Cardiac health and diabetes mellitus in women: Problems and prospects

Minerva Cardioangiologica

Volumn 54, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 289-309

  Ren, J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WYOMING   (United States)

Author keywords

Diabetic cardiomyopathy; Gender difference; Heart disease; Myocardium

Indexed keywords

2,4 THIAZOLIDINEDIONE DERIVATIVE; AMINOGUANIDINE; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ATORVASTATIN; BENFOTIAMINE; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; BILE ACID SEQUESTRANT; CALCIUM ANTAGONIST; COLESEVELAM; COLESTIPOL; COLESTYRAMINE; DIGOXIN; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DIURETIC AGENT; ESTROGEN; EZETIMIBE; FENOFIBRATE; FIBRIC ACID DERIVATIVE; GEMFIBROZIL; GLUCOSE; HOMOCYSTEINE; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; INSULIN SENSITIZING AGENT; PRAVASTATIN; PROTEIN DERIVATIVE; PROTEIN KINASE C; PYRIDOXAMINE; SEX HORMONE; SIMVASTATIN; SPIRONOLACTONE;

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ARTERIOSCLEROSIS; BODY SIZE; CARDIOMYOPATHY; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; COMORBIDITY; CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; DRUG ACTIVITY; DYSLIPIDEMIA; ESTROGEN THERAPY; FACTORIAL ANALYSIS; GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS; HEART DISEASE; HEART FUNCTION; HEART MUSCLE; HUMAN; HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA; HYPERINSULINEMIA; HYPERTENSION; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; INSULIN RESISTANCE; LIFESTYLE; MEDICAL EDUCATION; MENOPAUSAL SYNDROME; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; PREMENOPAUSE; PREVALENCE; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; REVIEW; SEX DIFFERENCE; SMOKING; STRESS;

DIABETES COMPLICATIONS; DIABETES MELLITUS; ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY; ESTROGENS; HEART; HEART DISEASES; HUMANS; INSULIN; MALE; MYOCARDIUM; OBESITY; SEX CHARACTERISTICS; WOMEN;

EID: 33746467164     PISSN: 00264725     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (156)

1. Mosca L, Appel LJ, Benjamin EJ, Berra K, Chandra-Strobos N, Fabunmi RP et al. Evidence-based guidelines for cardiovascular disease prevention in women. Circulation 2004;109:672-93.
2. Ceylan-Isik AF, Ren J. Gender difference in cardiac excitation- contraction coupling: role of estrogen. Cardiology 2005;1:1-7.
3. Collins P, Stevenson JC, Mosca L. Spotlight on gender. Cardiovasc Res 2002;53:535-7.
4. Mercuro G, Zoncu S, Dragoni F. Gender differences in cardiovascular risk factors. Ital Heart J 2003;4:363-6.
5. Skafar DF, Xu R, Morales J, Ram J, Sowers JR. Clinical review 91: female sex hormones and cardiovascular disease in women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:3913-8.
6. King KB, Mosca L. Prevention of heart disease in women: recommendations for management of risk factors. Prog Cardiovasc Nurs 2000;15:36-42.
7. Mosca L, Ferris A, Fabunmi R, Robertson RM. Tracking women's awareness of heart disease: an American Heart Association national study. Circulation 2004;109:573-9.
8. Kordella T. The heart of a woman. Diabetes Forecast 2005;58:42-7.
9. Brown RA, Anthony MJ, Petrovski P, Ren J. The influence of gender, diabetes, and acetaldehyde on the intrinsic contractile properties of isolated rat myocardium. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2001;1:35-42.
10. Brown RA, Walsh MF, Ren J. Influence of gender and diabetes on vascular and myocardial contractile function. Endocr Res 2001;27:399-408.
11. Capasso JM, Remily RM, Smith RH, Sonnenblick EH. Sex differences in myocardial contractility in the rat. Basic Res Cardiol 1983;78:156-71.
12. Sowers JR. Diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease in women. Arch Intern Med 1998;158:617-21.
13. Babiker FA, De Windt LJ, van Eickels M, Grohe C, Meyer R, Doevendans PA. Estrogenic hormone action in the heart: regulatory network and function. Cardiovasc Res 2002;53:709-19.
14. Chung AK, Das SR, Leonard D, Peshock RM, Kazi F, Abdullah SM et al. Women have higher left ventricular ejection fractions than men independent of differences in left ventricular volume: the Dallas Heart Study. Circulation 2006;113:1597-604.
15. Hayward CS, Kalnins WV, Kelly RP. Gender-related differences in left ventricular chamber function. Cardiovasc Res 2001;49:340-50.
16. Sandstede J, Lipke C, Beer M, Hofmann S, Pabst T, Kenn W et al. Age- and gender-specific differences in left and right ventricular cardiac function and mass determined by cine magnetic resonance imaging. Eur Radiol 2000;10:438-42.
17. Ceylan-Isik AF, LaCour KH, Ren J. Gender disparity of streptozotocin-induced intrinsic contractile dysfunction in marine ventricular myocytes: role of chronic activation of Akt. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2006;33:102-8.
18. Ceylan-Isik AF, Lacour KH, Ren J. Sex difference in cardiomyocyte function in normal and metallothionein transgenic mice: the effect of diabetes mellitus. J Appl Physiol 2006;100:1638-46.
19. Zhang X, Ye G, Duan J, Chen AF, Ren J. Influence of gender on intrinsic contractile properties of isolated ventricular myocytes from calmodulin-induced diabetic transgenic mice. Endocr Res 2003;29:227-36.
20. Luchner A, Brockel U, Muscholl M, Hense HW, Doring A, Riegger GA et al. Gender-specific differences of cardiac remodeling in subjects with left ventricular dysfunction: a population-based study. Cardiovasc Res 2002;53:720-7.
21. 2+ response between estrogen and phytoestrogen alpha-zearalanol in ventricular myocytes. Endocrine 2004;24:33-8.
22. Golden KL, Marsh JD, Jiang Y, Moulden J. Acute actions of testosterone on contractile function of isolated rat ventricular myocytes. Eur J Endocrinol 2005;152:479-83.
23. Ren J, Hintz KK, Roughead ZK, Duan J, Colligan PB, Ren BH et al. Impact of estrogen replacement on ventricular myocyte contractile function and protein kinase B/Akt activation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2003;284:H1800-H1807.
24. Schonberg MA, Wee CC. Menopausal symptom management and prevention counseling after the Women's Health Initiative among women seen in an internal medicine practice. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2005;14:507-14.
25. Schonberg MA, Davis RB, Wee CC. After the Women's Health Initiative: decision making and trust of women taking hormone therapy. Womens Health Issues 2005;15:187-95.
26. Barrett-Connor E, Grady D, Stefanick ML. The rise and fall of menopausal hormone therapy. Annu Rev Public Health 2005;26:115-40.
27. Phillips LS, Langer RD. Postmenopausal hormone therapy: critical reappraisal and a unified hypothesis. Fertil Steril 2005;83:558-66.
28. Lip GY, Blann AD, Jones AF, Beevers DG. Effects of hormone-replacement therapy on hemostatic factors, lipid factors, and endothelial function in women undergoing surgical menopause: implications for prevention of atherosclerosis. Am Heart J 1997;134:764-71.
29. Subbiah MT. Estrogen replacement therapy and cardioprotection: mechanisms and controversies. Braz J Med Biol Res 2002;35:271-6.
30. Mosca L, Collins P, Herrington DM, Mendelsohn ME, Pasternak RC, Robertson RM et al. Hormone replacement therapy and cardiovascular disease: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2001;104:499-503.
31. Simon JA, Hsia J, Cauley JA, Richards C, Harris F, Fong J et al. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and risk of stroke: The Heart and Estrogen-progestin Replacement Study (HERS). Circulation 2001;103:638-42.
32. Gambrell RD Jr. The women's health initiative reports in perspective: facts or fallacies? Climacteric 2004;7:225-8.
33. Fein FS, Sonnenblick EH. Diabetic cardiomyopathy. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 1994;8:65-73.
34. Ren J, Ceylan-Isik AF. Diabetic cardiomyopathy: do women differ from men? Endocrine 2004;25:73-83.
35. Ren J, Davidoff AJ. Diabetes rapidly induces contractile dysfunctions in isolated ventricular myocytes. Am J Physiol 1997;272:H148-H158.
36. Norby FL, Wold LE, Duan J, Hintz KK, Ren J. IGF-I attenuates diabetes-induced cardiac contractile dysfunction in ventricular myocytes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2002;283:E658-E666.
37. Norby FL, Aberle NS, Kajstura J, Anversa P, Ren J. Transgenic overexpression of insulin-like growth factor I prevents streptozotocin-induced cardiac contractile dysfunction and beta-adrenergic response in ventricular myocytes. J Endocrinol 2004;180:175-82.
38. Ren J, Bode AM. Altered cardiac excitation-contraction coupling in ventricular myocytes from spontaneously diabetic BB rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2000;279:H238-H244.
39. Wold LE, Ceylan-Isik AF, Ren J. Oxidative stress and stress signaling: menace of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2005;26:908-17.
40. Li S, Culver B, Ren J. Benefit and risk of exercise on myocardial function in diabetes. Pharmacol Res 2003;48:127-32.
41. Milla CE, Billings J, Moran A. Diabetes is associated with dramatically decreased survival in female but not male subjects with cystic fibrosis. Diabetes Care 2005;28:2141-4.
42. Goldie MP. Diabetes in women. Int J Dent Hyg 2005;3:45-7.
43. Khoo CL, Perera M. Diabetes and the menopause. J Br Menopause Soc 2005;11:6-11.
44. Betancourt-Albrecht M, Cunningham GR. Hypogonadism and diabetes. Int J Impot Res 2003;15 Suppl 4:S14-S20.
45. Tschope C, Schultheiss HP. [Diabetic cardiopathy: pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy]. Internist (Berl) 2003;44:806-8.
46. Wilson PW, Kannel WB. Obesity, diabetes, and risk of cardiovascular disease in the elderly. Am J Geriatr Cardiol 2002;11:119-23, 125.
47. Brownlee M. Biochemistry and molecular cell biology of diabetic complications. Nature 2001;414:813-20.
48. Abdelmoneim I, Al Homrany MA. Health education in the management of diabetes at the primary health care level: is there a gender difference? East Mediterr Health J 2002;8:18-23.
49. Onat A, Hergenc G, Keles I, Dogan Y, Turkmen S, Sansoy V. Sex difference in development of diabetes and cardiovascular disease on the way from obesity and metabolic syndrome. Metabolism 2005;54:800-8.
50. Louet JF, LeMay C, Mauvais-Jarvis F. Antidiabetic actions of estrogen: insight from human and genetic mouse models. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2004;6:180-5.
51. Schwanke ML, Dutta K, Podolin DA, Davidoff AJ. Cardiomyocyte dysfunction in insulin-resistant rats: a female advantage. Diabetologia 2006;49:1097-105.
52. Ramasamy R, Oates PJ, Schaefer S. Aldose reductase inhibition protects diabetic and nondiabetic rat hearts from ischemic injury. Diabetes 1997;46:292-300.
53. Ramasamy R. Aldose reductase: a novel target for cardioprotective interventions. Curr Drug Targets 2003;4:625-32.
54. Lane PH. Diabetic kidney disease: impact of puberty. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2002;283:F589-F600.
55. Villablanca AC, Lewis KA, Rutledge JC. Time- and dose-dependent differential upregulation of three genes by 17 beta-estradiol in endothelial cells. J Appl. Physiol 2002;92:1064-73.
56. Williamson JR, Rowold E, Chang K, Marvel J, Tomlinson M, Sherman WR et al. Sex steroid dependency of diabetes-induced changes in polyol metabolism, vascular permeability, and collagen cross-linking. Diabetes 1986;35:20-7.
57. Chandra D, Jackson EB, Ramana KV, Kelley R, Srivastava SK, Bhatnagar A. Nitric oxide prevents aldose reductase activation and sorbitol accumulation during diabetes. Diabetes 2002;51:3095-101.
58. Nilsson PM, Theobald H, Journath G, Fritz T. Gender differences in risk factor control and treatment profile in diabetes: a study in 229 Swedish primary health care centres. Scand J Prim Health Care 2004;22:27-31.
59. Mittendorfer B. Sexual dimorphism in human lipid metabolism. J Nutr 2005;135:681-6.
60. Borissova AM, Tankova T, Kirilov G, Koev D. Gender-dependent effect of ageing on peripheral insulin action. Int J Clin Pract 2005;59:422-6.
61. Scheiner G, Boyer BA. Characteristics of basal insulin requirements by age and gender in Type-1 diabetes patients using insulin pump therapy. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2005;69:14-21.
62. Ito A, Egashira K, Narishige T, Muramatsu K, Takeshita A. Angiotensin-converting enzyme activity is involved in the mechanism of increased endogenous nitric oxide synthase inhibitor in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circ J 2002;66:811-5.
63. Burdon KP, Langefeld CD, Wagenknecht LE, Carr JJ, Freedman BI, Herrington D et al. Association analysis of genes in the renin-angiotensin system with subclinical cardiovascular disease in families with Type 2 diabetes mellitus: The Diabetes Heart Study. Diabet Med 2006;23:228-34.
64. Yabuki A, Tahara T, Taniguchi K, Matsumoto M, Suzuki S. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 in diabetic nephropathy of type 2 diabetic OLETF rats. Exp Anim 2006;55:17-25.
65. Kajstura J, Bolli R, Sonnenblick EH, Anversa P, Leri A. Cause of death: suicide. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2006;40:425-37.
66. Norby FL, Aberle NS, Kajstura J, Anversa P, Ren J. Transgenic overexpression of insulin-like growth factor I prevents streptozotocin-induced cardiac contractile dysfunction and beta-adrenergic response in ventricular myocytes. J Endocrinol 2004;180:175-82.
67. Kajstura J, Fiordaliso F, Andreoli AM, Li B, Chimenti S, Medow MS et al. IGF-1 overexpression inhibits the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy and angiotensin II-mediated oxidative stress. Diabetes 2001;50:1414-24.
68. Ye G, Metreveli NS, Ren J, Epstein PN. Metallothionein prevents diabetes-induced deficits in cardiomyocytes by inhibiting reactive oxygen species production. Diabetes 2003;52:777-83.
69. Shimoni Y. Inhibition of the formation or action of angiotensin II reverses attenuated K+ currents in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. J Physiol 2001;537:83-92.
70. Shimoni Y, Liu XF. Sex differences in the modulation of K+ currents in diabetic rat cardiac myocytes. J Physiol 2003;550:401-12.
71. Shimoni Y, Liu XF. Gender differences in ANG II levels and action on multiple K+ current modulation pathways in diabetic rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004;287:H311-H319.
72. Davidoff AJ, Davidson MB, Carmody MW, Davis ME, Ren J. Diabetic cardiomyocyte dysfunction and myocyte insulin resistance: role of glucose-induced PKC activity. Mol Cell Biochem 2004;262:155-63.
73. Dutta K, Carmody MW, Cala SE, Davidoff AJ. Depressed PKA activity contributes to impaired SERCA function and is linked to the pathogenesis of glucose-induced cardiomyopathy. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2002;34:985-96.
74. Ren J, Dominguez LJ, Sowers JR, Davidoff AJ. Metformin but not glyburide prevents high glucose-induced abnormalities in relaxation and intracellular Ca2+ transients in adult rat ventricular myocytes. Diabetes 1999;48:2059-65.
75. Ren J, Davidoff AJ. Alpha2-Heremans Schmid glycoprotein, a putative inhibitor of tyrosine kinase, prevents glucose toxicity associated with cardiomyocyte dysfunction. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2002;18:305-10.
76. Keys JR, Koch WJ. The adrenergic pathway and heart failure. Recent Prog Horm Res 2004;59:13-30.
77. Pijna IL, Buchter C. Heart failure in women. Cardiol Rev 2003;11:337-44.
78. Eisner DA, Choi HS, Diaz ME, O'Neill SC, Trafford AW. Integrative analysis of calcium cycling in cardiac muscle. Circ Res 2000;87:1087-94.
79. Esberg LB, Ren J. Role of nitric oxide, tetrahydrobiopterin and peroxynitrite in glucose toxicity-associated contractile dysfunction in ventricular myocytes. Diabetologia 2003;46:1419-27.
80. Kojda G, Harrison D. Interactions between NO and reactive oxygen species: pathophysiological importance in atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes and heart failure. Cardiovasc Res 1999;43:562-71.
81. Haluzik M, Nedvidkova J. The role of nitric oxide in the development of streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus: experimental and clinical implications. Physiol Res. 2000;49 Suppl 1:S37-S42.
82. Weiner CP, Lizasoain I, Baylis SA, Knowles RG, Charles IG, Moncada S. Induction of calcium-dependent nitric-oxide synthases by sex hormones. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994;91:5212-6.
83. Hall WL, Vafeiadou K, Hallund J, Bugel S, Reimann M, Koebnick C et al. Soy-isoflavone-enriched foods and markers of lipid and glucose metabolism in postmenopausal women: interactions with genotype and equol production. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;83:592-600.
84. Balci H, Altunyurt S, Acar B, Fadiloglu M, Kirkali G, Onvural B. Effects of transdermal estrogen replacement therapy on plasma levels of nitric oxide and plasma lipids in postmenopausal women. Maturitas 2005;50:289-93.
85. Latronico MV, Costinean S, Lavitrano ML, Peschle C, Condorelli G. Regulation of cell size and contractile function by AKT in cardiomyocytes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004;1015:250-60.
86. Camper-Kirby D, Welch S, Walker A, Shiraishi I, Setchell KD, Schaefer E et al. Myocardial Akt activation and gender: increased nuclear activity in females versus males. Circ Res 2001;88:1020-7.
87. O'Neill BT, Abel ED. Akt1 in the cardiovascular system: friend or foe? J Clin Invest 2005;115:2059-64.
88. Matsui T, Nagoshi T, Hong EG, Luptak I, Hartil K, Li L et al. Effects of chronic Akt activation on glucose uptake in the heart. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006;290:E789-97.
89. Tian R. Another role for the celebrity: Akt and insulin resistance. Circ Res 2005;96:139-40.
90. Esberg LB, Zhang X, Scott GI, Culver B, Ren J. Impact of gender on basal and insulin-like growth factor I-regulated nitric oxide synthase activity in adult rat left ventricular myocytes. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2004;138:141-6.
91. Iwakura A, Luedemann C, Shastry S, Hanley A, Kearney M, Aikawa R et al. Estrogen-mediated, endothelial nitric oxide synthase-dependent mobilization of bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells contributes to reendothelialization after arterial injury. Circulation 2003;108:3115-21.
92. Iwakura A, Shastry S, Luedemann C, Hamada H, Kawamoto A, Kishore R et al. Estradiol enhances recovery after myocardial infarction by augmenting incorporation of bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells into sites of ischemia-induced neovascularization via endothelial nitric oxide synthase-mediated activation of matrix metalloproteinase-9. Circulation 2006;113:1605-14.
93. Mehta P, Pollock BH, Nugent M, Horowitz M, Wingard JR. Access to stem cell transplantation: do women fare as well as men? Am J Hematol 2003;72:99-102.
94. Milewicz A, Jedrzejuk D. Climacteric obesity: from genesis to clinic. Gynecol Endocrinol 2006;22:18-24.
95. Di Carlo C, Tommaselli GA, Nappi C. Effects of sex steroid hormones and menopause on serum leptin concentrations. Gynecol Endocrinol 2002;16:479-91.
96. Ren J. Leptin and hyperleptinemia: from friend to foe for cardiovascular function. J Endocrinol 2004;181:1-10.
97. Nickola MW, Wold LE, Colligan PB, Wang GJ, Samson WK, Ren J. Leptin attenuates cardiac contraction in rat ventricular myocytes: role of NO. Hypertension 2000;36:501-5.
98. Do D, Alvarez J, Chiquette E, Chilton R. The good fat hormone: adiponectin and cardiovascular disease. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2006;8:94-9.
99. Kim JY, Scherer PE. Adiponectin, an adipocyte-derived hepatic insulin sensitizer regulation during development. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev 2004;1 Suppl 3:428-31.
100. Milewicz A, Zatonska K, Demissie M, Jedrzejuk D, Dunajska K, Ilow R et al. Serum adiponectin concentration and cardiovascular risk factors in climacteric women. Gynecol Endocrinol 2005;20:68-73.
101. Kistorp C, Faber J, Galatius S, Gustafsson F, Frystyk J, Flyvbjerg A et al. Plasma adiponectin, body mass index, and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation 2005;112:1756-62.
102. Hoppe BL, Hermann DD. Sex differences in the causes and natural history of heart failure. Curr Cardiol Rep 2003;5:193-9.
103. Stromberg A, Martensson J. Gender differences in patients with heart failure. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs 2003;2:7-18.
104. Sowers JR. Diabetes in the elderly and in women: cardiovascular risks. Cardiol Clin 2004;22:541-51, vi.
105. Jourdon P, Feuvray D. Calcium and potassium currents in ventricular myocytes isolated from diabetic rats. J Physiol 1993;470:411-29.
106. Ren J, Gintant GA, Miller RE, Davidoff AJ. High extracellular glucose impairs cardiac E-C coupling in a glycosylation-dependent manner. Am J Physiol 1997;273:H2876-H2883.
107. Belke DD, Swanson EA, Dillmann WH. Decreased sarcoplasmic reticulum activity and contractility in diabetic db/db mouse heart. Diabetes 2004;53:3201-8.
108. Netticadan T, Temsah RM, Kent A, Elimban V, Dhalla NS. Depressed levels of Ca2+-cycling proteins may underlie sarcoplasmic reticulum dysfunction in the diabetic heart. Diabetes 2001;50:2133-8.
109. Li SY, Yang X, Ceylan-Isik AF, Du M, Sreejayan N, Ren J. Cardiac contractile dysfunction in Lep/Lep obesity is accompanied by NADPH oxidase activation, oxidative modification of sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase and myosin heavy chain isozyme switch. Diabetologia 2006;49:1434-46.
110. Dillmann WH. Diabetes mellitus induces changes in cardiac myosin of the rat. Diabetes 1980;29:579-82.
111. Korte FS, Mokelke EA, Sturek M, McDonald KS. Exercise improves impaired ventricular function and alterations of cardiac myofibrillar proteins in diabetic dyslipidemic pigs. J Appl Physiol 2005;98:461-7.
112. Moorthy K, Sharma D, Basir SF, Baquer NZ. Administration of estradiol and progesterone modulate the activities of antioxidant enzyme and aminotransferases in naturally menopausal rats. Exp Gerontol 2005;40:295-302.
113. Scheuer J, Malhotra A, Schaible TF, Capasso J. Effects of gonadectomy and hormonal replacement on rat hearts. Circ Res 1987;61:12-9.
114. Aberle II NS, Ren J. Experimental assessment of the role of acetaldehyde in alcoholic cardiomyopathy. Biol Proced Online 2003;5:1-12.
115. Dash R, Frank KF, Carr AN, Moravec CS, Kranias EG. Gender influences on sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-handling in failing human myocardium. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2001;33:1345-53.
116. Leblanc N, Chartier D, Gosselin H, Rouleau JL. Age and gender differences in excitation-contraction coupling of the rat ventricle. J Physiol 1998;511(Pt 2):533-48.
117. Patterson E, Ma L, Szabo B, Robinson CP, Thadani U. Ovariectomy and estrogen-induced alterations in myocardial contractility in female rabbits: role of the L-type calcium channel. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1998;284:586-91.
118. Bowling N, Bloomquist WE, Cohen ML, Bryant HU, Cole HW, Magee DE et al. Effects of prolonged ethinyl estradiol treatment on calcium channel binding and in vivo calcium-mediated hemodynamic responses in ovariectomized rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997;281:218-25.
119. Tsang SY, Yao X, Wong CM, Chan FL, Chen ZY, Huang Y. Differential regulation of K+ and Ca2+ channel gene expression by chronic treatment with estrogen and tamoxifen in rat aorta. Eur J Pharmacol 2004;483:155-62.
120. Hofmann PA, Menon V, Gannaway KF. Effects of diabetes on isometric tension as a function of [Ca2+] and pH in rat skinned cardiac myocytes. Am J Physiol 1995;269:H1656-H1663.
121. Jweied EE, McKinney RD, Walker LA, Brodsky I, Geha AS, Massad MG et al. Depressed cardiac myofilament function in human diabetes mellitus. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2005;289:H2478-H2483.
122. Wattanapermpool J, Reiser PJ. Differential effects of ovariectomy on calcium activation of cardiac and soleus myofilaments. Am J Physiol 1999;277:H467-H473.
123. Wattanapermpool J. Increase in calcium responsiveness of cardiac myofilament activation in ovariectomized rats. Life Sci 1998;63:955-64.
124. Wattanapermpool J, Riabroy T, Preawnim S. Estrogen supplement prevents the calcium hypersensitivity of cardiac myofilaments in ovariectomized rats. Life Sci 2000;66:533-43.
125. Li JJ, Chen JL. Inflammation may be a bridge connecting hypertension and atherosclerosis. Med Hypotheses 2005;64:925-9.
126. Asano G, Takashi E, Ishiwata T, Onda M, Yokoyama M, Naito Z et al. Pathogenesis and protection of ischemia and reperfusion injury in myocardium. J Nippon Med Sch 2003;70:384-92.
127. Thomas MC, Baynes JW, Thorpe SR, Cooper ME. The role of AGEs and AGE inhibitors in diabetic cardiovascular disease. Curr Drug Targets 2005;6:453-74.
128. Redfield MM. Treating diastolic heart failure with AGE crosslink breakers: thinking outside the heart failure box. J Card Fail 2005;11:196-9.
129. Bakris GL, Bank AJ, Kass DA, Neutel JM, Preston RA, Oparil S. Advanced glycation end-product cross-link breakers. A novel approach to cardiovascular pathologies related to the aging process. Am J Hypertens 2004;17:23S-30S.
130. Hammes HP, Du X, Edelstein D, Taguchi T, Matsumura T, Ju Q et al. Benfotiamine blocks three major pathways of hyperglycemic damage and prevents experimental diabetic retinopathy. Nat Med 2003;9:294-9.
131. Ceylan-Isik AF, Wu S, Li Q, Li SY, Ren J. High-dose benfotiamine rescues cardiomyocyte contractile dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus. J Appl Physiol 2006;100:150-6.
132. Petrova R, Yamamoto Y, Muraki K, Yonekura H, Sakurai S, Watanabe T et al. Advanced glycation end-product-induced calcium handling impairment in mouse cardiac myocytes. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2002;34:1425-31.
133. Tanaka N, Yonekura H, Yamagishi S, Fujimori H, Yamamoto Y, Yamamoto H. The receptor for advanced glycation end products is induced by the glycation products themselves and tumor necrosis factor-alpha through nuclear factor-kappa B, and by 17beta-estradiol through Sp-1 in human vascular endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 2000;275:25781-90.
134. Joseph EK, Levine JD. Sexual dimorphism in the contribution of protein kinase C isoforms to nociception in the streptozotocin diabetic rat. Neuroscience 2003;120:907-13.
135. Joseph EK, Levine JD. Sexual dimorphism for protein kinase c epsilon signaling in a rat model of vincristine-induced painful peripheral neuropathy. Neuroscience 2003;119:831-8.
136. Minshall RD, Miyagawa K, Chadwick CC, Novy MJ, Hermsmeyer K. In vitro modulation of primate coronary vascular muscle cell reactivity by ovarian steroid hormones. FASEB J 1998;12:1419-29.
137. Ruzycky AL, Kulick A. Estrogen increases the expression of uterine protein kinase C isozymes in a tissue specific manner. Eur J Pharmacol 1996;313:257-63.
138. Bae S, Zhang L. Gender differences in cardioprotection against ischemia/reperfusion injury in adult rat hearts: focus on Akt and protein kinase C signaling. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005;315:1125-35.
139. Li SY, Li Q, Shen JJ, Dong F, Sigmon VK, Liu Y et al. Attenuation of acetaldehyde-induced cell injury by overexpression of aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2) transgene in human cardiac myocytes: role of MAP kinase signaling. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2006;40:283-94.
140. Jung ME, Watson DG, Simpkins JW. Suppression of protein kinase Cepsilon mediates 17beta-estradiol-induced neuroprotection in an immortalized hippocampal cell line. J Neurochem 2005;95:745-55.
141. Jung ME, Watson DG, Wen Y, Simpkins JW. Role of protein kinase C in estrogen protection against apoptotic cerebellar cell death in ethanol-withdrawn rats. Alcohol 2003;31:39-48.
142. Rodriguez WE, Joshua IG, Falcone JC, Tyagi SC. Pioglitazone prevents cardiac remodeling in high-fat high-calorie induced type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006; [Epub ahead of print].
143. van Guldener C, Stehouwer CD. Diabetes mellitus and hyperhomocysteinemia. Semin Vasc Med 2002;2:87-95.
144. Tyagi SC, Rodriguez W, Patel AM, Roberts AM, Falcone JC, Passmore JC et al. Hyperhomocysteinemic diabetic cardiomyopathy: oxidative stress, remodeling, and endothelial-myocyte uncoupling. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2005;10:1-10.
145. De L, V, La Marca A, Morgante G, Musacchio MC, Luisi S, Petraglia F. Menopause, the cardiovascular risk factor homocysteine, and the effects of treatment. Treat Endocrinol 2004;3:393-400.
146. Asnani S, Desouza C, Homan J, Murthy SN, McNamara DB, Fonseca V. Hormones and homocysteine. Minerva Endocrinol. 2002;27:141-55.
147. Sundstrom J, Vasan RS. Homocysteine and heart failure: a review of investigations from the Framingham Heart Study. Clin Chem Lab Med 2005;43:987-92.
148. Wenger NK, Geiger MJ. Baseline characteristics of menopausal women with coronary heart disease in cardiovascular outcomes clinical trials of menopausal hormone therapy or raloxifene. Contemp Clin Trials 2005;26:612-5.
149. Scott AR, Dhindsa P, Forsyth J, Mansell P. Effect of hormone replacement therapy on cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal women with diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2004;6:16-22.
150. Harma M, Harma M, Kocyigit A, Yaltali T. Intranasal 17beta-estradiol treatment and Vitamin B12, folate and homocysteine in menopause. Maturitas 2005;50:353-8.
151. Prentice RL, Langer R, Stefanick ML, Howard BV, Pettinger M, Anderson G et al. Combined postmenopausal hormone therapy and cardiovascular disease: toward resolving the discrepancy between observational studies and the Women's Health Initiative clinical trial. Am J Epidemiol 2005;162:404-14.
152. Hsia J, Criqui MH, Rodabough RJ, Langer RD, Resnick HE, Phillips LS et al. Estrogen plus progestin and the risk of peripheral arterial disease: the Women's Health Initiative. Circulation 2004;109:620-6.
153. Newton KM, LaCroix AZ, Heckbert SR, Abraham L, McCulloch D, Barlow W. Estrogen therapy and risk of cardiovascular events among women with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003;26:2810-6.
154. Rossi R, Origliani G, Modena MG. Transdermal 17-beta-estradiol and risk of developing type 2 diabetes in a population of healthy, nonobese postmenopausal women. Diabetes Care 2004;27:645-9.
155. Regitz-Zagrosek V, Lehmkuhl E. Heart failure and its treatment in women. Role of hypertension, diabetes, and estrogen. Herz 2005;30:356-67.
156. Thompson J, Khalil RA. Gender differences in the regulation of vascular tone. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2003;30:1-15.156.