A new model for Proterozoic ocean chemistry

Nature

Volumn 396, Issue 6710, 1998, Pages 450-453

  Canfield, D E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN DENMARK   (Denmark)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

IRON; ORGANIC MATTER; OXYGEN; SULFATE; SULFIDE; SULFUR; URANIUM;

BANDED IRON FORMATION; CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY; DEEP-SEA SEDIMENT; GEOCHEMISTRY; MODEL; OXIDATION; PALEOCEANOGRAPHY; PROTEROZOIC;

ARTICLE; ASTRONOMY; ATMOSPHERE; EVOLUTION; GEOLOGY; OXIDATION; PRECIPITATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SEA; SEDIMENT;

EID: 0032480974     PISSN: 00280836     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/24839     Document Type: Article

References (30)

1. Cloud, P. E. Jr A working model of the primitive Earth. Am. J. Sci. 272, 537-548 (1972).
2. Holland, H. D. The Chemical Evolution of the Atmosphere and Oceans (Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, 1984).
3. Holland, H. D. & Beukes, N. A paleoweathering profile from Griqualand West, South Africa: evidence for a dramatic rise in atmospheric oxygen between 2.2 and 1.9 bybp. Am. J. Sci. 290-A, 1-34 (1990).
4. Des Marais, D. J., Strauss, H. Summons, R. E. & Hayes, J. M. Carbon isotope evidence for the stepwise oxidation of the Proterozoic environment. Nature 359, 605-609 (1992).
5. Karhu, J. A. & Holland, H. D. Carbon isotopes and the rise of atmospheric oxygen. Geology 24, 867-870 (1996).
6. Hayes, J. M., Lambert, I. B. & Strauss, H. in The Proterozoic Biosphere: A Multidisciplinary Study (eds Schoff, J. W. & Klein, C.) 129-134 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1992).
7. Sarmiento, J. L., Herbert, T. D. & Toggweiler, J. R. Causes of anoxia in the world ocean. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 2, 115-128 (1988).
8. Ridge/vents Workshop Group. In Global Impact of Submarine Hydrothermal Processes (eds Kadko, D., Baker, E., Alt, J. & Baross, J.) 4-15 (NSF RIDGE Initiative and NOAA Vents Program, 1994).
9. Shaffer, G. Biogeochemical cycling in the global ocean 2. New production, Redfield ratios, and remineralization in the organic pump. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 3723-3745 (1996).
10. Emerson, S., Quay, P. D., Stump, C. & Schudlich, R. Chemical tracers of productivity and respiration in the subtropical Pacific Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 100, 15873-15887 (1995).
11. Knoll, A. H. in Origin and Early Evolution of the Metazoa (eds Lipps, J. H. & Signor, P. W.) 53-84 (Plenum, New York, 1992).
12. Canfield, D. E. & Teske, A. Late proterozoic rise in atmospheric oxygen concentration inferred from phylogenetic and sulphur-isotope studies. Nature 382, 127-132 (1996).
13. Berkner, L. V. & Marshall, L. C. On the origin and rise of oxygen concentration in the Earth's atmosphere. J. Atmos. Res. 22, 225-261 (1965).
14. Knoll, A. H., Hayes, J. M., Kaufman, A. J., Swett, K. & Lambert, I. B. Secular variation in carbon isotope ratios from Upper Proterozoic successions of Svalbard and East Greenland. Nature 321, 832-838 (1986).
15. Cameron, E. M. Sulphate and sulphate reduction in early Precambrian oceans. Nature 296, 145-148 (1982).
16. Harrison, A. G. & Thode, H. G. Mechanisms of the bacterial reduction of sulfate from isotope fractionation studies. Trans. Faraday Soc. 53, 84-92 (1958).
17. Ohmoto, H., Kakegawa, T. & Lowe, D. R. 3.4-billion-year-old biogenic pyrites from Barberton, South Africa: Sulfur isotope evidence. Science 262, 555-557 (1993).
18. Habicht, K. S. & Canfield, D. E. Sulphur isotope fractionation in modern microbial mats and the evolution of the sulphur cycle. Nature 382, 342-343 (1996).
19. van Cappellen, P. & Wang, Y. in Metal Contaminated Sediments (ed. Allen, H. E.) 21-64 (Ann Arbor, Chelsea, Michigan, 1995).
20. Berner, R. A. & Raiswell, R. Burial or organic carbon and pyrite sulfur in sediments over geologic time. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 47, 855-862 (1983).
21. Beukes, N. J. & Klein, C. in The Proterozoic Biosphere: A Multidisciplinary Study (eds Schoff, J. W. & Klein, C.) 147-151 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1992).
22. Logan, G. A., Hayes, J. M., Hieshima, G. B. & Summons, R. E. Terminal Proterozoic re-organization of biogeochemical cycles. Nature 376, 53-56 (1995).
23. Schieber, J. Anomalous iron distribution in shales as a manifestation of "non-clastic iron" supply to sedimentary basins: relevance for pyritic shales, base-metal mineralization, and oolitic ironstone deposits. Mineral. Deposita 30, 294-302 (1995).
24. Canfield, D. E., Lyons, T. W. & Raiswell, R. A model for iron deposition to euxinic Black Sea sediments. Am. J. Sci. 296, 818-834 (1996).
25. Raiswell, R. & Canfield, D. E. Sources of iron for pyrite formation in marine sediments. Am. J. Sci. 298, 219-245 (1998).
26. Imbus, S. W., Macko, S., Elmore, R. D. & Engel, M. Stable isotope (C,S,N) and molecular studies on the Precambrian Nonesuch Shale (Wisconsin-Michigan, USA): evidence for differential preservation rates, depositional environment and hydrothermal influence. Chem. Geol. 101, 255-281 (1992).
27. Jackson, M. J. & Raiswell, R. Sedimentology and carbon-sulphur geochemistry of the Velkerri Formation, a mid-Proterozoic potential oil source in northern Australia. Precambr. Res. 54, 81-108 (1991).
28. Vidal, G. & Nystuen, J. P. Micropaleontology, depositional environment, and biostratigraphy of the Upper Proterozoic Hedmark Group, Southern Norway. Am. J. Sci. 290-A, 170-211 (1990).
29. Canfield, D. E. The geochemistry of river particulates from the continental United States: major elements. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 61, 3349-3365 (1997).
30. Milliman, J. D. & Syvitski, J. P. M. Geomorphic/tectonic control of sediment discharge to the ocean: the importance of mountainous rivers. J. Geol. 100, 525-544 (1992).