The Task Force on Beta-Blockers of the European Society of Cardiology
    • The Task Force on Beta-Blockers of the European Society of Cardiology. Expert consensus document on beta-blockers. Eur Heart J 2004; 25: 1341-1362.
    • (2004) Eur Heart J , vol.25 , pp. 1341-1362
  • 52
    • 0021909115 scopus 로고
    • Beta blockade during and after myocardial infarction: An overview of the randomized trials
    • Yusuf S, Peto R, Lewis J, Collins R, Sleight P. Beta blockade during and after myocardial infarction: An overview of the randomized trials. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1985; 27: 335-371.
    • (1985) Prog Cardiovasc Dis , vol.27 , pp. 335-371
    • Yusuf, S.1    Peto, R.2    Lewis, J.3    Collins, R.4    Sleight, P.5
  • 53
    • 0023900164 scopus 로고
    • The beta-blocker pooling project (BBPP): Subgroup findings from randomized trials in post infarction patients
    • The Beta-Blocker Pooling Project Research Group
    • The Beta-Blocker Pooling Project Research Group. The beta-blocker pooling project (BBPP): subgroup findings from randomized trials in post infarction patients. Eur Heart J 1988; 9: 8-16.
    • (1988) Eur Heart J , vol.9 , pp. 8-16
  • 54
    • 0032552240 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of beta-blockade on mortality among high-risk and low-risk patients after myocardial infarction
    • Gottlieb SS, McCarter RJ, Vogel RA. Effect of beta-blockade on mortality among high-risk and low-risk patients after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 489-97.
    • (1998) N Engl J Med , vol.339 , pp. 489-497
    • Gottlieb, S.S.1    McCarter, R.J.2    Vogel, R.A.3
  • 55
    • 0000093848 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beta Blockade after myocardial infarction: Systematic review and meta regression analysis
    • Freemantle N, Cleland J, Young P, Mason J, Harisson J. Beta Blockade after myocardial infarction: systematic review and meta regression analysis. BMJ 1999; 318: 1730-1737.
    • (1999) BMJ , vol.318 , pp. 1730-1737
    • Freemantle, N.1    Cleland, J.2    Young, P.3    Mason, J.4    Harisson, J.5
  • 56
    • 0034716614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beta Blockade after myocardial infarction. Beta blockers have key role in reducing morbidity and mortality after infarction
    • Nuttall SL, Toescu V, Kendall MJ. Beta Blockade after myocardial infarction. Beta blockers have key role in reducing morbidity and mortality after infarction. BMJ 2000; 320: 581-587.
    • (2000) BMJ , vol.320 , pp. 581-587
    • Nuttall, S.L.1    Toescu, V.2    Kendall, M.J.3
  • 57
    • 0035810547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of carvedilol on outcome after myocardial infarction in patients with left- ventricular dysfunction: The CAPRICORN randomised trial
    • Dargie HJ. Effect of carvedilol on outcome after myocardial infarction in patients with left- ventricular dysfunction: the CAPRICORN randomised trial. Lancet 2001; 357: 1385-1390.
    • (2001) Lancet , vol.357 , pp. 1385-1390
    • Dargie, H.J.1
  • 58
    • 0037125378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beta-blocker therapy and symptoms of depression, fatigue, and sexual dysfunction
    • Ko DT, Hebert PR, Coffey CS, Sedrakyan A, Curtis JP, Krumholz HM. Beta-blocker therapy and symptoms of depression, fatigue, and sexual dysfunction. JAMA 2002; 288: 351-357.
    • (2002) JAMA , vol.288 , pp. 351-357
    • Ko, D.T.1    Hebert, P.R.2    Coffey, C.S.3    Sedrakyan, A.4    Curtis, J.P.5    Krumholz, H.M.6
  • 59
    • 0035369059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness of beta-blocker therapy after acute myocardial infarction in elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma
    • Chen J, Radford MJ, Wang Y, Marciniak TA, Krumholz HM. Effectiveness of beta-blocker therapy after acute myocardial infarction in elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma. J Am Coll 2001; 37: 1950-1956.
    • (2001) J Am Coll , vol.37 , pp. 1950-1956
    • Chen, J.1    Radford, M.J.2    Wang, Y.3    Marciniak, T.A.4    Krumholz, H.M.5
  • 60
    • 0025992650 scopus 로고
    • Beta-adrenergic blocker therapy does not worsen intermittent claudication in subjects with peripheral arterial disease. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
    • Radack K, Deck C. Beta-adrenergic blocker therapy does not worsen intermittent claudication in subjects with peripheral arterial disease. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 1991; 151: 1769-1776.
    • (1991) Arch Intern Med , vol.151 , pp. 1769-1776
    • Radack, K.1    Deck, C.2
  • 61
    • 0028181730 scopus 로고
    • By how much and how quickly does reduction in serum cholesterol concentration lower risk of ischaemic heart disease?
    • Law MR, Wald NJ, Thompson SG. By how much and how quickly does reduction in serum cholesterol concentration lower risk of ischaemic heart disease? BMJ 1994; 308: 367-372.
    • (1994) BMJ , vol.308 , pp. 367-372
    • Law, M.R.1    Wald, N.J.2    Thompson, S.G.3
  • 62
    • 0026681128 scopus 로고
    • Serum cholesterol level and mortality findings for men screened in the Multiple Risk factor Intervention Trial Research Group
    • Neaton JD, Blackburn H, Jacobs D, Kuller L, Lee DJ, Sherwin R, et al. Serum cholesterol level and mortality findings for men screened in the Multiple Risk factor Intervention Trial Research Group. Arch Int Med 1992; 152: 1490-1500.
    • (1992) Arch Int Med , vol.152 , pp. 1490-1500
    • Neaton, J.D.1    Blackburn, H.2    Jacobs, D.3    Kuller, L.4    Lee, D.J.5    Sherwin, R.6
  • 63
    • 0032554686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lipoprotein changes and reduction in the incidence of major coronary heart disease events in the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S)
    • Pederson TR, Olsson AG, Faegeman O, Kjekshus J, Wedel H, Berg K, et al. Lipoprotein changes and reduction in the incidence of major coronary heart disease events in the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Circulation 1998; 97: 1452-1460.
    • (1998) Circulation , vol.97 , pp. 1452-1460
    • Pederson, T.R.1    Olsson, A.G.2    Faegeman, O.3    Kjekshus, J.4    Wedel, H.5    Berg, K.6
  • 64
    • 0037066048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship between lipid levels and clinical outcomes in the Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischemic Disease (LIPID) Trial: To what extent is the reduction in coronary events with pravastatin explained by on-study lipid levels
    • Simes RJ, Marschner IC, Hunt D, Colquhoun D, Sullivan D, Stewart RA, et al. Relationship between lipid levels and clinical outcomes in the Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischemic Disease (LIPID) Trial: to what extent is the reduction in coronary events with pravastatin explained by on-study lipid levels. Circulation 2002; 105: 1162-1169.
    • (2002) Circulation , vol.105 , pp. 1162-1169
    • Simes, R.J.1    Marschner, I.C.2    Hunt, D.3    Colquhoun, D.4    Sullivan, D.5    Stewart, R.A.6
  • 65
    • 0036487151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Underestimation of the importance of blood pressure and cholesterol for coronary heart disease mortality in old age
    • Clarke R, Lewington S, Youngman L, Sherliker P, Peto R, Collins R. Underestimation of the importance of blood pressure and cholesterol for coronary heart disease mortality in old age. Eur Heart J 2002; 23: 286-293.
    • (2002) Eur Heart J , vol.23 , pp. 286-293
    • Clarke, R.1    Lewington, S.2    Youngman, L.3    Sherliker, P.4    Peto, R.5    Collins, R.6
  • 66
    • 0030984696 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serum cholesterol and long-term prognosis in middle-aged men with myocardial infarction and angina pectoris. A 16-year follow-up of the Primary Prevention Study in Goteborg, Sweden
    • Rosengren A, Hagman M, Wedel H, Wilhelmsen L. Serum cholesterol and long-term prognosis in middle-aged men with myocardial infarction and angina pectoris. A 16-year follow-up of the Primary Prevention Study in Goteborg, Sweden. Eur Heart J 1997; 381: 754-761.
    • (1997) Eur Heart J , vol.381 , pp. 754-761
    • Rosengren, A.1    Hagman, M.2    Wedel, H.3    Wilhelmsen, L.4
  • 67
    • 0025376017 scopus 로고
    • Ten year mortality from cardiovascular disease in relation to cholesterol level among men with and without preexisting cardiovascular disease
    • Pekkanen J, Linn S, Heiss G, Suchindran CM, Leon A, Rifkind BM, et al. Ten year mortality from cardiovascular disease in relation to cholesterol level among men with and without preexisting cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 1990; 322: 1700-1707.
    • (1990) N Engl J Med , vol.322 , pp. 1700-1707
    • Pekkanen, J.1    Linn, S.2    Heiss, G.3    Suchindran, C.M.4    Leon, A.5    Rifkind, B.M.6
  • 68
    • 0023880042 scopus 로고
    • High density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol screening and myocardial infarction. The Framingham Study
    • Abbott RD, Wilson PW, Kannel WB, Castelli WP. High density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol screening and myocardial infarction. The Framingham Study. Atherosclerosis 1988; 8: 207-211.
    • (1988) Atherosclerosis , vol.8 , pp. 207-211
    • Abbott, R.D.1    Wilson, P.W.2    Kannel, W.B.3    Castelli, W.P.4
  • 69
    • 0031938298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Munster Heart Study (PROCAM). Results of follow-up at 8 years
    • Assman G, Cullen P, Schulte H. The Munster Heart Study (PROCAM). Results of follow-up at 8 years. Eur Heart J 1998; 19 (Suppl A): A2-A11.
    • (1998) Eur Heart J , vol.19 , Issue.SUPPL. A
    • Assman, G.1    Cullen, P.2    Schulte, H.3
  • 70
    • 0033898125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High triglycerides and low HDL cholesterol and blood pressure and risk of ischemic heart disease
    • Jeppesen J, Hein HO, Suadicani P, Gyntelberg F. High triglycerides and low HDL cholesterol and blood pressure and risk of ischemic heart disease. Hypertension 2000; 36: 226-232.
    • (2000) Hypertension , vol.36 , pp. 226-232
    • Jeppesen, J.1    Hein, H.O.2    Suadicani, P.3    Gyntelberg, F.4
  • 71
    • 0031009885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is hypertriglyceridemia a risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease? A simple question with a complicated answer
    • Ginsberg HN. Is hypertriglyceridemia a risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease? A simple question with a complicated answer. Ann Intern Med 1997; 126: 912-914.
    • (1997) Ann Intern Med , vol.126 , pp. 912-914
    • Ginsberg, H.N.1
  • 72
    • 0032032592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative dose efficacy study of atorvastatin versus simvastatin, pravastatin, lovastatin, and fluvastatin in patients with hypercholesterolemia (the CURVES study)
    • Jones P, Kafonek S, Laurora I, Hunninghake D. Comparative dose efficacy study of atorvastatin versus simvastatin, pravastatin, lovastatin, and fluvastatin in patients with hypercholesterolemia (the CURVES study). Am J Cardiol 1998; 81: 582-587.
    • (1998) Am J Cardiol , vol.81 , pp. 582-587
    • Jones, P.1    Kafonek, S.2    Laurora, I.3    Hunninghake, D.4
  • 73
    • 18144435700 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pravastatin has cholesterol-lowering independent effects on the artery wall of atherosclerotic monkeys
    • Williams JK, Sukhova GK, Herrington DM, Libby P. Pravastatin has cholesterol-lowering independent effects on the artery wall of atherosclerotic monkeys. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998; 31: 684-691.
    • (1998) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.31 , pp. 684-691
    • Williams, J.K.1    Sukhova, G.K.2    Herrington, D.M.3    Libby, P.4
  • 74
    • 33645643557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibition prevents endothelial NO synthase downregulation by atherogenic levels of native LDLs
    • Martinez-Gonzalez J, Raposo B, Rodriguez C. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibition prevents endothelial NO synthase downregulation by atherogenic levels of native LDLs. Aterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001; 21: 122-128.
    • (2001) Aterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol , vol.21 , pp. 122-128
    • Martinez-Gonzalez, J.1    Raposo, B.2    Rodriguez, C.3
  • 75
    • 0035916233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pravastatin treatment increases collagen content and decreases lipid content, inflammation, metalloproteinases, and cell death in human carotid plaques: Implications for plaque stabilization
    • Crisby M, Nordin-Fredriksson G, Shah PK, Yano J, Zhu J, Nilsson J. Pravastatin treatment increases collagen content and decreases lipid content, inflammation, metalloproteinases, and cell death in human carotid plaques: implications for plaque stabilization. Circulation 2001; 103: 926-933.
    • (2001) Circulation , vol.103 , pp. 926-933
    • Crisby, M.1    Nordin-Fredriksson, G.2    Shah, P.K.3    Yano, J.4    Zhu, J.5    Nilsson, J.6
  • 76
    • 0035806626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PINCE Investigators. Effect of statin therapy on C-reactive protein levels: The pravastatin inflammation/CRP evaluation (PRINCE): a randomized trial and cohort study
    • Albert MA, Danielson E, Rifai N, Ridker PM:PINCE Investigators. Effect of statin therapy on C-reactive protein levels: the pravastatin inflammation/CRP evaluation (PRINCE): a randomized trial and cohort study. JAMA 2001; 286: 64-70.
    • (2001) JAMA , vol.286 , pp. 64-70
    • Albert, M.A.1    Danielson, E.2    Rifai, N.3    Ridker, P.M.4
  • 77
    • 0035162266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simvastatin has anti-inflammatory and anti-atherosclerotic activities independent of plasma cholesterol lowering
    • Sparrow CP, Burton CA, Hernandez M, Mundt S, Hassing H, Pael S, et al. Simvastatin has anti-inflammatory and anti-atherosclerotic activities independent of plasma cholesterol lowering. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001; 21: 115-121.
    • (2001) Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol , vol.21 , pp. 115-121
    • Sparrow, C.P.1    Burton, C.A.2    Hernandez, M.3    Mundt, S.4    Hassing, H.5    Pael, S.6
  • 78
    • 0027987849 scopus 로고
    • Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: The Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S)
    • Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group
    • Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group. Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet 1994; 344: 1383-1389.
    • (1994) Lancet , vol.344 , pp. 1383-1389
  • 79
    • 0342981862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels
    • Sacks FM, Pfeffer MA, Moye LA, Rouleau JL, Rutherford JD, Cole TG, et al. The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 1001-1009
    • (1996) N Engl J Med , vol.335 , pp. 1001-1009
    • Sacks, F.M.1    Pfeffer, M.A.2    Moye, L.A.3    Rouleau, J.L.4    Rutherford, J.D.5    Cole, T.G.6
  • 80
    • 0032487931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels
    • The Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group
    • The Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group. The Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 1349-1357.
    • (1998) N Engl J Med , vol.339 , pp. 1349-1357
  • 81
    • 0037031061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: A randomised placebo-controlled trial
    • Heart Protection Study Collaboration Group
    • Heart Protection Study Collaboration Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2002; 360: 7-22
    • (2002) Lancet , vol.360 , pp. 7-22
  • 82
    • 4344683381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CARDS Investigators. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS): Multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial
    • Colhoun HM, Betteridge DJ, Darrington PN, Hitman GA, Neil HA, Livingstone SJ, et al.: CARDS Investigators. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2004; 364: 685-696.
    • (2004) Lancet , vol.364 , pp. 685-696
    • Colhoun, H.M.1    Betteridge, D.J.2    Darrington, P.N.3    Hitman, G.A.4    Neil, H.A.5    Livingstone, S.J.6
  • 83
    • 35048874938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaborators. Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaboration Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: Prospective meta-analyses of individual data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins
    • Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaborators. Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaboration Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analyses of individual data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins. Lancet 2005; 366:1267-78.
    • (2005) Lancet , vol.366 , pp. 1267-1278
  • 84
    • 0031030620 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of aggressive lowering of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and low-dose anticoagulation on obstructive changes in saphenous-vein coronary-artery bypass grafts
    • for The Post Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Trial Investigators
    • Campeau L, Knatterud GL, Domanski M, for The Post Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Trial Investigators. The effect of aggressive lowering of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and low-dose anticoagulation on obstructive changes in saphenous-vein coronary-artery bypass grafts. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 153-162.
    • (1997) N Engl J Med , vol.336 , pp. 153-162
    • Campeau, L.1    Knatterud, G.L.2    Domanski, M.3
  • 85
    • 10744225301 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of intensive compared with moderate lipid-lowering therapy on progression of coronary atherosclerosis
    • Nissen SE, Tuzcu EM, Schoenhagen P, Brown BG, Ganz P, Vogel RA, et al. Effect of intensive compared with moderate lipid-lowering therapy on progression of coronary atherosclerosis. JAMA 2004; 291: 1071-1080.
    • (2004) JAMA , vol.291 , pp. 1071-1080
    • Nissen, S.E.1    Tuzcu, E.M.2    Schoenhagen, P.3    Brown, B.G.4    Ganz, P.5    Vogel, R.A.6
  • 86
    • 0035804846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of atorvastatin on early recurrent ischemic events in acute coronary syndromes: The MIRACL study: a randomized controlled trial
    • Schwartz GG, Olsson AG, Ezekowitz MD, Ganz P, Oliver MF, Waters D, et al. Effects of atorvastatin on early recurrent ischemic events in acute coronary syndromes: the MIRACL study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2001; 285: 1711-1718.
    • (2001) JAMA , vol.285 , pp. 1711-1718
    • Schwartz, G.G.1    Olsson, A.G.2    Ezekowitz, M.D.3    Ganz, P.4    Oliver, M.F.5    Waters, D.6
  • 88
    • 4544243333 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early intensive vs a delayed conservative simvastatin strategy in patients with acute coronary syndromes: Phase Z of the A to Z trial
    • for the A to Z Investigators
    • de Lemos JA, Blazing MA, Wiviott SD, Lewis EF, Fox KA, White HD, et al. for the A to Z Investigators. Early intensive vs a delayed conservative simvastatin strategy in patients with acute coronary syndromes: phase Z of the A to Z trial. JAMA 2004; 292: 1307-1316.
    • (2004) JAMA , vol.292 , pp. 1307-1316
    • de Lemos, J.A.1    Blazing, M.A.2    Wiviott, S.D.3    Lewis, E.F.4    Fox, K.A.5    White, H.D.6
  • 89
  • 90
    • 4544275379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coordinating Committee of the National Cholesterol Education Program. Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III Guidelines
    • Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Bairey-Merz CN, Brewer HB Jr, Clark LT, Hunninghake DB, et al. Coordinating Committee of the National Cholesterol Education Program. Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 44: 720-732.
    • (2004) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.44 , pp. 720-732
    • Grundy, S.M.1    Cleeman, J.I.2    Bairey-Merz, C.N.3    Brewer Jr, H.B.4    Clark, L.T.5    Hunninghake, D.B.6
  • 92
    • 0033527030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gemfibrozil for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in men with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Veterans Affairs High- Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Intervention Trial Study Group
    • Rubins HB, Robins SJ, Collins D, Fey CL, Anderson JW, Elam MB, et al. Gemfibrozil for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in men with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Veterans Affairs High- Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Intervention Trial Study Group. N Eng J Med 1999; 341:410-8.
    • (1999) N Eng J Med , vol.341 , pp. 410-418
    • Rubins, H.B.1    Robins, S.J.2    Collins, D.3    Fey, C.L.4    Anderson, J.W.5    Elam, M.B.6
  • 93
    • 0037161373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early protection against sudden death by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids after myocardial infarction: Time-course analysis of the results of the Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto Miocardioco (GISSI)-Prevenzione
    • Marchioli R, Barzi F, Bomba E, Chieffo C, Di Gregorio D, Di Mascio R, et al. Early protection against sudden death by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids after myocardial infarction: time-course analysis of the results of the Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto Miocardioco (GISSI)-Prevenzione. Circulation 2002; 105: 1897-903.
    • (2002) Circulation , vol.105 , pp. 1897-1903
    • Marchioli, R.1    Barzi, F.2    Bomba, E.3    Chieffo, C.4    Di Gregorio, D.5    Di Mascio, R.6
  • 94
    • 0037504445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of ezetimibe coadministered with atorvastatin in 628 patients with primary hypercholesterolemia: A prospective, randomized, double-blind trial
    • Ballantyne CM, Houri J, Notarbartolo A, Melani L, Lipka LJ, Suresh R, et al. Effect of ezetimibe coadministered with atorvastatin in 628 patients with primary hypercholesterolemia: a prospective, randomized, double-blind trial. Circulation 2003; 107: 2409-2415.
    • (2003) Circulation , vol.107 , pp. 2409-2415
    • Ballantyne, C.M.1    Houri, J.2    Notarbartolo, A.3    Melani, L.4    Lipka, L.J.5    Suresh, R.6
  • 96
    • 0242577955 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of recombinant ApoA-I Milano on coronary atherosclerosis in patients with acute coronary syndromes: A randomized controlled trial
    • Nissen S, Tsunoda T, Tuzcu EM, Schoenhagen P, Cooper CJ, Yasin M, et al. Effect of recombinant ApoA-I Milano on coronary atherosclerosis in patients with acute coronary syndromes: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003; 290: 2292-2300.
    • (2003) JAMA , vol.290 , pp. 2292-2300
    • Nissen, S.1    Tsunoda, T.2    Tuzcu, E.M.3    Schoenhagen, P.4    Cooper, C.J.5    Yasin, M.6
  • 97
    • 0034685168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Angiotensin II receptor antagonists
    • Burnier M, Brunner HR. Angiotensin II receptor antagonists. Lancet 2000; 355: 637-645.
    • (2000) Lancet , vol.355 , pp. 637-645
    • Burnier, M.1    Brunner, H.R.2
  • 98
    • 0037154324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The AT(1)-type angiotensin receptor in oxidative stress and atherogenesis: Part I: oxidative stress and atherogenesis
    • Nickenig G, Harrison DG. The AT(1)-type angiotensin receptor in oxidative stress and atherogenesis: part I: oxidative stress and atherogenesis. Circulation 2002; 105: 393-396.
    • (2002) Circulation , vol.105 , pp. 393-396
    • Nickenig, G.1    Harrison, D.G.2
  • 99
    • 0037192344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The AT(1)-type angiotensin receptor in oxidative stress and atherogenesis: Part II: AT(1) receptor regulation
    • Nickenig G, Harrison DG, The AT(1)-type angiotensin receptor in oxidative stress and atherogenesis: Part II: AT(1) receptor regulation. Circulation 2002; 105: 530-536.
    • (2002) Circulation , vol.105 , pp. 530-536
    • Nickenig, G.1    Harrison, D.G.2
  • 100
    • 18544369738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thecardiovascular continuum and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade
    • Dzau VJ. Thecardiovascular continuum and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade. J Hypertens 2005; 23 (Suppl 1)S9-S17.
    • (2005) J Hypertens , vol.23 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Dzau, V.J.1
  • 102
    • 0032515917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme inhibitors
    • Brown NJ, Vaughan DE. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme inhibitors. Circulation 1998; 97: 1411-1420.
    • (1998) Circulation , vol.97 , pp. 1411-1420
    • Brown, N.J.1    Vaughan, D.E.2
  • 103
    • 0037251186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of cardiovascular risk reduction with ramipril: Insights from HOPE and HOPE substudies
    • Lonn E, Gerstein HC, Smieja M, Mann JFE, Yusuf S. Mechanisms of cardiovascular risk reduction with ramipril: insights from HOPE and HOPE substudies. European Heart J 2003; 5(Suppl A): A43-A48.
    • (2003) European Heart J , vol.5 , Issue.SUPPL. A
    • Lonn, E.1    Gerstein, H.C.2    Smieja, M.3    Mann, J.F.E.4    Yusuf, S.5
  • 104
    • 4143126680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expert consensus document on angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in cardiovascular disease. The Task Force on ACE-inhibitors of the European Society of Cardiology
    • Lopez-Sendon J, Swedberg K, McMurray J, Tamargo J, Maggioni AP, Dargie H, et al. Expert consensus document on angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in cardiovascular disease. The Task Force on ACE-inhibitors of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2004; 25: 1454-70.
    • (2004) Eur Heart J , vol.25 , pp. 1454-1470
    • Lopez-Sendon, J.1    Swedberg, K.2    McMurray, J.3    Tamargo, J.4    Maggioni, A.P.5    Dargie, H.6
  • 105
    • 0023266532 scopus 로고
    • Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure. Results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS)
    • The CONSENSUS Trial Study Group
    • The CONSENSUS Trial Study Group. Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure. Results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS). N Engl J Med 1987; 316: 1429-35.
    • (1987) N Engl J Med , vol.316 , pp. 1429-1435
  • 106
    • 0025913812 scopus 로고
    • Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure
    • The SOLVD Investigators
    • The SOLVD Investigators. Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 293-302.
    • (1991) N Engl J Med , vol.325 , pp. 293-302
  • 107
    • 0026785561 scopus 로고
    • Effect of enalapril on mortality and the development of heart failure in asymptomatic patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions
    • The SOLVD Investigators
    • The SOLVD Investigators. Effect of enalapril on mortality and the development of heart failure in asymptomatic patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 685-91.
    • (1992) N Engl J Med , vol.327 , pp. 685-691
  • 108
    • 0026786643 scopus 로고
    • Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Results of the survival and ventricular enlargement trial. The SAVE Investigators
    • Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E, Moye LA, Basta L, Brown EJ Jr, Cuddy TE, et al. Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Results of the survival and ventricular enlargement trial. The SAVE Investigators. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 669-677.
    • (1992) N Engl J Med , vol.327 , pp. 669-677
    • Pfeffer, M.A.1    Braunwald, E.2    Moye, L.A.3    Basta, L.4    Brown Jr, E.J.5    Cuddy, T.E.6
  • 109
    • 0027423378 scopus 로고
    • Effect of ramipril on mortality and morbidity of survivors of acute myocardial infarction with clinical evidence of heart failure
    • The Acute Infarction Ramipril Efficacy (AIRE) Study Investigators
    • The Acute Infarction Ramipril Efficacy (AIRE) Study Investigators. Effect of ramipril on mortality and morbidity of survivors of acute myocardial infarction with clinical evidence of heart failure. Lancet. 1993; 342: 821-828.
    • (1993) Lancet , vol.342 , pp. 821-828
  • 110
    • 0033519923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of ACE inhibitor trandolapril on life expectancy of patients with reduced left-ventricular function after acute myocardial infarction
    • Torp-Pedersen C, Kober L. Effect of ACE inhibitor trandolapril on life expectancy of patients with reduced left-ventricular function after acute myocardial infarction. TRACE Study Group. Trandolapril Cardiac Evaluation. Lancet 1999; 354: 9-12.
    • (1999) TRACE Study Group. Trandolapril Cardiac Evaluation. Lancet , vol.354 , pp. 9-12
    • Torp-Pedersen, C.1    Kober, L.2
  • 111
    • 2942518221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of ramipril on left ventricular mass and function in normotensive high risk patients with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction: A substudy of the HOPE trial
    • Lonn E, Shaikholeslami R, Yi Q, Bosch J, Sullivan B, Tanser P, et al. Effect of ramipril on left ventricular mass and function in normotensive high risk patients with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction: a substudy of the HOPE trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43: 2200-2206.
    • (2004) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.43 , pp. 2200-2206
    • Lonn, E.1    Shaikholeslami, R.2    Yi, Q.3    Bosch, J.4    Sullivan, B.5    Tanser, P.6
  • 112
    • 9444280103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition with quinapril improves endothelial vasomotor dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease. The TREND (Trial on Reversing ENdothelial Dysfunction) Study
    • Mancini GB, Henry GC, Macaya C, O'Neill BJ, Pucillo AL, Carere RG, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition with quinapril improves endothelial vasomotor dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease. The TREND (Trial on Reversing ENdothelial Dysfunction) Study. Circulation 1996; 94: 258-265.
    • (1996) Circulation , vol.94 , pp. 258-265
    • Mancini, G.B.1    Henry, G.C.2    Macaya, C.3    O'Neill, B.J.4    Pucillo, A.L.5    Carere, R.G.6
  • 113
    • 0035916235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of ramipril and of vitamin E on atherosclerosis: Results of the prospective randomized Study to Evaluate Carotid Ultrasound changes in patients treated with Ramipril and vitamin E (SECURE)
    • for the SECURE Investigators
    • Lonn E, Yusuf S, Dzavik V, Doris C, Yi Q, Smith S, et al. for the SECURE Investigators. Effects of ramipril and of vitamin E on atherosclerosis: results of the prospective randomized Study to Evaluate Carotid Ultrasound changes in patients treated with Ramipril and vitamin E (SECURE). Circulation 2001; 103: 919-925.
    • (2001) Circulation , vol.103 , pp. 919-925
    • Lonn, E.1    Yusuf, S.2    Dzavik, V.3    Doris, C.4    Yi, Q.5    Smith, S.6
  • 114
    • 0034688194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators
    • Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Investigators
    • Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Investigators. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 145-153.
    • (2000) N Engl J Med , vol.342 , pp. 145-153
  • 115
    • 0042330455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of perindopril in reduction of cardiovascular events among patients with stable coronary artery disease: Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial (the EUROPA study)
    • EUROPA Investigators
    • EUROPA Investigators. Efficacy of perindopril in reduction of cardiovascular events among patients with stable coronary artery disease: randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial (the EUROPA study). Lancet 2003; 362: 782-788.
    • (2003) Lancet , vol.362 , pp. 782-788
  • 116
    • 19644400972 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PEACE Trial Investigators. Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition in stable coronary artery disease
    • Braunwald E, Domanski MJ, Fowler SE, Geller NL, Gersh BJ, Hsia J, et al.; PEACE Trial Investigators. Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition in stable coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 2058-2068.
    • (2004) N Engl J Med , vol.351 , pp. 2058-2068
    • Braunwald, E.1    Domanski, M.J.2    Fowler, S.E.3    Geller, N.L.4    Gersh, B.J.5    Hsia, J.6
  • 117
    • 24644510705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-Term Effects of Ramipril on Cardiovascular Events and on Diabetes: Results of the HOPE Study Extension
    • The HOPE/ HOPE-TOO Investigators
    • The HOPE/ HOPE-TOO Investigators. Long-Term Effects of Ramipril on Cardiovascular Events and on Diabetes: Results of the HOPE Study Extension. Circulation 2005; 112: 1339-1346.
    • (2005) Circulation , vol.112 , pp. 1339-1346
  • 118
    • 85047171677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mortality rates in elderly patients who take different angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors after acute myocardial infarction: A class effect?
    • Pilote L, Abrahamovicz M, Rodrigues E, Eisenberg MJ, Rahme E. Mortality rates in elderly patients who take different angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors after acute myocardial infarction: a class effect? Ann Intern Med 2004; 141: 102-112.
    • (2004) Ann Intern Med , vol.141 , pp. 102-112
    • Pilote, L.1    Abrahamovicz, M.2    Rodrigues, E.3    Eisenberg, M.J.4    Rahme, E.5
  • 119
    • 0037111955 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MITRA PLUS Study Group. Impact of ramipril versus other angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on outcome of un-selected patients with ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction
    • Wienbergen H, Schiele R, Gitt AK, Juenger C, Heer T, Meisenzahl C, et al.: MITRA PLUS Study Group. Impact of ramipril versus other angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on outcome of un-selected patients with ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2002; 90: 1045-1049.
    • (2002) Am J Cardiol , vol.90 , pp. 1045-1049
    • Wienbergen, H.1    Schiele, R.2    Gitt, A.K.3    Juenger, C.4    Heer, T.5    Meisenzahl, C.6
  • 120
    • 0034700790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of ramipril on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus: Results of the HOPE study and MICRO-HOPE study
    • The HOPE Investigators
    • The HOPE Investigators. Effects of ramipril on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus: results of the HOPE study and MICRO-HOPE study. Lancet 2000; 355: 253-259.
    • (2000) Lancet , vol.355 , pp. 253-259
  • 121
    • 17144368928 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of perindopril on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes in the EUROPA study: Results from the PERSUADE substudy
    • Daly CA, Fox KM, Remme ME, Ferrari R, Simoons ML. The effect of perindopril on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes in the EUROPA study: results from the PERSUADE substudy. Eur Heart J 200l; 26: 1369-1378.
    • Eur Heart J , vol.200 l , Issue.26 , pp. 1369-1378
    • Daly, C.A.1    Fox, K.M.2    Remme, M.E.3    Ferrari, R.4    Simoons, M.L.5
  • 123
    • 5644250670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The DREAM Trial Investigators. Rationale, design and recruitment characteristics of a large, simple international trial of diabetes prevention: The DREAM trial
    • Gerstein HC, Yusuf S, Holman R, Bosch J, Pogue J: The DREAM Trial Investigators. Rationale, design and recruitment characteristics of a large, simple international trial of diabetes prevention: the DREAM trial. Diabetologia 2004; 47: 1519-27.
    • (2004) Diabetologia , vol.47 , pp. 1519-1527
    • Gerstein, H.C.1    Yusuf, S.2    Holman, R.3    Bosch, J.4    Pogue, J.5
  • 124
    • 0037160968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): A randomised trial against atenolol
    • Dahlöf B, Devereux R, Kjeldsen S, Julius S, Beevers G, de Faire U, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet 2002; 359: 995-1003.
    • (2002) Lancet , vol.359 , pp. 995-1003
    • Dahlöf, B.1    Devereux, R.2    Kjeldsen, S.3    Julius, S.4    Beevers, G.5    de Faire, U.6
  • 125
    • 0042410539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CHARM Investigators and Committees. Effects of candesartan on mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic heart failure: The CHARM-Overall programme
    • Pfeffer M, Swedberg K, Granger CB, Held P, McMurray JJ, Michelson EL, et al.; CHARM Investigators and Committees. Effects of candesartan on mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic heart failure: the CHARM-Overall programme. Lancet 2003; 362: 759-66.
    • (2003) Lancet , vol.362 , pp. 759-766
    • Pfeffer, M.1    Swedberg, K.2    Granger, C.B.3    Held, P.4    McMurray, J.J.5    Michelson, E.L.6
  • 126
    • 0242490542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pfeffer M, McMurray JJ, Velazquez EJ, Rouleau JL, Kober L, Maggioni AP, et al.: Valsartan in Acute Myocardial Infarction Investigators; Valsartan, captopril, or both in myocardial infarction complicated by heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction, or both. N Engl J Med 2003; 349:1893-1906. Erratum in: N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 203.
    • Pfeffer M, McMurray JJ, Velazquez EJ, Rouleau JL, Kober L, Maggioni AP, et al.: Valsartan in Acute Myocardial Infarction Investigators; Valsartan, captopril, or both in myocardial infarction complicated by heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction, or both. N Engl J Med 2003; 349:1893-1906. Erratum in: N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 203.
  • 127
    • 0035922444 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microalbuminuria Study Group The effect of irbesartan on the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes
    • Parving H-H, Lehnert H, Brochner-Mortensen J, Gomis R, Anderson S, Arner P, et al.: Microalbuminuria Study Group The effect of irbesartan on the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 870-878.
    • (2001) N Engl J Med , vol.345 , pp. 870-878
    • Parving, H.-H.1    Lehnert, H.2    Brochner-Mortensen, J.3    Gomis, R.4    Anderson, S.5    Arner, P.6
  • 128
    • 0035922447 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Collaborative Study Group. Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes
    • Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR, Berl T, Pohl MA, Lewis JB, et al.; Collaborative Study Group. Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 851-860.
    • (2001) N Engl J Med , vol.345 , pp. 851-860
    • Lewis, E.J.1    Hunsicker, L.G.2    Clarke, W.R.3    Berl, T.4    Pohl, M.A.5    Lewis, J.B.6
  • 129
    • 0035922441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RENAAL Study Investigators Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy
    • Brenner EM, Cooper ME, de Zuew D, Keane WF, Mitch WE, Parving HH, et al.; RENAAL Study Investigators Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 861-869.
    • (2001) N Engl J Med , vol.345 , pp. 861-869
    • Brenner, E.M.1    Cooper, M.E.2    de Zuew, D.3    Keane, W.F.4    Mitch, W.E.5    Parving, H.H.6
  • 130
    • 3142740224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Teo KK, Yusuf S, Sleight P, Anderson C, Mookadam F, Ramos B, et al.: ONTARGET/TRANSCEND Investigators. Rationale, design, and baseline characteristics of 2 large, simple, randomized trials evaluating telmisartan, ramipril, and their combination in high-risk patients: the Ongoing Telmisartan Alone and in Combination with Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial/Telmisartan Randomized Assessment Study in ACE Intolerant Subjects with Cardiovascular Disease (ONTARGET/TRANSCEND) trials. Am Heart J 2004; 148: 52-61.
    • Teo KK, Yusuf S, Sleight P, Anderson C, Mookadam F, Ramos B, et al.: ONTARGET/TRANSCEND Investigators. Rationale, design, and baseline characteristics of 2 large, simple, randomized trials evaluating telmisartan, ramipril, and their combination in high-risk patients: the Ongoing Telmisartan Alone and in Combination with Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial/Telmisartan Randomized Assessment Study in ACE Intolerant Subjects with Cardiovascular Disease (ONTARGET/TRANSCEND) trials. Am Heart J 2004; 148: 52-61.
  • 131
    • 0033517302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure
    • Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, Cody R, Castaigne A, Perez A, et al. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 709-717.
    • (1999) N Engl J Med , vol.341 , pp. 709-717
    • Pitt, B.1    Zannad, F.2    Remme, W.J.3    Cody, R.4    Castaigne, A.5    Perez, A.6
  • 132
    • 0038179527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eplerenone: Cardiovascular protection
    • Brown NJ. Eplerenone: cardiovascular protection. Circulation 2003; 107: 2512-2518.
    • (2003) Circulation , vol.107 , pp. 2512-2518
    • Brown, N.J.1
  • 133
    • 0037417252 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pitt B, Remme W, Zannad F, Neaton J, Martinez, F, Roniker B, et al.: Eplerenone Post-Acute Myocardial Infarction Heart Failure Efficacy and Survival Study Investigators. Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 1309-1321. Erratum in: N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 2271.
    • Pitt B, Remme W, Zannad F, Neaton J, Martinez, F, Roniker B, et al.: Eplerenone Post-Acute Myocardial Infarction Heart Failure Efficacy and Survival Study Investigators. Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 1309-1321. Erratum in: N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 2271.
  • 134
    • 0024603895 scopus 로고
    • Beyond cholesterol. Modifications of low-density lipoprotein that increase its atherogenicity
    • Steinberg D, Parthasarathy S, Carew TE, Khoo JC, Witztum J. Beyond cholesterol. Modifications of low-density lipoprotein that increase its atherogenicity. N Engl J Med 1989; 320: 915-924.
    • (1989) N Engl J Med , vol.320 , pp. 915-924
    • Steinberg, D.1    Parthasarathy, S.2    Carew, T.E.3    Khoo, J.C.4    Witztum, J.5
  • 135
    • 0028865472 scopus 로고
    • The antioxidant vitamins (E,C and beta-carotene) and cardiovascular disease: A critical summary of epidemiological and clinical trial data
    • Jha P, Flather M, Lonn E, Farkouh M, Yusuf S: The antioxidant vitamins (E,C and beta-carotene) and cardiovascular disease: a critical summary of epidemiological and clinical trial data. Ann Int Med 1995; 123: 860-872.
    • (1995) Ann Int Med , vol.123 , pp. 860-872
    • Jha, P.1    Flather, M.2    Lonn, E.3    Farkouh, M.4    Yusuf, S.5
  • 136
    • 0037840165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of antioxidant vitamins for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: Meta-analysis of randomised trials
    • Vivekananthan DP, Penn MS, Sapp SK, Hsu A, Topol EJ. Use of antioxidant vitamins for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet 2003; 361: 2017-2023.
    • (2003) Lancet , vol.361 , pp. 2017-2023
    • Vivekananthan, D.P.1    Penn, M.S.2    Sapp, S.K.3    Hsu, A.4    Topol, E.J.5
  • 137
    • 20044383911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The HOPE and HOPE-TOO Study Investigators. Effects of long-term vitamin E supplementation on cardiovascular events and cancer. The HOPE study extension
    • Lonn E, Bosch J, Arnold M, Sheridan P, Pogue J, Arnold JM, et al.; The HOPE and HOPE-TOO Study Investigators. Effects of long-term vitamin E supplementation on cardiovascular events and cancer. The HOPE study extension. JAMA 2005; 293: 1338-1347.
    • (2005) JAMA , vol.293 , pp. 1338-1347
    • Lonn, E.1    Bosch, J.2    Arnold, M.3    Sheridan, P.4    Pogue, J.5    Arnold, J.M.6
  • 139
    • 31344459617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Homocysteine-lowering trials for prevention of cardiovascular events: A review of the design and power of the large randomized trials
    • B-Vitamin Treatment Trialists' Collaboration
    • B-Vitamin Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Homocysteine-lowering trials for prevention of cardiovascular events: a review of the design and power of the large randomized trials. Am Heart J 2006; 151: 282-287.
    • (2006) Am Heart J , vol.151 , pp. 282-287
  • 141
    • 77957126077 scopus 로고
    • Effects of estrogen or estrogen/ progestin regimens on heart disease risk factors in postmenopausal women. The Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Trial. The Writing Group for the PEPI Trial
    • The Writing Group for the PEPI Trial
    • The Writing Group for the PEPI Trial. Effects of estrogen or estrogen/ progestin regimens on heart disease risk factors in postmenopausal women. The Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Trial. The Writing Group for the PEPI Trial. JAMA 1995; 273: 199-208.
    • (1995) JAMA , vol.273 , pp. 199-208
  • 142
    • 0037145833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of hormone replacement therapy and antioxidant vitamin supplements on coronary atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women: A randomized controlled trial
    • Waters DD, Alderman EL, Hsia J, Howard BV, Cobb FR, Rogers WJ, et al. Effects of hormone replacement therapy and antioxidant vitamin supplements on coronary atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002; 288: 2432-2440.
    • (2002) JAMA , vol.288 , pp. 2432-2440
    • Waters, D.D.1    Alderman, E.L.2    Hsia, J.3    Howard, B.V.4    Cobb, F.R.5    Rogers, W.J.6
  • 143
    • 0032547326 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Research Group
    • Hulley S, Grady D, Bush T, Furberg C, Herrington D, Riggs B, et al. Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. Heart and Estrogen/progestin
    • (1998) JAMA , vol.280 , pp. 605-613
    • Hulley, S.1    Grady, D.2    Bush, T.3    Furberg, C.4    Herrington, D.5    Riggs, B.6
  • 144
    • 18644363797 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hormone therapy for the prevention of chronic conditions in postmenopausal women: Recommendations from the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
    • US Preventive Services Task Force
    • US Preventive Services Task Force. Hormone therapy for the prevention of chronic conditions in postmenopausal women: recommendations from the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 2005; 142: 855-860.
    • (2005) Ann Intern Med , vol.142 , pp. 855-860
  • 145
    • 0024321898 scopus 로고
    • Preliminary report: Effect of encainide and flecainide on mortality in a randomized trial of arrhythmia suppression after myocardial infarction
    • The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST) Investigators
    • The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST) Investigators. Preliminary report: effect of encainide and flecainide on mortality in a randomized trial of arrhythmia suppression after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 406-412.
    • (1989) N Engl J Med , vol.321 , pp. 406-412
  • 146
    • 0037472879 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multifactorial intervention and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes
    • Gæde P, Vedel P, Larsen N, Jensen GVH, Parving H-H, Pedersen O. Multifactorial intervention and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 383-393.
    • (2003) N Engl J Med , vol.348 , pp. 383-393
    • Gæde, P.1    Vedel, P.2    Larsen, N.3    Jensen, G.V.H.4    Parving, H.-H.5    Pedersen, O.6
  • 148
    • 0001132313 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical reality of coronary prevention guidelines: A comparison of EUROASPIRE I and II in nine countries. EUROASPIRE I and II Group. European Action on Secondary Prevention by Intervention to Reduce Events
    • EUROASPIRE I and II Group
    • EUROASPIRE I and II Group. Clinical reality of coronary prevention guidelines: a comparison of EUROASPIRE I and II in nine countries. EUROASPIRE I and II Group. European Action on Secondary Prevention by Intervention to Reduce Events. Lancet 2001; 357: 995-1001.
    • (2001) Lancet , vol.357 , pp. 995-1001
  • 149
    • 34249059948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fletcher GF, Balady GJ, Vogel RA. Bethesda Conference Report. 33rd Bethesda Conference: Preventive Cardiology: How can we do better? J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 40: 579-651.
    • Fletcher GF, Balady GJ, Vogel RA. Bethesda Conference Report. 33rd Bethesda Conference: Preventive Cardiology: How can we do better? J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 40: 579-651.
  • 150
    • 3042852164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preventing recurrent events long term after coronary artery bypass graft: Suboptimal use of medications in a population study
    • Bradshaw P, Jamrozik K, Gilfillan I, Thompson PL. Preventing recurrent events long term after coronary artery bypass graft: suboptimal use of medications in a population study. Am Heart J 2004; 147: 1047-1053.
    • (2004) Am Heart J , vol.147 , pp. 1047-1053
    • Bradshaw, P.1    Jamrozik, K.2    Gilfillan, I.3    Thompson, P.L.4
  • 151
    • 8744237909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence of suboptimal management of cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and symptomatic atherosclerosis
    • Brown LC, Johnson JA, Majumdar SR, Tsuyuki RT, McAlister FA. Evidence of suboptimal management of cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and symptomatic atherosclerosis. CMAJ 2004; 171: 1189-1192.
    • (2004) CMAJ , vol.171 , pp. 1189-1192
    • Brown, L.C.1    Johnson, J.A.2    Majumdar, S.R.3    Tsuyuki, R.T.4    McAlister, F.A.5
  • 153
    • 0038165393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wald NJ, Law R. A strategy to reduce cardiovascular disease by more than 80%. BMJ. 2003; 326: 1419. Erratum in: BMJ 2003; 327: 586.
    • Wald NJ, Law R. A strategy to reduce cardiovascular disease by more than 80%. BMJ. 2003; 326: 1419. Erratum in: BMJ 2003; 327: 586.
  • 154
    • 0037031075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two decades of progress in preventing vascular disease
    • Yusuf S. Two decades of progress in preventing vascular disease. Lancet 2002; 360: 2-3.
    • (2002) Lancet , vol.360 , pp. 2-3
    • Yusuf, S.1
  • 155
    • 1242336790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of combination evidence-based medical therapy on mortality in patients with acute coronary syndromes
    • Mukherjee D, Fang J, Chetcuti S, Moscucci M, Kline-Roers, E, Eagle KA. Impact of combination evidence-based medical therapy on mortality in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 2004; 109: 745-749.
    • (2004) Circulation , vol.109 , pp. 745-749
    • Mukherjee, D.1    Fang, J.2    Chetcuti, S.3    Moscucci, M.4    Kline-Roers, E.5    Eagle, K.A.6


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.