Phenylthiocarbamide: A 75-year adventure in genetics and natural selection

Genetics

Volumn 172, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 2015-2023

  Wooding, Stephen ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF UTAH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

PHENYLTHIOUREA; PLANT TOXIN; PROPYLTHIOURACIL;

ADAPTATION; AMINO ACID SUBSTITUTION; BITTER TASTE; BLOOD GROUP; BODY MASS; CANCER; CHROMOSOME 5; CIGARETTE SMOKING; DNA SEQUENCE; EVOLUTION; GENE FREQUENCY; GENE IDENTIFICATION; GENE LOCUS; GENE MAPPING; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC ANALYSIS; GENETIC MARKER; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GENETIC TRAIT; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GENETICS; GENOME; GENOTYPE; HAPLOTYPE; HETEROZYGOTE; HUMAN; LINKAGE ANALYSIS; MOLECULAR MECHANICS; MULTIGENE FAMILY; NATURAL SELECTION; NONHUMAN; PHENOTYPE; PHYLOGENY; POPULATION GENETICS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REVIEW; TASTE ACUITY; TASTE BUD;

ANIMALS; EVOLUTION; FEMALE; GENETIC TECHNIQUES; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 21ST CENTURY; HUMANS; MALE; PHENYLTHIOUREA; RECEPTORS, CELL SURFACE; SELECTION (GENETICS); TASTE; VARIATION (GENETICS);

EID: 33646205228     PISSN: 00166731     EISSN: 00166731     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (89)

1. ADLER, E., M. A. HOON, K. L. MUELLER, J. CHANDRASHEKAR, N. J. RYBA et al., 2000 A novel family of mammalian taste receptors. Cell 100: 693-702.
2. ANONYMOUS, 1931a Science news: tasteblindness. Science (Suppl.)73: 14a.
3. ANONYMOUS, 1931b Six in ten "tasteblind" to bitter chemical. Sci. News Lett. 9: 249.
4. ASTWOOD, E. B., M. A. GREER and M. G. ETTLINGER, 1949 L-5-vinyl-2-thio-oxazolidone, an antithyroid compound from yellow turnip and from brassica seeds. J. Biol. Chem. 181: 121.
5. BAKER, J. R., 1976 Julian Sorell Huxley, 22 June 1887-14 February 1975. Biogr. Mem. Fellows R. Soc. 22: 206-238.
6. BAMSHAD, M., and S. P. WOODING, 2003 Signatures of natural selection in the human genome. Nat. Rev. Genet. 4: 99-111.
7. BARTOSHUK, L. M., and G. K. BEAUCHAMP, 1994 Chemical senses. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 45: 419-449.
8. BARTOSHUK, L. M., K. FAST, D. J. SNYDER and V. B. DUFFY, 2004 Genetic differences in human oral perception: advanced methods reveal basic problems in intensity scaling, pp. 1-42 in Genetic Variation in Taste Sensitivity, edited by J. PRESCOTT and B. J. TEPPER. Marcel Dekker, New York.
9. BEHRENS, M., A. BROCKHOFF, C. KUHN, B. BUFE, M. WINNIG et al., 2004 The human taste receptor hTAS2R14 responds to a variety of different bitter compounds. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 319: 479-485.
10. BERG, P., and M. SINGER, 2003 George Beadle: An Uncommon Farmer. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY.
11. Blakeslee, A. F., 1918 Unlike reactions of different individuals to fragrance in verbena flowers. Science 48: 298-299.
12. BLAKESLEE, A. F., 1932a Are freesias fragrant? Natl. Hortic. Mag. 11: 211-212.
13. BLAKESLEE, A. F., 1932b Genetics of sensory thresholds: taste for phenyl-thio-carbamide. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 18: 120-130.
14. BLAKESLEE, A. F., 1935a A dinner demonstration of threshold differences in taste and smell. Science 81: 504-507.
15. BLAKESLEE, A. F., 1935b Demonstration of differences between people in the sense of smell. Sci. Monthly 41: 72-84.
16. BLAKESLEE, A. F., and W. I. CAMPBELL, 1948 Would a rose smell so sweet by any other name? Horticulture 24: 333.
17. BLAKESLEE, A. F., and A. L. FOX, 1932 Our different taste worlds: P.T.C. as a demonstration of genetic differences in taste. J. Hered. 23: 97-107.
18. BLAKESLEE, A. F., and M. R. SALMON, 1931 Odor and taste blindness. Eugen. News 16: 105-109.
19. BLAKESLEE, A. F., and M. R. SALMON, 1935 Genetics of sensory thresholds: individual taste reactions for different substances. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 21: 84-90.
20. BOYD, W. C., 1950 Taste reactions to antithyroid substances. Science 112: 153.
21. BUFE, B., T. HOFMANN, D. KRAUTWURST, J. D. RAGUSE AND W. MEYERHOF, 2002 The human TAS2R16 receptor mediates bitter taste in response to beta-glucopyranosides. Nat. Genet. 32: 397-401.
22. BUFE, B., P. A. BRESLIN, C. KUHN, D. R. REED, C. D. THARP et al., 2005 The molecular basis of individual differences in phenylthiocarbamide and propylthiouracil bitterness perception. Curr. Biol. 15: 322-327.
23. CANNON, D. S., T. B. BAKER, M. E. PIPER, M. B. SCHOLAND, D. L. LAWRENCE et al., 2005 Associations between phenylthiocarbamide gene polymorphisms and cigarette smoking. Nicotine Tob. Res. 7: 853-858.
24. CAULFIELD, M., 1959 Tomorrow Never Came: The Story of the S. S. Athenia. W. W. Norton, New York.
25. CAVALLI-SFORZA, L. L., P. MENOZZI and A. PIAZZA, 1994 The History and Geography of Human Genes. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
26. CHANDRASHEKAR, J., K. L. MUELLER, M. A. HOON, E. ADLER, L. FENG et al., 2000 T2Rs function as bitter taste receptors. Cell 100: 703-711.
27. CLARKE, B. C., 1995 Edmund Brisco Ford: 23 April 1901-21 January 1988. Biogr. Mem. Fellows R. Soc. 41: 146-168.
28. CONNEALLY, P. M., M. DUMONT-DRISCOLL, R. S. HUNTZINGER, W. E. NANCE and C. E. JACKSON, 1976 Linkage relations of the loci for Kell and phenylthiocarbamide taste sensitivity. Hum. Hered. 26: 267-271.
29. CREW, F. A. E., 1939 Seventh international genetical congress. Nature 144: 496-498.
30. DRAYNA, D., H. COON, U. K. KIM, T. ELSNER, K. CROMER et al., 2003 Genetic analysis of a complex trait in the Utah Genetic Reference Project: a major locus for PTC taste ability on chromosome 7q and a secondary locus on chromosome 16p. Hum. Genet. 112: 567-572.
31. DREWNOWSKI, A., S. A. HENDERSON and A. BARRATT-FORNELL, 1998 Genetic sensitivity to 6-n-propylthiouracil and sensory responses to sugar and fat mixtures. Physiol. Behav. 63: 771-777.
32. DUFFY, V. B., A. C. DAVIDSON, J. R. KIDD, K. K. KIDD, W. C. SPEED et al., 2004 Bitter receptor gene (TAS2R38), 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) bitterness and alcohol intake. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. 28: 1629-1637.
33. DUNSTAN, W. R., T. A. HENRY and S. J. M. AULD, 1906 Cyanogenesis in plants. Part V. The occurrence of phaseolunatin in cassava (Manihot aipi and Manihot utilissima). Proc. Roy. Soc. Ser. B. 78: 145-158.
34. ENOCH, M. A., C. R. HARRIS and D. GOLDMAN, 2001 Does a reduced sensitivity to bitter taste increase the risk of becoming nicotine addicted? Addict. Behav. 26: 399-404.
35. FERNBERGER, S. W., 1932 A preliminary study of taste deficiency. Am. J. Psychol. 44: 322-326.
36. FISCHER, A., Y. GILAD, O. MAN and S. PAABO, 2005 Evolution of bitter taste receptors in humans and apes. Mol. Biol. Evol. 22: 432-436.
37. FISCHER, R., F. GRIFFIN and A. R. KAPLAN, 1963 Taste thresholds, cigarette smoking, and food dislikes. Med. Exp. Int. J. Exp. Med. 210: 151-167.
38. FISHER, R. A., 1930 The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
39. FISHER, R. A., 1939a Personal letter to Edmund Brisco Ford, September 22, 1939, in Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher, Papers 1911-94, Correspondence Series 1, University of Adelaide Library, Adelaide, Australia.
40. FISHER, R. A., 1939b Personal letter to Edmund Brisco Ford, September 26, 1939, in Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher, Papers 1911-94, Correspondence Series 1, University of Adelaide Library, Adelaide, Australia.
41. FISHER, R. A., 1939c Personal letter to Julian Sorell Huxley, October 26, 1939, in Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher, Papers 1911-94, Correspondence Series 1. University of Adelaide Library, Adelaide, Australia.
42. FISHER, R. A., 1939d Personal letter to Julian Sorell Huxley, October 27, 1939, in Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher, Papers 1911-94, Correspondence Series 1. University of Adelaide Library, Adelaide, Australia.
43. FISHER, R. A., E. B. FORD and J. HUXLEY, 1939 Taste-testing the anthropoid apes. Nature 144: 750.
44. FORD, E. B., 1939a Personal letter to Ronald Aylmer Fisher, October 17, 1939, in Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher, Papers 1911-94, Correspondence Series 1. University of Adelaide Library, Adelaide, Australia.
45. FORD, E. B., 1939b Personal letter to Ronald Aylmer Ford, September 24, 1939, in Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher, Papers 1911-94, Correspondence Series 1. University of Adelaide Library, Adelaide, Australia.
46. FORD, E. B., 2005 R. A. Fisher: an appreciation.Genetics 171: 415-417.
47. Fox, A. L., 1932 The relationship between chemical constitution and taste. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 18: 115-120.
48. GO, Y., Y. SATTA, O. TAKENAKA and N. TAKAHATA, 2005 Lineage-specific loss of function of bitter taste receptor genes in humans and nonhuman primates. Genetics 170: 313-326.
49. GOLDSTEIN, G. L., H. DAUN and B. J. TEPPER, 2005 Adiposity in middle-aged women is associated with genetic taste blindness to 6-n-propylthiouracil. Obes. Res. 13: 1017-1023.
50. GREEN, L. S., 1973 Physical growth and development, neurological maturation and behavioral functioning in two Ecuadorian Andean communities in which goiter is endemic. I. Outline of the problem of endemic goiter and cretinism. Physical growth and neurological maturation in the adult population of La Esperanza. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 38: 119-134.
51. GREEN, L. S., 1974 Physical growth and development, neurological maturation and behavioral functioning in two Ecuadorian Andean communities in which goiter is endemic. II. PTC taste sensitivity and neurological maturation. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 41: 139-152.
52. GREER, M. A., 1950 Nutrition and goiter. Physiol. Rev. 30: 513-548.
53. GUO, S. W., and D. R. REED, 2001 The genetics of phenylthiocarbamide perception. Ann. Hum. Biol. 28: 111-142.
54. HALDANE, J. B. S., 1924 A mathematical theory of natural and artificial selection. Part I. Trans. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 23: 19-41.
55. HARRIS, H., and H. KALMUS, 1949 The measurement of taste sensitivity to phenylthiourea (P. T. C.). Ann. Eugen. 15: 24-31.
56. HENKIN, R. I., and W. T. GILLIS, 1977 Divergent taste responsiveness to fruit of the tree Antidesma bunius. Nature 265: 536-537.
57. HOON, M. A., E. ADLER, J. LINDEMEIER, J. F. BATTEY, N. J. RYBA et al., 1999 Putative mammalian taste receptors: a class of taste-specific GPCRs with distinct topographic selectivity. Cell 96: 541-551.
58. HUXLEY, J. S., 1939 Personal letter to Ronald Aylmer Fisher, October 26, 1939, in Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher, Papers 1911-94, Correspondence Series 1. University of Adelaide Library, Adelaide, Australia.
59. KAPLAN, A. R., E. V. GLANVILLE and R. FISCHER, 1964 Taste thresholds for bitterness and cigarette smoking. Nature 202: 1366.
60. KIM, U. K., E. JORGENSON, H. COON, M. LEPPERT, N. RISCH et al., 2003 Positional cloning of the human quantitative trait locus underlying taste sensitivity to phenylthiocarbamide. Science 299: 1221-1225.
61. KIM, U., S. WOODING, D. RICCI, L. B. JORDE and D. DRAYNA, 2005 Worldwide haplotype diversity and coding sequence variation at human bitter taste receptor loci. Hum. Mutat. 26: 199-204.
62. LEVINE, P., and A. S. ANDERSON, 1932 Observations on taste blindness. Science 75: 497-498.
63. MILUNICOVA, A., A. JANDOVA and V. SKODA, 1969 Phenylthiocarbamide tasting ability and malignant tumours. Hum. Hered. 19: 398-401.
64. NELSON, T. M., S. D. MUNGER and J. D. BOUGHTER, JR., 2005 Haplotypes at the Tas2r locus on distal chromosome 6 vary with quinine taste sensitivity in inbred mice. BMC Genet. 6: 32.
65. OPITZ, J. M., 1989 Charles W. Cotterman. Am. J. Med. Genet. 34: 149-154.
66. PARRY, C. M., A. ERKNER and J. LE COUTRE, 2004 Divergence of T2R chemosensory receptor families in humans, bonobos, and chimpanzees. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101: 14830-14834.
67. PRONIN, A. N., H. TANG, J. CONNOR and W. KEUNG, 2004 Identification of ligands for two human bitter T2R receptors. Chem. Senses 29: 583-593.
68. PUNNETT, R. C., 1941 Proceedings of the VII International Genetical Congress, Edinburgh, Scotland (August 23-30, 1939). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
69. REED, D. R., E. NANTHAKUMAR, M. NORTH, C. BELL, L. M. BARTOSHUK et al., 1999 Localization of a gene for bitter-taste perception to human chromosome 5p15. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 64: 1478-1480.
70. RIKIMARU, J.-Y., 1936 Taste deficiency of Japanese and other races in Formosa. Am. J. Psychol. 48: 649-653.
71. SADTLER, R. E., 1929 The chemistry of the formation of poisons in plants. Scientific Monthly 29: 153-154.
72. SALMON, T. M., and A. F. BLAKESLEE, 1935 Genetics of sensory thresholds: variations within single individuals in taste sensitivity for PTC. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 21: 78-83.
73. SCHULL, W. J., 2002 James Van Gundia Neel (1915-2000). Biogr. Mem. Natl. Acad. Sci. 81: 214-233.
74. SHI, P., J. ZHANG, H. YANG and Y. P. ZHANG, 2003 Adaptive diversification of bitter taste receptor genes in mammalian evolution. Mol. Biol. Evol. 20: 805-814.
75. SNYDER, L. H., 1931a Inherited taste deficiency. Science 74: 151-152.
76. SNYDER, L. H., 1931b Linkage in man. Eugen. News 16: 117-119.
77. SORANZO, N., B. BUFE, P. C. SABETI, J. F. WILSON, M. E. WEALE et al., 2005 Positive selection on a high-sensitivity allele of the human bitter-taste receptor TAS2R16. Curr. Biol. 15: 1257-1265.
78. SOYFER, V. N., 2003 Tragic history of the VII International Congress of Genetics. Genetics 165: 1-9.
79. SPENCE, A.-M., C. T. FALK, K. NEISWANGER, L. L. FIELD, M. L. MARAZITA et al., 1984 Estimating the recombination frequency for the PTC-ell linkage. Hum. Genet. 67: 183-186.
80. STRANDSKOV, H. H., 1941 The distribution of human genes. Scientific Monthly 52: 203-215.
81. TEPPER, B. J., and N. V. ULLRICH, 2002 Influence of genetic taste sensitivity to 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP), dietary restraint and disinhibition on body mass index in middle-aged women. Physiol. Behav. 75: 305-312.
82. THARP, C. D., A. THARP, S. M. ALARCON, D. R. REED and P. A. BRESLIN, 2005 PTC non-tasters find the fruit of Antidesma bunius bitter, while PTC tasters find it sweet, pp. 23 in Proceedings of the Association for Chemoreception Sciences (April 13-17, 2005), Sarasota, FL.
83. TIMPSON, N. J., M. CHRISTENSEN, D. A. LAWLOR, T. R. GAUNT, I. N. DAY et al., 2005 TAS2R38 (phenylthiocarbamide) haplotypes, coronary heart disease traits, and eating behavior in the British Women's Heart and Health Study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 81: 1005-1011.
84. WANG, X., S. D. THOMAS and J. ZHANG, 2004 Relaxation of selective constraint and loss of function in the evolution of human bitter taste receptor genes. Hum. Mol. Genet. 13: 2671-2678.
85. WILLIAMS, R. J., 1931 "Taste deficiency" for creatine. Science 74: 597-598.
86. WOODING, S., U. K. KIM, M. J. BAMSHAD, J. LARSEN, L. B. JORDE et al., 2004 Natural selection and molecular evolution in PTC, a bitter-taste receptor gene. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 74: 637-646.
87. WOODING, S., B. BUFE, C. GRASSI, M. T. HOWARD, A. C. STONE et al., 2006 Independent evolution of bitter-taste sensitivity in humans and chimpanzees. Nature (in press).
88. YACKINOUS, C. A., and J. X. GUINARD, 2002 Relation between PROP (6-n-propylthiouracil) taster status, taste anatomy and dietary intake measures for young men and women. Appetite 38: 201-209.
89. YATES, F., and K. MATHER, 1963 Ronald Aylmer Fisher (1890-1962). Biogr. Mem. Fellows R. Soc. 9: 91-129.