Erratum: Incorporating a rapid-impact package for neglected tropical diseases with programs for HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria (PLoS Medicine (2006) 3, 5, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030102);Incorporating a rapid-impact package for neglected tropical diseases with programs for HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria: A comprehensive pro-poor health policy and strategy for the developing world

PLoS Medicine

Volumn 3, Issue 5, 2006, Pages 576-584

  Hotez, Peter J ^a,b   Molyneux, David H ^c   Fenwick, Alan ^d,e   Ottesen, Eric ^f,g   Sachs, Sonia Ehrlich ^h   Sachs, Jeffrey D ^h  

^a GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES   (United States)

^b Albert B Sabin Vaccine Institute   (United States)

^c LIVERPOOL SCHOOL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

^d IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^e Schistosomiasis Control Initiative   (United Kingdom)

^f EMORY UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^g Lymphatic Filariasis Support Center   (United States)

^h Och Spine at New York Presbyterian Hospitals   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; AFRICA; ASCARIASIS; AVIAN INFLUENZA; BURULI ULCER; COMORBIDITY; CYSTICERCOSIS; DISEASE COURSE; FILARIASIS; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HEALTH PROGRAM; HOOKWORM INFECTION; HOST SUSCEPTIBILITY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; LEISHMANIASIS; LEPROSY; MALARIA; MORTALITY; ONCHOCERCIASIS; REVIEW; SCHISTOSOMIASIS; TAENIASIS; TRACHOMA; TREMATODIASIS; TRICHURIASIS; TROPICAL DISEASE; TUBERCULOSIS; UNITED NATIONS; VIRUS INFECTION; AFRICA SOUTH OF THE SAHARA; ARTICLE; DRUG COMBINATION; DRUG MANUFACTURE; ECONOMICS; HEALTH; HEALTH CARE COST; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; MANAGEMENT; ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT; POVERTY; TROPICAL MEDICINE;

ANTI HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS AGENT; ANTIMALARIAL AGENT; TUBERCULOSTATIC AGENT;

AFRICA SOUTH OF THE SAHARA; ANTI-HIV AGENTS; ANTIMALARIALS; ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS; COMORBIDITY; DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION; HEALTH CARE COSTS; HEALTH POLICY; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; MALARIA; ORPHAN DRUG PRODUCTION; POLICY MAKING; POVERTY; TROPICAL MEDICINE; TUBERCULOSIS; WORLD HEALTH;

EID: 33744486308     PISSN: 15491277     EISSN: 15491676     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0040277     Document Type: Erratum

References (126)

1. World Health Organization (2004) World Health Report 2004: Changing history. Geneva: World Health Organization. Available: http://www.who.int/whr/ 2004/en. Accessed 5 January 2006.
2. Hotez PJ, Ottesen E, Fenwick A, Molyneux D (2006) The neglected tropical diseases: The ancient af. ictions of stigma and poverty and the prospects for their control and elimination. Adv Exp Med Biol. In press.
3. Pawlowski ZS (2005) Role of chemotherapy of taeniasis in prevention of neurocysticercosis. Parasitol Int. Epub ahead of print. DOI:10.1016/j.parint. 2005.11.017
4. Keiser J, Utzinger J (2005) Emerging foodborne trematodiases. Emerg Infect Dis 11: 1507-1114.
5. Lu ZR, Gasser RB, Lai DH, Li AX, Zhu XQ, et al. (2005) Clonorchiasis: A key foodborne zoonosis in China. Lancet Infect Dis 5: 31-41.
6. WHO Expert Committee (2002) Prevention and control of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 912: i-vi, 1-57, back cover.
7. Murray CJL, Lopez AD, editors (1994) Global cooperative assessments in the health sector, disease burden, expenditures and intervention packages. Geneva: World Health Organization. 196 p.
8. Hotez P, Stoever K, Fenwick A, Molyneux D, Savioli L (2006) The neglected epidemic of chronic diseases (letter). Lancet. In press.
9. Molyneux DH, Hotez PJ, Fenwick A (2005) "Rapid-impact interventions": How a policy of integrated control for Africa's neglected tropical diseases could benefit the poor. PLoS Med 2: e336. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0020336
10. Molyneux DH, Nantulya HM (2004) Linking disease control programmes in rural Africa: A pro-poor strategy to reach Abuja targets and millennium development goals. BMJ 328: 1129-1132.
11. Raso G, Luginbuhl A, Adjoua CA, Tan-Bi NT, Silue KD, et al. (2004) Multiple parasite infections and their relationship to self-reported morbidity in a community of rural Cote d'Ivoire. Int J Epidemiol 33: 1092-1102.
12. Fenwick A, Molyneux D, Nantulya V (2005) Achieving the Millennium Development Goals. Lancet 365: 1029-1030.
13. Fenwick A (2006) New initiatives against Africa's worms. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. In press.
14. McKenzie FE (2005) Polyparasitism. Int J Parasitol 34: 221-222.
15. De Silva NR, Brooker S, Hotez PJ, Montresor A, Engels D, et al. (2003) Soil-transmitted helminth infections: Updating the global picture. Trends Parasitol 19: 547-551.
16. Raso G, Utzinger J, Silue KD, Ouattara M, Yapi A, et al. (2005) Disparities in parasitic infections, perceived ill health and access to health care among poorer and less poor schoolchildren of rural Cote d'Ivoire. Trop Med Int Health 10: 42-57.
17. Ehrenberg JP, Ault SK (2005) Neglected diseases of neglected populations: thinking to reshape the determinants of health in Latin America and the Caribbean. BMC Public Health 5: 119.
18. Stephenson LS, Latham MC, Kurz KM, Kinoti SN, Brigham H (1989) Treatment with a single dose of albendazole improves growth of Kenyan schoolchildren with hookworm, Trichuris trichiura, and Ascaris lumbricoides infections. Am J Trop Med Hyg 41: 78-87.
19. Stephenon LS, Latham MC, Kinoti SN, Kurz KM, Brigham H (1990) Improvements in physical fitness of Kenyan schoolboys infected with hookworm, Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides following a single dose of albendazole. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 84: 277-282.
20. Stephenson LS, Latham MC, Adams EJ, Kinoti SN, Pertet A (1993) Weight gain of Kenyan school children infected with hookworm, Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides is improved following once- or twice-yearly treatment with albendazole. J Nutr 123: 656-665.
21. Stephenson LS, Latham MC, Adams EJ, Kinoti SN, Pertet A (1993) Physical fitness, growth and appetite of Kenyan school boys with hookworm, Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides infections are improved four months after a single dose of albendazole. J Nutr 123: 1036-1046.
22. Richter J (2003) The impact of chemotherapy on morbidity due to schistosomiasis. Acta Trop 86: 161-183.
23. Lwambo NJ, Siza JE, Brooker S, Bunday DA, Guyatt H (1999) Patterns of concurrent hookworm infection and schistosomiasis in schoolchildren in Tanzania. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93: 497-502.
24. King CH, Dickman K, Tisch DJ (2005) Reassessment of the cost of chronic helmintic infection: A meta-analysis of disability-related outcomes in endemic schistosomiasis. Lancet 365: 1561-1569.
25. Beasley M, Brooker S, Ndinaromtan M, Madjiourroum EM, Baboguel M, Djenguinabe E, Bundy DA (2002) First nationwide survey of the health of schoolchildren in Chad. Trop Med Int Health 7: 625-630.
26. Nokes C, Grantham-McGregor SM, Sawyer AW, Cooper ES, Bundy DA (1992) Parasitic helminth infection and cognitive function in school children. Proc Biol Sci 247: 77-81.
27. Nokes C, Grantham-McGregor SM, Sawyer AW, Cooper ES, Robinson BA, et al. (1992) Moderate to heavy infections of Trichuris trichiura affect cognitive function in Jamaican school children. Parasitology 104: 539-547.
28. Nokes C, McGarvey ST, Shiue L, Wu G, Wu H, et al. (1999) Evidence for an improvement in cognitive function following treatment of Schistosoma japonicum in Chinese primary schoolchildren. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60: 556-565.
29. Sakti H, Nokes C, Hertanto WS, Hendratno S, Hall A, et al. (1999) Evidence for an association between hookworm infection and cognitive function in Indonesia school children. Trop Med Int Health 4: 322-334.
30. Jukes MC, Nokes CA, Alcock KJ, Lambo JK, Kihamia C, et al. (2002) Heavy schistosomiasis associated with poor short-term memory and slower reaction times in Tanzanian schoolchildren. Trop Med Int Health 7: 104-117.
31. Ezeamama AE, Friedman JF, Olveda RM, Acosta LP, Kurtis JD, et al. (2005) Functional significance of low-intensity polyparasite helminth infections in anemia. J Infect Dis 192: 2160-2170.
32. Hotez PJ, Brooker S, Bethony JM, Bottazzi ME, Loukas A, et al. (2004) Hookworm infection. N Engl J Med 351: 799-807.
33. Ramdath DD, Simeon DT, Wong MS, Grantham-McGregor SM (1995) Iron status of schoolchildren with varying intensities of Trichuris trichiura infection. Parasitology 110: 347-351.
34. Robertson LJ, Crompton DW, Sanjur D, Nesheim MC (1992) Haemoglobin concentrations and concomitant infections of hookworm and Trichuris trichiura in Panamanian primary schoolchildren. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 86: 654-656.
35. Ajanga A, Lwambo NJ, Blair L, Nyandindi U, Fenwick A, et al. (2006) Schistosoma mansoni in pregnancy and associations with anaemia in northwest Tanzania. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 100: 59-63.
36. Fleming AF, de Silva PS (2004) Hematological diseases in the tropics. In: Cook GC, Zumla AI. Manson's tropical diseases. 21st ed. Philadelphia: Saunders-Elsevier. pp. 169-244.
37. Friedman JF, Kanzaria HK, McGarvey ST (2005) Human schistosomiasis and anemia: the relationship and potential mechanisms. Trends Parasitol 21: 386-392.
38. World Bank (2003) School deworming at a glance. Washington (District of Columbia): World Bank. Available: http://www.worldbank.org/hnp. Accessed 4 January 2006.
39. Beasley NM, Tomkins AM, Hall A, Kihamia CM, Lorri W, et al. (1999) The impact of population level deworming on the haemoglobin levels of schoolchildren in Tanga, Tanzania. Trop Med Int Health 4: 744-750.
40. Bhargava A, Jukes M, Lambo J, Kihamia CM, Lorri W, et al. (2003) Anthelmintic treatment improves the hemoglobin and serum ferritin concentrations of Tanzanian schoolchildren. Food Nutr Bull 24: 332-342.
41. Stoltzfus RJ, Chway HM, Montresor A, Tielsch JM, Jape JK, et al. (2004) Low dose daily iron supplementation improves iron status and appetite, but not anemia, whereas quarterly anthelminthic treatment improves growth, appetite and anemia in Zanzibari preschool children. J Nutr 134: 348-356.
42. Anderson RM, May RM (1982) Population dynamics of human helminth infections: Control by chemotherapy. Nature 297: 557-563.
43. Bundy DAP (1988) Population ecology of intestinal helminth infections in human communities. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 321: 405-420.
44. World Health Organization (2005) Deworming for health and development. Report of the third global meeting of the partners for parasite control, Geneva, 29-30 November 2004. Geneva: World Health Organization. 51 p.
45. Heukelbach J, Winter B, Wilcke T, Muehlen M, Albrecht S, et al. (2004) Selective mass treatment with ivermectin to control intestinal helminthiases and parasitic skin diseases in a severely affected population. Bull WHO 82: 563-571.
46. Molyneux DH, Nantulya HM (2005) Public-private partnerships in blindness prevention: reaching beyond the eye. Eye 19: 1050-1056.
47. Lawrence G, Leafasia J, Seridan J, Hills S, Wate J, et al. (2005) Control of scabies, skin sores and hematuria in children in the Solomon Islands: another role for ivermectin. Bull World Health Organ 83: 34-42.
48. Commission for Africa (2005) Our common interest: Report for the commission for Africa. Glasgow: Commission for Africa. Available: http://www.commissionforafrica.org/english/report/thereport/english/ 11-03-05_cr_report.pdf. Accessed 4 January 2006.
49. Savioli L, Engels D, Endo H (2005) Extending the benefits of deworming for development. Lancet 365: 1520-1521.
50. [Anonymous] (2004) Thinking beyond deworming. Lancet 364: 1993-1994.
51. Guo JG, Cao CL, Hu GH, Lin H, Li D, et al. (2005) The role of 'passive chemotherapy' plus health education for schistosomiasis control in China during maintenance and consolidation phase. Acta Trop 96: 177-183.
52. Albonico M, Engels D, Savioli L (2004) Monitoring drug efficacy and early detection of drug resistance in human soil-transmitted nematodes: A pressing public health agenda for helminth control. Int J Parasitol 34: 1205-1210.
53. Molyneux DH (2004) "Neglected" diseases but unrecognized successes - Challenges and opportunities for infectious disease control. Lancet 364: 380-383.
54. Utzinger J, Bergquist R, Xiao SH, Singer BH, Tanner M (2003) Sustainable schistosomiasis control - the way forward. Lancet 362: 1932-1934.
55. Engels D, Chitsulo L, Montresor A, Savioli L (2002) The global epidemiological situation of schistosomiasis and new approaches to control and research. Acta Trop 82: 139-146.
56. Maher D, Harries A, Getahun H (2005) Tuberculosis and HIV interaction in sub-Saharan Africa: Impact on patients and programmes; implications for policies. Trop Med Int Health 10: 734-742.
57. Van Eijk AM, Ayisi JG, ter Kuile FO, Misore AO, Otieno JA, et al. (2002) Malaria and human immunodeficiency virus infection as risk factors for anemia in infants in Kisumu, western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67: 44-53.
58. Ter Kuile FO, Parise ME, Verhoeff FH, Udhayakumar V, Newman RD, et al. (2004) The burden of co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and malaria in pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 (Suppl 2): 41-54.
59. Cohen C, Karstaedt A, Frean J, Thomas J, Govender N, et al. (2005) Increased prevalence of severe malaria in HIV-infected adults in South Africa. Clin Infect Dis 41: 1641-1647.
60. Lindsay SW, Thomas CJ (2000) Mapping and estimating the population at risk from lymphatic filariasis in Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94: 37-45.
61. Brooker S (2002) Schistosomes, snails and satellites. Acta Trop 82: 207-214.
62. Druilhe P, Tall A, Sokhna C (2005) Worms can worsen malaria: Towards a new means to role back malaria? Trends Parasitol 21: 359-362.
63. Shapiro AE, Tukahebwa EM, Kasten J, Clarke SE, Magnussen P, et al. (2005) Epidemiology of helminth infections and their relationship to clinical malaria in southwest Uganda. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 99: 18-24.
64. Spiegel A, Tall A, Raphenon G, Trape JF, Druilhe P (2003) Increased frequency of malaria attacks in subjects co-infected by intestinal worms and Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 97: 198-199.
65. Fincham JE, Markus MB, Adams VJ (2003) Could control of soil-transmitted helminthic infection influence the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Acta Trop 86: 315-333.
66. Le Hesran JY, Akiana J, Ndiaye EHM, Dia M, Senghor P, et al. (2004) Severe malaria attack is associated with high prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides infection among children in rural Senegal. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 98: 397-399.
67. Diallo TO, Remoue F, Schacht AM, Charrier N, Dompnier JP, et al. (2004) Schistosomiasis co-infection in humans influences inflammatory markers in uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum infection. Parasite Immunol 26: 365-369.
68. Sokhna C, Le Hesran JY, Mbaye PA, Akiana J, Camara P, et al. (2004) Increase of malaria attacks among children presenting concomitant infection by Schistosoma mansoni in Senegal. Malar J 3: 43.
69. Briand V, Watier L, Le Hesran JY, Garcia A, Cot M (2005) Coinfection with Plasmodium falciparum and Schistosoma haematobium: Protective effect of schistosomiasis on malaria in Senegalese children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72: 702-707.
70. Manga L (2002) Vector-control synergies, between 'roll back malaria' and the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis, in the African region. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 96: S129-S132.
71. Harms G, Feldmeier H (2002) HIV infection and tropical parasitic diseases - deleterious interactions in both directions. Trop Med Int Health 7: 4770-4788.
72. Ali A (2002) Leishmaniases and HIV/AIDS co-infections: Review of common features and management experiences. Ethiop Med J 40 (Suppl 1): 37-49.
73. Woodruff AW, Ziegler JL, Hathaway A, Gwata T (1973) Anaemia in African trypanosomiasis and 'big spleen disease' in Uganda. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 67: 329-337.
74. Stoltzfus RJ, Chwaya HM, Tielsch J, Schulze KJ, Albonico M, et al. (1997) Epidemiology of iron deficiency anaemia in Zanzibari schoolchildren: The importance of hookworms. Am J Clin Nutr 65: 153-159.
75. Brooker S, Peshu N, Warn PA, Mosobo M, Guyatt HL, et al. (1999) The epidemiology of hookworm infection and its contribution to anaemia among pre-school children on the Kenyan coast. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 93: 240-246.
76. McDevitt MA, Xie JL, Gordeuk V, Bucala R (2004) The anemia of malaria infection: role of inflammatory cytokines. Curr Hematol Rep 3: 97-106.
77. Crawley J (2004) Reducing the burden of anemia in infants and young children in malaria-endemic countries of Africa: From evidence to action. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 (Suppl 2): 25-34.
78. Fleming AF (1994) Agriculture-related anemias. Br J Biomed Sci 31: 345-357.
79. Shulman CE, Graham WJ, Jilo H, Lowe BS, New L, et al. (1996) Malaria is an important cause of anaemia in primigravidae: Evidence from a district hospital in coastal Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 90: 535-539.
80. Guyatt HL, Brooker S, Peshu N, Shulman CE (2000) Hookworm and anaemia prevalence. Lancet 356: 2101.
81. Lozoff B, Jimenez E, Hagen J, Mollen E, Wolf AW (2000) Poorer behavioral and developmental outcome more than 10 years alter treatment for iron deficiency in infants. Pediatrics 105: E51.
82. Brabin BJ, Premji Z, Verhoeff F (2001) An analysis of anemia and child mortality. J Nutr 13: S636-S645.
83. Grantham-McGregor S, Ani C (2001) A review of studies on the effect of iron deficiency on cognitive development in children. J Nutr 131: S649-S666.
84. Umbreit J (2005) Iron deficiency: A concise review. Am J Hematol 78: 225-231.
85. Mackintosh CL, Beeson JG, Marsh K (2004) Clinical features and pathogenesis of severe malaria. Trends Parasitol 20: 597-603.
86. Schellenberg D, Arstrong Schellenberg JRM, Mushi A, de Savigny D, Mgalula L, et al. (2003) The silent burden of anaemia in Tanzanian children: A community-based study. Bull World Health Organ 81: 581-590.
87. Moore RD (1999) Human immunodeficiency virus infection, anemia and survival. Clin Infect Dis 29: 44-49.
88. Moore RD (2000) Anemia and human immunodeficiency virus disease in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Semin Hematol 37: 18-23.
89. Thigpen MC, Filler SJ, Hamel M, Kazembe P, Parise ME (2004) Association of helminthiasis with peripheral malaria parasitemia among pregnant women. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71 (Suppl 4): 80.
90. Nacher M, Singhasivanon P, Gay F, Silachromroon U, Phumratanaprapin W, et al. (2001) Contemporaneous and successive mixed Plasmodium falciparum and Plamodium vivax infections are associated with Ascaris lumbricoides: An immunomodulating effect? J Parasitol 87: 912-915.
91. Nacher M, Singhasivanon P, Gay F, Phumratanaprapin W, Silachromroon U, et al. (2001) Association of helminth infection with decreased reticulocyte counts and hemoglobin concentration in Thai falciparum malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 97: 199-202.
92. Nacher M, Singhasivanon P, Yimsamran S, Manibunyong W, Thanyavanich N, et al. (2002) Intestinal helminth infections are associated with increased incidence of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Thailand. J Parasitol 88: 55-58.
93. Chaorattannakawee S, Natalang O, Hananantachai H, Nacher M, Brockman A, et al. (2003) Trichuris trichiura infection is associated with the multiplicity of Plasmodium falciparum infections in Thailand. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 97: 199-202.
94. Nacher M (2004) Interactions between worm infections and malaria. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 26: 85-92.
95. Lyke KE, Dicko A, Dabo A, Sangare L, Kone A, et al. (2005) Association of Schistosoma haematobium infection with protectin against acute Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Malian children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73: 1124-1130.
96. Borkow G, Bentwich Z (2004) Chronic immune activation associated with chronic helminthic and human immunodeficiency virus infections: Role of hyporesponsiveness and anergy. Clin Microbiol Rev 17: 1012-1030.
97. Wolday D, Mayaan S, Mariam ZG, Berhe N, Seboxa T, et al. (2002) J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 31: 56-62.
98. Bentwich Z (2003) Concurrent infections that rise the HIV viral load. J HIV Ther 8: 72-75.
99. Kallestrup P, Zinyama R, Gomo E, Butterworth AE, Mudenge B, et al. (2005) Schistosomiasis and HIV-1 infection in rural Zimbabwe: Effect of treatment of schistosomiasis on CD4 cell count and plasma HIV-1 RNA load. J Infect Dis 192: 1956-1961.
100. Secor WE, Shah A, Mwinzi PM, Ndenga BA, Watta CO, et al. (2003) Increased density of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 coreceptors CCR5 and CXCR4 on the surfaces of CD4(+) T cells and moncytes of patients with Schistosoma mansoni infection. Infect Immun 71: 6668-6671.
101. Gallagher M, Malhotra I, Mungai PL, Wamachi AN, Koko JM, et al. (2004) The effects of maternal helminth and malaria infections on mother-to-child HIV transmission. AIDS 19: 1849-1855.
102. Elliott AM, Mawa PA, Joseph S, Namujju PB, Kizza M, et al. (2003) Associations between helminth infection and CD4+ T cell count, viral load and cytokine responses in HIV-1-infected Ugandan adults. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 97: 103-108.
103. Brown M, Kizza M, Watera C, Quigley MA, Rowland S, et al. (2004) Helminth infection is not associated with faster progression of HIV disease in coinfected adults in Uganda. J Infect Dis 190: 1869-1879.
104. Borkow G, Weisman Z, Leng Q, Stein M, Kalinkovich A, et al. (2001) Helminths, human immunodeficiency virus and tuberculosis. Scand J Infect Dis 33: 568-571.
105. Elliott AM, Kyosiimire J, Quigley MA, Nakiyingi J, Watera C, et al. (2003) Eosinophilia and progression to active tuberculosis in HIV-1 infected Ugandans. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 97: 477-480.
106. Barreto ML, Rodrigues LC, Silva RC, Assis AM, Reis MG, et al. (2000) Lower hookworm incidence, prevalence, and intensity of infection in children with a Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccination scar. J Infect Dis 182: 1800-1803.
107. Elias D, Akuffo H, Pawlowski A, Haile M, Schon T, et al. (2005) Schistosoma mansoni infection reduces the protective efficacy of BCG vaccination against virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Vaccine 23: 1326-1334.
108. Elias D, Wolday D, Akuffo H, Petros B, Boronner U, et al. (2001) Effect of deworming on human T cell responses to mycobacterial antigens in helminth-exposed individuals before and after bacilli Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination. Clin Exp Immunol 123: 219-225.
109. Brown M, Mawa PA, Joseph S, Bukusuba J, Watera C, et al. (2005) Treatment of Schistosoma mansoni infection increases helminth-specific type 2 cytokine responses and HIV-1 loads in coinfected Ugandan adults. J Infect Dis 191: 1648-1657.
110. Christian P, Khatry SK, West KP (2004) Antenatal anthelmintic treatment, birthweight, and infant survival. Lancet 364: 981-983.
111. Fincham, Markus MB, Brombacher F (2002) Vaccination against helminths: Influence on HIV/AIDS and TB. Trends Parasitol 18: 385-386.
112. Ghosh K, Wu WH, Antoine AD, Bottazzi ME, Valenzuela JG, et al. (2006) The impact of concurrent and treated Ancylostoma ceylancium hookworm infections on the immunogenicity of a recombinant hookworm vaccine in hamsters. J Infect Dis 193: 155-162.
113. Elias D, Akuffo H, Pawlowski A, Haile M, Schon T, et al. (2005) Schistosoma mansoni infection reduces the protective efficacy of BCG vaccination against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Vaccine 23: 1326-1334
114. Cooper PJ, Espinel I, Wieseman M, Paredes W, Espinel M, et al. (1999) Human onchocerciasis and tetanus vaccination: Impact on the postvaccination antitetanus antibody response. Infect Immun 67: 5951-5957.
115. Cooper PJ, Chico M, Sandoval C, Espinel I, Guevara A, et al. (2001) Human infection with Ascaris lumbricoides is associated with suppression of the interleukin-2 response to recombinant cholera toxin B subunit following vaccination with the live oral cholera vaccine (CV 103-HgR). Infect Immun 69: 1574-1580.
116. Elliott AM, Namujju PB, Mawa PA, Quigley MA, Nampijja M, et al. (2005) A randomised controlled trial of the effects of albendazole in pregnancy on maternal responses to mycobacterial antigens and infant responses to bacilli Calmette-Guerin (BCG) immunisation. BMC Infect Dis 5: 115.
117. Hotez PJ, Bethony J, Bottazzi ME, Brooker S, Buss P (2005) Hookworm - "The great infection of mankind." PLoS Med 2: e67. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0020067
118. Capron A, Riveau G, Carpon M, Trottein F (2005) Schistosomes: The road from host-parasite interactions to vaccines in clinical trials. Trends Parasitol 21: 143-149.
119. Coler RN, Reed SG (2005) Second generation vaccines against leishmaniasis. Trends Parasitol 21: 244-249.
120. Brooker S, Bethony JM, Rodrigues LC, Alexander N, Geiger SM, (2005) Epidemiologic, immunologic and practical considerations in developing and evaluating a human hookworm vaccine. Expert Rev Vaccines 4: 35-50.
121. New Partnership for Africa's Development (2003) Health strategy. Midrand (South Africa): New Partnership for Africa's Development. Available: http://www.sarpn.org.za/documents/d0000612/index.php. Accessed 4 January 2006.
122. European Parliament, Committee on Development (2005 February 15) Report on major and neglected diseases in Developing Countries. A6. Available: http://www.europarl.eu.int/news/expert/briefing_page/35-248-9-36- 20050907BRI00034-05-09-2005-2005/default_p001c009_en.htm. Accessed 4 January 2006.
123. World Bank (2005) Rolling back malaria, the World Bank Strategy and Booster Programme Washington (District of Columbia): The World Bank. 193 p.
124. [Anonymous] (2005) Best practice principles for Global Health Partnership activities at country level. High-Level Forum on the Health MDGs; 2005 14-15 November; Paris, France. High-Level Forum on the Health MDGs. 11 p. Available: http://www.hlfhealthmdgs.org/Documents/GlobalHealthPartnerships.pdf. Accessed 4 January 2006.
125. Van der Werf MJ, de Vlas SJ, Brooker S, Looman CW, Nagelkerke NJ, et al. (2003) Quantification of clinical morbidity associated with schistosome infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Acta Trop 86: 125-139.
126. Chan MS (1997) The global burden of intestinal nematode infections - Fifty years on. Parasitol Today 13: 438-443.