메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 100, Issue 5, 2005, Pages 184-201

Emerging views on the evolution of atmospheric oxygen during the Precambrian

Author keywords

Atmosphere; Evolution; Oxygen; Precambrian

Indexed keywords


EID: 33646575609     PISSN: 13456296     EISSN: 13493825     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2465/jmps.100.184     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (25)

References (151)
  • 1
    • 0037119593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proterozoic ocean chemistry and evolution: A bioinorganic bridge?
    • Anbar, A.D. and Knoll, A.H. (2002) Proterozoic ocean chemistry and evolution: A bioinorganic bridge? Science, 297, 1137-1142.
    • (2002) Science , vol.297 , pp. 1137-1142
    • Anbar, A.D.1    Knoll, A.H.2
  • 2
    • 1842529302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molybdenum isotope evidence for widespread anoxia in mid-Proterozoic oceans
    • Arnold, G.L., Anbar, A.D., Barling, J. and Lyons, T.W. (2004) Molybdenum isotope evidence for widespread anoxia in mid-Proterozoic oceans. Science, 304, 87-90.
    • (2004) Science , vol.304 , pp. 87-90
    • Arnold, G.L.1    Anbar, A.D.2    Barling, J.3    Lyons, T.W.4
  • 3
    • 0030621144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emplacement of a large igneous province as a possible cause of banded iron formation 2.45 billion years ago
    • Barley, M.E., Pickaard, A.L. and Sylvester, P.J. (1997) Emplacement of a large igneous province as a possible cause of banded iron formation 2.45 billion years ago. Nature, 385, 55-58.
    • (1997) Nature , vol.385 , pp. 55-58
    • Barley, M.E.1    Pickaard, A.L.2    Sylvester, P.J.3
  • 5
    • 0033563860 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitrogen isotope ratios of kerogens in Precambrian cherts: A record of the evolution of atmosphere chemistry?
    • Beaumont, V. and Robert, F (1999) Nitrogen isotope ratios of kerogens in Precambrian cherts: a record of the evolution of atmosphere chemistry? Precambrian Research, 96, 63-82.
    • (1999) Precambrian Research , vol.96 , pp. 63-82
    • Beaumont, V.1    Robert, F.2
  • 6
    • 0035601514 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemostratigraphy of the Paleoproterozoic Duitschland Formation, South Africa: Implications for coupled climatic change and carbon cycling
    • Bekker, A., Kaufman, A.J., Karhu, J.A., Beukes, N.J., Swart, Q.D., Coetzee, L.L. and Eriksson, K.A. (2001) Chemostratigraphy of the Paleoproterozoic Duitschland Formation, South Africa: Implications for coupled climatic change and carbon cycling. American Journal of Science, 301, 261-285.
    • (2001) American Journal of Science , vol.301 , pp. 261-285
    • Bekker, A.1    Kaufman, A.J.2    Karhu, J.A.3    Beukes, N.J.4    Swart, Q.D.5    Coetzee, L.L.6    Eriksson, K.A.7
  • 7
    • 31544477287 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 3/FeO ratio in average shale through time: A reflection of the stepwise oxidation of the atmosphere?
    • Abstracts with Programs of Geological Society of America Annual Meeting, 35, the Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO
    • 3/ FeO ratio in average shale through time: A reflection of the stepwise oxidation of the atmosphere? Abstracts with Programs of Geological Society of America Annual Meeting, 35, the Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO, 83.
    • (2003) , pp. 83
    • Bekker, A.1    Holland, H.D.2    Young, G.M.3    Nesbitt, W.H.4
  • 9
    • 0025207262 scopus 로고
    • Geochemistry and sedimentology of a facies transition-from microbanded to granular iron-formation-in the early Proterozoic Transvaal Supergroup South Africa
    • Beukes, N.J. and Klein, C. (1990) Geochemistry and sedimentology of a facies transition-from microbanded to granular iron-formation-in the early Proterozoic Transvaal Supergroup South Africa. Precambrian Research, 47, 99-139.
    • (1990) Precambrian Research , vol.47 , pp. 99-139
    • Beukes, N.J.1    Klein, C.2
  • 10
    • 0003108017 scopus 로고
    • Models for iron formation deposition
    • (Schopf, J.W. and Klein, C. Eds.). pp. 1348, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
    • Beukes, N.J. and Klein, C. (1992) Models for iron formation deposition. In Proterozoic Biosphere (Schopf, J.W. and Klein, C. Eds.). pp. 1348, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 147-151.
    • (1992) Proterozoic Biosphere , pp. 147-151
    • Beukes, N.J.1    Klein, C.2
  • 11
    • 84879890398 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tropical laterites, life on land, and the history of atmospheric oxygen in the Paleoproterozoic
    • Beukes, N.J., Dorland, H., Gutzmer, J., Nedachi, M. and Ohmoto, H. (2002) Tropical laterites, life on land, and the history of atmospheric oxygen in the Paleoproterozoic. Geology, 30, 491-494.
    • (2002) Geology , vol.30 , pp. 491-494
    • Beukes, N.J.1    Dorland, H.2    Gutzmer, J.3    Nedachi, M.4    Ohmoto, H.5
  • 12
    • 0037046523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ocean productivity before about 1.9 Gyr ago limited by phosphorous adsorption onto iron oxides
    • Bjerrum, C.J. and Canfield, D.E. (2002) Ocean productivity before about 1.9 Gyr ago limited by phosphorous adsorption onto iron oxides. Nature, 417, 159-162.
    • (2002) Nature , vol.417 , pp. 159-162
    • Bjerrum, C.J.1    Canfield, D.E.2
  • 13
    • 0033551919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Archean molecular fossils and the early rise of eukaryotes
    • Brocks, J.J., Logan, G.A., Buick, R. and Summons, R.E. (1999) Archean molecular fossils and the early rise of eukaryotes. Science, 285, 1033-1036.
    • (1999) Science , vol.285 , pp. 1033-1036
    • Brocks, J.J.1    Logan, G.A.2    Buick, R.3    Summons, R.E.4
  • 14
    • 0000166626 scopus 로고
    • A boundary condition on the evolution of atmospheric oxygen
    • Broecker, W.S. (1970) A boundary condition on the evolution of atmospheric oxygen. Journal of Geophysical Research, 75, 3553-3557.
    • (1970) Journal of Geophysical Research , vol.75 , pp. 3553-3557
    • Broecker, W.S.1
  • 15
    • 84879880215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 13C Paleoproterozoic carbonates from the Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa
    • 13C Paleoproterozoic carbonates from the Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa. Geology, 26, 875-878.
    • (1998) Geology , vol.26 , pp. 875-878
    • Buick, I.S.1    Uken, R.2    Gibson, R.L.3    Wallmach, T.4
  • 16
    • 0032480974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new model for Proterozoic ocean chemistry
    • Canfield, D.E. (1998) A new model for Proterozoic ocean chemistry. Nature, 396, 450-453.
    • (1998) Nature , vol.396 , pp. 450-453
    • Canfield, D.E.1
  • 17
    • 0029663540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Late Proterozoic rise in atmospheric oxygen concentration inferred from phylogenetic and sulphur-isotope studies
    • Canfield, D.E. and Teske, A. (1996) Late Proterozoic rise in atmospheric oxygen concentration inferred from phylogenetic and sulphur-isotope studies. Nature, 382, 127-132.
    • (1996) Nature , vol.382 , pp. 127-132
    • Canfield, D.E.1    Teske, A.2
  • 18
    • 0034724862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Archean sulfur cycle and the early history of atmospheric oxygen
    • Canfield, D.E., Habicht, K.S. and Thamdrup, B. (2000) The Archean sulfur cycle and the early history of atmospheric oxygen. Science, 288, 658-661.
    • (2000) Science , vol.288 , pp. 658-661
    • Canfield, D.E.1    Habicht, K.S.2    Thamdrup, B.3
  • 19
    • 0030833964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vanadium partitioning and the oxidation state of Archean komatiite magmas
    • Canil, D. (1997) Vanadium partitioning and the oxidation state of Archean komatiite magmas. Nature, 389, 842-845.
    • (1997) Nature , vol.389 , pp. 842-845
    • Canil, D.1
  • 20
    • 0032863713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vanadium partitioning between orthopyroxene, spinel and silicate melt and the redox states of mantle source regions for primary magmas
    • Canil, D. (1999) Vanadium partitioning between orthopyroxene, spinel and silicate melt and the redox states of mantle source regions for primary magmas. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 63, 557-572.
    • (1999) Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta , vol.63 , pp. 557-572
    • Canil, D.1
  • 21
    • 0035800506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biogenic methane, hydrogen escape and the irreversible oxidation of early Earth
    • Catling, D.C., Zhanle, K.J. and McKay, C.P. (2001) Biogenic methane, hydrogen escape and the irreversible oxidation of early Earth. Science, 293, 839-843.
    • (2001) Science , vol.293 , pp. 839-843
    • Catling, D.C.1    Zhanle, K.J.2    McKay, C.P.3
  • 22
    • 32644450743 scopus 로고
    • Proterozoic red bed sequences of Canada
    • Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa
    • Chandler, F.W. (1980) Proterozoic red bed sequences of Canada. pp. 53, Bulletin Geological Survey of Canada, 311, Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa.
    • (1980) Bulletin Geological Survey of Canada , vol.311 , pp. 53
    • Chandler, F.W.1
  • 23
    • 0024231622 scopus 로고
    • Diagenesis of sabkha-related sulfate nodules in the early Proterozoic Gordon Lake Formation, Ontario, Canada
    • Chandler, F.W. (1988) Diagenesis of sabkha-related sulfate nodules in the early Proterozoic Gordon Lake Formation, Ontario, Canada. Carbonate Evaporite, 3, 75-94.
    • (1988) Carbonate Evaporite , vol.3 , pp. 75-94
    • Chandler, F.W.1
  • 24
    • 0019911089 scopus 로고
    • Oxygen in the Precambrian atmosphere: An evaluation of geological evidence
    • Clemmey, H. and Badham, N. (1982) Oxygen in the Precambrian atmosphere: An evaluation of geological evidence. Geology, 10, 141-146.
    • (1982) Geology , vol.10 , pp. 141-146
    • Clemmey, H.1    Badham, N.2
  • 25
    • 0014421272 scopus 로고
    • Atmospheric and hydrospheric evolution on the primitive Earth
    • Cloud, P. (1968) Atmospheric and hydrospheric evolution on the primitive Earth. Science, 160, 729-736.
    • (1968) Science , vol.160 , pp. 729-736
    • Cloud, P.1
  • 26
    • 0001715918 scopus 로고
    • A working model for the primitive Earth
    • Cloud, P. (1972) A working model for the primitive Earth. American Journal of Science, 272, 537-548.
    • (1972) American Journal of Science , vol.272 , pp. 537-548
    • Cloud, P.1
  • 27
    • 0039795916 scopus 로고
    • Paleoecological significance of the banded iron-formations
    • Cloud, P. (1973) Paleoecological significance of the banded iron-formations. Economic Geology, 68, 1135-1143.
    • (1973) Economic Geology , vol.68 , pp. 1135-1143
    • Cloud, P.1
  • 28
    • 84880344733 scopus 로고
    • Aspects of Proterozoic biogeology
    • (Medaris Jr., L.G., Byers, C.W., Mickelson, D.M. and Shanks, W.C. Eds.). pp.315, Geological Society of America Memoir, 161, Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO
    • Cloud, P. (1983) Aspects of Proterozoic biogeology. In Proterozoic Geology Memoir, 161 (Medaris Jr., L.G., Byers, C.W., Mickelson, D.M. and Shanks, W.C. Eds.). pp.315, Geological Society of America Memoir, 161, Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO, 245-252.
    • (1983) Proterozoic Geology Memoir , vol.161 , pp. 245-252
    • Cloud, P.1
  • 29
    • 0033525783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution of the continents and the atmosphere inferred from Th-U-Nb systematics of the depleted mantle
    • Collerson, K.D. and Kamber, B. (1999) Evolution of the continents and the atmosphere inferred from Th-U-Nb systematics of the depleted mantle. Science, 283, 1519-1522.
    • (1999) Science , vol.283 , pp. 1519-1522
    • Collerson, K.D.1    Kamber, B.2
  • 31
    • 10844243957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clues from Fe isotope variations on the origin of early Archean BIFs from Greenland
    • Dauphas, N., van Zuilen, M., Wadhwa, M., Davis, A.M., Marty, B. and Janney, P.E. (2004) Clues from Fe isotope variations on the origin of early Archean BIFs from Greenland. Science, 306, 2077-2080.
    • (2004) Science , vol.306 , pp. 2077-2080
    • Dauphas, N.1    van Zuilen, M.2    Wadhwa, M.3    Davis, A.M.4    Marty, B.5    Janney, P.E.6
  • 32
    • 0034805185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Redox history of the Earth's interior: Implications for the origin of life
    • Delano, J.W. (2001) Redox history of the Earth's interior: Implications for the origin of life. Origins of Life Evolution, B 31, 311-341.
    • (2001) Origins of Life Evolution , vol.B31 , pp. 311-341
    • Delano, J.W.1
  • 33
    • 0027009337 scopus 로고
    • Carbon isotope evidence for the stepwise oxidation of the Proterozoic environment
    • Des Marais, D.J., Strauss, H., Summons, R.E. and Hayes, J.M. (1992) Carbon isotope evidence for the stepwise oxidation of the Proterozoic environment. Nature, 359,605-609.
    • (1992) Nature , vol.359 , pp. 605-609
    • Des Marais, D.J.1    Strauss, H.2    Summons, R.E.3    Hayes, J.M.4
  • 34
    • 0016994742 scopus 로고
    • Precambrian atmospheric oxygen: Evidence in the sedimentary distributions of carbon, sulfur, uranium, and iron
    • Dimroth, E. and Kimberley, M.M. (1976) Precambrian atmospheric oxygen: Evidence in the sedimentary distributions of carbon, sulfur, uranium, and iron. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 13, 1161-1185.
    • (1976) Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences , vol.13 , pp. 1161-1185
    • Dimroth, E.1    Kimberley, M.M.2
  • 35
    • 0028792938 scopus 로고
    • 13C values in the late Archean (2.8 Ga) diagenetic dolomite: Evidence for methanogenesis from the Crixas Greenstone belt, Brazil
    • 13C values in the late Archean (2.8 Ga) diagenetic dolomite: evidence for methanogenesis from the Crixas Greenstone belt, Brazil. Precambrian Research, 70, 253-268.
    • (1995) Precambrian Research , vol.70 , pp. 253-268
    • Dix, G.R.1    Thomson, M.L.2    Longstaffem, M.J.3    McNutt, R.H.4
  • 36
    • 0033403334 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pseudomorphs after evaporitic minerals interbedded with 2.2 Ga stromatolites of the Yirrada basin, Western Australia
    • El Tabakh, M., Grey, K., Pirajno, R. and Schreiber, B.C. (1999) Pseudomorphs after evaporitic minerals interbedded with 2.2 Ga stromatolites of the Yirrada basin, Western Australia. Geology, 27, 871-874.
    • (1999) Geology , vol.27 , pp. 871-874
    • El Tabakh, M.1    Grey, K.2    Pirajno, R.3    Schreiber, B.C.4
  • 37
    • 0036921988 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paleoenvironmental significance of rounded pyrite in siliciclastic sequences of the late Archean Witwatersrand Basin: Oxygen-deficient atmosphere or hydrothermal alteration
    • England, G.L., Rasmussen, B., Krapez, B. and Groves, D.I. (2002) Paleoenvironmental significance of rounded pyrite in siliciclastic sequences of the late Archean Witwatersrand Basin: oxygen-deficient atmosphere or hydrothermal alteration. Sedimentology, 49, 1133-1156.
    • (2002) Sedimentology , vol.49 , pp. 1133-1156
    • England, G.L.1    Rasmussen, B.2    Krapez, B.3    Groves, D.I.4
  • 38
    • 0026471730 scopus 로고
    • Evidence for the transition to an oxygen-rich atmosphere during the evolution of red beds in the Lower Proterozoic sequences of southern Africa
    • Eriksson, P.G. and Chiney, E.S. (1992) Evidence for the transition to an oxygen-rich atmosphere during the evolution of red beds in the Lower Proterozoic sequences of southern Africa. Precambrian Research, 54, 257-269.
    • (1992) Precambrian Research , vol.54 , pp. 257-269
    • Eriksson, P.G.1    Chiney, E.S.2
  • 39
    • 0034604452 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Atmospheric influence of Earth's earliest sulfur cycle
    • Farquhar, J., Bao, T.H. and Thiemens, M.H. (2000). Atmospheric influence of Earth's earliest sulfur cycle. Science, 289, 756-759.
    • (2000) Science , vol.289 , pp. 756-759
    • Farquhar, J.1    Bao, T.H.2    Thiemens, M.H.3
  • 41
    • 0042699880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple sulfur isotopes and the evolution of the atmosphere
    • Farquhar, J. and Wing, B.A. (2003) Multiple sulfur isotopes and the evolution of the atmosphere. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 213, 1-13.
    • (2003) Earth and Planetary Science Letters , vol.213 , pp. 1-13
    • Farquhar, J.1    Wing, B.A.2
  • 42
    • 0000170228 scopus 로고
    • Rare-earth evidence in iron-formations for changing Precambrian oxidation states
    • Fryer, B.J. (1977) Rare-earth evidence in iron-formations for changing Precambrian oxidation states. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 41, 361-367.
    • (1977) Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta , vol.41 , pp. 361-367
    • Fryer, B.J.1
  • 43
    • 0002591470 scopus 로고
    • Variations in isotopic composition of carbonate and organic carbon in sedimentary rocks during Earth's history
    • Galimov, E.M., Migdinov, A.A. and Ronov, A.B. (1975) Variations in isotopic composition of carbonate and organic carbon in sedimentary rocks during Earth's history. Geochemistry International, 32, 1-19.
    • (1975) Geochemistry International , vol.32 , pp. 1-19
    • Galimov, E.M.1    Migdinov, A.A.2    Ronov, A.B.3
  • 44
    • 0024870708 scopus 로고
    • The Francevillian (Lower Proterozoic) uranium ore deposits of Gabon
    • Gauthier-Lafaye, F and Weber, F. (1989) The Francevillian (Lower Proterozoic) uranium ore deposits of Gabon. Economic Geology, 84, 2267-2285.
    • (1989) Economic Geology , vol.84 , pp. 2267-2285
    • Gauthier-Lafaye, F.1    Weber, F.2
  • 45
    • 0037428155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural nuclear fission reactors: Time constraints for occurrence, and their relation to uranium and manganese deposits and to the evolution of atmosphere
    • Gauthier-Lafaye, F. and Weber, F. (2003) Natural nuclear fission reactors: time constraints for occurrence, and their relation to uranium and manganese deposits and to the evolution of atmosphere. Precambrian Research, 120, 81-100.
    • (2003) Precambrian Research , vol.120 , pp. 81-100
    • Gauthier-Lafaye, F.1    Weber, F.2
  • 46
    • 0033866003 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Growth and recycling of early Archaean continental crust: Geochemical evidence from the Coonterunah and Warrawoona Groups, Pilbara Craton, Australia
    • Green, M.H., Sylvester, P.J. and Roger, B. (2000) Growth and recycling of early Archaean continental crust: Geochemical evidence from the Coonterunah and Warrawoona Groups, Pilbara Craton, Australia. Tectonophysics, 322, 69-88.
    • (2000) Tectonophysics , vol.322 , pp. 69-88
    • Green, M.H.1    Sylvester, P.J.2    Roger, B.3
  • 47
    • 0034393940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tectonic control of the chemical and isotopic compositions of ancient oceans: The impact continental growth
    • Godderis, Y. and Veizer, J. (2000) Tectonic control of the chemical and isotopic compositions of ancient oceans: the impact continental growth. American Journal of Science, 300, 434-461.
    • (2000) American Journal of Science , vol.300 , pp. 434-461
    • Godderis, Y.1    Veizer, J.2
  • 48
    • 0019183663 scopus 로고
    • Origin of uranifierous conglomerates at Elliot Lake, Canada and Witwatersrand, South Africa; implications for oxygen in the Precambrian atmosphere
    • Grandstaff, D.E. (1980) Origin of uranifierous conglomerates at Elliot Lake, Canada and Witwatersrand, South Africa; implications for oxygen in the Precambrian atmosphere. Precambrian Research, 13, 1-26.
    • (1980) Precambrian Research , vol.13 , pp. 1-26
    • Grandstaff, D.E.1
  • 49
    • 0031848672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Earliest laterites and possible evidence for terrestrial vegetation in the Early Proterozoic
    • Gutzmer, J. and Beukes, N.J. (1998) Earliest laterites and possible evidence for terrestrial vegetation in the Early Proterozoic. Geology, 26, 263-266.
    • (1998) Geology , vol.26 , pp. 263-266
    • Gutzmer, J.1    Beukes, N.J.2
  • 50
    • 0026445208 scopus 로고
    • Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1 billion-year old Negaunee iron-Formation, Michigan
    • Han, T.M. and Runnegar, B. (1992) Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1 billion-year old Negaunee iron-Formation, Michigan. Science, 257, 232-235.
    • (1992) Science , vol.257 , pp. 232-235
    • Han, T.M.1    Runnegar, B.2
  • 51
    • 4344682885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Primitive Os and 2316 Ma age for marine shale: Implications for Paleoproterozoic glacial events and the rise of atmospheric oxygen
    • Hannah, J.L., Bekker, A., Stein, H.J., Markey, R.J. and Holland, H.D. (2004a) Primitive Os and 2316 Ma age for marine shale: implications for Paleoproterozoic glacial events and the rise of atmospheric oxygen. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 225, 43-52.
    • (2004) Earth and Planetary Science Letters , vol.225 , pp. 43-52
    • Hannah, J.L.1    Bekker, A.2    Stein, H.J.3    Markey, R.J.4    Holland, H.D.5
  • 52
    • 33646594785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 188Os in late Archean - Early Proterozoic seawater indicates low riverine flux of Os under anoxic weathering conditions
    • Abstracts with Programs of Geological Society of America Annual Meeting, 36, the Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO
    • 188Os in late Archean - early Proterozoic seawater indicates low riverine flux of Os under anoxic weathering conditions. Abstracts with Programs of Geological Society of America Annual Meeting, 36, the Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO, 339.
    • (2004) , pp. 339
    • Hannah, J.L.1    Stein, H.J.2    Markey, R.J.3    Bekker, A.4
  • 53
    • 0001263676 scopus 로고
    • Global methanotrophy at Archean - Proterozoic transition
    • (Bengtson, S., Ed.). pp. 630, Columbia University Press, New York
    • Hayes, J.M. (1994) Global methanotrophy at Archean - Proterozoic transition. In Early Life on Earth, Nobel Symposium 84 (Bengtson, S., Ed.). pp. 630, Columbia University Press, New York, 220-236.
    • (1994) Early Life on Earth, Nobel Symposium 84 , pp. 220-236
    • Hayes, J.M.1
  • 54
    • 0030988884 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global matic magmatism at 2.45 Ga: Remnants of an ancient large igneous province?
    • Heaman, L.M. (1997) Global matic magmatism at 2.45 Ga: Remnants of an ancient large igneous province? Geology, 25, 299-302.
    • (1997) Geology , vol.25 , pp. 299-302
    • Heaman, L.M.1
  • 55
    • 2942568227 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life
    • Hedges, S.B., Blair, J.E., Venturi, M.L. and Shoe, J.L. (2004) A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 4, 1-9.
    • (2004) BMC Evolutionary Biology , vol.4 , pp. 1-9
    • Hedges, S.B.1    Blair, J.E.2    Venturi, M.L.3    Shoe, J.L.4
  • 56
    • 1942520283 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A lower limit for atmospheric carbon dioxide levels 3.2 billion years ago
    • Hesseler, A.M., Lowe, D.R., Jones, R.L. and Bird, D.K. (2004) A lower limit for atmospheric carbon dioxide levels 3.2 billion years ago. Nature, 428, 736-738.
    • (2004) Nature , vol.428 , pp. 736-738
    • Hesseler, A.M.1    Lowe, D.R.2    Jones, R.L.3    Bird, D.K.4
  • 57
    • 0035913370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of microbial mats in the production of reduced gases on the early Earth
    • Hoehler, T.M., Bebout, B.M. and Des Marias, D.J. (2001) The role of microbial mats in the production of reduced gases on the early Earth. Nature, 412, 324-327.
    • (2001) Nature , vol.412 , pp. 324-327
    • Hoehler, T.M.1    Bebout, B.M.2    Des Marias, D.J.3
  • 58
    • 0003609163 scopus 로고
    • The chemistry of atmosphere and oceans
    • Wiley Interscience, New York
    • Holland, H.D. (1978) The chemistry of atmosphere and oceans. pp. 351, Wiley Interscience, New York.
    • (1978) , pp. 351
    • Holland, H.D.1
  • 59
    • 0003504076 scopus 로고
    • The chemical evolution of atmosphere and oceans
    • Princeton University Press, Princeton
    • Holland, H.D. (1984) The chemical evolution of atmosphere and oceans. pp. 582, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
    • (1984) , pp. 582
    • Holland, H.D.1
  • 60
    • 0000935533 scopus 로고
    • Early Proterozoic atmospheric change
    • (Bengtson, S. Ed.). pp. 630, Columbia University Press, New York
    • Holland, H.D. (1994) Early Proterozoic atmospheric change. In Early Life on Earth: Nobel Symposium, 84 (Bengtson, S. Ed.). pp. 630, Columbia University Press, New York, 237-244.
    • (1994) Early Life on Earth: Nobel Symposium , vol.84 , pp. 237-244
    • Holland, H.D.1
  • 61
    • 0002586081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When did the Earth's atmosphere become oxic? A reply
    • Holland, H.D. (1999) When did the Earth's atmosphere become oxic? A reply. The Geochemical News, 100, 20-22.
    • (1999) The Geochemical News , vol.100 , pp. 20-22
    • Holland, H.D.1
  • 62
    • 0036838467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Volcanic gases, black smokers, and the Great Oxidation Event
    • Holland, H.D. (2002) Volcanic gases, black smokers, and the Great Oxidation Event. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 66, 3811-3826.
    • (2002) Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta , vol.66 , pp. 3811-3826
    • Holland, H.D.1
  • 63
    • 0025574053 scopus 로고
    • A paleoweathering profile from Griqualand west, South Africa: Evidence for a dramatic rise in atmospheric oxygen between 2.2 and 1.8 b.y. B.P
    • Holland, H.D. and Beukes, N.J. (1990) A paleoweathering profile from Griqualand west, South Africa: Evidence for a dramatic rise in atmospheric oxygen between 2.2 and 1.8 b.y. B.P. American Journal of Science, 290, 1-34.
    • (1990) American Journal of Science , vol.290 , pp. 1-34
    • Holland, H.D.1    Beukes, N.J.2
  • 64
    • 0028883024 scopus 로고
    • Hydrothermal plumes and the delivery of iron to banded iron formation
    • Isley, A.E. (1995) Hydrothermal plumes and the delivery of iron to banded iron formation. The Journal of Geology, 103, 169-185.
    • (1995) The Journal of Geology , vol.103 , pp. 169-185
    • Isley, A.E.1
  • 65
    • 0023743115 scopus 로고
    • A Nd isotopic study of the Hamersley and Michipicoten banded iron formation: The source of REE and Fe in Archean Oceans
    • Jacobsen, S.B. and Pimentel-Klose, M.R. (1988) A Nd isotopic study of the Hamersley and Michipicoten banded iron formation: The source of REE and Fe in Archean Oceans. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 87, 29-44.
    • (1988) Earth and Planetary Science Letters , vol.87 , pp. 29-44
    • Jacobsen, S.B.1    Pimentel-Klose, M.R.2
  • 66
    • 84865195885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2
    • Abstracts with Programs of Geological Society of America Annual Meeting, 36, the Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO
    • 2. Abstracts with Programs of Geological Society of America Annual Meeting, 36, the Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO, 339.
    • (2004) , pp. 339
    • Jacobsen, S.B.1    Zartman, R.E.2    Ranen, M.3    Holland, H.D.4
  • 67
    • 2642579114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 15N-enriched Archean atmosphere?
    • 15N-enriched Archean atmosphere? Terra Nova, 16, 102-108.
    • (2004) Terra Nova , vol.16 , pp. 102-108
    • Jia, Y.1    Kerrich, R.2
  • 68
    • 0030455785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carbon isotopes and the rise of atmospheric oxygen
    • Karhu, J.A. and Holland, H.D. (1996) Carbon isotopes and the rise of atmospheric oxygen. Geology, 24, 867-870.
    • (1996) Geology , vol.24 , pp. 867-870
    • Karhu, J.A.1    Holland, H.D.2
  • 69
    • 0023163527 scopus 로고
    • Theoretical constraints on oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations in the Precambrian atmosphere
    • Kasting, J.F. (1987) Theoretical constraints on oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations in the Precambrian atmosphere. Precambrian Research, 34, 205-229.
    • (1987) Precambrian Research , vol.34 , pp. 205-229
    • Kasting, J.F.1
  • 70
    • 0027914959 scopus 로고
    • Earth's early atmosphere
    • Kasting, J.F. (1993) Earth's early atmosphere. Science, 259, 920-926.
    • (1993) Science , vol.259 , pp. 920-926
    • Kasting, J.F.1
  • 71
    • 0035800517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The rise of atmospheric oxygen
    • Kasting, J.F. (2001) The rise of atmospheric oxygen. Science, 293, 819-820.
    • (2001) Science , vol.293 , pp. 819-820
    • Kasting, J.F.1
  • 72
    • 0005604448 scopus 로고
    • Evolution of oxygen and ozone in Earth's atmosphere
    • (Billingham, J. Ed.). pp. 484, MIT Press, Cambridge
    • Kasting, J.F. and Donahue, T.M. (1981) Evolution of oxygen and ozone in Earth's atmosphere. In Life in the Universe (Billingham, J. Ed.). pp. 484, MIT Press, Cambridge, 149-162.
    • (1981) Life in the Universe , pp. 149-162
    • Kasting, J.F.1    Donahue, T.M.2
  • 73
    • 0027341487 scopus 로고
    • Mantle redox evolution and the oxidations state of the Archean atmosphere
    • Kasting, J.F., Eggler, D.H. and Raeburn, S.P. (1993) Mantle redox evolution and the oxidations state of the Archean atmosphere. The Journal of Geology, 101, 245-257.
    • (1993) The Journal of Geology , vol.101 , pp. 245-257
    • Kasting, J.F.1    Eggler, D.H.2    Raeburn, S.P.3
  • 74
    • 0037052458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Life and the evolution of Earth's atmosphere
    • Kasting, J.F. and Seifert, J.L. (2002) Life and the evolution of Earth's atmosphere. Science, 296, 1066-1068.
    • (2002) Science , vol.296 , pp. 1066-1068
    • Kasting, J.F.1    Seifert, J.L.2
  • 75
    • 0042885864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Negative Ce Anomaly in the Indian Banded Iron Formations: Evidence for the Emergence of Oxygenated Deep-Sea at 2.9-2.7 Ga
    • Kato, Y., Kano, T. and Kunugiza, K. (2002) Negative Ce Anomaly in the Indian Banded Iron Formations: Evidence for the Emergence of Oxygenated Deep-Sea at 2.9-2.7 Ga. Resource Geology, 52, 101-110.
    • (2002) Resource Geology , vol.52 , pp. 101-110
    • Kato, Y.1    Kano, T.2    Kunugiza, K.3
  • 76
    • 0030945151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An ice age in the tropics
    • Kaufman, A.J. (1997) An ice age in the tropics. Nature, 386, 227-228.
    • (1997) Nature , vol.386 , pp. 227-228
    • Kaufman, A.J.1
  • 77
    • 0028975808 scopus 로고
    • Neoproterozoic variations in the C isotopic composition of seawater: Stratigraphic and biogeochemical implications
    • Kaufman, A.J. and Knoll, A.H. (1995) Neoproterozoic variations in the C isotopic composition of seawater: Stratigraphic and biogeochemical implications. Precambrian Research, 73, 27-49.
    • (1995) Precambrian Research , vol.73 , pp. 27-49
    • Kaufman, A.J.1    Knoll, A.H.2
  • 78
    • 0141605050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2 levels in the Proterozoic atmosphere estimated from analyses of individual microfossils
    • 2 levels in the Proterozoic atmosphere estimated from analyses of individual microfossils. Nature, 425, 279-282.
    • (2003) Nature , vol.425 , pp. 279-282
    • Kaufman, A.J.1    Xiao, S.2
  • 79
    • 9144271697 scopus 로고
    • Carbon and oxygen isotopic composition of selected limestones and fossils
    • Keith, M.L. and Weber, J.M. (1964) Carbon and oxygen isotopic composition of selected limestones and fossils. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 28,1787-1816.
    • (1964) Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta , vol.28 , pp. 1787-1816
    • Keith, M.L.1    Weber, J.M.2
  • 81
    • 0001549166 scopus 로고
    • Time distribution, stratigraphy, and sedimentologic setting, and geochemistry of Precambrian iron-formation
    • (Schopf, J.W. and Klein, C. Eds.). pp. 1348, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
    • Klein, C. and Beukes, N.J. (1992) Time distribution, stratigraphy, and sedimentologic setting, and geochemistry of Precambrian iron-formation. In Proterozoic Biosphere (Schopf, J.W. and Klein, C. Eds.). pp. 1348, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 139-146.
    • (1992) Proterozoic Biosphere , pp. 139-146
    • Klein, C.1    Beukes, N.J.2
  • 82
    • 0026613365 scopus 로고
    • The early evolution of eukaryotes: A geological perspective
    • Knoll, A. (1992) The early evolution of eukaryotes: A geological perspective. Science, 256,622-627.
    • (1992) Science , vol.256 , pp. 622-627
    • Knoll, A.1
  • 83
    • 0141865960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The geological consequences of evolution
    • Knoll, A. (2003) The geological consequences of evolution. Geobiology, 1, 3-14.
    • (2003) Geobiology , vol.1 , pp. 3-14
    • Knoll, A.1
  • 84
    • 0003194436 scopus 로고
    • Oxygen and Proterozoic evolution: An update
    • pp. 272, The National Academy of Sciences, Washington
    • Knoll, A.H. and Holland, H.D. (1995) Oxygen and Proterozoic evolution: An update. In Effects of Past Global Change on Life, pp. 272, The National Academy of Sciences, Washington, 21-33.
    • (1995) Effects of Past Global Change on Life , pp. 21-33
    • Knoll, A.H.1    Holland, H.D.2
  • 86
    • 49349121068 scopus 로고
    • Uranium solution-mineral equilibria at low temperatures with applications to sedimentary ore deposits
    • Langmuir, D. (1978) Uranium solution-mineral equilibria at low temperatures with applications to sedimentary ore deposits. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 42,547-569.
    • (1978) Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta , vol.42 , pp. 547-569
    • Langmuir, D.1
  • 87
    • 0036160073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The oxygen geochemical cycle: Dynamics and stability
    • Lasaga, A.C. and Ohmoto, H. (2002) The oxygen geochemical cycle: Dynamics and stability. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 66, 361-381.
    • (2002) Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta , vol.66 , pp. 361-381
    • Lasaga, A.C.1    Ohmoto, H.2
  • 91
    • 0029750513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • carb anomaly at around 2.33 to 2.06 Ga on the Fennoscandian shield: A paradox?
    • carb anomaly at around 2.33 to 2.06 Ga on the Fennoscandian shield: a paradox? Terra Nova, 8, 141-157.
    • (1996) Terra Nova , vol.8 , pp. 141-157
    • Melezhik, V.A.1    Fallick, A.E.2
  • 92
    • 0033500090 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • carb enrichment in ca. 2.0 Ga magnesite-stromatolite-dolomite-red beds association in a global context: A case for world-wide signal enhanced by a local environment
    • carb enrichment in ca. 2.0 Ga magnesite-stromatolite-dolomite-red beds association in a global context: A case for world-wide signal enhanced by a local environment. Earth Science Reviews, 48, 71-120.
    • (1999) Earth Science Reviews , vol.48 , pp. 71-120
    • Melezhik, V.A.1    Fallick, A.E.2    Medvedev, P.V.3    Makarikhin, VV.4
  • 93
    • 0035120620 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct evidence of late Archean to early Proterozoic anoxic atmosphere from a product of 2.5 Ga old weathering
    • Murakami, T., Utsunomiya, S., Imazu, Y and Prasad, N. (2001) Direct evidence of late Archean to early Proterozoic anoxic atmosphere from a product of 2.5 Ga old weathering. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 184, 523-528.
    • (2001) Earth and Planetary Science Letters , vol.184 , pp. 523-528
    • Murakami, T.1    Utsunomiya, S.2    Imazu, Y.3    Prasad, N.4
  • 96
    • 10844232936 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geochemistry and mineralogy of the 2.45 Ga Pronto paleosols, Ontario, Canada
    • Nedachi, Y, Nedachi, M., Bennett, G. and Ohmoto, H. (2005) Geochemistry and mineralogy of the 2.45 Ga Pronto paleosols, Ontario, Canada. Chemical Geology, 214,21-44.
    • (2005) Chemical Geology , vol.214 , pp. 21-44
    • Nedachi, Y.1    Nedachi, M.2    Bennett, G.3    Ohmoto, H.4
  • 97
    • 0003395447 scopus 로고
    • Mangampeta barytes deposit, Cuddapah district, Andhra Pradesh
    • (Radhakrishna, B.P. Ed.). pp. 581, Geological Society of India Memoir, 6, Geological Society of India, Bangalore
    • Neelakantam, S. (1987) Mangampeta barytes deposit, Cuddapah district, Andhra Pradesh. In Purana Basins of Peninsula India (Radhakrishna, B.P. Ed.). pp. 581, Geological Society of India Memoir, 6, Geological Society of India, Bangalore, 429-458.
    • (1987) Purana Basins of Peninsula India , pp. 429-458
    • Neelakantam, S.1
  • 98
    • 0035931935 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The habitat and nature of early life
    • Nisbet, E.G. and Sleep, N.H. (2001) The habitat and nature of early life. Nature, 409, 1083-1091.
    • (2001) Nature , vol.409 , pp. 1083-1091
    • Nisbet, E.G.1    Sleep, N.H.2
  • 99
    • 0000507726 scopus 로고
    • Biogeochemistry of sulfur and the mechanisms of sulfide- sulfate mineralization
    • (Schidlowski, M., Golubic, S., Kimberley, M.M., Mckirdy, D.M. and Tudinger, P.A. Eds.). pp. 556, Springer Verlag, Berlin
    • Ohmoto, H. (1992) Biogeochemistry of sulfur and the mechanisms of sulfide- sulfate mineralization. In Early organic evolution: Implications for energy and mineral resources (Schidlowski, M., Golubic, S., Kimberley, M.M., Mckirdy, D.M. and Tudinger, P.A. Eds.). pp. 556, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 378-397.
    • (1992) Early Organic Evolution: Implications for Energy and Mineral Resources , pp. 378-397
    • Ohmoto, H.1
  • 100
    • 0030427985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence in pre-2.2 Ga paleosols for the early evolution of atmospheric oxygen and terrestrial biota
    • Ohmoto, H. (1996) Evidence in pre-2.2 Ga paleosols for the early evolution of atmospheric oxygen and terrestrial biota. Geology, 24,1135-1138.
    • (1996) Geology , vol.24 , pp. 1135-1138
    • Ohmoto, H.1
  • 101
    • 0002885520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When did the Earth's atmosphere become oxic?
    • Ohmoto, H. (1997) When did the Earth's atmosphere become oxic? The Geochemical News, 93, 12-27.
    • (1997) The Geochemical News , vol.93 , pp. 12-27
    • Ohmoto, H.1
  • 102
    • 15744393950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemical and biological evolution of the early Earth: A minority report
    • Ohmoto, H. (2003) Chemical and biological evolution of the early Earth: A minority report. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 67A, A2
    • (2003) Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta , vol.67 A
    • Ohmoto, H.1
  • 103
    • 16244400368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Archean atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere
    • (Eriksson, PG., Altermann, W, Nelson, D.R.,Mueller, W.U. and Catuneanu, O. Eds.). pp. 941, Elsevier BX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
    • Ohmoto, H. (2004) The Archean atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere. In The Precambrian Earth: Tempos and Events (Eriksson, PG., Altermann, W, Nelson, D.R.,Mueller, W.U. and Catuneanu, O. Eds.). pp. 941, Elsevier BX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 361-388.
    • (2004) The Precambrian Earth: Tempos and Events , pp. 361-388
    • Ohmoto, H.1
  • 105
    • 2642564509 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2-rich atmosphere before ∼ 1.8 billion years ago
    • 2-rich atmosphere before ∼ 1.8 billion years ago. Nature, 429, 395-399.
    • (2004) Nature , vol.429 , pp. 395-399
    • Ohmoto, H.1    Watanabe, Y.2    Kumazawa, K.3
  • 106
    • 33646562923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detrital uraninite and the early Earth's atmosphere: SIMS analyses of uraninite in the Elliot Lake district and the dissolution kinetics of natural uraninite
    • Ph.D. thesis, The Pennsylvanian State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
    • Ono, S. (2001) Detrital uraninite and the early Earth's atmosphere: SIMS analyses of uraninite in the Elliot Lake district and the dissolution kinetics of natural uraninite. Ph.D. thesis, pp. 195, The Pennsylvanian State University, University Park, Pennsylvania.
    • (2001) , pp. 195
    • Ono, S.1
  • 107
    • 0033874128 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cerium anomaly and Th/U fractionation in the 1.85 Ga Flin Flon Paleosol: Clues from REE and U-rich accessory minerals and implications for paleoat-mospheric reconstruction
    • Pan, Y and Stauffer, M.R. (2000) Cerium anomaly and Th/U fractionation in the 1.85 Ga Flin Flon Paleosol: Clues from REE and U-rich accessory minerals and implications for paleoat-mospheric reconstruction. American Mineralogist, 85, 898-911.
    • (2000) American Mineralogist , vol.85 , pp. 898-911
    • Pan, Y.1    Stauffer, M.R.2
  • 108
    • 0033914516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behavior of major and trace elements (including REE) during Paleo-proterozoic pedogenesis and diagenetic alteration of an Archean granite near Ville Marie, Québec, Canada
    • Panahi, A., Young, G.M. and Rainbird, R.H. (2000) Behavior of major and trace elements (including REE) during Paleo-proterozoic pedogenesis and diagenetic alteration of an Archean granite near Ville Marie, Québec, Canada. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 64, 2199-2220.
    • (2000) Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta , vol.64 , pp. 2199-2220
    • Panahi, A.1    Young, G.M.2    Rainbird, R.H.3
  • 110
    • 0036490498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mass -independent fractionation of sulfur isotopes in Archean sediments: Strong evidence for an anoxic Archean atmosphere
    • Pavlov, A.A. and Kasting, J.F. (2002) Mass -independent fractionation of sulfur isotopes in Archean sediments: Strong evidence for an anoxic Archean atmosphere. Astrobiology, 2, 27-41.
    • (2002) Astrobiology , vol.2 , pp. 27-41
    • Pavlov, A.A.1    Kasting, J.F.2
  • 112
    • 0000699820 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Witwatersrand gold fields: Geology, genesis, and exploration
    • Philips, G.N. and Law, J.D. (2000) Witwatersrand gold fields: geology, genesis, and exploration. Society for Economic Geologists Review, 13,439-500.
    • (2000) Society for Economic Geologists Review , vol.13 , pp. 439-500
    • Philips, G.N.1    Law, J.D.2
  • 113
    • 0034906483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitrogen and argon signatures in 3.8-2.8 Ga metasediments: Clues on the chemical state of the Archean ocean and deep biosphere
    • Pinti, D.L., Hashizume, K. and Matsuda, J. -I. (2001) Nitrogen and argon signatures in 3.8 2.8 Ga metasediments: clues on the chemical state of the Archean ocean and deep biosphere. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,65,2301-2315.
    • (2001) Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta , vol.65 , pp. 2301-2315
    • Pinti, D.L.1    Hashizume, K.2    Matsuda, J.-I.3
  • 114
    • 4544356069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The transition to a sulfidic ocean ∼ 1.84 billion years ago
    • Poulton, S.W., Fralick, PW and Canfield, D.E. (2004) The transition to a sulfidic ocean ∼ 1.84 billion years ago. Nature, 431, 173-177.
    • (2004) Nature , vol.431 , pp. 173-177
    • Poulton, S.W.1    Fralick, P.W.2    Canfield, D.E.3
  • 115
    • 0001916318 scopus 로고
    • New observations of the ores of the Witwatersrand in South Africa and their genetic significance
    • Ramdohr, P. (1958) New observations of the ores of the Witwatersrand in South Africa and their genetic significance. Geological Society of South Africa Transactions, 61, 1-50.
    • (1958) Geological Society of South Africa Transactions , vol.61 , pp. 1-50
    • Ramdohr, P.1
  • 116
    • 84874954159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Redox state of the Archean atmosphere: Evidence from detrital heavy minerals in ca. 3250-2750 Ma sandstones from the Pilbara Craton, Australia
    • Rasmussen, B. and Buick, R. (1999) Redox state of the Archean atmosphere: Evidence from detrital heavy minerals in ca. 3250-2750 Ma sandstones from the Pilbara Craton, Australia. Geology, 27, 115-118.
    • (1999) Geology , vol.27 , pp. 115-118
    • Rasmussen, B.1    Buick, R.2
  • 117
    • 0037052527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discoidal impressions and trace-like fossils more than 1200 million year old
    • Rasmussen, B., Bengston, S., Fletcher, I.R. and McNaughton, N.J. (2002) Discoidal impressions and trace-like fossils more than 1200 million year old. Science, 269, 1112-1115.
    • (2002) Science , vol.269 , pp. 1112-1115
    • Rasmussen, B.1    Bengston, S.2    Fletcher, I.R.3    McNaughton, N.J.4
  • 118
    • 0001460561 scopus 로고
    • Huronian rocks and uraniferous conglomerates in the Canadian Shield
    • pp. 205, Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa
    • Roscoe, S.M. (1969) Huronian rocks and uraniferous conglomerates in the Canadian Shield. Geological Survey Canada Paper, pp. 205, Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, 68-40.
    • (1969) Geological Survey Canada Paper , pp. 68-140
    • Roscoe, S.M.1
  • 119
    • 1642545527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U-rich Archaean sea-floor sediments from Greenland - Indications of > 3700 Ma oxygenic photosynthesis
    • Rosing, M. and Frei, R. (2004) U-rich Archaean sea-floor sediments from Greenland - indications of > 3700 Ma oxygenic photosynthesis. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 217, 237-244.
    • (2004) Earth and Planetary Science Letters , vol.217 , pp. 237-244
    • Rosing, M.1    Frei, R.2
  • 120
    • 0033674206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Late Archean initiation of manganese metallogenesis: Its significance and environmental controls
    • Roy, S. (2000) Late Archean initiation of manganese metallogenesis: its significance and environmental controls. Ore Geology Reviews, 17,179-198.
    • (2000) Ore Geology Reviews , vol.17 , pp. 179-198
    • Roy, S.1
  • 121
    • 0000428781 scopus 로고
    • Oxygen requirements, biology and phylogenetic significance of the late Precambrian worm Dicknisonia and the evolution of borrowing habit
    • Runnegar, B. (1982) Oxygen requirements, biology and phylogenetic significance of the late Precambrian worm Dicknisonia and the evolution of borrowing habit. Alcheringa, 6, 223-239.
    • (1982) Alcheringa , vol.6 , pp. 223-239
    • Runnegar, B.1
  • 122
    • 0026302835 scopus 로고
    • Precambrian oxygen levels estimated from the biochemistry and physiology of early eukaryotes
    • Runnegar, B. (1991) Precambrian oxygen levels estimated from the biochemistry and physiology of early eukaryotes. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 97, 97-111.
    • (1991) Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology , vol.97 , pp. 97-111
    • Runnegar, B.1
  • 123
    • 0029414402 scopus 로고
    • Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations before 2.2 billion years ago
    • Rye, R., Kuno, PH. and Holland, H.D. (1995) Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations before 2.2 billion years ago. Nature, 378, 603-605.
    • (1995) Nature , vol.378 , pp. 603-605
    • Rye, R.1    Kuno, P.H.2    Holland, H.D.3
  • 124
    • 0032175894 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paleosols and the evolution of atmospheric oxygen: Critical review
    • Rye, R. and Holland, H.D. (1998) Paleosols and the evolution of atmospheric oxygen: Critical review. American Journal of Science, 298,621-672.
    • (1998) American Journal of Science , vol.298 , pp. 621-672
    • Rye, R.1    Holland, H.D.2
  • 125
    • 0034137811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geology and geochemistry of paleosols developed on the Hekpoort basalt, Pretoria Group, South Africa
    • Rye, R. and Holland, H.D. (2000a) Geology and geochemistry of paleosols developed on the Hekpoort basalt, Pretoria Group, South Africa. American Journal of Science, 300,85-141.
    • (2000) American Journal of Science , vol.300 , pp. 85-141
    • Rye, R.1    Holland, H.D.2
  • 126
    • 0034431669 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Life associated with a 2.76 Ga ephemeral pond?: Evidence from Mount Roe 2 paleosol
    • Rye, R. and Holland, H.D. (2000b) Life associated with a 2.76 Ga ephemeral pond?: Evidence from Mount Roe 2 paleosol. Geology, 28,483-486.
    • (2000) Geology , vol.28 , pp. 483-486
    • Rye, R.1    Holland, H.D.2
  • 127
    • 1342300238 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UV induced mass - Independent sulfur isotope fractionation in stratospheric volcanic sulfate
    • doi:10. 1029/2003GL018134
    • Savarino, J., Romero, A., Cole-Dai, J., Bekki, S. and Thiemens, M.H. (2003) UV induced mass -independent sulfur isotope fractionation in stratospheric volcanic sulfate. Geophysical Research Letters, 30, doi: 10. 1029/2003GLO18134.
    • (2003) Geophysical Research Letters , vol.30
    • Savarino, J.1    Romero, A.2    Cole-Dai, J.3    Bekki, S.4    Thiemens, M.H.5
  • 128
    • 0023796877 scopus 로고
    • A 3,800-million-year isotopic record of life from carbon in sedimentary rocks
    • Schidlowski, M. (1988) A 3,800-million-year isotopic record of life from carbon in sedimentary rocks. Nature, 333, 313-318.
    • (1988) Nature , vol.333 , pp. 313-318
    • Schidlowski, M.1
  • 129
    • 0002958446 scopus 로고
    • Precambrian sedimentary carbonates: Carbon and oxygen isotope geochemistry and implications for the terrestrial oxygen budget
    • Schidlowski, M., Eichmann, R. and Junge, C.E. (1975) Precambrian sedimentary carbonates: carbon and oxygen isotope geochemistry and implications for the terrestrial oxygen budget. Precambrian Research, 2, 1-69.
    • (1975) Precambrian Research , vol.2 , pp. 1-69
    • Schidlowski, M.1    Eichmann, R.2    Junge, C.E.3
  • 130
    • 0000947305 scopus 로고
    • Carbon isotope geochemistry of the Precambrian Lomagundi carbonate province, Rhodesia
    • Schidlowski, M., Eichmann, R. and Junge, C.E. (1976) Carbon isotope geochemistry of the Precambrian Lomagundi carbonate province, Rhodesia. Geochimica et Cosmochimica, Acta, 40,449-455.
    • (1976) Geochimica Et Cosmochimica, Acta , vol.40 , pp. 449-455
    • Schidlowski, M.1    Eichmann, R.2    Junge, C.E.3
  • 131
    • 0000609501 scopus 로고
    • Carbon cycle and carbon isotope record: Geochemical impact of life over 3.8 Ga of Earth history
    • (Schidlowski, M., Golubic, S., Kimberley, M.M., Mckirdy, D.M. and Tudinger, P.A. Eds.). pp. 556, Springer Verlag, Berlin
    • Schidlowski, M. and Aharon, R (1992) Carbon cycle and carbon isotope record: Geochemical impact of life over 3.8 Ga of Earth history. In Early organic evolution: Implications for energy and mineral resources (Schidlowski, M., Golubic, S., Kimberley, M.M., Mckirdy, D.M. and Tudinger, P.A. Eds.). pp. 556, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 147-75.
    • (1992) Early Organic Evolution: Implications for Energy and Mineral Resources , pp. 147-175
    • Schidlowski, M.1    Aharon, R.2
  • 132
    • 0032475928 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Triploblastic animals more than I billion years ago: Trace fossil evidence from India
    • Seilacher, A., Bose, RK. and Pfluger, F. (1998) Triploblastic animals more than I billion years ago: Trace fossil evidence from India. Science, 282, 80-83.
    • (1998) Science , vol.282 , pp. 80-83
    • Seilacher, A.1    Bose, P.K.2    Pfluger, F.3
  • 133
    • 0038172490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for low sulphate and anoxia in a mid-Proterozoic marine basin
    • Shen, Y, Knoll, A.H. and Walter, M.R. (2003) Evidence for low sulphate and anoxia in a mid-Proterozoic marine basin. Nature, 423, 632-635.
    • (2003) Nature , vol.423 , pp. 632-635
    • Shen, Y.1    Knoll, A.H.2    Walter, M.R.3
  • 134
    • 0035868706 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxygenating the atmosphere
    • Sleep, N.H. (2001) Oxygenating the atmosphere. Nature, 410, 317-319.
    • (2001) Nature , vol.410 , pp. 317-319
    • Sleep, N.H.1
  • 135
    • 29144521491 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geochemistry of sericite deposits at the base of the Paleoproterozoic Aravalli Supergroup: Evidence for metamorphosed and metasomatised Precambrian paleosol
    • Sreenivas, B., Roy, A. B. and Srinivasan, R. (2001a) Geochemistry of sericite deposits at the base of the Paleoproterozoic Aravalli Supergroup: Evidence for metamorphosed and metasomatised Precambrian paleosol. Proceedings of Indian Academy of Sciences (Earth and Planetary Sciences), 110, 1-23.
    • (2001) Proceedings of Indian Academy of Sciences (Earth and Planetary Sciences) , vol.110 , pp. 1-23
    • Sreenivas, B.1    Roy, A.B.2    Srinivasan, R.3
  • 137
    • 33646571642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deducing oxygen evolution history from iron and manganese retention in late Archean to Paleoproterozoic paleosols
    • Sreenivas, B. and Das Sharma, S. (2002) Deducing oxygen evolution history from iron and manganese retention in late Archean to Paleoproterozoic paleosols. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 66A, A733.
    • (2002) Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta , vol.66 A
    • Sreenivas, B.1    Das Sharma, S.2
  • 138
    • 33646550283 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fe, Mn mobility in Precambrian paleosols: Implications on atmospheric oxygen evolution
    • Sreenivas, B., Das Sharma, S. and Murakami, T. (2004) Fe, Mn mobility in Precambrian paleosols: Implications on atmospheric oxygen evolution. Geochimica. et Cosmochimica. Acta, 68A, A786.
    • (2004) Geochimica. Et Cosmochimica Acta , vol.68 A
    • Sreenivas, B.1    Das Sharma, S.2    Murakami, T.3
  • 139
    • 33646576930 scopus 로고
    • Sedimentation and tectonics in the Dharwars (Archean) of Mysore
    • Srinivasan, R. and Sreenivas, B.L. (1968) Sedimentation and tectonics in the Dharwars (Archean) of Mysore. Indian Mineralogist, 9, 47-58.
    • (1968) Indian Mineralogist , vol.9 , pp. 47-58
    • Srinivasan, R.1    Sreenivas, B.L.2
  • 140
    • 0025573840 scopus 로고
    • Aerobic respiration in the Archean?
    • Towe, K.M. (1990) Aerobic respiration in the Archean? Nature, 348,54-56.
    • (1990) Nature , vol.348 , pp. 54-56
    • Towe, K.M.1
  • 144
    • 0031470067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur geochemistry of Archean and Proterozoic shales from the Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa
    • Watanabe, Y, Naraoka, H., Wronkiewicz, D.J., Condie, K.C. and Ohmoto, H. (1997) Carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur geochemistry of Archean and Proterozoic shales from the Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 61,3441-3459.
    • (1997) Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta , vol.61 , pp. 3441-3459
    • Watanabe, Y.1    Naraoka, H.2    Wronkiewicz, D.J.3    Condie, K.C.4    Ohmoto, H.5
  • 145
    • 0034735793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geochemical evidence for terrestrial ecosystems 2.6 billion years ago
    • Watanabe, Y, Martini, J.E.J. and Ohmoto, H. (2000) Geochemical evidence for terrestrial ecosystems 2.6 billion years ago. Nature, 408, 574-578.
    • (2000) Nature , vol.408 , pp. 574-578
    • Watanabe, Y.1    Martini, J.E.J.2    Ohmoto, H.3
  • 146
    • 1842710024 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Organic- and carbonate-rich soil formation ∼ 2.6 billion years at Schagen, East Transvaal district, South Africa
    • Watanabe, Y, Stewart, B.W. and Ohmoto, H. (2004) Organic- and carbonate-rich soil formation ∼ 2.6 billion years at Schagen, East Transvaal district, South Africa. Geochimica et Cosmochimic Acta, 68, 2129 -2151.
    • (2004) Geochimica Et Cosmochimic Acta , vol.68 , pp. 2129-2151
    • Watanabe, Y.1    Stewart, B.W.2    Ohmoto, H.3
  • 147
    • 33646585845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molybdynum geochemical cycle in the Archean
    • Abstracts with Programs of Geological Society of America Annual Meeting, 34, the Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO
    • Yamaguchi, K.E. and Ohmoto, H. (2002) Molybdynum geochemical cycle in the Archean. Abstracts with Programs of Geological Society of America Annual Meeting, 34, the Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO, 381.
    • (2002) , pp. 381
    • Yamaguchi, K.E.1    Ohmoto, H.2
  • 148
    • 33646575037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The nitrogen cycles in the Archean inferred from shale geochemistry
    • NASA Ames Research Center, Moffet Field, CA
    • Yamaguchi, K.E., Naraoka, H. and Ohmoto, H. (2002) The nitrogen cycles in the Archean inferred from shale geochemistry. Proceedings of Astrobiology Science Conference 2002, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffet Field, CA, 178.
    • (2002) Proceedings of Astrobiology Science Conference 2002 , pp. 178
    • Yamaguchi, K.E.1    Naraoka, H.2    Ohmoto, H.3
  • 149
    • 0346527536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The redox- sensitive trace elements, Mo, U and Re in Precambrian carbonaceous shales: Indicators of the Great Oxidation Event
    • Abstracts with Programs of Geological Society of America Annual Meeting, 34, the Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO
    • Yang, W. and Holland, H.D. (2002) The redox- sensitive trace elements, Mo, U and Re in Precambrian carbonaceous shales: Indicators of the Great Oxidation Event. Abstracts with Programs of Geological Society of America Annual Meeting, 34, the Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO, 381.
    • (2002) , pp. 381
    • Yang, W.1    Holland, H.D.2
  • 150
    • 0037797392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Hekpoort paleosol profile in Strata I at Gaborone, Botswana: Soil formation during the Great Oxidatiori Event
    • Yang, W. and Holland, H.D. (2003) The Hekpoort paleosol profile in Strata I at Gaborone, Botswana: Soil formation during the Great Oxidatiori Event. American Journal of Science, 303, 187-220.
    • (2003) American Journal of Science , vol.303 , pp. 187-220
    • Yang, W.1    Holland, H.D.2
  • 151
    • 0342680058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pb, Sr and Nd isotope systematics of uranium mineralised stromatolitic dolomites from the Proterozoic Cuddapah supergroup, south India: Constraints on age and provenance
    • Zachariah, J.K., Bhaskar Rao, YJ., Srinivasan, R. and Gopalan, K. (1999) Pb, Sr and Nd isotope systematics of uranium minralised stromatolitic dolomites from the Proteroz Cuddapah supergroup, south India: constraints on age and provenance Chemical Geology, 9162,49-64. 9-64.
    • (1999) Chemical Geology , vol.162 , pp. 49-64
    • Zachariah, J.K.1    Bhaskar Rao, Y.J.2    Srinivasan, R.3    Gopalan, K.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.