The silent burden of anaemia in Tanzanian children: A community-based study

Bulletin of the World Health Organization

Volumn 81, Issue 8, 2003, Pages 581-590

  Schellenberg, D ^a,b   Schellenberg, J R M Armstrong ^a,c   Mushi, A ^a   De Savigny, D ^d   Mgalula, L ^d,e   Mbuya, C ^d   Victora, C G ^f  

^a IFAKARA HEALTH INSTITUTE   (Tanzania)

^b HOSPITAL CLÍNIC   (Spain)

^c SWISS TROPICAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH INSTITUTE   (Switzerland)

^d and Children   (Tanzania)

^e World Health Organisation United Republic of Tanzania   (Tanzania)

^f FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF PELOTAS   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Anemia epidemiology prevention and control drug therapy; Antimalarials therapeutic use; Blood transfusion; Child, Preschool; Cluster analysis; Cost of illness; Immunization programs; Iron, Dietary therapeutic use; Malaria, Falciparum complications

Indexed keywords

ANTIMALARIAL AGENT; DIPHTHERIA PERTUSSIS TETANUS VACCINE; HEMOGLOBIN; IRON; MEASLES VACCINE;

ANEMIA; CHILD HEALTH; MALARIA; RISK FACTOR;

AGE DISTRIBUTION; ALGORITHM; ANEMIA; ARTICLE; CHILDHOOD DISEASE; FEMALE; HEALTH PROGRAM; HEMOGLOBIN DETERMINATION; HOUSEHOLD; HUMAN; INFANT; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALARIA; MALE; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PREVALENCE; RISK FACTOR; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; TANZANIA; VACCINATION;

ANEMIA; ANTIMALARIALS; CHILD WELFARE; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; CLUSTER ANALYSIS; COST OF ILLNESS; FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS; FEMALE; HEMOGLOBINS; HUMANS; INFANT; INFANT, NEWBORN; MALARIA, FALCIPARUM; MALE; PREVALENCE; RISK FACTORS; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; TANZANIA;

TANZANIA;

EID: 0042819596     PISSN: 00429686     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. DeMaeyer E, Adiels-Tegman M. The prevalence of anaemia in the world. World Health Statistics Quarterly 1985;38:302-16.
2. Premji Z, Hamisi Y, Shiff C, Minjas J, Lubega P, Makwaya C. Anaemia and Plasmodium falciparum infections among young children in an holoendemic area, Bagamoyo, Tanzania. Acta Tropica 1995;59:55-64.
3. Muhe L, Oljira B, Degefu H, Enquesellassie F, Weber MW. Clinical algorithm for malaria during low and high transmission seasons. Archives of Disease in Childhood 1999;81:216-20.
4. McElroy PD, ter Kuile FO, Lal AA, Bloland PB, Hawley WA, Oloo AJ, et al. Effect of Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia density on hemoglobin concentrations among full-term, normal birth weight children in western Kenya, IV. The Asembo Bay Cohort Project. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2000;62:504-12.
5. May J, Falusi AG, Mockenhaupt FP, Ademowo OG, Olumese PE, Bienzle U, et al. Impact of subpatent multi-species and multi-clonal plasmodial infections on anaemia in children from Nigeria. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2000;94:399-403.
6. Murphy SC, Breman JG. Gaps in the childhood malaria burden in Africa: cerebral malaria, neurological sequelae, anemia, respiratory distress, hypoglycemia, and complications of pregnancy. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2001;64(1-2 Suppl.):57-67.
7. Schellenberg D, Menendez C, Kahigwa E, Font F, Galindo C, Acosta C, et al. African children with malaria in an area of intense Plasmodium falciparum transmission: features on admission to hospital and risk factors for death. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1999;61:431-8.
8. Marsh K, Forster D, Waruiru C, Mwangi I, Winstanley M, Marsh V, et al. Indicators of life-threatening malaria in African children. New England Journal of Medicine 1995;332:1399-404.
9. Slutsker L, Taylor TE, Wirima JJ, Steketee RW. In-hospital morbidity and mortality due to malaria-associated severe anaemia in two areas of Malawi with different patterns of malaria infection. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1994;88:548-51.
10. Lackritz EM, Campbell CC, Ruebush TK, 2nd, Hightower AW, Wakube W, Steketee RW, et al. Effect of blood transfusion on survival among children in a Kenyan hospital. Lancet 1992;340:524-8.
11. Bojang KA, Palmer A, Boele van Hensbroek M, Banya WA, Greenwood BM. Management of severe malarial anaemia in Gambian children. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1997;91:557-61.
12. Rawlins SC, Campbell M, Fox K, Bennett F, Gibbs WN, Greene M. Parasitic infections in young Jamaicans in different ecological zones of the island. Tropical and Geographical Medicine 1991;43:136-41.
13. Hall A, Latham MC, Crompton DW, Stephenson LS, Wolgemuth JC. Intestinal parasitic infections of men in four regions of rural Kenya. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1982;76:728-33.
14. Sweet DG, Savage G, Tubman TR, Lappin TR, Halliday HL. Study of maternal influences on fetal iron status at term using cord blood transferrin receptors. Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition 2001;84:F40-3.
15. Singla PN, Tyagi M, Shankar R, Dash D, Kumar A. Fetal iron status in maternal anemia. Acta Paediatrica 1996;85:1327-30.
16. Singla PN, Tyagi M, Kumar A, Dash D, Shankar R. Fetal growth in maternal anaemia. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 1997;43:89-92.
17. Jaime-Perez JC, Herrera-Garza JL, Gomez-Almaguer D. Relationship between gestational iron deficiency and iron deficiency in the newborn; erythrocytes. Hematology 2000;5:257-62.
18. Menendez C, Kahigwa E, Hirt R, Vounatsou P, Aponte JJ, Font F, et al. Randomised placebo-controlled trial of iron supplementation and malaria chemoprophylaxis for prevention of severe anaemia and malaria in Tanzanian infants. Lancet 1997;350:844-9.
19. Newton CRJC, Warn PA, Winstanley PA, Peshu N, Snow RW, Pasvol G, et al. Severe anaemia in children living in a malaria endemic area of Kenya. Tropical Medicine and International Health 1997;2:165-78.
20. Gascon J, Vargas M, Schellenberg D, Urassa H, Casals C, Kahigwa E, et al. Diarrhoea in children under 5 years of age from Ifakara, Tanzania: a case-control study. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2001;38:4459-62.
21. Clegg JB, Weatherall DJ. Thalassemia and malaria: new insights into an old problem. Proceedings of the Association of American Physicians 1999;111:278-82.
22. Thaver IH, Baig L. Anaemia in children: Part I. Can simple observations by primary care provider help in diagnosis? Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 1994;44:282-4.
23. Luby SP, Kazembe PN, Redd SC, Ziba C, Nwanyanwu OC, Hightower AW, et al. Using clinical signs to diagnose anaemia in African children. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1995;73:477-82.
24. Ekunwe EO. Predictive value of conjunctival pallor in the diagnosis of anaemia. West African Journal of Medicine 1997;16:246-50.
25. Kalter HD, Burnham G, Kolstad PR, Hossain M, Schillinger JA, Khan NZ, et al. Evaluation of clinical signs to diagnose anaemia in Uganda and Bangladesh, in areas with and without malaria. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1997;75 Suppl. 1:103-11.
26. Zucker JR, Perkins BA, Jafari H, Otieno J, Obonyo C, Campbell CC. Clinical signs for the recognition of children with moderate or severe anaemia in western Kenya. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1997;75; Suppl. 1:97-102.
27. Weber MW, Kellingray SD, Palmer A, Jaffar S, Mulholland EK, Greenwood BM. Pallor as a clinical sign of severe anaemia in children: an investigation in the Gambia. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1997;75;Suppl. 1:113-8.
28. van den Broek NR, Ntonya C, Mhango E, White SA. Diagnosing anaemia in pregnancy in rural clinics: assessing the potential of the Haemoglobin Colour Scale. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1999;77:15-21.
29. Muhe L, Oljira B, Degefu H, Jaffar S, Weber MW. Evaluation of clinical pallor in the identification and treatment of children with moderate and severe anaemia. Tropical Medicine and International Health 2000;5:805-10.
30. Stoltzfus RJ, Edward-Raj A, Dreyfuss ML, Albonico M, Montresor A, Dhoj Thapa M, et al. Clinical pallor is useful to detect severe anemia in populations where anemia is prevalent and severe. The Journal of Nutrition 1999;129:1675-81.
31. Lengeler C. Insecticide-treated bednets and curtains for preventing malaria. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2003;(2):CD000363.
32. Abdulla S, Schellenberg JA, Nathan R, Mukasa O, Marchant T, Smith T, et al. Impact on malaria morbidity of a programme supplying insecticide treated nets in children aged under 2 years in Tanzania: community cross sectional study. BMJ 2001;322:270-3.
33. Stoltzfus R, Dreyfuss M. Guidelines for the use of iron supplements to prevent and treat iron deficiency anemia. Washington: ILSI Press; 1998.
34. Armstrong Schellenberg JRM, Mukasa O, Abdulla S, Marchant T, Lengeler C, Kikumbih N, et al. The Ifakara Demographic Surveillance System. p. INDEPTH Monograph Series: Demographic surveillance systems for assessing populations and their health in developing countries. Vol. 1. Population, health and survival in INDEPTH sites. Ottawa: IDRC/CRDI; 2001.
35. UNICEF/WHO. Child Health/IMCI household baseline survey generic tool. Available from: URL: http://www.unicef.org/programme/health/document/generic. pdf (accessed on: 30 May 2003).
36. Armstrong Schellenberg JRM, Victora CG, Mushi A, de Savigny D, Schellenberg D, Mshinda H, et al. Inequities among the very poor: health care for children in rural southern Tanzania. Lancet 2003;361:540-1.
37. Filmer D, Pritchett LH. Estimating wealth effects without expenditure data - or tears: an application to educational enrollments in states of India. Demography 2001;38:115-32.
38. Sinnott RW. Virtues of the Haversine. Sky and Telescope 1984;68:159.
39. Handbook of integrated management of childhood illness. Geneva: WHO/CAH and UNICEF, 2000. p. 50.
40. WHO/CAH and UNICEF. Management of the child with a serious infection or severe malnutrition. Guidelines for care at the first-referral level in developing countries. WHO document WHO/FCH/CAH/00.1. p. 59.
41. Balldin B. KCMC management schedules of some common children's diseases at hospital level, 5th ed. Moshi, Tanzania: KCMC educational committee, 1994. p. 53.
42. English M, Ahmed M, Ngando C, Berkley J, Ross A. Blood transfusion for severe anaemia in children in a Kenyan hospital. Lancet 2002:359;494-5.
43. WHO expert committee on malaria, 20th report. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2000. (WHO Technical Report Series, No. 892).
44. Turgeon O, Santure M, Maziade J. The association of low and high ferritin levels and anemia with pregnancy outcome. Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research 2000;61:121-7.
45. Jus'at I, Achadi EL, Galloway R, Dyanto A, Zazri A, Supratikto G, et al. Reaching young Indonesian women through marriage registries: an innovative approach for anaemia control. The Journal of Nutrition 2000:130;2S Suppl:456-8S.
46. Armstrong Schellenberg JRM, Abdulla S, Minja H, Nathan R, Mukasa O, Marchant T, et al. KINET: a social marketing programme of treated nets and net treatment for malaria control in Tanzania, with evaluation of child health and long-term survival. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1999;93:225-31.
47. Curtis CF, Maxwell CA, Finch RJ, Njunwa KJ. A comparison of use of a pyrethroid either for house spraying or for bednet treatment against malaria vectors. Tropical Medicine and International Health 1998;3:619-31.
48. Schellenberg D, Menendez C, Kahigwa E, Aponte J, Vidal J, Tanner M, et al. Intermittent treatment for malaria and anaemia control at time of routine vaccinations in Tanzanian infants: a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2001;357:1471-7.