Genetic aspects of the obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea syndrome

Somnologie

Volumn 10, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 101-112

  Riha, Renata L ^a  

^a ROYAL INFIRMARY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Craniofacial structure; Gene polymorphisms; Genetics; Genome wide scans; Obesity; Sleep apnoea

Indexed keywords

BETA 2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR; GROWTH HORMONE; GROWTH HORMONE RECEPTOR; SOMATOMEDIN C; SOMATOMEDIN RECEPTOR; VITAMIN D RECEPTOR;

ARTICLE; CRANIOFACIAL MORPHOLOGY; DNA POLYMORPHISM; GENE EXPRESSION; GENETIC ANALYSIS; GENETIC LINKAGE; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; GENOME ANALYSIS; HEREDITY; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; PHENOTYPE; QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCUS; RISK FACTOR; SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME; STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE;

EID: 33746933215     PISSN: 14329123     EISSN: 1439054X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-054X.2006.00092.x     Document Type: Article

References (135)

1. Douglas NJ: Clinician's guide to sleep medicine. Arnold, London, 2002.
2. Faccenda JF, MacKay TW, Boon NA, Douglas NJ: Randomized placebo-controlled trial of continuous positive airway pressure on blood pressure in the sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 163(2): 344-348, 2001.
3. Pepperell JC, Ramdassingh-Dow S, Crosthwaite N, Mullins R, Jenkinson C, Stradling JR, Davies RJ: Ambulatory blood pressure after therapeutic and subtherapeutic nasal continuous positive airway pressure for obstructive sleep apnoea: a randomised parallel trial. Lancet 359(9302): 204-210, 2002.
4. Peppard PE, Young T, Palta M, Skatrud J: Prospective study of the association between sleep-disordered breathing and hypertension. N Engl J Med 342(19): 1378-1384, 2000.
5. Ancoli-Israel S, Kripke DF, Mason W, Kaplan OJ: Sleep apnea and periodic movements in an aging sample. J Gerontol 40(4): 419-425, 1985.
6. Duran J, Esnaola S, Rubio R, Iztueta A: Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea and related clinical features in a population-based sample of subjects aged 30 to 70 yr. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 163(3 Pt 1): 685-689, 2001.
7. Bixler EO, Vgontzas AN, Ten Have T, Tyson K, Kales A: Effects of age on sleep apnea in men: I. Prevalence and severity. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157(1): 144-148, 1998.
8. American Academy of Sleep Medicine Task Force: Sleep-related breathing disorders in adults: recommendations for syndrome definition and measurement techniques in clinical research. Sleep 22(5): 667-689, 1999.
9. Young T, Palta M, Dempsey J, Skatrud J, Weber S, Badr S: The occurrence of sleep-disordered breathing among middle-aged adults. N Engl J Med 328(17): 1230-1235, 1993.
10. Redline S, Tishler PV: The genetics of sleep apnea. Sleep Med Rev 4(6): 583-602, 2000.
11. Strohl KP, Saunders NA, Feldman NT, Hallett M: Obstructive sleep apnea in family members. N Engl J Med 299(18): 969-973, 1978.
12. Guilleminault C, Heldt G, Powell N, Riley R: Small upper airway in near-miss sudden infant death syndrome infants and their families. Lancet 1(8478): 402-407, 1986.
13. Manon-Espaillat R, Gothe B, Adams N, Newman C, Ruff R: Familial 'sleep apnea plus' syndrome: report of a family. Neurology 38(2): 190-193, 1988.
14. Douglas NJ, Luke M, Mathur R: Is the sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome inherited? Thorax 48(7): 719-721, 1993.
15. Mathur R, Douglas NJ: Family studies in patients with the sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome. Ann Intern Med 122(3): 174-178, 1995.
16. Ferini-Strambi L, Calori G, Oldani A, Della MG, Zucconi M, Castronovo V, Gallus G, Smirne S: Snoring in twins. Respir Med 89(5): 337-340, 1995.
17. Holberg CJ, Natrajan S, Cline MG, Quan SF: Familial aggregation and segregation analysis of snoring and symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Breath 4(1): 21-30, 2000.
18. Buxbaum SG, Elston RC, Tishler PV, Redline S: Genetics of the apnea hypopnea index in Caucasians and African Americans: I. Segregation analysis. Genet Epidemiol 22(3): 243-253, 2002.
19. Redline S, Tishler PV, Hans MG, Tosteson TD, Strohl KP, Spry K: Racial differences in sleep-disordered breathing in African-Americans and Caucasians. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 155(1): 186-192, 1997.
20. Liu Y, Lowe AA, Zeng X, Fu M, Fleetham JA: Cephalometric comparisons between Chinese and Caucasian patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 117(4): 479-485, 2000.
21. Lam B, Ip MS, Tench E, Ryan CF: Craniofacial profile in Asian and white subjects with obstructive sleep apnoea. Thorax 60(6): 504-510, 2005.
22. Wong ML, Sandham A, Ang PK, Wong DC, Tan WC, Huggare J: Craniofacial morphology, head posture, and nasal respiratory resistance in obstructive sleep apnoea: an interethnic comparison. Eur J Orthod 27(1): 91-97, 2005.
23. Barbujani G, Magagni A, Minch E, Cavalli-Sforza LL: An apportionment of human DNA diversity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94(9): 4516-4519, 1997.
24. Schwab RJ, Gupta KB, Gefter WB, Metzger LJ, Hoffman EA, Pack AI: Upper airway and soft tissue anatomy in normal subjects and patients with sleep-disordered breathing. Significance of the lateral pharyngeal walls. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 152(5 Pt 1): 1673-1689, 1995.
25. Tangugsorn V, Skatvedt O, Krogstad O, Lyberg T: Obstructive sleep apnoea: a cephalometric study. Part I. Cervico-craniofacial skeletal morphology. Eur J Orthod 17(1): 45-56, 1995.
26. Tangugsorn V, Krogstad O, Espeland L, Lyberg T: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA): a cephalometric analysis of severe and non-severe OSA patients. Part I: Multiple comparisons of cephalometric variables. Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg 15(2): 139-152, 2000.
27. Miles PG, Vig PS, Weyant RJ, Forrest TD, Rockette HE Jr: Craniofacial structure and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome - a qualitative analysis and meta-analysis of the literature. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 109(2): 163-172, 1996.
28. Riha RL, Brander P, Vennelle M, Douglas NJ: A cephalometric comparison of patients with the sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome and their siblings. Sleep 28: 315-320, 2005.
29. Lowe AA, Ono T, Ferguson KA, Pae EK, Ryan CF, Fleetham JA: Cephalometric comparisons of craniofacial and upper airway structure by skeletal subtype and gender in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 110(6): 653-664, 1996.
30. Trask GM, Shapiro GG, Shapiro PA: The effects of perennial allergic rhinitis on dental and skeletal development: a comparison of sibling pairs. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 92(4): 286-293, 1987.
31. Linder-Aronson S: Adenoids: their effect on mode of breathing and nasal airflow and their relationship to characteristics of the facial skeleton and the dentition. A biometric, rhino-manometric and cephalometro-radiographic study on children with and without adenoids. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 265: 1-132, 1970.
32. Harvold EP: Neuromuscular and morphological adaptations in experimentally induced oral respiration. Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 1979.
33. Francis-West P, Ladher R, Barlow A, Graveson A: Signalling interactions during facial development. Mech Dev 75(1-2): 3-28, 1998.
34. Mina M: Regulation of mandibular growth and morphogenesis. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 12(4): 276-300, 2001.
35. Thesleff I: The genetic basis of normal and abnormal craniofacial development. Acta Odontol Scand 56(6): 321-325, 1998.
36. Behrents RG: The biological basis for understanding craniofacial growth during adulthood. Prog Clin Biol Res 187: 307-319, 1985.
37. Pae EK, Ferguson KA: Cephalometric characteristics of non-obese patients with severe OSA. Angle Orthod 69(5): 408-412, 1999.
38. Cakirer B, Hans MG, Graham G, Aylor J, Tishler PV, Redline S: The relationship between craniofacial morphology and obstructive sleep apnea in whites and in African-Americans. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 163(4): 947-950, 2001.
39. McCarthy TL, Centrella M: Local IGF-I expression and bone formation. Growth Horm IGF Res 11(4): 213-219, 2001.
40. Ohlsson C, Bengtsson BA, Isaksson OG, Andreassen TT, Slootweg MC: Growth hormone and bone. Endocr Rev 19(1): 55-79, 1998.
41. Yamaguchi T, Maki K, Shibasaki Y: Growth hormone receptor gene variant and mandibular height in the normal Japanese population. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 119(6): 650-653, 2001.
42. Klingenberg CP, Leamy LJ, Routman EJ, Cheverud JM: Genetic architecture of mandible shape in mice: effects of quantitative trait loci analyzed by geometric morphometrics. Genetics 157(2): 785-802, 2001.
43. Dohmoto A, Shimizu K, Asada Y, Maeda T: Quantitative trait loci on chromosomes 10 and 11 influencing mandible size of SMXA RI mouse strains. J Dent Res 81(7): 501-504, 2002.
44. Kushida CA, Efron B, Guilleminault C: A predictive morphometric model for the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Ann Intern Med 127(8 Pt 1): 581-587, 1997.
45. Hoffstein V, Szalai JP: Predictive value of clinical features in diagnosing obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep 16(2): 118-122, 1993.
46. Ravussin E, Bouchard C: Human genomics and obesity: finding appropriate drug targets. Eur J Pharmacol 410(2-3): 131-145, 2000.
47. Bouchard C: Obesity in adulthood - the importance of childhood and parental obesity. N Engl J Med 337(13): 926-927, 1997.
48. Perusse L, Rankinen T, Zuberi A, Chagnon YC, Weisnagel SJ, Argyropoulos G, Walts B, Snyder EE, Bouchard C: The human obesity gene map: the 2004 update. Obes Res 13(3): 381-490, 2005.
49. Heo M, Leibel RL, Fontaine KR, Boyer BB, Chung WK, Koulu M, Karvonen MK, Pesonen U, Rissanen A, Laakso M, Uusitupa MI, Chagnon Y, Bouchard C, Donohoue PA, Burns TL, Shuldiner AR, Silver K, Andersen RE, Pedersen O, Echwald S, Sorensen TI, Behn P, Permutt MA, Jacobs KB, Elston RC, Hoffman DJ, Gropp E, Allison DB: A meta-analytic investigation of linkage and association of common leptin receptor (LEPR) polymorphisms with body mass index and waist circumference. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 26(5): 640-646, 2002.
50. Zhang LQ, Yao WZ, He QY, Wang YZ, Ren B, Lin YP: Polymorphisms in the beta(2) and beta(3) adrenergic receptor genes in obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome. Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi 44(5): 333-336, 2005.
51. Cluydts R, De Valck E, Verstraeten E, Theys P: Daytime sleepiness and its evaluation. Sleep Med Rev 6(2): 83-96, 2002.
52. Krueger JM, Obal F Jr, Fang J: Humoral regulation of physiological sleep: cytokines and GHRH. J Sleep Res 8(Suppl 1): 53-59, 1999.
53. Obal F Jr, Krueger JM: Biochemical regulation of non-rapid-eye-movement sleep. Front Biosci 1(8): d520-d550, 2003.
54. Opp MR, Toth LA: Neural-immune interactions in the regulation of sleep. Front Biosci 8: d768-d779, 2003.
55. Entzian P, Linnemann K, Schlaak M, Zabel P: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and circadian rhythms of hormones and cytokines. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 153(3): 1080-1086, 1996.
56. Vgontzas AN, Papanicolaou DA, Bixler EO, Kales A, Tyson K, Chrousos GP: Elevation of plasma cytokines in disorders of excessive daytime sleepiness: role of sleep disturbance and obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82(5): 1313-1316, 1997.
57. Redwine L, Hauger RL, Gillin JC, Irwin M: Effects of sleep and sleep deprivation on interleukin-6, growth hormone, cortisol, and melatonin levels in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85(10): 3597-3603, 2000.
58. Vgontzas AN, Papanicolaou DA, Bixler EO, Hopper K, Lotsikas A, Lin HM, Kales A, Chrousos GP: Sleep apnea and daytime sleepiness and fatigue: relation to visceral obesity, insulin resistance, and hypercytokinemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85(3): 1151-1158, 2000.
59. Liu H, Liu J, Xiong S, Shen G, Zhang Z, Xu Y: The change of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. J Tongji Med Univ 20(3): 200-202, 2000.
60. Demirbas B, Guler S, Cakir B, Culha C, Aral Y: Plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels and insulin resistance in nondiabetic hypertensive subjects. Horm Res 58(6): 283-286, 2002.
61. Pausova Z, Deslauriers B, Gaudet D, Tremblay J, Kotchen TA, Larochelle P, Cowley AW, Hamet P: Role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene locus in obesity and obesity-associated hypertension in French Canadians. Hypertension 36(1): 14-19, 2000.
62. Das UN: Is obesity an inflammatory condition? Nutrition 17(11-12): 953-966, 2001.
63. Gerstenfeld LC, Cho TJ, Kon T, Aizawa T, Cruceta J, Graves BD, Einhorn TA: Impaired intramembranous bone formation during bone repair in the absence of tumor necrosis factor-alpha signaling. Cells Tissues Organs 169(3): 285-294, 2001.
64. Cheng X, Kinosaki M, Murali R, Greene MI: The TNF receptor superfamily: role in immune inflammation and bone formation. Immunol Res 27(2-3): 287-294, 2003.
65. Riha RL, Brander P, Vennelle M, McArdle N, Kerr SM, Anderson N, Douglas NJ: Tumour necrosis factor-α (-308) gene polymorphism in the obstructive sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome. Eur Respir J 26(4): 673-678, 2005.
66. Remmers JE, deGroot WJ, Sauerland EK, Anch AM: Pathogenesis of upper airway occlusion during sleep. J Appl Physiol 44(6): 931-938, 1978.
67. Parkis MA, Bayliss DA, Berger AJ: Actions of norepinephrine on rat hypoglossal motoneurons. J Neurophysiol 74(5): 1911-1919, 1995.
68. Fonseca MI, Ni YG, Dunning DD, Miledi R: Distribution of serotonin 2A, 2C and 3 receptor mRNA in spinal cord and medulla oblongata. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 89(1-2): 11-19, 2001.
69. Zhan G, Shaheen F, Mackiewicz M, Fenik P, Veasey SC: Single cell laser dissection with molecular beacon polymerase chain reaction identifies 2A as the predominant serotonin receptor subtype in hypoglossal motoneurons. Neuroscience 113(1): 145-154, 2002.
70. Fenik P, Veasey SC: Pharmacological characterization of serotonergic receptor activity in the hypoglossal nucleus. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 167(4): 563-569, 2003.
71. Hanzel DA, Proia NG, Hudgel DW: Response of obstructive sleep apnea to fluoxetine and protriptyline. Chest 100(2): 416-421, 1991.
72. Kraiczi H, Hedner J, Dahlof P, Ejnell H, Carlson J: Effect of serotonin uptake inhibition on breathing during sleep and daytime symptoms in obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep 22(1): 61-67, 1999.
73. Serretti A, Lilli R, Smeraldi E: Pharmacogenetics in affective disorders. Eur J Pharmacol 438(3): 117-128, 2002.
74. Rausch JL, Johnson ME, Fei YJ, Li JQ, Shendarkar N, Hobby HM, Ganapathy V, Leibach FH: Initial conditions of serotonin transporter kinetics and genotype: influence on SSRI treatment trial outcome. Biol Psychiatry 51(9): 723-732, 2002.
75. Ylmaz M, Bayazit YA, Ciftci TU, Erdal ME, Urhan M, Kokturk O, Kemaloglu YK, Inal E: Association of serotonin transporter gene polymorphism with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Laryngoscope 115(5): 832-836, 2005.
76. Kobayashi S, Nishimura M, Yamamoto M, Akiyama Y, Kishi F, Kawakami Y: Dyspnea sensation and chemical control of breathing in adult twins. Am Rev Respir Dis 147(5): 1192-1198, 1993.
77. Arkinstall WW, Nirmel K, Klissouras V, Milic-Emili J: Genetic differences in the ventilatory response to inhaled CO2. J Appl Physiol 36(1): 6-11, 1974.
78. Thomas DA, Swaminathan S, Beardsmore CS, McArdle EK, MacFadyen UM, Goodenough PC, Carpenter R, Simpson H: Comparison of peripheral chemoreceptor responses in monozygotic and dizygotic twin infants. Am Rev Respir Dis 148(6 Pt 1): 1605-1609, 1993.
79. Kawakami Y, Yamamoto H, Yoshikawa T, Shida A: Chemical and behavioral control of breathing in adult twins. Am Rev Respir Dis 129(5): 703-707, 1984.
80. Mountain R, Zwillich C, Weil J: Hypoventilation in obstructive lung disease. The role of familial factors. N Engl J Med 298(10): 521-525, 1978.
81. Fortin G, del Toro ED, Abadie V, Guimaraes L, Foutz AS, Denavit-Saubie M, Rouyer F, Champagnat J: Genetic and developmental models for the neural control of breathing in vertebrates. Respir Physiol 122(2-3): 247-257, 2000.
82. Gaultier C, Guilleminault C: Genetics, control of breathing, and sleep-disordered breathing: a review. Sleep Med 2(4): 281-295, 2001.
83. Lumsden A, Krumlauf R: Patterning the vertebrate neuraxis. Science 274(5290): 1109-1115, 1996.
84. Pascual O, Denavit-Saubie M, Dumas S, Kietzmann T, Ghilini G, Mallet J, Pequignot JM: Selective cardiorespiratory and catecholaminergic areas express the hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) under in vivo hypoxia in rat brainstem. Eur J Neurosci 14(12): 1981-1991, 2001.
85. Ayappa I, Berger KI, Norman RG, Oppenheimer BW, Rapoport DM, Goldring RM: Hypercapnia and ventilatory periodicity in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 166(8): 1112-1115, 2002.
86. Garcia-Rio F, Pino JM, Ramirez T, Alvaro D, Alonso A, Villasante C, Villamor J: Inspiratory neural drive response to hypoxia adequately estimates peripheral chemosensitivity in OSAHS patients. Eur Respir J 20(3): 724-732, 2002.
87. Asyali MH, Berry RB, Khoo MC: Assessment of closed-loop ventilatory stability in obstructive sleep apnea. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 49(3): 206-216, 2002.
88. Moura SM, Bittencourt LR, Bagnato MC, Lucas SR, Tufik S, Nery LE: Acute effect of nasal continuous positive air pressure on the ventilatory control of patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Respiration 68(3): 243-249, 2001.
89. Verbraecken J, Willemen M, De Cock W, Wittesaele W, Govaert K, Van de HP, De Backer W: Influence of long-term CPAP therapy on CO(2) drive in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Respir Physiol 123(1-2): 121-130, 2000.
90. Davignon J, Gregg RE, Sing CF: Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and atherosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis 8(1): 1-21, 1988.
91. Corbo RM, Scacchi R: Apolipoprotein E (APOE) allele distribution in the world. Is APOE*4 a 'thrifty' allele? Ann Hum Genet 63(Pt 4): 301-310, 1999.
92. Saarelainen S, Lehtimaki T, Kallonen E, Laasonen K, Poussa T, Nieminen MM: No relation between apolipoprotein E alleles and obstructive sleep apnea. Clin Genet 53(2): 147-148, 1998.
93. Kadotani H, Kadotani T, Young T, Peppard PE, Finn L, Colrain IM, Murphy GM Jr, Mignot E: Association between apolipoprotein E epsilon4 and sleep-disordered breathing in adults. JAMA 285(22): 2888-2890, 2001.
94. Foley DJ, Masaki K, White L, Redline S: Relationship between apolipoprotein E epsilon4 and sleep-disordered breathing at different ages. JAMA 286(12): 1447-1448, 2001.
95. Gottlieb DJ, DeStefano AL, Foley DJ, Mignot E, Redline S, Givelber RJ, Young T: APOE epsilon4 is associated with obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea: the Sleep Heart Health Study. Neurology 63(4): 664-668, 2004.
96. Yoshizawa T, Akashiba T, Kurashina K, Otsuka K, Horie T: Genetics and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: a study of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing. Intern Med 32(2): 94-97, 1993.
97. Rubin RL, Hajdukovich RM, Mitler MM: HLA-DR2 association with excessive somnolence in narcolepsy does not generalize to sleep apnea and is not accompanied by systemic autoimmune abnormalities. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 49(1): 149-158, 1988.
98. Brunetti L, Francavilla R, Leonardo Miniello V, Leone M, Rana M, Colazzo D, Logrillo P, Favoino B, Armenio L: Influence of HLA antigens and OSAS in childhood: a preliminary report. J Sleep Res 14(2): 157-162, 2005.
99. Zhang J, Zhao B, Gesongluobu SY, Wu Y, Pei W, Ye J, Hui R, Liu L: Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism in hypertensive patients with different degrees of obstructive sleep apnea. Hypertens Res 23(5): 407-411, 2000.
100. Lin L, Finn L, Zhang J, Young T, Mignot E: Angiotensin-converting enzyme, sleep-disordered breathing, and hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 170(12): 1349-1353, 2004.
101. Lavie L, Lotan R, Hochberg I, Herer P, Lavie P, Levy AP: Haptoglobin polymorphism is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Sleep 26(5): 592-595, 2003.
102. Palmer LJ, Buxbaum SG, Larkin E, Patel SR, Elston RC, Tishler PV, Redline S: A whole-genome scan for obstructive sleep apnea and obesity. Am J Hum Genet 72(2): 340-350, 2003.
103. Palmer LJ, Buxbaum SG, Larkin EK, Patel SR, Elston RC, Tishler PV, Redline S: Whole genome scan for obstructive sleep apnea and obesity in African-American families. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 169(12): 1314-1321, 2004.
104. Daly AK, Day CP: Candidate gene case-control association studies: advantages and potential pitfalls. Br J Clin Pharmacol 52(5): 489-499, 2001.
105. Kok HS, van Asselt KM, van der Schouw YT, Peeters PH, Wijmenga C: Genetic studies to identify genes underlying menopausal age. Hum Reprod Update 11(5): 483-493, 2005.
106. Risch N, Merikangas K: The future of genetic studies of complex human diseases. Science 273(5281): 1516-1517, 1996.
107. Tabor HK, Risch NJ, Myers RM: Opinion: candidate-gene approaches for studying complex genetic traits: practical considerations. Nat Rev Genet 3(5): 391-397, 2002.
108. Little J, Bradley L, Bray MS, Clyne M, Dorman J, Ellsworth DL, Hanson J, Khoury M, Lau J, O'Brien TR, Rothman N, Stroup D, Taioli E, Thomas D, Vainio H, Wacholder S, Weinberg C: Reporting, appraising, and integrating data on genotype prevalence and gene-disease associations. Am J Epidemiol 156(4): 300-310, 2002.
109. Petronis A: Human morbid genetics revisited: relevance of epigenetics. Trends Genet 17(3): 142-146, 2001.
110. Lohmueller KE, Pearce CL, Pike M, Lander ES, Hirschhorn JN: Meta-analysis of genetic association studies supports a contribution of common variants to susceptibility to common disease. Nat Genet 33(2): 177-182, 2003.
111. Lindi VI, Uusirupa ML. Lindstrom J, Louheranta A, Erickson JG, Valle TT, Hamalainen H, Ilanne-parikka P, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi S, Laakso M, Tuornilehto J: Association of the Prol2Ala polymorphism in the PPAR-gamma2 gene with 3-year incidence of type 2 diabetes and body weight change in the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. Diabetes. 51(8): 2581-6, 2002.
112. Westberg L, Bah J, Rastam M, Gillberg C, Wentz E, Melke J, Hellstrand M, Eriksson E: Association between a polymorphism of the 5-HT2C receptor and weight loss in teenage girls. Neuropsychopharmacology. 26(6): 789-93, 2002.
113. Levitan RD, Kaplan AS, Masellis M, Basile VS, Walker ML, Lipson N, Siegel GI, Woodside DB, Macciardi FM, Kennedy SH, Kennedy JL: Polymorphism of the serotonin 5-HT1B receptor gene (UTR1B) associated with minimum lifetime body mass index in women with bulima nervosa. Biol Psychiatry 50(8): 640-3, 2001.
114. Frisch A, Laufer N, Danziger Y, Michaelovsky E, Leor S, Carel C, Stein D, Fenig S, Mimouni M, Apter A, Weizman A: Association of anorexia nervosa with the high activity allele of the COMT gene: a family-based study in Israeli patients. Mol Psychiatry 6(2): 243-5, 2001.
115. Benccke H. Topak H. von zur MA, Schuppert F: A study on the genetics of obesity: influence of polymorphisms of the beta-3-adrenergic receptor and insulin receptor substrate 1 in relation to weight loss, waist to hip ratio and frequncies of common cardiovascular risk factors. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 108(2): 86-92, 2000.
116. Heilbronn LK, Noakes M, Morris AM, Kind KL, Clifton PM: 360His polymorphism of the apolipoproteinA-IV gene and plasma lipid response to energy restricted diets in overweight subjects. Atherosclerosis 150(1): 187-92, 2000.
117. Fumeron F, Durack-Bown I, Betoulle D, Cassard-Doulcier AM, Tuzet S, Bouillaud F, Melchior JC, Ricquier D, Apfelbaum M: Polymorphisms of uncoupling protein (UCP) and beta 3 adrenoreceptor genes in obese people submitted to a low calorie diet. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 20(12): 1051-4, 1996.
118. Sakane N, Yoshida T, Umekawa T, Kogure A, Takakura Y, Kondo M: Effects of Trp64Arg mutation in the beta 3-adrenergic receptor gene on weight loss, body fat distribution, glycemic control and insulin resistance in obese type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 20(12): 1887-90, 1997.
119. Reynolds GP, Zhang Z, Zhang X: Polymorphism of the promoter region of the serotonin 5-HT(2C) receptor gene and clozapine-induced weight gain. Am J Psychiatry 160(4): 677-9, 2003.
120. van Rossum CT. Hocbee B, van Baak MA, Mars M. Saris WH, Scidell JC: Genetic variation in the leptin receptor gene, leptin and weight gain in young Dutch adults. Obes Res 11(3): 377-86, 2003.
121. Strazzullo P, Iacone R, Iacoviello I, Russo O, Barba G, Russo P, D'Orazio A, Barbato A, Cappuccio FP, Farinaro E, Siani A: Genetic variation in the reninangiotensin system and abdominal adiposity in men: the Olivetti Prospective Heart Study. Ann Intern Med 138(1): 17-23, 2003.
122. Chaves FJ, Giner V, Corella D, Pascual J, Marin P, Armengod ME. Redon J: Body Weight changes and the A-6G polymorphism of the angiotensinogen gene. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 26(9): 1173-8, 2002.
123. Ukkola O, Trembaly A, Bouchard C: Lipoprotein lipase polymorphism and responses to long-term overfeeding. J Intern Med 251(5): 429-36, 2002.
124. Sivenius K, Lindi V. Niskanen L, Laakso M, Ussitupa M: Effect of a three-amino acid deletion in the alpha2B-adrenergic receptor gene on long-term body weight change in Finnish non-diabetic and type 2 diabetic subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 25(11): 1609-14, 2001.
125. Macho-Azcaratc T, Marti A. Gonzalez A, Martinez JA, Ibanez J: Gln27Glu polymorphism in the beta2 adrenergic receptor gene and lipid metabolism during exercise in obese women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 26(11): 1434-41, 2002.
126. Corbalan MS: The 27Glu polymorphism of the beta2-adrenergic receptor gene interacts with physical activity influencing obesity risk among female subjects. Clin Genet 61(4): 305-7, 2002.
127. Ellsworth DL, Coady SA, Chen W, Srinivasan SR, Elkasabany A, Gustat J, Boerwinkle E, Berenson GS: Indluence of the beta2-adrenergic receptor Afg16Gly polymorphism on longitudinal changes in obesity from childhood through young adulthood in a biracial cohort: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Int J Obes Rela Metab Disord 26(7): 928-37, 2002.
128. Ukkola O, Tremblay A, Bouchard C: Beta-2 adrenergic receptor variants are associated with subcutaneous fat accumulation in reponse to long-term overfeeding. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 25(11): 1604-8, 2001.
129. Meirhaeghe A, Helbccque N, Cottel D, Amouyet P: Impact of polymorphisms of the human beta2-adrenoceptor gene on obesity in a French population. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 24(3): 382-7, 2000.
130. Rajagopal KR, Abbrecht PH, Tellis CJ: Control of breathing in obstructive sleep apnea. Chest 85 (2): 174-80, 1984.
131. Javaheri S, Colangelo G, Corser B, Zahedpour MR: Familial respiratory chemosensitivity does not predict hypercapnia of patients with sleep apnca-hypopnea syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis 145(4 Pt 1): 837-40, 1992.
132. Gold AR, Schwartz AR, Wise RA, Smith PL: Pulmonary function and respiratory chemosensitivity in moderately obese patients with sleep apnea. Chest 103(5): 1325-9, 1993.
133. Narkiewiez K, van de Borne PJ, Pesek CA, Dyken ME, Montano N, Somers VK: Selective Potentiation of peripheral chemoreflex sensitivity in obstructive sleep apnea. Circulation 99(9): 1183-9, 1999.
134. Marcus CL, Gozal D, Arens R, Basinki DJ, Omlin KJ, Keens TG, Ward SL: Ventilatory responses during wakefulness in children with obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 149(3 Pt 1): 715-21, 1994.
135. Radwan L, Koziorowski A, Maszczyk Z, Plywaezewski R, Boros P, Franczuk M, Kowalski J, Ziclinski J: [Respiratory response to inspiratory resistive load changes in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome]. Pneumonol Alergol Pol 68(1-2): 44-56, 2000.