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(j) See also ref 9c.
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33646363294
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(k) Crystal structures of some nonclassical ions with weakly coordinating counterions have been reported. For leading references, see
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33646372170
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By constraining one H-C-C angle to 113° to prevent bridging and the H-C-C-H dihedral angles for the other two H's of the methyl group (fixed to +123 and -123°) and then allowing all of the other degrees of freedom of 1 to relax, we arrived at a structure resembling a classical (nonbridging) ethyl cation; this constrained structure was ∼4 kcal/mol higher in energy than 1.
-
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101
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33646374388
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note
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MP2, as compared to B3LYP, has shown a tendency to more strongly favor delocalized cation structures in other systems as well. See, for example, ref 9.
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(a) Olah, G. A. J. Org. Chem. 2005, 70, 2413-2429.
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3 was performed using the B3LYP functional as implemented in ADF2005 and the TZ2P basis set. See Bickelhaupt, F. M.; Baerends, E. J. Rev. Comput. Chem. 2000, 15, 1-86 for a general description of the use of such methods in ADF (ADF2005; SCM, Theoretical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, http://www.scm.com;
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te Velde, G.; Bickelhaupt, F. M.; Baerends, E. J.; Fonseca Guerra, C.; van Gisbergen, S. J. A.; Snijders, J. G.; Ziegler, T. J. Comput. Chem. 2001, 22, 931-967;
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note
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+ complexes in all three solvents.
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113
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(c) See also ref 26g.
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123
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6344243372
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Protonated cyclopropanes have also been proposed as intermediates in the biosynthesis of cyclopropane fatty acids. See, for example, Iwig, D. F.; Grippe, A. T.; McIntyre, T. A.; Booker, S. J. Biochemistry 2004, 43, 13510-13524.
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33646345559
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Computed interaction energies, based on single point calculations in solvent, for (b-d): in benzene, -5.83, -3.96, and -5.87 kcal/mol; in nitromethane, -2.84, -1.26, and -3.68 kcal/mol; and in water, +1.23, + 1.64, and -0.66 kcal/mol.
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